2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology
description
Transcript of 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology
![Page 1: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• 2-Meosis/Mitosis
• 27-Genetics/Heredity
• 65-DNA
• 84- Protein Synthesis
• 99-Evolution
• 128-Ecology
• 179-Bacteria
• 194-Viruses
• 201- THE END
![Page 2: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MITOSIS/MEOSIS
![Page 3: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is the purpose of mitosis?
![Page 4: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
For repair/growth and reproduction
![Page 5: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is the amount chromosomes are in mitosis?
![Page 6: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What are the similarities and differences of Mitosis and Meiosis?
![Page 8: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Differences- Haploid vs. diploid genetic info- 2 identical vs. 4 different daughter cells
Similarities -Both go throughIPMAT
![Page 9: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mitosis Steps?
![Page 10: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Meiosis Steps?
![Page 12: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Steps for Meiosis:P (I)M (I)A (I)T (I)CYTOKENESISPIIMIIAIITIICYTOKINESIS
![Page 13: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What is a karyotype?
![Page 14: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Chromosomes of an individual are lined up as pairs from largest to the smallest
• It tells us about an individual’s sex and any chromosomal disorders
![Page 15: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Male sex cells
Vs.
Female sex cells
![Page 16: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
XX – female
XY – male
![Page 17: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What is mutation?
![Page 18: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome.
![Page 19: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
3 different types of disorders caused by meiosis complications…
![Page 20: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1- Turner Syndrome – missing an X chromosome (affects girls)
2 – Klinefelter Syndrome - additional X chromosome (affects boys)
3-Down Syndrome – extra 21st chromosome (boys + girls)
![Page 21: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
An Allele?
![Page 22: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Both mom and dad donate this trait to their offspring.
![Page 23: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Difference between diploid and haploid?
![Page 24: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Diploid = double the genetic information when 2 haploid cells join to form a ZYGOTE
Haploid = half the genetic information (sex cell)
![Page 25: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What are sex cells?
![Page 26: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Gametes – half the normal number of chromosomes for the particular species
![Page 27: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
GENETICS/HEREDITY
![Page 28: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Who was Gregor Mendel
![Page 29: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• “Father of Modern Genetics”• Founded the study of heredity
![Page 30: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Phenotype vs. genotype
![Page 31: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Physical appearance – reflects your genotype
• Genotype--“genes” – the make up of the combination of traits you inherit from your parents
![Page 32: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Punnett Squares
![Page 33: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Shows possible phenotypes and genotypes – possibilities of what the offspring could look like or what genes they can inherit.
![Page 34: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Homozygous recessive vs. dominant
![Page 35: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Dominant--The gene or allele that is most likely expressed or seen in an offspring – only 1 is needed to show trait.
• Recessive--The gene or allele less likely to be expressed or seen in an offspring – in order for this trait to be seen, the offspring must have 2 of these recessive alleles
![Page 36: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What is a Hybrid
![Page 37: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Synonym for “heterozygous”
![Page 38: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
2 word problems…
![Page 39: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• 1)
• What percentage will be albino?
About 70% of Americans perceive a bitter taste from the chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). The ability to taste this chemical results from a dominant allele (T) and not being able to taste PTC is the result of having two recessive alleles (t). Albinism is also a single locus trait with normal pigment being dominant (A) and the lack of pigment being recessive (a). A normally pigmented woman who cannot taste PTC has a father who is an albino taster. She marries a homozygous, normally pigmented man who is a taster but who has a mother that does not taste PTC. What are the genotypes of the possible children (choose all that apply)?
![Page 40: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• 2) Wolves are sometimes observed to have black coats and blue eyes. Assume that these traits are controlled by single locus genes and are located on different chromosomes. Assume further that normal coat color (N) is dominant to black (n) and brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b). Suppose the alpha male and alpha female of a pack (these are the dominant individuals who do most of the breeding) are black with blue eyes and normal colored with brown eyes, respectively. The female is also heterozygous for both traits. How many of the offspring (assume 16) living in the pack will have each of the following genotypes?
• What percent of the offspring will be normal colored with blue eyes?
![Page 41: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sex Linked Diseases
![Page 42: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sex Linked Causes
![Page 44: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What is a carrier?
![Page 46: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• A living organism that has inherited a disease
![Page 47: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Dominant Diseases:
![Page 48: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• Single gene disorders that occur in the heterozygous state
![Page 49: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Recessive Diseases:
![Page 50: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Single gene disorders that occur only when an individual carries two malfunctioning copies
![Page 51: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
What is the universal blood doner?
![Page 52: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• Type 0
![Page 53: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What is the universal blood recipient?
![Page 54: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
• Type AB
![Page 55: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Blood Types:
![Page 56: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
A = IA IA or IAiB = IBIB or IBiAB = IAIB
O = ii
![Page 57: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Pedigree Charts:
![Page 58: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Name common pedigree symbols
![Page 60: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Interpret the following pedigree chart:
![Page 62: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
1 – autosomal dominant disease because the chart shows no carriers
2- in generation II, three out of the 5 siblings have the disease3 – out of the generation II sibling that got married (2) who have the disease, they passed the disease to 50% of their
offspring
![Page 63: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Co dominance vs. Incomplete dominance
![Page 64: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
DNA
![Page 66: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Virus vs. Bacteria
![Page 67: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Bacteriophage
![Page 69: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
• A type of virus that injects its DNA into a host cell—they only affect bacteria.
![Page 70: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Nucleotides vs. base pairs, complementary
![Page 71: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
• Nucleotide– A compound consisting of a nucleoside
linked to a phosphate group
• Base PairsA pair of complementary bases in a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule
• Complementary • Supplying a defect or helping
to do so
![Page 72: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Strands
![Page 73: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• A piece of thin material often referred to when saying “DNA strand”
![Page 74: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
RNA vs. DNA
![Page 75: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
RNA duplication
![Page 77: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
DNA duplication
![Page 79: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Cricks and Watson vs. Franklin
![Page 81: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
• Cricks and Watson– Credit for discovering the shape and makeup of DNA
• Roseland Franklin – A collection of photographs of DNA. These pictures gave clues to the
shape and dimensions of complex molecules. These photos showed the basic shape of DNA to be a helix.
![Page 82: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Sugar phosphate backbone
![Page 83: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
• The repeating set of units
![Page 84: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
![Page 85: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Translation
![Page 86: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
• mRNA leaves the nucleus, goes into the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.
• At the ribosome the tRNA (has anticodon and amino acid attached) connects to the codon.
• The tRNA moves away and leaves the amino
acid behind • Move the next codon into place • Repeat step #6 & #7
• Repeat step #9 until we reach a stop codon • The rRNA breaks apart along with the
ribosome • We have a protein!
• Packed into a vesicle
• Leaves the cell
***Taking the RNA from transcription and translating it into a protein.
![Page 87: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Transcription
![Page 88: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
• Helicase splits up the DNA
• One strand is used as a template to make mRNA
• RNA polymerase builds the mRNA strand• AU• GC
• Introns are removed and the exons are spliced together (mRNA)
***The information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
![Page 89: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
mRNA
![Page 90: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
• RNA molecules that carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they identify the amino acid sequence of the protein results of gene expression.
![Page 91: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Intron
![Page 92: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
• A part of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes
• NOT NEEDED– Is gotten rid of
![Page 93: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Exon
![Page 94: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
• A part of a DNA or RNA molecule holding informational coding for a protein or peptide sequence.
• Is NEEDED– Is kept
![Page 95: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Template Mechanism
![Page 96: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
• Two strands of the helix separate because the DNA is copying. Each single strand acts as a “negative” producing a new complimentary strand.
![Page 97: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Helicase vs. Polymerase
![Page 98: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
• Helicase– Enzymes that join together and may even imitate nucleic acid or
nucleic acid protein complexes.
• DNA POLYMEASE– Type of enzyme that is responsible for creating new copies
of DNA, as nucleic acid molecules.
• RNA POLYMEASE– Causes nucleotides or base pairs to attach to the RNA
![Page 99: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
EVOLUTION
![Page 100: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Who worked with flinches to develop his theory?
![Page 101: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Charles Darwin
![Page 102: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Who Observed that time affected mountains, rivers, landforms and masses?
![Page 103: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Charles Lyell
![Page 104: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Who observed that people produce a lot of children, but we don’t use all our natural resources.
![Page 105: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Thomas Malthus
![Page 106: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
If you no longer exist and your type has died out what are you?
![Page 107: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
EXTINCT
![Page 108: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
A Structure that looks the same but does different things…
![Page 109: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Homologous Structures
![Page 110: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
What is a structure that an organism once used but no longer uses?
![Page 111: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Vestigial Structures
![Page 112: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Natural Selection
![Page 113: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Natural selection—organisms survive or don’t survive based on survival of the fittest
![Page 114: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Pesticides and Antibiotics – Natural Selection in Action…
![Page 115: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Antibiotic overuse will cause such medications to not work in the future because organisms adapt to them called natural variation
Pesticides work in a similar way, farmers use them on crops
![Page 116: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
What is it called when the results of a natural disaster limits the gene pool and the organisms that survive are the “founders” of the next generation?
![Page 117: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Genetic Bottleneck and
The Founder Effect
![Page 118: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
What are the different types of isolation and what did they do?
![Page 119: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Geographic Isolation is where the location is difficult to breed
Reproductive Isolation is where two individual are not on the same reproductive cycle such as skunks
Behavioral Isolation is where a physical action that either separates or keeps the females from being interested in the males such as the cranes’ dance
![Page 120: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
What is a adaptive radiation?
![Page 121: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Nature hates an area void of life such as a vacuum. Therefore, if there is the possibility of life, there will be life.
![Page 122: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Stabilizing vs. directional vs.
disruptive selection
![Page 123: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
![Page 124: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Cost Benefit Analysis
![Page 125: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
![Page 126: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?
![Page 127: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Gradualism is the slow accumulation of mutation over time
Punctuated equilibrium is when organisms stay stable for long periods of time. Then, there is a short amount of time (here there is a major change when organisms mutate) and then stay in that phase for a long time once again.
![Page 128: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
ECOLOGY
![Page 129: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
POPULATION
![Page 130: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
• Groups of the same species that may or may not interact with each other.
– Many different ways to divide up populations.
![Page 131: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Community
![Page 132: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
• Groups of populations – All interacting with each other– At any given day or time
• And interacting with abiotic (non-living) parts
of your community.
![Page 133: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Ecosystem
![Page 134: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
• Many habitats in a generalized area.
• Put many ecosystems together and you get a biome
![Page 135: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Habitat
![Page 136: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
• Group of communities all with very similar abiotic and biotic conditions
![Page 137: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Primary ConsumersSecond Tropic Level
![Page 138: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
• First Consumers – Herbivores
• 90% of energy is lost per level as you move up the pyramid
![Page 139: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Secondary ConsumersThird Tropic Level
![Page 140: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
• Second level consumers – Carnivores or Omnivores
• 10% of energy is left over on this level for those organisms to use
![Page 141: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Tertiary ConsumerFourth Tropic Level
![Page 142: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
• Third level consumers – Carnivores or Omnivores
• 1% of energy is left on this level for those organisms to use
![Page 143: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Quandary ConsumerFifth Tropic Level
![Page 144: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
• Very little energy at this level
• Usually its rare to be at this level
![Page 145: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Flow of Energy in a Tropic Level (arrows, Loss of energy)
![Page 146: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
• The flow of energy moves from the lowest level to the highest level
• 90% of the energy is used up at each level in order for the organism to properly function
• The original energy come from the sun.
![Page 147: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Flow of Energy
![Page 148: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
• The flow of energy moves from the lowest level to the highest level
• 90% of the energy is used up at each level in order for the organism to properly function
• The original energy come from the sun.
![Page 149: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Herbivore
![Page 150: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
• an organism that only eats plants – ex: giraffes, cows, deers etc.
![Page 151: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Omnivore
![Page 152: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
• an organism that eats both plants and meat (basically anything)
• ex: people
![Page 153: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Carnivore
![Page 154: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
• an organism that only eats meat
• ex: lions, tigers, polar bears, etc
![Page 155: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Heterotroph
![Page 156: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
• an organism that obtains its nutrients from other organisms
• ex: lions, humans, mushrooms etc.
![Page 157: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Autotroph
![Page 158: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
• an organism that makes it own food – ex: plants and algae
• water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = oxygen and glucose
![Page 159: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Decomposer
![Page 160: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
• Are much like Saprobes – Ex: Bacteria, mushrooms, insects
• They recycle nutrients back into the soil and the environment as the break up material/ organisms
![Page 161: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Scavenger
![Page 162: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
• Organisms that eat other dead organisms
• Last ones to feed on that organisms – ex: hyena, raccoons, crows etc.
![Page 163: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Carry Capacity
![Page 164: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
![Page 165: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Limiting Factors
![Page 166: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
• Access to resources
• Food, water, money, shelter
![Page 167: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Mutualism
![Page 168: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
• Both organisms benefit from the relationship
EX: Tick Bird sitting on rhinos--and eat the ticks, birds have food and the rhino is cleaned of ticks.
![Page 169: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Communalism
![Page 170: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
• Where one organism benefits, and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed
EX: Sharks and the sucker fish (suckerfish get along for the ride without the shark knowing)
![Page 171: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Parasitism
![Page 172: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
• The host is what the parasite is living off of
• EX: Ticks, fleas, lice.
![Page 173: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Predator-Prey
![Page 174: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
• Predator• The who hunts
the population lags behind the prey in numbers.
• Prey • The one that is hunted
population drops followed by the predator population
![Page 175: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
J-Curve
![Page 176: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
![Page 177: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
S-Curve
![Page 178: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
![Page 179: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
BACTERIA
![Page 180: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Archaea v. Monera
![Page 181: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Archaea bacteriaThe ancient bacteria called extremophiles - live under very extremes conditionsSuch as Thermophiles - live in very hot water/ steam/ geysers)Halophiles – very salty conditions.Methanogens - live in methane rich environments (oxygen will kill them) – provides us with Vitamin K
Monera bacteriaCommon bacteria
Some cause diseases others do not
![Page 182: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Cell Shape
![Page 183: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
– Rods
– Cocci
– Spirals
![Page 184: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Motility
![Page 185: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
• Being able to move from place to place
• Most bacteria move by means of flagella - which is a whip like tail (they can have more than one)
• Bacteria do good and bad
![Page 186: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Reproduction
![Page 187: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
• Binary Fission is the most common type of reproduction in bacteria
![Page 188: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
Binary Fission
![Page 189: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
• Bacteria reproduces asexually to form identical cells or clones
• Often performed when environmental
conditions are just right and where they thrive.
![Page 190: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
Conjugation
![Page 191: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
• A very primitive form of sexual reproduction, this leads to genetic diversity
• The two bacteria come right next to each other, they form a pili (bridge) and through the protein bridge they share the genetic information, after, the bridge goes away.
• Always followed by binary fission with different DNA
• All for hitting the one bacteria that thrives in the given environment
![Page 192: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Endospore Formation
![Page 193: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
• Many bacteria have the ability to form what is called an Endospore, which forms a shell and seal itself off.
• Bacteria goes into a dormant stage, and would stay that way for thousands of years
![Page 194: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
VIRUSES
![Page 195: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Structure & Function
![Page 196: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
• All composed of a protein coat with a bit of genetic information on the inside. This genetic info can be DNA or RNA
• Viruses cannot affect you unless they are in you (they need a host to reproduce)
• By our definition viruses are NOT alive!
![Page 197: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
Lytic cycle
![Page 198: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
• Make you sick almost immediately • 1: virus sits down on a cell its designed to attack
• 2: releases its DNA into the cell
• 3: the DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA
• 4: hijacks the cell
• 5: it begins to makes more viruses
• 6: The viruses keeps multiplying
• 7:Eventually the cell is going to explode
• 8: After it explodes it dumps thousands of virus particles into your bloodstream
• 9: The virus particle sit down on other cells
• 10: Repeats until the virus particle gets you sick
![Page 199: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
Lysogenic cycle
![Page 200: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
• Takes a long time to take affect
• 1: Phage attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA.
• 2: Phage DNA circularized (similar to a plasmid)
• 3: Phage DNA is integrated into the host cell DNA via recombination. (At this point, the phage DNA is referred to as a prophage.)
• 4: Prophage is reproduced along with host DNA each time the cell replicates. The prophage may continue in this state indefinitely.
• 5: In rare circumstances, the prophage may excise itself from the host DNA and enter the lytic cycle.
![Page 201: 2 - Meosis/Mitosis 27- Genetics/Heredity 65- DNA 84- Protein Synthesis 99- Evolution 128-Ecology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166fc550346895ddb6107/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
THE END!!!