2. Insecurities in social situations, peer pressure, cigarette advertising, ignorance of immediate health risks, failure to recognize the health risks of smoking, and failure to realize that smoking is addictive.

3. Nicotine—an addictive stimulant that raises blood pressure and increases heart rate; and tar—a thick, sticky, dark fluid that contains carcinogens and penetrates the smoker’s air ways and lungs, paralyzing the cilia that keep the respiratory tract clear.

4. Those of the lip, mouth, and throat; because these forms of smoking generate more tar and other chemicals than cigarettes do.

5. Possible lung problems, leading to death, and hallucinations and seizures.

6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Consisting of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, COPD is ten times more likely to occur in smokers than in non smokers.

7. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: makes the heart work harder and speeds up the pulse; constricts blood vessels, thus diminishing blood flow to the lungs; contributes to plaque buildup in blood vessels, thus increasing risk of arteriosclerosis and heart attack; damages the heart; raises blood pressure; and increases the risk of stroke.

8. Placing a small packet of powdered tobacco between the inner cheek and gum. Dangers include: addiction to nicotine; tar and other chemicals in the digestive and urinary systems; delay in the healing of wounds; bad breath; discolored teeth; decreased taste; leukoplakia; oral cancer; and tooth wear.

9. Thickened, white, leathery-appearing spots on the inside of the smokeless tobacco user’s mouth; it’s caused by irritation from direct contact with tobacco juices and can lead to oral cancer.

1. Cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoke inhaled by nonsmokers; 52,700.

2. Mainstream smoke, or smoke that a smoker blows off, and sidestream smoke, or smoke that comes from burning tobacco.

3. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: eye irritation; headaches; coughing; more frequent ear infections, asthma attacks, and other respiratory problems; and aggravated heart and lung diseases, including lung cancer.

4. A 20 to 30 percent higher risk of dying from heart disease than other nonsmokers and a greater risk of cancer.

5. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: slow fetal growth; increased chance of spontaneous abortion; greater possibility of prenatal death; increased likelihood of stillbirth; low birth weight; growth and developmental problems during early childhood; and increased risk of developing allergies within the first 18 months of life.

6. Bronchitis and other respiratory problems; sinus infections; poorer lung function; a higher incidence of wheezing; and increased chance of developing lung cancer.

8. A response to the removal of something to which a person is physiologically dependent. Symptoms include: nervousness, moodiness, and sleeping difficulties.

9. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: identifying the times when they reach for a cigarette out of habit; changing their daily routine so that they avoid situations that trigger smoking; avoiding people who smoke and situations that are conducive to smoking; making a list of the reasons they want to quit; using sugarless gum or candy or healthy snacks; drinking plenty of water; avoiding alcohol, coffee, tea, and colas; exercising frequently; thinking of quitting as being for a few minutes or hours at a time; deep breathing; frequent tooth brushing; buying cigarettes by the pack, not the carton; setting a final target date for being tobacco-free; making a ceremony out of smoking the last cigarette; getting rid of smoking reminders; planning rewards for themselves each time they resist lighting up; becoming aware of how much better they feel, sense, and look; getting positive reinforcement and support from nonsmoking friends; knowing they can quit again if they relapse; and thinking about all the benefits of being smoke-free.

1. The main type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. The chemical process that produces alcohol through the action of yeast on sugar.

2. Beer, wine, and liquor.3. Twenty.4. It depresses the brain, slowing down the work of the nervous system; thought processes are disorganized; and memory and concentration are dulled.

5. A process that changes alcohol to water, car bon dioxide, and energy; the liver.6. It lowers body temperature. It seems to raise temperature, because it widens the blood vessels and increases blood flow to the skin.

7. It causes them to put out more urine. 7. It causes them to put out more urine. This causes the drinker to feel This causes the drinker to feel dehydrated the next day.dehydrated the next day.8. It causes an increase in the flow of 8. It causes an increase in the flow of gastric juices. Continued irritation can gastric juices. Continued irritation can lead to an ulcer.lead to an ulcer.9. Tolerance, dependence, liver 9. Tolerance, dependence, liver problems, and brain damage.problems, and brain damage.10. Physiological need for alcohol or 10. Physiological need for alcohol or other addictive substance.other addictive substance.

11. Alcohol interferes with the 11. Alcohol interferes with the liver’s ability to break down fats, liver’s ability to break down fats, thus leading to a fatty liver, which thus leading to a fatty liver, which can’t do its normal job. It also can’t do its normal job. It also interferes with the normal growth interferes with the normal growth and repair of liver cells and and repair of liver cells and contributes to cell death.contributes to cell death.

12. Scarring of liver tissue. 12. Scarring of liver tissue. Symptoms include:Symptoms include:high blood pressure, hemorrhages, high blood pressure, hemorrhages, abdominal swelling, tendency abdominal swelling, tendency toward infection, and jaundiced toward infection, and jaundiced appearance.appearance.

13. A multiplier effect is the result of 13. A multiplier effect is the result of simultaneously taking two drugs simultaneously taking two drugs that produce a similar response. that produce a similar response. Example: drinking alcohol with a Example: drinking alcohol with a tranquilizer will double the sedative tranquilizer will double the sedative effect.effect.

1. Compared to 1980, in 1991 the 1. Compared to 1980, in 1991 the average American drank 23 percent average American drank 23 percent less hard liquor, 14 percent less less hard liquor, 14 percent less wine, and 7 percent less beer.wine, and 7 percent less beer.2. To escape pressures or problems; to 2. To escape pressures or problems; to feel better or get over being sad or feel better or get over being sad or lonely; to relax; to gain self-confidence; lonely; to relax; to gain self-confidence; to get away with some thing they aren’t to get away with some thing they aren’t supposed to do; and to fit in.supposed to do; and to fit in.

3. Pressure from peers to drink 3. Pressure from peers to drink can be difficult to resist; the can be difficult to resist; the family sets an example through family sets an example through their own drinking habits and their own drinking habits and response to alcohol.response to alcohol.

4. Answers will vary. Possibilities 4. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: accidental death from motor include: accidental death from motor vehicle crashes, falls, drownings, fires, vehicle crashes, falls, drownings, fires, and burns; suicide; family violence; and burns; suicide; family violence; marital separation and divorce; and marital separation and divorce; and greater likelihood of other drug use greater likelihood of other drug use later in life.later in life.

5. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: it 5. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: it makes them sick; they hate the taste; it’s makes them sick; they hate the taste; it’s fattening; it costs too much; it leads to other fattening; it costs too much; it leads to other problems; they don’t want to lose control; problems; they don’t want to lose control; they want to enjoy what’s going on around they want to enjoy what’s going on around them; it’s harmful to their health; their them; it’s harmful to their health; their parents are opposed to it; they would be parents are opposed to it; they would be breaking training rules; and, in most states, breaking training rules; and, in most states, it’s illegal.it’s illegal.

6. Problem drinkers have difficulties with family, friends, school, and police; drinking and social problems are circular—social problems promote drinking, and drinking tends to make the problems worse.

7. The use of young people who are attractive; a party-like atmosphere; an otherwise healthy environment, often outdoors; problem-free drinking; and a verbal message that doesn’t say anything about the product.

8. The image that it’s an aid in problem-free relationships, working situations, and recreational opportunities.9. Sponsoring sporting events, concerts, and selling products with brand names of alcoholic beverages.

8. The image that it’s an aid in problem-free relationships, working situations, and recreational opportunities.9. Sponsoring sporting events, concerts, and selling products with brand names of alcoholic beverages.

1. A group of birth defects that occur in 1. A group of birth defects that occur in the babies of females who drink alcohol the babies of females who drink alcohol during pregnancy. Problems may include: during pregnancy. Problems may include: small size, impaired speech, cleft palate, small size, impaired speech, cleft palate, general weak ness, slow body growth, general weak ness, slow body growth, facial abnormalities, poor coordination, facial abnormalities, poor coordination, heart defects, mental retardation, poor heart defects, mental retardation, poor attention span, nervousness, and attention span, nervousness, and hyperactivity.hyperactivity.

2. They approved a warning label 2. They approved a warning label that cautions against the dangers of that cautions against the dangers of drinking during pregnancy.drinking during pregnancy.3. Because nondrinkers can become 3. Because nondrinkers can become victims of car crashes caused by victims of car crashes caused by drunk drivers.drunk drivers.

4. Answers will vary. Possibilities 4. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: reduced ability to judge include: reduced ability to judge distances, speeds, and turns; reduced distances, speeds, and turns; reduced ability to accurately judge one’s own ability to accurately judge one’s own ability; increased tendency to take risks; ability; increased tendency to take risks; slowed reflexes; forgetfulness, such as in slowed reflexes; forgetfulness, such as in signaling; and reduced ability to signaling; and reduced ability to concentrate.concentrate.

5. Driving while intoxicated. The person’s blood 5. Driving while intoxicated. The person’s blood alcohol concentration exceeds the limit allowed alcohol concentration exceeds the limit allowed by law in that state.by law in that state.6. Blood alcohol concentration level. Answers 6. Blood alcohol concentration level. Answers to the second part will vary. Possibilities to the second part will vary. Possibilities include: gender, metabolic rate, amount of include: gender, metabolic rate, amount of alcohol consumed, whether the person has alcohol consumed, whether the person has eaten, weight, and time elapsed after drinking eaten, weight, and time elapsed after drinking stops or between drinks.stops or between drinks.

7. Answers will vary. Possibilities 7. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: confiscation of driver’s include: confiscation of driver’s license, arrest, court appearance, license, arrest, court appearance, fine, suspension of license, jail fine, suspension of license, jail sentence, cost of bail, higher sentence, cost of bail, higher insurance rates, and lawsuits.insurance rates, and lawsuits.

8. The physical and psychological 8. The physical and psychological dependence on alcohol. Stage one: dependence on alcohol. Stage one: drinking is necessary to manage stress; drinking is necessary to manage stress; the person often gets intoxicated; he or the person often gets intoxicated; he or she can’t remember things after wards. she can’t remember things after wards. Stage two: the person can’t stop Stage two: the person can’t stop drinking; physical and mental problems drinking; physical and mental problems become evident; the person denies become evident; the person denies that there’s a problem. Stage three: that there’s a problem. Stage three: the drinking is visible and uncontrolled; the drinking is visible and uncontrolled; if the person stopped drinking, he or if the person stopped drinking, he or she would have severe withdrawal she would have severe withdrawal symptoms.symptoms.

9. Alcohol dependency is linked to 9. Alcohol dependency is linked to spouse and child abuse. Children of spouse and child abuse. Children of alcoholics often become alcoholics. alcoholics often become alcoholics. Children of alcoholics are likely to Children of alcoholics are likely to be depressed and anxious and be depressed and anxious and alcohol is often a factor in marital alcohol is often a factor in marital separation and divorce.separation and divorce.

I. B. TobaccoI. B. TobaccoII. B. The workforceII. B. The workforce1. b. Loss of productivity due to drug 1. b. Loss of productivity due to drug

related accidentsrelated accidentsc. A rise in the cost of consumer products c. A rise in the cost of consumer products and health careand health careIII. A. hinder concentrationIII. A. hinder concentration..

B. decrease memory function.B. decrease memory function.C. affect attentiveness to tasks.C. affect attentiveness to tasks.D. increase poor judgments.D. increase poor judgments.E. affect mood.E. affect mood.F. limit the ability to function.F. limit the ability to function.

IV. B. Attempts to ease boredom IV. B. Attempts to ease boredom or forget problemsor forget problemsC. AddictionC. Addiction

V. A. Physiological dependence V. A. Physiological dependence B. the body becoming used to the effects ofB. the body becoming used to the effects ofthe drug.the drug.C. Withdrawal, or symptoms that occur when a C. Withdrawal, or symptoms that occur when a person stops taking the drug to which he or she is person stops taking the drug to which he or she is addicted.addicted.D. Psychological dependence, or belief that the D. Psychological dependence, or belief that the drug is needed in order to feel good.drug is needed in order to feel good.E. a physiological or psychological dependence E. a physiological or psychological dependence on the drug.on the drug.

VI. A. Some people have serious side VI. A. Some people have serious side effects with the first use.effects with the first use.A. stimulantsA. stimulantsB. depressantsB. depressantsC. narcoticsC. narcoticsD. hallucinogensD. hallucinogensE. cannabisE. cannabisF. anabolic steroidsF. anabolic steroidsG. inhalantsG. inhalants

I. affect the central nervous system and alter the normal I. affect the central nervous system and alter the normal functioning of the brain, resulting in mental or functioning of the brain, resulting in mental or behavioral changes. A. speed up the central nervous behavioral changes. A. speed up the central nervous system.system.

1. a-c. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: 1. a-c. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: increased heart and respiratory rates, high blood increased heart and respiratory rates, high blood pressure, dilated pupils, decreased appetite, sweating, pressure, dilated pupils, decreased appetite, sweating, headaches, blurred vision, dizziness, sleeplessness, headaches, blurred vision, dizziness, sleeplessness, irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss of coordination, irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss of coordination, physical collapse, stroke, high fever, heart failure,physical collapse, stroke, high fever, heart failure,moodiness, restlessness, anxiety,moodiness, restlessness, anxiety,hallucinations, delusions, andhallucinations, delusions, andparanoiaparanoia

2. a. have a similar effect to that of the 2. a. have a similar effect to that of the sympathetic nervous system.sympathetic nervous system.(i) (a) Crank(i) (a) Crank(b) Speed(b) Speed(c) Ice(c) Ice

b. increased heart and respiratory rates, high b. increased heart and respiratory rates, high blood pressure, depression, edginess, blood pressure, depression, edginess, weight loss, paranoia, hallucinations, weight loss, paranoia, hallucinations, psychological dependence, damage to the psychological dependence, damage to the nasal septum, malnutrition, increased risk of nasal septum, malnutrition, increased risk of heart attack, and disturbance in electrical heart attack, and disturbance in electrical impulses to the heart.impulses to the heart.

(i) injury or death from explosion or fire (i) injury or death from explosion or fire resulting from the use of solvents when resulting from the use of solvents when the drug is pre pared, extreme the drug is pre pared, extreme addiction, seizures, sore throat, addiction, seizures, sore throat, hoarseness, and lung damage.hoarseness, and lung damage.

B. tend to slow down the central nervous system.B. tend to slow down the central nervous system.1. a-b. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: 1. a-b. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: muscle relaxation; themuscle relaxation; therelieving of tension; inducing of sleep; slowing relieving of tension; inducing of sleep; slowing of heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; of heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; physiological and psychological dependence; physiological and psychological dependence; and, in babies exposed in utero, physical and, in babies exposed in utero, physical dependence, withdrawal, birth defects, and dependence, withdrawal, birth defects, and behavioral problems.behavioral problems.

2. a. induce sleep, reduce anxiety, and 2. a. induce sleep, reduce anxiety, and impair motor coordination andimpair motor coordination andjudgment.judgment.b. barbiturates, which result in mood b. barbiturates, which result in mood change and sleep or coma.change and sleep or coma.c. tranquilizersc. tranquilizers

C. relieve pain and induce sleep.C. relieve pain and induce sleep.l.a-b. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: l.a-b. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: drowsiness, physiological dependence, stupor, drowsiness, physiological dependence, stupor, sleep, coma, and death.sleep, coma, and death.2. a. slowing of breathing and pulse rate, coma, 2. a. slowing of breathing and pulse rate, coma, death, rapid tolerance, retardation and delayed death, rapid tolerance, retardation and delayed growth of the muscular and nervous systems in growth of the muscular and nervous systems in babies born addicted, and risk of infection from babies born addicted, and risk of infection from HIV and hepatitis through contaminated needles.HIV and hepatitis through contaminated needles.

D. alter mood, thought, and the senses, D. alter mood, thought, and the senses, including vision, hearing, smell, andincluding vision, hearing, smell, andtouch.touch.1. a. deaths, serious accidents, and acts of 1. a. deaths, serious accidents, and acts of violence.violence.b. hallucinations, increase in heart rate, rise b. hallucinations, increase in heart rate, rise in blood pressure, chills, fever, nausea, loss in blood pressure, chills, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, panic, anxiety, and flashbacks.of appetite, panic, anxiety, and flashbacks.

1. Smoked, eaten, and drunk. Delta-9-1. Smoked, eaten, and drunk. Delta-9-tetrahy- drocannabinol, or THC.tetrahy- drocannabinol, or THC.2. It acts as a poison, preventing proper 2. It acts as a poison, preventing proper formation of DNA, proteins, and other formation of DNA, proteins, and other essential building blocks.essential building blocks.3. The dark brown resin collected from the 3. The dark brown resin collected from the tops of the cannabis plant. It’s stronger and tops of the cannabis plant. It’s stronger and affects the user more.affects the user more.

4. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: 4. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: sensitivity to sight, touch, and sound; sensitivity to sight, touch, and sound; changeschangesin perception; stimulation of appetite; in perception; stimulation of appetite; lowering of body temperature; increase in lowering of body temperature; increase in heart rate and blood pressure; reduction in heart rate and blood pressure; reduction in self- control; talkativeness; giddiness; and self- control; talkativeness; giddiness; and with drawn state.with drawn state.

5. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: 5. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: loss of willpower and motivation, lack of loss of willpower and motivation, lack of energy, paranoia, apathy, and lethargy.energy, paranoia, apathy, and lethargy.6. Marijuana contains more cancer-causing 6. Marijuana contains more cancer-causing chemicals; the user is more susceptible tochemicals; the user is more susceptible tobacterial infections; the deep, long breaths bacterial infections; the deep, long breaths associated with smoking marijuana allow associated with smoking marijuana allow more time for harmful particles and gases to more time for harmful particles and gases to act on lung cells.act on lung cells.

7. Males: lowers level of testosterone in 7. Males: lowers level of testosterone in blood and decreases sperm production. blood and decreases sperm production. Females: use during pregnancy may cause Females: use during pregnancy may cause lower birth weight and a condition similar lower birth weight and a condition similar to fetal alcohol syndrome.to fetal alcohol syndrome.8. Substances whose fumes are sniffed and 8. Substances whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled for an hallucinogenic high; glue, inhaled for an hallucinogenic high; glue, spray paints, aerosols, and gasoline.spray paints, aerosols, and gasoline.

9. Answers will vary. Possibilities include:9. Answers will vary. Possibilities include:fatigue, liver and kidney damage, changes fatigue, liver and kidney damage, changes in bone marrow, permanent brain damage, in bone marrow, permanent brain damage, suffocation, and accidental death.suffocation, and accidental death.10. Drugs made from legal substances to 10. Drugs made from legal substances to look like illegal drugs. They are hard for look like illegal drugs. They are hard for medical personnel to diagnose and treat in medical personnel to diagnose and treat in an emergency.an emergency.

11. To enhance their strength and performance 11. To enhance their strength and performance on the playing field.on the playing field.12. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: high 12. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: high blood pressure, acne, possible liver damage, heart blood pressure, acne, possible liver damage, heart disease, and stroke. In males—baldness, disease, and stroke. In males—baldness, depression, aggressiveness, decrease in sperm depression, aggressiveness, decrease in sperm production and testicle size, increase in breast production and testicle size, increase in breast growth, and body and facial hair. In females—growth, and body and facial hair. In females—breast shrinkage, facial hair, and baldness.breast shrinkage, facial hair, and baldness.