2-GGSN9811 V900R007 Product Description

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node V900R007

Product Description Issue 01

Date 2009-03-31

Part Number

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description Contents

Issue 01 (2009-03-31) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

i

Contents

About This Document ................................................................................................................ 1

1 Overview ................................................................................................................................1-1

1.1 Basic Functions .............................................................................................................................................1-1

1.2 Network Structure .........................................................................................................................................1-2

1.3 Network Interfaces ........................................................................................................................................1-5

1.3.1 Gn/Gp Interface ...................................................................................................................................1-6

1.3.2 Gi Interface ..........................................................................................................................................1-7

1.3.3 Ga Interface........................................................................................................................................1-10

1.3.4 Gy Interface .......................................................................................................................................1-10

1.3.5 Gmb Interface ....................................................................................................................................1-11

1.3.6 Gx Interface .......................................................................................................................................1-11

1.4 Supported Protocols ....................................................................................................................................1-12

1.5 Physical Interfaces ......................................................................................................................................1-15

1.5.1 Interface Types...................................................................................................................................1-15

1.5.2 Interface Specifications......................................................................................................................1-16

2 Product Features ....................................................................................................................2-1

2.1 Carrier-Class Platform...................................................................................................................................2-1

2.2 High Reliability.............................................................................................................................................2-2

2.3 Security .........................................................................................................................................................2-2

2.4 Large Capacity ..............................................................................................................................................2-3

2.5 Customized Operation and Maintenance System..........................................................................................2-3

3 System Structure ...................................................................................................................3-1

3.1 Physical Structure..........................................................................................................................................3-1

3.1.1 Cabinet .................................................................................................................................................3-1

3.1.2 Subrack ................................................................................................................................................3-4

3.1.3 Boards ..................................................................................................................................................3-6

3.2 Logical Structure ...........................................................................................................................................3-8

4 Services and Functions .........................................................................................................4-1

4.1 Routing..........................................................................................................................................................4-2

4.2 APN...............................................................................................................................................................4-3

4.3 Accessing the PDN........................................................................................................................................4-3

Contents

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

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4.4 GTP ...............................................................................................................................................................4-5

4.4.1 GTP Tunnel ..........................................................................................................................................4-6

4.4.2 GTP Signaling Function.......................................................................................................................4-6

4.4.3 IP over GTP and PPP over GTP...........................................................................................................4-6

4.5 Direct Tunnel.................................................................................................................................................4-7

4.6 VPN...............................................................................................................................................................4-8

4.7 Security .........................................................................................................................................................4-9

4.7.1 Protocol Security Authentication .........................................................................................................4-9

4.7.2 IPSec ..................................................................................................................................................4-10

4.7.3 Packet Filtering and ACL...................................................................................................................4-10

4.7.4 Gi Interface Redirection.....................................................................................................................4-11

4.7.5 Anti-DDoS Protection ........................................................................................................................4-11

4.7.6 Anti-spoofing .....................................................................................................................................4-11

4.7.7 SSL.....................................................................................................................................................4-12

4.8 QoS..............................................................................................................................................................4-12

4.9 Charging......................................................................................................................................................4-13

4.9.1 RADIUS Accounting .........................................................................................................................4-14

4.9.2 Offline Charging ................................................................................................................................4-14

4.9.3 Online Charging.................................................................................................................................4-16

4.9.4 Content-based Charging.....................................................................................................................4-17

4.9.5 Event-based Charging ........................................................................................................................4-18

4.9.6 Envelope Reporting............................................................................................................................4-19

4.10 DPI ............................................................................................................................................................4-19

4.11 Service Redirection ...................................................................................................................................4-20

4.12 Service Report ...........................................................................................................................................4-21

4.13 PCC ...........................................................................................................................................................4-21

4.14 MBMS.......................................................................................................................................................4-22

4.15 IPv6 ...........................................................................................................................................................4-22

4.16 Other Services and Functions....................................................................................................................4-23

5 Reliability...............................................................................................................................5-1

5.1 Hardware Reliability .....................................................................................................................................5-1

5.2 Software Reliability ......................................................................................................................................5-2

5.3 Networking Reliability..................................................................................................................................5-3

5.4 Operation and Maintenance Reliability.........................................................................................................5-3

6 Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................6-1

6.1 OM System ...................................................................................................................................................6-1

6.1.1 BAM ....................................................................................................................................................6-2

6.1.2 LMT.....................................................................................................................................................6-3

6.1.3 M2000..................................................................................................................................................6-3

6.2 OM Function .................................................................................................................................................6-3

6.2.1 Configuration Management .................................................................................................................6-4

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description Contents


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6.2.2 Message Tracing ..................................................................................................................................6-4

6.2.3 Performance Management ...................................................................................................................6-4

6.2.4 Alarm Management..............................................................................................................................6-5

6.2.5 Log Management .................................................................................................................................6-5

7 Technical Specifications.......................................................................................................7-1

7.1 Performance Specifications...........................................................................................................................7-1

7.2 Entire-system Specifications .........................................................................................................................7-2

7.3 Reliability Specifications ..............................................................................................................................7-3

7.4 Safety Specifications .....................................................................................................................................7-3

7.5 EMC Specifications ......................................................................................................................................7-3

7.6 Environment Specifications ..........................................................................................................................7-4

7.6.1 Storage Environment............................................................................................................................7-4

7.6.2 Transportation Environment ................................................................................................................7-5

7.6.3 Running Environment ..........................................................................................................................7-6

8 Installation .............................................................................................................................8-1

8.1 System Installation ........................................................................................................................................8-1

8.2 System Expansion and Upgrade....................................................................................................................8-1

Index ...........................................................................................................................................i-1

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description Figures


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Figures

Figure 1-1 GPRS/UMTS network structure .......................................................................................................1-2

Figure 1-2 Interfaces of the GGSN9811.............................................................................................................1-5

Figure 1-3 Signaling plane protocol stack of the Gn/Gp interface .....................................................................1-6

Figure 1-4 User plane protocol stack of the Gn/Gp interface.............................................................................1-7

Figure 1-5 Protocol stack of the Gi interface......................................................................................................1-8

Figure 1-6 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in transparent access mode..........................................................1-8

Figure 1-7 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in non-transparent access mode...................................................1-8

Figure 1-8 Protocol stack of the Gi interface......................................................................................................1-9

Figure 1-9 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in PPP termination mode.............................................................1-9

Figure 1-10 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in PPP relay mode ...................................................................1-10

Figure 1-11 Protocol stack of the Ga interface .................................................................................................1-10

Figure 1-12 Protocol stack of the Gy interface.................................................................................................1-11

Figure 1-13 Protocol stack of the Gmb interface..............................................................................................1-11

Figure 1-14 Protocol stack of the Gx interface.................................................................................................1-12

Figure 3-1 N68E-22 cabinet ...............................................................................................................................3-2

Figure 3-2 Hardware layout of the GGSN9811..................................................................................................3-3

Figure 3-3 GGSN9811 subrack ..........................................................................................................................3-4

Figure 3-4 Components in the GGSN9811 subrack ...........................................................................................3-5

Figure 3-5 Layout of boards in the GGSN9811 subrack ....................................................................................3-7

Figure 3-6 Logical structure of the GGSN9811 .................................................................................................3-9

Figure 4-1 Example of transparent access to an external IP network .................................................................4-4

Figure 4-2 Example of non-transparent access to an ISP or an intranet .............................................................4-5

Figure 4-3 Example of IP over GTP and PPP over GTP ....................................................................................4-6

Figure 4-4 Example of PPP regeneration ...........................................................................................................4-7

Figure 6-1 Structure of the GGSN9811 OM system ..........................................................................................6-2

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description Tables


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Tables

Table 1-1 Protocols supported by the GGSN9811............................................................................................1-12

Table 1-2 Quantities and functions of the physical interfaces on the GGSN9811............................................1-16

Table 1-3 Specifications for 10/100M auto-sensing Ethernet electrical interfaces...........................................1-16

Table 1-4 Specifications for 1000M Ethernet SFP optical interfaces (1000Base-X-SFP)................................1-17

Table 1-5 Specifications for 1000M Ethernet SFP electrical interfaces (1000Base-X-SFP) ............................1-17

Table 1-6 Specifications for the 10G Ethernet optical interfaces (10GBase LAN/WAN-XFP) .......................1-18

Table 3-1 Main components in the GGSN9811 subrack.....................................................................................3-5

Table 3-2 Specifications of the three types of LPUs...........................................................................................3-8

Table 7-1 GGSN9811 performance specifications .............................................................................................7-2

Table 7-2 Specifications of the entire GGSN9811..............................................................................................7-2

Table 7-3 GGSN9811 reliability specifications ..................................................................................................7-3

Table 7-4 Climatic requirements for equipment storage.....................................................................................7-4

Table 7-5 Climatic requirements for equipment transportation..........................................................................7-5

Table 7-6 Requirements for mechanical stress in the transportation environment .............................................7-5

Table 7-7 Requirements for temperature and humidity in the running environment ..........................................7-6

Table 7-8 Requirements for other climatic factors in the running environment .................................................7-6

Table 7-9 Requirements for mechanical stress in the running environment .......................................................7-7

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description About This Document


1

About This Document

Purpose This document mainly describes the features, system architecture, services and functions, operation and maintenance, reliability, technical specifications, and installation procedure of the GGSN9811.

Related Versions

The following table lists the product version related to this document.

Product Name Version

GGSN9811 V900R007

Intended Audience

This document is intended for:

� Network planning engineer

� Installation commissioning engineer

� Data configuration engineer

� Network monitoring engineer

� Field maintenance engineer

Update History

Updates between document versions are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document version contains all the updates made to previous versions.

Updates in Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

Initial field trial release

About This Document HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

Product Description

2 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

Organization

1 Overview

This provides an overview of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 serves as a gateway in the general packet radio service/universal mobile telecommunications system (GPRS/UMTS) packet core network and forwards packets between the mobile network and the packet data network (PDN).

2 Product Features

This describes the features of the GGSN9811: carrier-class platform, high reliability, security, large capacity, and customized operation and maintenance (OM) system.

3 System Structure

This describes the physical and logical structures of the GGSN9811.

4 Services and Functions

This describes the abundant services and functions provided by the GGSN9811. These services and functions can meet various requirements for networking and services.

5 Reliability

This describes the advanced reliability design of the GGSN9811. The advanced reliability design effectively ensures the normal operation.

6 Operation and Maintenance

This describes the easy operation and maintenance (OM) measures provided by the GGSN9811. The OM measures include the local maintenance terminal (LMT) that integrates graphical user interface (GUI) and command line interface (CLI), accessing Huawei M2000 and operation and maintenance center (OMC), and comprehensive online help.

7 Technical Specifications

This lists the technical specifications of the GGSN9811. The technical specifications consist of performance specifications, entire-system specifications, reliability specifications, safety standards, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) specifications, and environment requirements.

8 Installation

This describes the installation, upgrade, and expansion processes.

Conventions

Symbol Conventions

The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.

Symbol Description

Indicates a hazard with a high level of risk that, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury.

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Symbol Description

Indicates a hazard with a medium or low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.

Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could cause equipment damage, data loss, and performance degradation, or unexpected results.

Indicates a tip that may help you solve a problem or save time.

Provides additional information to emphasize or supplement important points of the main text.

General Conventions

Convention Description

Times New Roman Normal paragraphs are in Times New Roman.

Boldface Names of files, directories, folders, and users are in boldface. For example, log in as user root.

Italic Book titles are in italics.

Courier New Terminal display is in Courier New.

Command Conventions


Boldface The keywords of a command line are in boldface.

Italic Command arguments are in italics.

[ ] Items (keywords or arguments) in square brackets [ ] are optional.

{ x | y | ... } Alternative items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars. One is selected.

[ x | y | ... ] Optional alternative items are grouped in square brackets and separated by vertical bars. One or none is selected.

{ x | y | ... } * Alternative items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars. A minimum of one or a maximum of all can be selected.

About This Document HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

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GUI Conventions


Boldface Buttons, menus, parameters, tabs, windows, and dialog titles are in boldface. For example, click OK.

> Multi-level menus are in boldface and separated by the ">" signs. For example, choose File > Create > Folder.

Keyboard Operation

Format Description

Key Press the key. For example, press Enter and press Tab.

Key 1+Key 2 Press the keys concurrently. For example, pressing Ctrl+Alt+A means the three keys should be pressed concurrently.

Key 1, Key 2 Press the keys in turn. For example, pressing Alt, A means the two keys should be pressed in turn.

Mouse Operation

Action Description

Click Select and release the primary mouse button without moving the pointer.

Double-click Press the primary mouse button twice continuously and quickly without moving the pointer.

Drag Press and hold the primary mouse button and move the pointer to a certain position.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 1 Overview


1-1

1 Overview

About This Chapter

This provides an overview of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 serves as a gateway in the general packet radio service/universal mobile telecommunications system (GPRS/UMTS) packet core network and forwards packets between the mobile network and the packet data network (PDN).

1.1 Basic Functions

This describes the basic functions of the GGSN9811.

1.2 Network Structure

This describes the structure of the entire network.

1.3 Network Interfaces

This describes the network interfaces of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides multiple interfaces that comply with standard protocols.

1.4 Supported Protocols

This describes the supported protocols of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides open and standard protocol interfaces. These interfaces support multiple protocols and can connect the GGSN9811 to multiple types of devices. Thus, the GGSN9811 possesses strong and flexible networking capability.

1.5 Physical Interfaces

This describes the physical interfaces of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides multiple types of physical interfaces.

1.1 Basic Functions

This describes the basic functions of the GGSN9811.

The GGSN9811 is a gateway GPRS support node developed independently by Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Huawei). It can be used in either the 2.5G general packet radio service (GPRS) or the 3G universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). The GGSN9811 is a gateway for a mobile station (MS) to access the external packet

1 Overview HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

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data network (PDN). It is located at the junction between the GPRS/UMTS packet core network and the external PDN.

1.2 Network Structure

This describes the structure of the entire network.

The wireless technology has developed from the 2G global system for mobile communications (GSM) and the 2.5G general packet radio service (GPRS) to the 3G universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). At present, mobile communication is available widely, transmits wireless data quickly, and provides access to the Internet. Mobile communication can provide multimedia services, such as voice, data, and video. It enables you to communicate with other people wherever you are and whenever you want.

Figure 1-1 GPRS/UMTS network structure

NodeB RNC

UMTS UTRAN

RAN

GSM/GPRS BSS

BSC

CN-CS

MSC/VLR

HLR/AuC/EIR

SGSN

Firewall BG

DNS

SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWFMSC

GMSC

CG

GGSN

CN-PS

BTS

MS

OCS/CCF

DNS WAPgateway

AAA server

Firewall

Billing center

BM-SC

SS7

PSTNISDN

InternetIntranet

etc

Corenetwork

Other PLMN

PCRF

NPR

AF

MS: mobile station RAN: radio access network

CN-CS: core network-circuit switched CN-PS: core network-packet switched

BSS: base station subsystem UTRAN: UMTS terrestrial radio access network

BTS: base transceiver station BSC: base station controller

NodeB: UMTS base station RNC: radio network controller



1-3

SGSN: serving GPRS support node GGSN: gateway GPRS support node

CG: charging gateway BG: border gateway

DNS: domain name server AAA: authentication, authorization and accounting

BM-SC: broadcast/multicast service center

OCS/CCF: online charging system/credit control function

PCRF: policy and charging rule function

As shown in Figure 1-1, the GPRS/UMTS network contains the following network elements (NEs):

� MS: An MS is a user's mobile device. It can launch and receive calls through an air interface. To perform a data service, the MS sets up a logical link with the CN-PS domain.

� RAN: The RAN provides the functions related to wireless access.

� CN-CS domain: The CS domain provides circuit type services. It also connects an MS to an external CS network such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

� CN-PS domain: The PS domain provides packet data services. It also connects an MS to an external packet data network (PDN) such as the Internet.

The CN has evolved smoothly from the GPRS to the UMTS. The evolution of the RAN, however, is revolutionary because of the fundamental change of air interfaces.

Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS domain, consisting of the SGSN, GGSN, CG, and AAA server, enables an MS to access an external PDN for packet data services and supplies charging services.

The functions of the main NEs in Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS domain are as follows:

SGSN

The SGSN is used to provide packet data services. It forwards incoming and outgoing IP packets of the MSs in the service area. The SGSN performs the following functions:

� IP packet routing and forwarding for all mobile users within the service area

� Encryption and authentication

� Session management

� Mobility management

� Logical link management

� Generation and output of charging data records (CDRs), reflecting the usage of wireless resources

GGSN

The GGSN is used to provide packet data services. The GGSN routes and encapsulates the data packets between the GPRS/UMTS network and an external PDN. The GGSN performs the following functions:


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� Acting as an interface to an external PDN: The GGSN acts as a gateway for MSs to access an external PDN. The GGSN exchanges routing information for an external PDN. The GGSN serves as a router for all IP addresses of users in the GPRS/UMTS network.

� GPRS/UMTS session management: The GGSN sets up communication between MSs and external PDNs.

� Data receiving and processing: The GGSN receives data from MSs and routes the data to an external PDN. The GGSN also receives data from the external PDN, and selects a path in the GPRS/UMTS network to forward the data according to the destination address. Then, the GGSN sends the data to the SGSN.

� Abundant charging functions: The GGSN provides the functions of normal charging, hot billing, content-based charging, and online charging.

CG

As a device in the GPRS/UMTS network, the charging gateway (CG) collects, merges, and pre-processes the CDRs generated by the SGSN or the GGSN. The CG also provides an interface to the billing center. When a GPRS/UMTS user accesses the Internet, several NEs generate CDRs. Each NE may generate several CDRs. The CG merges and pre-processes the CDRs, and then sends them to the billing center. Thus, the work load of the billing center is reduced. If the CG is applied in the network, the SGSN and the GGSN are not required to provide interfaces to the billing center.

AAA Server

The AAA server is used for authentication, authorization, and accounting. It complies with the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) protocol. The AAA server can also be deployed in other networks besides the GPRS/UMTS network.

DNS

There are two types of DNS in the GPRS/UMTS network. One type is the DNS located between the GGSN and an external PDN. It is used to resolve the domain name of the external PDN, equivalent to a common DNS on the Internet. The other type is the DNS located on the GPRS/UMTS core network. It is used to:

� Perform domain name resolution to obtain the IP address of the GGSN based on the access point name (APN) sent by the SGSN, thus establishing a communication channel between the GGSN and an MS when the MS attempts to access the external PDN.

� Obtain the IP address of the SGSN from the original routing area code when the routing area between SGSNs is updated.

� Obtain the IP address of the destination SGSN based on the new RNC ID during RNC relocation.

The DNS can also be deployed in other networks besides the GPRS/UMTS network.

OCS

The OCS provides the CCF function. By enhancing the present OCS, credit control can vary according to service type. The GGSN9811 can determine whether a user is an online charging user. The OCS can perform rating, allocate quotas, and finally deduct the fees for online charging users.



1-5

BM-SC

The BM-SC distributes the multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS). Serving as the transmission ingress of the MBMS services of content providers, the BM-SC can authenticate the users within a public land mobile network (PLMN), initiate the bearer service, and schedule and deliver the MBMS service.

PCRF

The PCRF is used for making policies and charging rules. It performs the following functions:

� Receiving service information from the application function (AF)

� Obtaining subscription information from the subscription profile repository (SPR)

� Determining the policy and charging rule applied to a user

� Providing the policy and charging enforcement function (PCEF) with the policy and charging rule information

1.3 Network Interfaces

This describes the network interfaces of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides multiple interfaces that comply with standard protocols.

Figure 1-2 shows the network interfaces of the GGSN9811.

� Gn/Gp interface between the SGSN and the GGSN

� Gi interface between the GGSN and the PDN

� Ga interface between the GGSN and the CGF

� Gy interface between the GGSN and the OCS/CCF

� Gmb interface between the GGSN and the BM-SC

� Gx interface between the GGSN and the PCRF

Figure 1-2 Interfaces of the GGSN9811

SGSNOther PLMN

PDNGn

Ga

Gp

Gx

GiGy

SGSN

OCS/CCF

GGSN

CGF PCRF

GyOCS

GmbBM-SC

1.3.1 Gn/Gp Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stacks of the Gn/Gp interface.

1.3.2 Gi Interface


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This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gi interface.

1.3.3 Ga Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Ga interface.

1.3.4 Gy Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gy interface.

1.3.5 Gmb Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gmb interface.

1.3.6 Gx Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gx interface.

1.3.1 Gn/Gp Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stacks of the Gn/Gp interface.

In two-tunnel mode, the Gn/Gp interface is the signaling plane interface and user plane interface between the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and the GGSN. In direct-tunnel mode, the Gn/Gp interface is the signaling plane interface between the SGSN and the GGSN, and the user plane interface between the radio network controller (RNC) and the GGSN.

The Gn interface is between the GPRS support nodes (GSNs) within the same public land mobile network (PLMN). The Gp interface is between the GSNs in different PLMNs. The Gn interface and Gp interface have the same protocol hierarchy. See Figure 1-3 and Figure 1-4.

Figure 1-3 Signaling plane protocol stack of the Gn/Gp interface

GTP-C

UDP

IP

L2

L1

GTP-C

UDP

IP

L2

L1

SGSN GGSNGn/Gp



1-7

Figure 1-4 User plane protocol stack of the Gn/Gp interface

GTP-U

UDP

IP

L2

L1

GTP-U

UDP

IP

L2

L1

SGSN/RNC

GGSNGn/Gp

The GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) contains the GTP control plane (GTP-C) and the GTP user plane (GTP-U).

� In the GTP-C plane, tunnels are created, modified, and deleted through signaling.

� In the GTP-U plane, the tunneling mechanism is used to transfer user packets.

In the GTP user plane, the GGSN9811 supports GTPv0 and GTPv1 and allows the switchover between GTPv0 and GTPv1. In the GTP signaling plane, the GGSN9811 supports only GTPv0.

1.3.2 Gi Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gi interface.

Gi is the interface between the GGSN and the packet data network (PDN). The GGSN9811 supports two access modes for Internet Protocol (IP) users and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) users.

IP Access

Figure 1-5 shows the protocol stack of the Gi interface for IP users.


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Figure 1-5 Protocol stack of the Gi interface

L2

IP IP

Packet domain bearer

GGSNGi

L1

For IP users, the GGSN9811 provides two modes for mobile stations (MSs) to access the external PDN, namely, transparent access mode and non-transparent access mode. Figure 1-6 and Figure 1-7 show the protocol stacks for the transparent access mode and the non-transparent access mode, respectively.

Figure 1-6 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in transparent access mode

Intranetprotocol

IP

PPPor L2

L2

IP IP

PPPor L2


TE MT GGSN

Intranetprotocol

IP

L2

IntranetGi

Figure 1-7 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in non-transparent access mode

DHCP/RADIUS

Lowerlayers

UDP

IP

DHCP/RADIUS

Lowerlayers

UDP

IP

GTP-C

Lowerlayers

GTP-C

Lowerlayers

Lowerlayers

SM

Lowerlayers

SMPPP/L2

Phy.layer

PPP/L2

Phy.layer

TE MT SGSN GGSN Intranet/ISPGi

PPP Access

Figure 1-8 shows the protocol stack of the Gi interface for PPP users.



1-9

Figure 1-8 Protocol stack of the Gi interface


GGSN Gi

IP

UDP

e.g.L2TP

PPP-NCPsupportedprotocolor PPP

PPP

L2

L1

For PPP users, the GGSN9811 provides two modes for MSs to access the external PDN, namely, PPP termination mode and PPP relay mode. Figure 1-9 and Figure 1-10 show the protocol stacks for the PPP termination mode and the PPP relay mode, respectively.

Figure 1-9 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in PPP termination mode

Packet domain bearerLowerlayers

IP

TE MT GGSN Intranet/ISPGi

UDP

DHCP/RADIUS

PPPPPP

Phy.layer

SGSN

Lowerlayers

IP

UDP

DHCP/RADIUS


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Figure 1-10 Protocol stack of the Gi interface in PPP relay mode

Packet domain bearerLowerlayers

IP

TE MTGGSN(LAC)

LNSGi

UDP

e.g.L2TP

PPP

Lowerlayers

IP

UDPPPP

Phy.layer

SGSN

e.g.L2TP

1.3.3 Ga Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Ga interface.

Ga is the interface between the GPRS support node (GSN) and the charging gateway functionality (CGF). It runs the GTP' protocol to send charging data records (CDRs) that are generated by a network element or functional entity to the CGF.

Figure 1-11 shows the protocol stack of the Ga interface.

Figure 1-11 Protocol stack of the Ga interface

G-CDRs G-CDRs

GGSN CGFGa

GTP'

UDP/TCP

IP

L2

L1

GTP'

UDP/TCP

IP

L2

L1

1.3.4 Gy Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gy interface.

Gy is the interface between the GGSN and the online charging system/credit control function (OCS/CCF). It communicates based on the Diameter protocol and is used for online charging control. The GGSN interacts with the OCS through the Gy interface to realize credit control for content-based charging users and non-content-based charging users.

Figure 1-12 shows the protocol stack of the Gy interface.



1-11

Figure 1-12 Protocol stack of the Gy interface

GGSN OCS/CCFGy

Diameter base protocol

TCP

IP/ IPSec

L2

L1

Diameter base protocol

TCP

IP/ IPSec

L2

L1

Diameter creditcontrol application

Diameter creditcontrol application

1.3.5 Gmb Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gmb interface.

Gmb is the interface between the GGSN and the broadcast/multicast service center (BM-SC). It communicates based on the Diameter protocol and is used to provide the control plane function of the multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS). Through the Gmb interface, the GGSN exchanges the following signaling with the BM-SC:

� MBMS bearer context setup and release signaling

� MBMS session start and stop signaling sent by the BM-SC to the GGSN

Figure 1-13 shows the protocol stack of the Gmb interface.

Figure 1-13 Protocol stack of the Gmb interface

GGSN BM-SC

Diameter Base Protocol

TCP

IP/ IPSec

L2

L1

Diameter Base Protocol

TCP

IP/ IPSec

L2

L1

Gmb

1.3.6 Gx Interface

This describes the functions and the protocol stack of the Gx interface.

Gx is the interface between the GGSN and the policy charging rules function (PCRF). It communicates based on the Diameter protocol. As the policy and charging enforcement function (PCEF), the GGSN interacts with the PCRF through the Gx interface to realize policy and charging control (PCC) function.

Figure 1-14 shows the protocol stack of the Gx interface.


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Figure 1-14 Protocol stack of the Gx interface

GGSN PCRFGx

TLS

TCP

IP/IPSec

L2

L1

TLS

TCP

IP/IPSec

L2

L1

Diameter base protocol Diameter base protocol

Gx applicationGx application

1.4 Supported Protocols

This describes the supported protocols of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides open and standard protocol interfaces. These interfaces support multiple protocols and can connect the GGSN9811 to multiple types of devices. Thus, the GGSN9811 possesses strong and flexible networking capability.

Table 1-1 lists the protocols supported by the GGSN9811.

Table 1-1 Protocols supported by the GGSN9811

Protocol Function Standard or Protocol

GTP/GTP'

The GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) is used to set up, maintain, or delete GTP tunnels between the GGSN and the SGSN. The GGSN9811 can interact with the external packet data network (PDN) through GTP.

The GTP' protocol is used to send charging data records (CDRs) that are generated by a network element or functional entity to

GSM 09.60, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp Interface

GSM 09.61, Interworking between the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) supporting GPRS and Packet Data Networks (PDN)

3GPP TS 29.060, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp interface

3GPP TS 32.215, 3G Telecom Management; Charging Management; Charging Data Description For The Packet Switched (PS) Domain

3GPP TS 29.061, Interworking between the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) supporting Packet Based Services and Packet Data Networks (PDN)



1-13


the charging gateway functionality (CGF).

RADIUS

The Remote Authentication Dial in User Service (RADIUS) protocol is used for authentication, authorization, and accounting between the GGSN and the RADIUS server.

IETF RFC 2865, Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)

IETF RFC 2866, RADIUS Accounting


PPP

The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a Layer 2 link protocol, through which the Layer 2 negotiation through the Link Control Protocol (LCP), Layer 3 negotiation through IP over PPP (IPCP), and authentication through the Password Authentication Protocol/Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (PAP/CHAP) can be performed.

IETF RFC 1661, The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

IETF RFC 1332, The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)

IETF RFC 1334, PPP Authentication Protocols

IETF RFC 1994, PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)


L2TP

The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is used to set up Layer 2 virtual private networks (VPNs) and L2TP tunnels between the L2TP network server (LNS) and the GGSN that serves as the L2TP access concentrator (LAC).

IETF RFC 2661, Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"

IPSec The IP Security IETF RFC 2402, IP Authentication Header


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(IPSec) protocol is used to ensure the security of the data transmitted between the GGSN and the related devices. It can ensure the confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and anti-replay of data packets transmitted on the network.

IETF RFC 2403, The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH

ETF RFC 2404, The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH

IETF RFC 2405, The ESP DES-CBC Cipher Algorithm With Explicit IV

IETF RFC 2406, IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)

IETF RFC 2407, The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP

IETF RFC 2408, Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)

IETF RFC 2409, The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

IETF RFC 2410, The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use with IPSec

IETF RFC 2411, IP Security Document Roadmap

IETF RFC 2412, The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol

IETF RFC 2104, HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

IETF RFC 1191, Path MTU Discovery

FTP

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to transmit files between the GGSN and other devices.

IETF RFC 0959, FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

Diameter

The basic Diameter protocol offers a secure, reliable, and easily extended frame for authentication, authorization, and accounting services.

IETF RFC 3588, Diameter Base Protocol IETF RFC 4006, Diameter Credit-Control Application

Diameter Online Charging

The volume-based or time-based online content-based charging is realized through interaction with the online charging system (OCS) through the Gy interface.

3GPP TS 23.125, Overall High Level Functionality and Architecture Impacts of Flow Based Charging

3GPP TS 32.299, Charging Management; Diameter charging applications



1-15


MBMS

The unidirectional point-to-multipoint multimedia services are provided.

3GPP TS 23.246, Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS); Architecture and Functional Description

3GPP TS 29.060, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp interface


PCC

The policy and charging control function is provided.

3GPP TR 23.803 v700 Evolution of policy control and charging

3GPP TS 23.203 v760 Policy and charging control architecture

3GPP TS 29.212 v740 Policy and Charging Control over Gx reference point � 3GPP TS 29.213 v740 Policy and Charging

Control signalling flows and QoS parameter mapping

� 3GPP TS 29.214 v740 Policy and Charging Control over Rx reference point

1.5 Physical Interfaces This describes the physical interfaces of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides multiple types of physical interfaces.

1.5.1 Interface Types

This describes the types of physical interfaces provided by the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides the following physical interfaces: 10/100M auto-sensing Ethernet electrical interfaces, 1000M Ethernet GBIC optical interfaces (1000BASE-GBIC), 1000M Ethernet GBIC electrical interfaces (1000BASE-GBIC), and 10G Ethernet Optical Interfaces.

1.5.2 Interface Specifications

This describes the specifications for the interfaces provided by the GGSN9811.

1.5.1 Interface Types

This describes the types of physical interfaces provided by the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides the following physical interfaces: 10/100M auto-sensing Ethernet electrical interfaces, 1000M Ethernet GBIC optical interfaces (1000BASE-GBIC), 1000M Ethernet GBIC electrical interfaces (1000BASE-GBIC), and 10G Ethernet Optical Interfaces.

The physical interfaces of the GGSN9811 are provided by the Line Processing Unit (LPU). Table 1-2 lists the quantities and functions of the interfaces on the LPU.


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Table 1-2 Quantities and functions of the physical interfaces on the GGSN9811

Type Quantity (Maximum)

Function

10/100M auto-sensing Ethernet electrical interfaces

24 Physical interfaces to an external network or devices in the external network, such as the SGSN, PDN, AAA server, and CG

1000M Ethernet GBIC optical interfaces (1000BASE-GBIC)


1000M Ethernet GBIC electrical interfaces (1000BASE-GBIC)


10G Ethernet Optical Interfaces 1

Physical interfaces to an external network or devices in the external network, such as the SGSN, PDN, AAA server, and CG

The quantity in GGSN9811 refers to the quantity of a type of interfaces on one LPU.

1.5.2 Interface Specifications

This describes the specifications for the interfaces provided by the GGSN9811.

Table 1-3, Table 1-4, Table 1-5, and Table 1-6 list the specifications for the interfaces.

Table 1-3 Specifications for 10/100M auto-sensing Ethernet electrical interfaces

Item Specification

Connector type RJ45

Operating mode 10/100M auto-sensing

Half duplex and full duplex

Maximum transmission distance

100 m

Applied cable Enhanced category 5 shielded twisted pair

Standard compliance IEEE802.3z

Frame format Ethernet_II, Ethernet_SAP, and Ethernet_SNAP

Network protocol IP



1-17

Table 1-4 Specifications for 1000M Ethernet SFP optical interfaces (1000Base-X-SFP)

Item Specification

Connector type

LC/PC

Operating mode

1000M full duplex

Standard compliance

IEEE 802.3z

Frame format

Ethernet_II, Ethernet_SAP, and Ethernet_SNAP

Network protocol

IP


0.5km 10km 40km 40km 80km 100km

Center wavelength

850nm 1310nm 1310nm 1550nm 1550nm 1550nm

Minimum transmitting optical power

–9.5dBm –9.5dBm –4.5dBm –4.0dBm –2.0dBm 0dBm

Maximum transmitting optical power

–2.5dBm –3.0dBm 3.0dBm 1.0dBm 5.0dBm 5.0dBm

Receiver sensitivity

–17.0dBm –20.0dBm –22.5dBm –21.0dBm –23.0dBm –30.0dBm

Overload optical power

0dBm –3.0dBm –3.0dBm –3.0dBm –3.0dBm –9.0dBm

Fiber type Multi-mode

Single-mode

Single-mode

Single-mode

Single-mode

Single-mode

Table 1-5 Specifications for 1000M Ethernet SFP electrical interfaces (1000Base-X-SFP)

Item Specification

Connector type RJ45

Operating mode 1000M full duplex


Product Description


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Item Specification


100 m

Applied cable Enhanced category 5 shielded twisted pair

Standard compliance IEEE802.3z


Network protocol IP

Table 1-6 Specifications for the 10G Ethernet optical interfaces (10GBase LAN/WAN-XFP)

Item Specification

Connector type LC/PC

Operating mode 10G full duplex

Standard compliance

IEEE 802.3ae


Network protocol

IP


0.3 km 10 km 40 km 80 km

Center wavelength

850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm 1550 nm

Minimum transmitting optical power

-7.3 dBm -6.0 dBm -1.0 dBm 0 dBm

Maximum transmitting optical power

-1.3 dBm -1.0 dBm 2.0 dBm 4.0 dBm

Receiver sensitivity

-7.5 dBm -11.0 dBm -15.0 dBm -24.0 dBm

Overload optical power

-1.0 dBm 0.5 dBm -1.0 dBm -7.0 dBm

Fiber type Multi-mode Single-mode Single-mode Single-mode

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 2 Product Features


2-1

2 Product Features About This Chapter

This describes the features of the GGSN9811: carrier-class platform, high reliability, security, large capacity, and customized operation and maintenance (OM) system.

2.1 Carrier-Class Platform

This describes the carrier-class platform feature of the GGSN9811. The hardware platform provides high reliability and large data throughput. The software platform seamlessly integrates wireless telecommunication technologies and data communication technologies.

2.2 High Reliability

This describes the high reliability feature of the GGSN9811. Reliability is crucial for both operators and end users. Therefore, the GGSN9811 is designed by considering reliability in terms of hardware, software, and networking to ensure normal running.

2.3 Security

This describes the security feature of the GGSN9811. The requirements for security is taken into consideration for the design of the GGSN9811 and multiple measures are adopted to protect profits of operators and end users.

2.4 Large Capacity

This describes the large capacity feature of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 with the design of large capacity can help operators to arrange investment effectively.

2.5 Customized Operation and Maintenance System

This describes the customized operation and maintenance (OM) system feature of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides powerful OM functions.

2.1 Carrier-Class Platform

This describes the carrier-class platform feature of the GGSN9811. The hardware platform provides high reliability and large data throughput. The software platform seamlessly integrates wireless telecommunication technologies and data communication technologies.

The hardware platform of the GGSN9811 is Huawei Universal Switching Router (USR). The USR is a carrier-class network switching device which is compliant with the industry

2 Product Features HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

standards. Developed on the basis of Huawei Versatile Routing Platform (VRP), the software of the GGSN9811 inherits the integrated routing technology, IP quality of service (QoS), virtual private network (VPN), and security technology of the VRP and perfects the functions specific to applications in wireless telecommunication.

By means of the USR hardware platform that boasts high reliability and large data throughput and the software platform that seamlessly integrates wireless telecommunication technologies and data communication technologies, the GGSN9811 presents an ideal and flexible solution for wireless data communication to network operators.

2.2 High Reliability

This describes the high reliability feature of the GGSN9811. Reliability is crucial for both operators and end users. Therefore, the GGSN9811 is designed by considering reliability in terms of hardware, software, and networking to ensure normal running.

� Hardware reliability

The GGSN9811 supports hot plugging and hot backup of key boards, possesses a double-channel power supply system, and is protected from over-voltage and over-current.

The DMPU subcards can work in load-sharing mode. Therefore, when one DMPU subcard is faulty, the other DMPU subcard takes over all services, and the system triggers a fault alarm. If the DMPU subcards are required but unavailable or if the DMPU subcards are overloaded, the system triggers an alarm.

� Software reliability

The GGSN9811 is capable of overload control, traffic control, resource check, , system software backup, configuration files checkand automatic fault detection. This ensures reliable running. The unique charging data record (CDR) cache function guarantees a reliable billing system. The hot patch technology helps to ensure the normal software running.

� Networking reliability

The route backup and router load sharing functions can prevent single point failure on networks, thus helping to build highly reliable networks. The Eth-trunk function can prevent failure of a single port from affecting services.

� Operation and Maintenance Reliability

SSL: The GGSN9811 ensure data confidentiality between LMT and M2000.

When the GGSN9811 upgrade failed, it can rollback previous version automatically. In this way, the service restore time can be reduce.

GGSN provides patch rollback function to ensure the reliability of running patch.

2.3 Security

This describes the security feature of the GGSN9811. The requirements for security is taken into consideration for the design of the GGSN9811 and multiple measures are adopted to protect profits of operators and end users.

The same as reliability, security is concerned by operators and end users. The requirements for security is fully considered for the design of the GGSN and the following measures are taken:

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 2 Product Features


2-3

� Strict verification of operator identity

� Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) security verification by the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) modes

� Packet filtering and access control list (ACL) mechanism to filter packets based on preset conditions

� Gi interface redirection function, which can offer defense against attacks that are based on protocol packets between mobile users in one GGSN

� IP Security (IPSec) protocol, which provides IP packets with high-quality, interoperable, and cryptology-based security

� The SSL feature can be implemented on the GGSN when the GGSN communicates with the M2000 or local maintenance terminal (LMT) to enhance security through encryption. Thus, the man-machine language (MML) channel, binary channel, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) file transfer channel between the GGSN and the M2000 or LMT are encrypted

2.4 Large Capacity

This describes the large capacity feature of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 with the design of large capacity can help operators to arrange investment effectively.

Huawei Universal Switching Router (USR), a fifth-generation core router, is the hardware platform of the GGSN9811. In Huawei USR, the signaling/control plane is separated from the data plane. That is, the signaling/control plane consists of multiple high-performance universal processors. The data plane consists of multiple high-performance and high-forwarding-capability network processors (NPs).

The fully-configured GGSN9811 can activate 5000000 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts at the same time. The data throughput can reach 50 Gbit/s.

2.5 Customized Operation and Maintenance System

This describes the customized operation and maintenance (OM) system feature of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides powerful OM functions.

Various Management Methods

The OM system of the GGSN9811 allows you to customize a network management system based on the network structure, management requirements, and investment scale. Based on a client/server distributed architecture, maintenance is available through the graphic user interface (GUI) client, centralized network maintenance interfaces, and command line interface (CLI). The GGSN9811 supports simultaneous multi-user access at local and remote ends.

User-Friendly GUI

The GUI helps to provide a user-friendly and convenient OM interface. Operations are simplified through the graphic network topology view and device panel view. Frequent operations can be performed by selecting items from the menu.

2 Product Features HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

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Message Tracing

The GGSN9811 allows signaling message tracing, data packet tracing, interface message tracing, user message tracing, and message explanation.

Customizable Performance Measurement

The GGSN9811 can display performance measurement data in the form of lists and graphics. It also supports background performance data collection.

Remote Management

The GGSN9811 supports various remote management functions, including online software patching, online commissioning, remote maintenance, and dynamic data setting.

Real-Time Fault Management

The GGSN9811 can receive and display network device fault reports in real time. It provides real-time audible or visual alarms through the topology view, alarm panel, and alarm box. The GGSN9811 provides detailed fault reports, and the fault management system with leveled filtering functions. This enables you to determine fault causes quickly. After determining fault causes, you can clear faults by following the instructions provided in the online help.

Comprehensive Online Help

The online help provides help information on the OM system and alarm handling. Thus, you can be familiar with the operation and maintenance of the GGSN9811 quickly.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 3 System Structure


3-1

3 System Structure

About This Chapter

This describes the physical and logical structures of the GGSN9811.

3.1 Physical Structure

This describes the cabinet, subrack, and boards of the GGSN9811.

3.2 Logical Structure

This describes the logical structure of the GGSN9811. The logical structure of the GGSN9811 consists of the access management (AM), charging management (CM), service management (SM), platform service (PS), operation and maintenance (OM), and local maintenance terminal (LMT) modules.

3.1 Physical Structure

This describes the cabinet, subrack, and boards of the GGSN9811.

3.1.1 Cabinet

This describes the N68E-22 cabinet. Its dimensions are 2200 mm (H) x 600 mm(W) x 800 mm (D).

3.1.2 Subrack

This describes the GGSN9811 subrack. The design of the GGSN9811 subrack complies with the IEC297 standard. Its dimensions are 886.00 mm (H) x 442.00 mm (W) x 669.00 mm (D).

3.1.3 Boards

This describes the boards of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 consists of four types of boards: Switching Route Unit (SRU), Switching Fabric Unit (SFU), Service Processing Unit (SPU), and Line Processing Unit (LPU).

3.1.1 Cabinet

This describes the N68E-22 cabinet. Its dimensions are 2200 mm (H) x 600 mm(W) x 800 mm (D).

3 System Structure HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

The design of the cabinet complies with the International Electrotechnical Commission 297 (IEC297) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards. The modular structure is used, thus facilitating the capacity expansion and maintenance. In addition, the electromagnetic compatibility is fully considered in the design of the cabinet and electromagnetic shielding interfaces are used.

Figure 3-1 shows the N68E-22 cabinet.

Figure 3-1 N68E-22 cabinet

Figure 3-2 shows the layout of the typically configured cabinet.



3-3

Figure 3-2 Hardware layout of the GGSN9811

Power distribution box (3 U)

）

subrack (20 U)

Filler panel (1 U)

LAN Switch cabling frame (1 U)

High capacity fiber rack (1 U)LAN Switch cabling frame (1 U)


Firewall (3 U)


Firewall (3 U)

High capacity fiber rack (1 U)

LAN Switch S6502 (3 U)

LAN Switch cabling frame (1 U)Filler panel (1 U)




Power distribution box (3 U)

）

subrack (20 U)

Filler panel (1 U)


High capacity fiber rack (1 U)LAN Switch cabling frame (1 U)


Firewall (3 U)


Firewall (3 U)


LAN Switch cabling frame (1 U)Filler panel (1 U)



Filler panel (2 U)


Filler panel (2 U)



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Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

1 U = 44.45 mm = 1.75 in.

The GGSN9811 subrack must be available and the SRU, SFU, SPU, and LPU of the GGSN9811 are inserted in this subrack.

3.1.2 Subrack

This describes the GGSN9811 subrack. The design of the GGSN9811 subrack complies with the IEC297 standard. Its dimensions are 886.00 mm (H) x 442.00 mm (W) x 669.00 mm (D).

Figure 3-3 shows the subrack and Figure 3-4 shows the components installed in the subrack.

Figure 3-3 GGSN9811 subrack



3-5

Figure 3-4 Components in the GGSN9811 subrack

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1. Plastic panel of the fan module

2. Fan module

3. Board area

4. Air intake frame

5. Power system panel

6. Power supply module 7. Handle 8. Angle 9. Cabling trough

The GGSN9811 uses the integrated subrack design. Table 3-1 lists the main components in the GGSN9811 subrack.

Table 3-1 Main components in the GGSN9811 subrack

Component Description

Fan module It is covered with a plastic panel and is used to dissipate heat of the GGSN9811.


Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

Component Description

Power supply module

It is covered with a plastic panel. Each subrack must be equipped with two power supply modules that work in load-sharing mode.

The GGSN9811 provides only the DC power supply system.

Air intake frame It works with the fan module to dissipate heat of the GGSN9811.

Cable It consists of the internal cable set, fibers, and external cable set. The internal cable set refers to power cables and signal cables.

3.1.3 Boards

This describes the boards of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 consists of four types of boards: Switching Route Unit (SRU), Switching Fabric Unit (SFU), Service Processing Unit (SPU), and Line Processing Unit (LPU).

The SRU is the core circuit board of system management. The SFU performs the service data switching function of the entire system. The SPU performs the service processing function. The LPU provides physical interfaces through which the GGSN9811 can be connected to external network elements (NEs) or external networks.

The board slots are vertical. There are 12 board slots, and thus up to 12 boards can be inserted. The configuration principle of boards is as follows:

� Two SRUs must be inserted in slots 9 and 10.

� Two SFUs must be inserted in slots 11 and 12.

� Based on actual requirements, insert one, two, three or four LPUs. For the cabling convenience of the cabinet, slots 1, 2, 3 and 4 are reserved for LPUs.

� Based on actual requirements, insert two to six SPUs. The two adjacent SPUs are one pair. The pairs of SPUs can be inserted in slots 3 and 4, slots 5 and 6, and slots 7 and 8.

Figure 3-5 shows a typical layout of boards in the GGSN9811 subrack.



3-7

Figure 3-5 Layout of boards in the GGSN9811 subrack

LPU SPU SPUSRU SPU SPUSRUSPUSPULPU

SFU

SFU

1

8765101294321

876510119432

SRU

The SRUs control and manage the system in a centralized manner and they work in 1+1 backup mode. Serving as the clock source and the management and maintenance unit of the system, the SRUs provide the functions of the control plane and the system maintenance plane. The SRUs are composed of the main processing units (MPUs) and SFU modules. The two SFU modules on the two SRUs and two SFUs work in load-sharing mode.

SFU

The SFUs support quick data exchange. Working in load-sharing mode, the SFUs can support 640 Gbit/s (160 Gbit/s x 4) switching traffic.

The GGSN9811 is equipped with two SFUs, and two SFU modules are located on the two SRUs.

SPU

The SPUs perform functions such as service control, user packet forwarding, charging information collection, quality of service (QoS), and content parse. The SPUs can be configured to work in 1+1 backup mode or load-sharing mode. The operating mode failover is controlled by the bam.ini file.

LPU

The LPUs provide physical interfaces through which the GGSN9811 can be connected to NEs such as the serving GPRS support node (SGSN), authorization, authentication and accounting (AAA) server, and charging gateway (CG) or connected to external networks such as the packet data network (PDN). The trunk operating mode of physical interfaces can be configured to work in either 1+1 backup mode or load-sharing mode.

At present, the GGSN9811 can provide the following types of LPUs:


Product Description


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� 10/100M Fast Ethernet (FE) electrical interface board

� 1000M Gigabit Ethernet (GE) optical/electrical interface board

� 10G Ethernet optical interface board

Table 3-2 lists the specifications of the three types of physical interface boards.

Table 3-2 Specifications of the three types of LPUs

Type of the LPU Interface Type Interface Quantity Transmission Rate

10/100M FE electrical interface board

FE 24 10/100 Mbit/s

1000M GE optical/electrical interface board

GE 24 10/100/1000 Mbit/s

10G Ethernet optical interface board

GE 1 10 Gbit/s

The LPUs are composed of three modules: LPU module, switching network fabric adaptor (FAD) module, and physical interface card (PIC) module.

The three modules work together to process and forward service data quickly. In addition, they maintain and manage link protocols and forwarding information base (FIB) tables.

3.2 Logical Structure

This describes the logical structure of the GGSN9811. The logical structure of the GGSN9811 consists of the access management (AM), charging management (CM), service management (SM), platform service (PS), operation and maintenance (OM), and local maintenance terminal (LMT) modules.

Figure 3-6 shows the logical structure of the GGSN9811.



3-9

Figure 3-6 Logical structure of the GGSN9811

OM

AM

CM

PS

LMT

SM

� AM

This module performs functions such as user access control, user authentication and authorization, address assignment, and Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context management. In addition, the GGSN9811 enables multiple user access modes.

� CM

This module processes charging protocols and manages charging data records (CDRs). In addition, the CM system works with external charging gateways (CGs) and external charging systems to charge users.

� SM

This module obtains and controls policies of user data flows.

� PS

This module distributes and processes signaling packets and data packets of the GGSN9811; it works with the relevant modules to implement charging and service control; it performs functions such as system support and routing.

� OM

This module performs OM functions such as data configuration management, device management, performance management, alarm management, and security management.

� LMT

This module provides graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 4 Services and Functions


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4 Services and Functions About This Chapter

This describes the abundant services and functions provided by the GGSN9811. These services and functions can meet various requirements for networking and services.

4.1 Routing

This describes the routing function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN is a gateway between the GPRS/UMTS network and the packet data network (PDN). For the devices in the PDN, the GGSN is a router that can route the IP addresses of all users in the GPRS/UMTS network.

4.2 APN

This describes the access point name (APN) function of the GGSN9811. The APN is a network identifier defined by the general packet radio service/universal mobile telecommunications system (GPRS/UMTS).

4.3 Accessing the PDN

This describes the service provided by the GGSN9811 for accessing the packet data network (PDN). The GGSN connects mobile stations (MSs) to the external PDN to provide Internet/Intranet access services.

4.4 GTP

This describes the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) function of the GGSN9811. GTP tunnels are used to forward data between the SGSN and the GGSN.

4.5 Direct Tunnel

This describes the direct tunnel function of the GGSN9811. In direct-tunnel mode, the GTP-U tunnel is directly established between the RNC and the GGSN, and the SGSN is not involved in data transmission in the user plane.

4.6 VPN

This describes the virtual private network (VPN) service provided by the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports tunneling technologies such as multi-protocol label switch (MPLS), Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). An operator can select a suitable security solution to set up a virtual private network (VPN).

4.7 Security

4 Services and Functions HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

Product Description


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This describes the security function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports the realization of multiple security policies.

4.8 QoS

This describes the quality of service (QoS) function supported by the GGSN9811.

4.9 Charging

This describes the charging function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 can provide abundant charging functions and enable operators to charge users flexibly.

4.10 DPI

Through the deep packet inspection (DPI) technology, the GGSN8911 can analyze the data of the application layer protocols and obtain valuable information for service resolution and control.

4.11 Service Redirection

This describes the service redirection function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports two types of service redirection functions, that is, captive portal and web proxy.

4.12 Service Report

This describes service report function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN interworks with an external Service Usage Reporter (SUR) to implement the service report function. The GGSN collects service data records and sends the records to the SUR. The SUR analyzes the records and generates service reports.

4.13 PCC

The GGSN9811 supports the policy and charging control (PCC) feature and provides a PCC solution.

4.14 MBMS

This describes the multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) of the GGSN9811. The MBMS is defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for unidirectional point-to-multipoint multimedia services.

4.15 IPv6

The GGSN9811 supports basic IPv6 access function. It supports the IPv6 bearer on the user plane but not the IPv6 features on the signaling plane.

4.16 Other Services and Functions

This describes the other services and functions of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports multiple IP address assignment modes and the Network Time Protocol (NTP) function, and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) V1/V2/V3.

4.1 Routing

This describes the routing function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN is a gateway between the GPRS/UMTS network and the packet data network (PDN). For the devices in the PDN, the GGSN is a router that can route the IP addresses of all users in the GPRS/UMTS network.

The GGSN9811 supports the following main routing technologies:



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� Static routing

� Default routing

� RIPv1/v2

� OSPFv2

� IS-IS

� BGP-4

� Routing policy

� Route backup

� MS downlink route distribution

4.2 APN

This describes the access point name (APN) function of the GGSN9811. The APN is a network identifier defined by the general packet radio service/universal mobile telecommunications system (GPRS/UMTS).

The GGSN must be configured with an APN and the related attributes based on the packet data network (PDN) to be accessed. Thus, mobile stations (MSs) under the APN can be connected to the PDN. The GPRS/UMTS core network identifies a GGSN with an APN. An APN identifies an external PDN that is connected through the GGSN, or an associated service. The external PDNs include the Internet service provider (ISP) network and the intranet. The services include the Internet access service and the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) service.

In addition to the basic functions of the APN, the GGSN9811 provides the virtual APN function. By means of the virtual APN function, users who visit different PDNs can carry the same APN. This APN acts as the virtual APN. Based on the different matching types configured for the virtual APN, the GGSN9811 finds the actual APNs, and then enables the users to access the proper PDNs. The virtual APN function settles the problem of poor service flexibility of operators, optimizes network resources, and betters service experience of users.

The GGSN9811 also provides the alias APN function. To map the services of an APN to another APN, operators can map the user-carried APN to an alias APN but need not modify the planning and configuration of APNs. Different APNs can correspond to the same system resources, facilitating distribution and combination of system resources.

4.3 Accessing the PDN

This describes the service provided by the GGSN9811 for accessing the packet data network (PDN). The GGSN connects mobile stations (MSs) to the external PDN to provide Internet/Intranet access services.

MSs can access the external PDN in transparent access mode or non-transparent access mode.

Transparent Access

In transparent access mode, operators serve as Internet service providers (ISPs) and provide universal mobile telecommunications system/general packet radio service (UMTS/GPRS) users with services such as email application and web browsing.


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Figure 4-1 shows an example of the transparent access mode. The operator's IP network can hold devices such as the world wide web (WWW) server, email server, and domain name server (DNS). A firewall is set at the connection point with the external network to shield the network from unauthorized access.

Figure 4-1 Example of transparent access to an external IP network

GGSN Firewall/ProxyGi

PDNGPRS/UMTScore network

Operator'snetwork

WWW server

Email server DNS

In transparent mode, the IP address assigned to the mobile user is one of the IP addresses of the operator. The IP address can be a static IP address that is assigned when a mobile user subscribes to a service and signs a subscription or a dynamic IP address that is assigned by the GGSN when the Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context is activated.

The dynamic IP address can be an IP address in the internal IP address pool that is assigned to the access point (AP) through data configuration. It can also be a dynamic IP address assigned by the authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) server or the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.

When the PDP context is activated, the MS may not carry the user identity and the GGSN may not perform authorization or authentication for the user identity. In transparent mode, based on the requirements of operators, the GGSN can perform authorization and authentication for the user identity.

Non-Transparent Access

This mode is used when operators do not serve as ISPs.

Figure 4-2 shows an example of the non-transparent access mode.



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Figure 4-2 Example of non-transparent access to an ISP or an intranet

Intranet

AAAserver Server

GGSN

Firewall

Gi

WWWserver

Email server DNS

AAAserver

ISP

GPRS/UMTScore network

Internet

In non-transparent access mode, the IP address assigned to the mobile user is one of the IP addresses of the ISP or the intranet. The IP address can be a static IP address that is assigned when the mobile user subscribes to a service and signs a subscription or a dynamic IP address that is assigned by the GGSN when the PDP context is activated.

The dynamic IP address can be an IP address in the internal IP address pool of the GGSN. It can also be a dynamic IP address assigned by the AAA server or the DHCP server.

When the PDP context is activated, the MS must carry the user identity and authentication information. After receiving the activation request from the MS, the GGSN forwards the request to the AAA server. The AAA server authenticates and authorizes the user identity.

4.4 GTP

This describes the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) function of the GGSN9811. GTP tunnels are used to forward data between the SGSN and the GGSN.

4.4.1 GTP Tunnel

This describes the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) tunnel function of the GGSN9811. The GTP tunnel is used to forward data between the SGSN and the GGSN.

4.4.2 GTP Signaling Function

This describes the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) signaling function of the GGSN9811. The GTP signaling function consists of tunnel management and path management.

4.4.3 IP over GTP and PPP over GTP

This describes two Packet Data Protocol (PDP) types, namely, IP (IPv4 and IPv6) over GTP and PPP over GTP, supported by the GGSN9811.


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4.4.1 GTP Tunnel

This describes the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) tunnel function of the GGSN9811. The GTP tunnel is used to forward data between the SGSN and the GGSN.

The data packets from the packet data network (PDN) are GTP encapsulated on the GGSN, and then forwarded to the SGSN through the GTP tunnel between the SGSN and the GGSN. The data packets from the SGSN reach the GGSN through the GTP tunnel. On the GGSN, the packets are decapsulated, and then forwarded to the PDN.

The GTP tunnel is a bidirectional point-to-point connection. It is defined jointly by the tunnel endpoint identifiers (TEIDs), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port numbers, and IP addresses of the nodes at the two ends.

4.4.2 GTP Signaling Function

This describes the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) signaling function of the GGSN9811. The GTP signaling function consists of tunnel management and path management.

By means of the tunnel management function, a GTP tunnel is set up between the GGSN and the SGSN for data transmission. That is, Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts are set up on related nodes. The setup of PDP contexts consists of activation, deactivation, and update.

By means of the path management function, path management messages can be transmitted between GSNs (GGSNs and SGSNs) to check whether the peer GSN exists. When detecting that a path fails, the GGSN deactivates all the PDP contexts related to this path and no longer transmits data packets through this path. When detecting that signaling or data is not transmitted through a path for a long period, the GGSN deletes this path.

4.4.3 IP over GTP and PPP over GTP

This describes two Packet Data Protocol (PDP) types, namely, IP (IPv4 and IPv6) over GTP and PPP over GTP, supported by the GGSN9811.

Figure 4-3 shows an example of IP (IPv4 and IPv6) over GTP and PPP over GTP. The PPP and IP user data can be terminated on the GGSN9811 or delivered to the L2TP network server (LNS) through a Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) tunnel.

Figure 4-3 Example of IP over GTP and PPP over GTP

Intranet

GGSN

BSCBTS

NodeB

RNCNodeB

SGSN

PCU

L2TP

IP/PPP

DNS

LNS

Intrenet



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In the intranet, PPP over GTP can enable enterprises to use the existing virtual private network (VPN) gateways in fixed networks. The enterprises need not modify configuration or networking. Thus, users in fixed networks and mobile networks can be managed in a unified manner. In addition, for PPP over GTP, L2TP tunnels can be set up or removed in real time. Only the VPN tunnels that are based on the Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) protocol can be used because IP over GTP is used in the intranet. Thus, the VPN gateways in the intranet must set up tunnels with all the GGSNs in advance. The configuration is relatively complex.

Figure 4-4 Example of PPP regeneration

AAAserver

IP

UDP

L2TP

PPP

IP

IP

UDP

L2TP

PPP

IP

Physicallayer

IPIP

GGSN LNS

IP

GGSN9811 LNSL2TP tunnel(ip/udp/l2tp/ppp/ip)

Packet network

The yellow part(private ip address)does not change in

the process

Applicationserver

Server

GGSN add PPPencapsulation

as LAC

Physicallayer

Physicallayer

Physicallayer

protocol stack

MS

IP over GTP and PPP over GTP are two basic functions stipulated in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). PPP over GTP is supported by some mobile phones and most mobile phones support only IP over GTP. Intranet users hope to access the intranet through existing LNS and AAA servers without changing the existing network structure and configuration. Huawei GGSN9811 provides the PPP regeneration solution to meet these requirements, as shown in Figure 4-4. The GGSN9811 can negotiate with the LNS and set up PPP sessions based on user information such as the user name and password in user activation requests. After setting up PPP sessions, the GGSN9811 PPP encapsulates IP packets for PPP relay. Then, the start and end points of PPP are the GGSN9811 and the LNS, respectively.

4.5 Direct Tunnel

This describes the direct tunnel function of the GGSN9811. In direct-tunnel mode, the GTP-U tunnel is directly established between the RNC and the GGSN, and the SGSN is not involved in data transmission in the user plane.


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The development of 3G services and application of the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technologies present higher requirements on the processing capability in the user plane in the packet-switched (PS) domain of the wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) core network. In two-tunnel mode, the GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User plane (GTP-U) tunnel between the RNC and the GGSN is divided into the tunnel between the RNC and the SGSN and the tunnel between the SGSN and the GGSN. Therefore, the processing capability in the user plane on the network elements (NEs) such as the RNC, SGSN, and GGSN must be improved, thus increasing the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operation expenditure (OPEX) of operators.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) provides the direct-tunnel mode for establishing a direct GTP-U tunnel between the RNC and the GGSN. This mode decreases the CAPEX and OPEX of operators, improves the performance in the user plane in the PS domain of the WCDMA core network, and facilitates future network expansion.

4.6 VPN

This describes the virtual private network (VPN) service provided by the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports tunneling technologies such as multi-protocol label switch (MPLS), Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). An operator can select a suitable security solution to set up a virtual private network (VPN).

A private network based on the public packet-switched network is set up to enable mobile users to access an intranet. This saves the cost for leasing expensive private lines. The VPN features security, reliability, and manageability.

On a GPRS/UMTS network, by means of remote user authentication and tunnel data encryption technologies, a mobile station (MS) can access an intranet securely and reliably through a private tunnel between the GGSN and the enterprise VPN gateways.

MPLS L3 VPN

The MPLS L3 VPN provides the VPN through the IP backbone network of a service provider. It uses the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to advertise VPN routes on the IP backbone network to separate the traffic of different VPN members. Then, the MPLS is used to forward VPN packets on the IP backbone network. The GGSN9811 supports the MPLS L3 VPN and complies with IETF RFC2547.

L2TP VPN

The L2TP tunnel is a Layer 2 tunneling technology. It uses the IP network to set up an L2TP tunnel and encapsulates data into Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) packets for delivery through the L2TP tunnel. The GGSN9811 provides the L2TP access concentrator (LAC) function. It can also set up the VPN through the L2TP tunnel to transmit Packet Data Protocol packet data units (PDP PDUs). The L2TP tunnel complies with RFC2661 regardless of whether the type of the PDP PDU is PPP or IP.

GRE VPN

The GRE tunnel is based on the Layer 3 tunneling technology, which enables encapsulation of one network layer protocol over another network layer protocol. The GGSN9811 supports the GRE tunneling technology. Through GRE, the IP network protocol can be used to transmit packets of upper layer protocols to realize the VPN function. The GRE tunnel complies with RFC1702 and RFC1701.



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VLAN VPN

The virtual local area network (VLAN) is a new technology to realize virtual working groups by dividing network segments based on the logical addresses instead of the physical addresses of the devices in a LAN. The IEEE issued the 802.1Q to standardize VLAN realization in 1999. The GGSN9811 can divide a physical interface into sub-interfaces and specify VLAN IDs for these sub-interfaces, and thus the VLAN VPN is supported.

4.7 Security

This describes the security function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports the realization of multiple security policies.

4.7.1 Protocol Security Authentication

This describes the protocol security authentication. Security authentication refers to authenticating received packets or determining whether user access is allowed.

4.7.2 IPSec

This describes IP Security (IPSec). The IPSec protocol suite is a series of protocols defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It provides IP data packets with high-quality, interoperable, and cryptology-based security.

4.7.3 Packet Filtering and ACL

This describes the functions of packet filtering and the access control list (ACL).

4.7.4 Gi Interface Redirection

This describes the Gi interface redirection function. The Gi interface redirection function can prevent packet attacks between the users in one GGSN.

4.7.5 Anti-DDoS Protection

This describes how to prevent the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. The DDoS attack is generated based on the denial of service (DoS) attack. In a DDoS attack, the controlled network terminals attack a public port simultaneously. The damage is severe.

4.7.6 Anti-spoofing

This describes the anti-spoofing function of the GGSN9811.

4.7.7 SSL

4.7.1 Protocol Security Authentication

This describes the protocol security authentication. Security authentication refers to authenticating received packets or determining whether user access is allowed.

The GGSN9811 supports protocol security authentication in the following scenarios:

� In IP access mode, the GGSN9811 authenticates and authorizes mobile stations (MSs) by interworking with the authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) server.

� The GGSN9811 provides multiple authenticating methods, such as plain text authentication, Message Digest 5 (MD5), and hashed message authentication code-MD5 (HMAC-MD5), for important routing protocols, such as Routing Information Protocol


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(RIP) v2, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

4.7.2 IPSec

This describes IP Security (IPSec). The IPSec protocol suite is a series of protocols defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It provides IP data packets with high-quality, interoperable, and cryptology-based security.

The devices can ensure confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and anti-replay for data packets when packets are transmitted on the network through encryption and data source authentication at the IP layer.

By means of the Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) security protocols, IPSec can address the security concerns. IPSec can also automatically negotiate key exchange, and set up and maintain security associations (SAs) through Internet Key Exchange (IKE) to simplify the use and management of IPSec.

The GGSN9811 supports IPSec on the Gi and Gn interfaces to authenticate or encrypt data flows to ensure security of data packets.

The GGSN9811 supports the following IPSec functions:

� Realizing Message Digest 5 (MD5) and Secure Hash Algorithm-1 (SHA-1) authentication algorithms

� Realizing data encryption standard (DES), 3DES, and advanced encryption standard (AES) encryption algorithms

� Supporting two IPSec modes: transmitting mode and tunneling mode

� Realizing the AH and ESP protocols and supporting binding of AH and ESP

� Realizing manual configuration of SAs or automatic negotiation of SAs through IKE

� Supporting application of the IPSec policy on Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels to encrypt tunnel packets

� Supporting the dead peer detection (DPD) function of IPSec tunnels

� Realizing the IPSec VPN by binding virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) with the interface where the IPSec is enabled

� Supporting the IPSec tunnel interface mode

� Supporting the IPSec redundancy function when the IPSec tunnel interface mode is adopted

� Supporting license control on enabling or disabling the IPSec function

4.7.3 Packet Filtering and ACL

This describes the functions of packet filtering and the access control list (ACL).

By means of packet filtering and ACL, the GGSN9811 can filter incoming packets according to preset conditions, for example, by comparing whether the source and destination IP addresses of a packet comply with the rules, and discard unqualified ones. This can effectively prevent invasion or packet attacks.

On the GGSN, the packet filtering policy is applied to:

� Preventing the MS from attacking the devices on the GPRS/UMTS core network

The packet filtering policy enabled on the GGSN helps to discard the unqualified packets sent to the devices in the core network, thereby ensuring the security of the core network.



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For example, the traffic classification rules can define the data flow that accesses the core network element (NE) based on the destination IP address.

� Preventing mutual access between MSs

The packet filtering policy can also be enabled on the GGSN to discard the packets transmitted between MSs. For example, the traffic classification rules can define the data flow between MSs based on the source IP address and the destination IP address.

4.7.4 Gi Interface Redirection

This describes the Gi interface redirection function. The Gi interface redirection function can prevent packet attacks between the users in one GGSN.

Generally, the GGSN searches for routes for the inner IP packets that are obtained by decapsulation of the packets sent from a mobile station (MS). If the destination IP addresses of the data packets are destined for other MSs in the same GGSN, the GGSN encapsulates and forwards the downlink data packets instead of sending them through the Gi interface. This poses a security concern. That is, packet attacks between the users in one GGSN cannot be avoided.

The GGSN9811 provides the Gi redirection function to rectify this problem. When forwarding uplink packets from users, the GGSN9811 is required to redirect packets to the Gi interface even if the packets are being sent to other users in the same GGSN9811. The packets are filtered by the firewall that is connected to the Gi interface, and then transmitted back to the GGSN9811. Then, the GGSN9811 encapsulates and forwards the downlink data packets.

4.7.5 Anti-DDoS Protection

This describes how to prevent the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. The DDoS attack is generated based on the denial of service (DoS) attack. In a DDoS attack, the controlled network terminals attack a public port simultaneously. The damage is severe.

The TCP-SYN flood is one of the commonly used methods of the DDoS attack.

The setup of a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection requires the three handshakes. The connection initiator sends the SYN request to the server. After receiving the request, the server sends the ACK/SYN message to allow setting up the connection. After receiving the ACK/SYN message from the server, the connection initiator sends the ACK message to the server, and thus the connection is set up. The TCP-SYN flood attack is to send a large number of TCP SYN packets through one or multiple computers that masquerade as a user to the server. Thus, many half-open TCP connections are set up on the server. When the TCP connection resources on the server are exhausted, the server can no longer provide services. This is the basic principle of the TCP-SYN flood attack. The GGSN9811 can control the TCP SYN traffic of users to protect the server from the TCP-SYN flood attack to a certain extent.

4.7.6 Anti-spoofing

This describes the anti-spoofing function of the GGSN9811.

Generally, users communicate through their authorized IP addresses. Those who borrow IP addresses of other users are mostly to perform illegal acts. The anti-spoofing function can detect and discard the packets that are transferred through IP addresses of other users, thus ensuring the security of the core network.

On the GGSN, the application of anti-spoofing is as follows:

� If the source IP address of the uplink packet from a mobile user is different from the IP address assigned to the mobile user, the GGSN regards this packet as a spoofing packet.


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� If the source IP address and destination IP address of the downlink packet from the packet data network (PDN) are the same, the GGSN considers this packet as an abnormal packet.

The GGSN computes the total number of spoofing packets in each PDP context within one minute. If the total number exceeds the threshold, the GGSN deletes the PDP context, and then deactivates the user.

4.7.7 SSL

SSL provides three security services:

� Identity authentication

Identity authentication means checking whether the peer end is really the one with which you want to communicate. SSL authenticates the server and the client based on digital certificates to confirm that they are legitimate users. Both the client and the server have an identifier, which is numbered with the public key. To verify that a user is legitimate, SSL implements digital authentication during data exchange in the handshake stage.

� Connection privacy

Connection privacy means that data is encrypted before transmission to avoid data theft by illegitimate users. SSL ensures connection privacy by employing encryption algorithms. Commonly used encryption algorithms are Data Encryption Standard (DES), 3DES, RC2, and RC4.

� Data intactness

Data intactness means that any modification to data during transmission can be detected. SSL sets up a secure channel between the client and the server so that all SSL-processed data can reach the destination without being modified. SSL guarantees data intactness by employing message digest algorithms. Commonly used message digest algorithms are message digest 5 (MD5) and SHA-1. SHA is short for secure hash algorithm.

The SSL feature can be implemented on the GGSN when the GGSN communicates with the M2000 or local maintenance terminal (LMT) to enhance security through encryption. Thus, the man-machine language (MML) channel, binary channel, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) file transfer channel between the GGSN and the M2000 or LMT are encrypted.

4.8 QoS

This describes the quality of service (QoS) function supported by the GGSN9811.

The general packet radio service/universal mobile telecommunications system (GPRS/UMTS) standard defines the QoS in mobile networks as the end-to-end QoS. The end-to-end QoS depends on the QoS features of every node on the transmission path. Thus, when the traffic passes through the IP-based GPRS/UMTS core network, the GPRS/UMTS QoS negotiated during the context activation must be mapped to the differentiated services code point (DSCP) field or type of service (ToS) field of the IP packet header according to a certain mapping rule. An IP QoS performs queue scheduling to ensure the end-to-end QoS.

� The GGSN9811 supports QoS negotiation and mapping. The QoS requested is carried in the context activation request message of a mobile station (MS). The GGSN9811 performs the QoS negotiation based on the QoS information and the configurations of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 maps the negotiated QoS parameter into the differentiated services (DiffServ) priority of the IP network, fills the priority into the ToS or DSCP field in the header of the packets, and then forwards them to an external packet



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data network (PDN). The PDN schedules the IP QoS queue to ensure the QoS of the packet service.

� The GGSN9811 supports the user-based DiffServ. The services at different levels are provided for users who have different requirements. The allocation/retention priority (ARP) in activation requests controls the access and bearer priority of users. To meet DiffServ requirements, the GGSN9811 provides different QoS levels based on user levels and traffic classes.

� The GGSN9811 supports the content awareness function. For rectifying the problem in which the bearer network cannot detect the service QoS requirement, and the problem of low usage of wireless air resources, Huawei provides a UMTS content awareness solution on the GGSN9811 to achieve dynamic QoS policy control. The GGSN9811 can send the QoS update request to the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) based on the type of the user data service to achieve dynamic adjustment of the QoS. Thus, the QoS requirements of multiple user services can be met flexibly and operators can use network resources appropriately and effectively.

� The GGSN9811 supports the alias marking function. The GGSN9811 can process the traffic based on the operator-defined priority rules. For other network elements (NEs), the priority levels in the QoS information remain unchanged. This function provides operators with flexible processing of the QoS service on the GGSN9811.

� The GGSN9811 supports the traffic policing function. Traffic policing is a mechanism to restrict the bandwidth for data traffic so that the data transmission is within the specified rate. Traffic policing is realized through the committed access rate (CAR) mechanism.

− Bearer-based uplink and downlink traffic policing: When bearer contexts are activated or updated, the GGSN9811 polices both the uplink and downlink traffic of the bearer contexts after determining the uplink and downlink bandwidths of the bearer contexts. Traffic policing can be implemented by configuring the guaranteed bit rate (GBR) and maximum bit rate (MBR).

− DSCP-based traffic policing: The GGSN9811 restricts the traffic of the packets of a certain type based on the value of the DSCP field.

� The GGSN9811 supports the traffic shaping function. Traffic shaping is a mechanism to adjust the output traffic rate actively. The packets that do not comply with the specifications are cached in a buffer or queue. When sufficient tokens are available in the token bucket, the cached packets are sent regularly at the rate configured for the token bucket.

� The GGSN9811 supports the P2P/VoIP-based bandwidth management function. When receiving service traffic from the Gn or Gi interface, the GGSN9811 identifies whether the service is a point-to-point (P2P) or voice over IP (VoIP) service, and matches the service with a service rule according to the service type, traffic property (traffic direction and time period), and user property (including the RAT type and roaming attribute). Then, the GGSN9811 performs service control and bandwidth management according to the policy of the service rule. By managing the bandwidths of P2P and VoIP services, operators can guarantee the QoS of subscribed P2P and VoIP services and a fair bandwidth allocation. In this manner, bandwidths are not consumed significantly by malicious P2P or VoIP service traffic, thus improving customer experiences.

4.9 Charging This describes the charging function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 can provide abundant charging functions and enable operators to charge users flexibly.

4.9.1 RADIUS Accounting


Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

This describes the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) accounting function of the GGSN9811.

4.9.2 Offline Charging

This describes the offline charging function of the GGSN9811.

4.9.3 Online Charging

This describes the online charging function of the GGSN9811.

4.9.4 Content-based Charging

This describes the content-based charging (CBC) function of the GGSN9811. CBC enables operators to charge for the access service and the services based on contents and applications, thus helping operators gain more profits.

4.9.5 Event-based Charging

This describes the event-based charging function of the GGSN9811. Event-based charging means that users are charged based on the number of times that they use a specific service.

4.9.6 Envelope Reporting

This describes the envelope reporting function of the GGSN9811. By means of the envelope reporting function, more detailed charging information can be provided for the online/offline charging system based on the standard duration reporting.

4.9.1 RADIUS Accounting

This describes the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) accounting function of the GGSN9811.

RADIUS accounting refers that the GGSN9811 sends charging data of a mobile station (MS) to an authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) server and the AAA server performs the accounting function. With the RADIUS accounting function, the GGSN9811 can implement both non-real-time charging and quasi-real-time charging so that mobile operators and Internet operators can separately charge users.

The GGSN allows the RADIUS server to assign IP addresses to users during RADIUS authentication and deactivates a user after receiving the Packet of Disconnect (PoD) message from the RADIUS server.

The GGSN9811 allows you to configure a RADIUS server for each access point name (APN). The RADIUS servers, namely, AAA servers, can operate in active/standby mode or load-sharing mode.

In addition, the GGSN provides some RADIUS extended functions, such as providing charging response switch, removing the domain name from a user name, supporting 3GPP extended attributes, obtaining user attributes and service attributes from the RADIUS server, and supporting the setting of retransmission times and timeout interval for accounting messages.

4.9.2 Offline Charging

This describes the offline charging function of the GGSN9811.

The GGSN9811 generates GGSN charging data records (G-CDRs) and enhanced GGSN charging data records (eG-CDRs) and sends them to the charging gateway (CG) through the



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Ga interface for processing. Then, the G-CDRs and eG-CDRs are sent to the billing system (BS) for charging processing.

The G-CDRs and eG-CDRs are the data service records generated by the GGSN, which record charging information about the packet data network (PDN) usage. The GGSN9811 creates and opens CDRs to start charging when Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts are activated for mobile users. It closes the CDRs and stops charging when the PDP contexts are deactivated. Each activated PDP context has its CDRs.

The GGSN9811 supports CDRs of multiple versions such as R98, R99, R4, R5, R6, and R7.

Charging Characteristic

The offline charging function provided by the GGSN9811 consists of normal charging, hot billing, prepaid charging, and flat rate charging.

� Normal charging

The normal charging is based on the data volume or duration instead of the data service type.

� Hot billing

Hot billing provides all functions of normal charging but can generate CDRs more quickly than normal charging. You can set the time threshold and volume threshold for generating CDRs on the GGSN9811 based on user attributes. For hot billing users, the time threshold can be set to a small value to report CDRs in time. After the CDRs sent by the GGSN9811 reach the CG, the CDRs containing the hot billing attribute take precedence over other CDRs in processing by the CG.

� Prepaid charging

Before availing themselves of a service, the users must pay for the service in advance. When the account balance is insufficient for the service, the service is terminated forcibly. Therefore, operators can quickly recover investments and improve network resource efficiency.

� Flat rate charging

Flat rate charging is also called periodical charging. It means that a user pays based on a specific period, for example, once a month. The rate for each period, for example, a month, remains the same. The charging system on the GGSN9811 collects only such information as data traffic and service duration of the users who pay at a flat rate, and then sends the data to the BS for storage. The flat rate is determined by a subscription contract.

Charging Feature

The features of offline charging on the GGSN9811 are as follows:

� The GGSN9811 generates normal CDRs on any of the following conditions:

− CDR generation based on duration

If a mobile station (MS) occupies a data connection for a long time, the GGSN9811 generates G-CDRs or eG-CDRs based on the collected charging data at a regular interval.

− CDR generation based on traffic

The GGSN9811 generates a G-CDR or eG-CDR if the data volume reaches the preset threshold.

− CDR generation based on number of charging condition changes


Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

The GGSN9811 generates a G-CDR or eG-CDR if the number of times that a charging condition such as quality of service (QoS), tariff, and routing area identifier (RAI) changes reaches a threshold. The GGSN9811 generates a G-CDR or eG-CDR when the radio access technology (RAT), SGSN PLMN ID, or MS time zone changes once.

− CDR generation based on number of SGSN address changes

The GGSN9811 generates a G-CDR or eG-CDR if the number of times that the IP address of the SGSN changes reaches a threshold.

− CDR generation based on MS deactivation

The GGSN9811 generates a G-CDR or eG-CDR, if a session for packet data services ends and the MS is deactivated.

� The GGSN9811 supports multiple tariffs for different time segments.

You can set multiple tariffs for different time segments, such as holiday/festival, weekend, and workday. The GGSN9811 can record the service traffic in these time segments separately.

� The GGSN9811 can select a CG.

If multiple CGs are configured with the same priority, the GGSN9811 selects the CG that is idle to send CDRs when multiple PDP contexts are activated. If multiple CGs are configured with different priorities, the GGSN9811 selects the CG with a higher priority to send CDRs.

� The GGSN9811 allows customization of the CDR format.

Operators can define the CDR format. The CDR generated by the GGSN9811 can optionally contain information such as the mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN) in addition to mandatory information defined in protocols. Therefore, operators can choose the optional fields in a CDR to realize customized charging schemes.

� The GGSN9811 can control CDR generation.

Mobile operators can flexibly control whether the GGSN9811 should generate CDRs as required for the users of the entire GGSN9811, users of an access point name (APN), home users, roaming user, or users with the flat rate charging characteristic.

� The GGSN9811 can cache CDRs.

The GGSN9811 can cache the generated CDRs on the hard disk if the link between the GGSN9811 and the CG is faulty. These CDRs are sent to the CG if the link is restored so that CDRs will not be lost.

� The GGSN9811 supports the CDR audit function.

Each time a CDR, valid or not, is generated, a record is created in the CDR audit log file. The record retains reset information about the GGSN9811. The CDR audit record is used to check whether the CDR is correct to ensure correct charging of the charging system and to facilitate error detection.

4.9.3 Online Charging

This describes the online charging function of the GGSN9811.

The Diameter Credit Control Application protocol is extended based on the basic Diameter protocol. This application protocol defines the charging mechanism for online charging users and realizes session-based charging by controlling the credit limit in real time. Therefore, this application protocol meets the requirements of the Diameter online charging on the GGSN.

When an online charging user starts a data service, the online charging system (OCS) can determine whether the service is allowed based on the user information and the balance of the



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user account. The online charging function can trace the usage (time or volume) of the resources prepaid by the user and deduct the current usage expense from the account balance in real time. The service is automatically terminated or the user is informed when the account balance is exhausted.

The Diameter online charging function on the GGSN9811 is described as follows:

� The GGSN9811 supports service blocking or redirection when the balance is insufficient or the service is not subscribed. If the OCS at the server side finds that the balance is insufficient for service access, the OCS redirects the user request to the specific page for recharge. If the OCS at the server side finds that the service is not subscribed, the OCS redirects the user request to the specific page for subscription. Therefore, two redirection functions are required, redirection for recharge and redirection for subscription.

� Based on the characteristics of the application protocol, the GGSN9811 supports the redirection function only for the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Wireless Application Protocol 1.x (WAP1.x), and WAP2.0 browsing services. If the OCS sends the instruction to the GGSN9811 to redirect the user request to a specific page but the user is not accessing the browsing service, the GGSN9811 discards the related messages.

� The user credit control is realized through the OCS. A secondary OCS must be provided to perform credit control through the exchange with the GGSN9811 to ensure that services are not disrupted when the GGSN9811 detects that the connection with the OCS is abnormal. Therefore, the configuration of primary and secondary OCSs must be supported.

� The GGSN9811 supports primary and secondary OCSs locally. When detecting that the primary OCS does not respond to a request, the GGSN9811 automatically sends online charging messages to the secondary OCS. If the OCS supports primary/secondary switchover, services are not disrupted.

4.9.4 Content-based Charging

This describes the content-based charging (CBC) function of the GGSN9811. CBC enables operators to charge for the access service and the services based on contents and applications, thus helping operators gain more profits.

The 3G technology brings rapid development of wireless data services. The simple charging mode based on traffic or duration does not keep pace with such momentum. To obtain more benefits from the services and integrate different service schemes, operators develop the charging model which features more diversified and dynamic granularity. CBC, namely, flow-based charging (FBC) defined in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol is a critical step to the value-based charging model.

CBC is a unique function of the GGSN9811. With the CBC function, the GGSN9811 can charge differently based on the different service types of a mobile station (MS), which significantly enhances competitiveness of operators and meets requirements of diversified development of mobile internetworks.

The GGSN9811 supports time- or volume-based charging, and identifies services by Layer 3/Layer 4 and Layer 7 filtering and parsing of data packets to apply different charging policies and generate CBC charging data records (CDRs).

� Charging based on IP+PORT service traffic or duration

The GGSN9811 can distinguish services based on the IP address and port of the server that a user is accessing for volume-based or time-based charging.

� Charging based on HTTP service traffic or duration


Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

The GGSN9811 can charge the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) service of accessing a uniform resource locator (URL) such as www.isp.com/* by using an access point name (APN) such as MNET based on the service traffic or duration.

� Charging based on FTP service traffic or duration

The GGSN9811 can charge the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) download service by using an APN such as MNET based on the service traffic or duration. Two FTP transmission modes, PORT and PASV, are supported.

� Charging based on WAP service traffic or duration

The GGSN9811 can charge the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) service of accessing a URL such as wap.isp.com/news.wml by using an APN such as WAP based on the service traffic or duration. The GGSN9811 can also charge the multimedia messaging service (MMS) and the KJava service by using an APN such as WAP based on the service traffic.

� Charging based on RTSP VOD service traffic or duration

The GGSN9811 can charge the video on demand (VOD) service based on the service traffic or duration.

� Charging based on MMS service traffic or duration

The GGSN9811 can charge for the MMS service based on the service traffic or duration.

� Charging based on DNS service traffic or duration

The GGSN9811 can charge the domain name server (DNS) traffic separately, or include the DNS traffic in the associated services for time- or volume-based charging.

The GGSN9811 can analyze packets of the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), Microsoft Multimedia Server Protocol (MMSP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol revision 3 (POP3), and Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP), and identify Point-to-Point (P2P), Voice over IP (VoIP), and instant messaging (IM) services.

The CBC CDRs can be of two formats. One is the format of the G-CDR extension content-based charging field. The other is the standard eG-CDR format defined in the 3GPP protocol. You can use either format for the CBC function.

4.9.5 Event-based Charging

This describes the event-based charging function of the GGSN9811. Event-based charging means that users are charged based on the number of times that they use a specific service.

Operators employ diversified charging modes with development of abundant 3G services, which requires that the GGSN should provide event-based charging to help operators realize flexible and appropriate charging.

The GGSN9811 supports event-based charging for services such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), multimedia messaging service (MMS), Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) services. In addition, the GGSN9811 supports both online event-based charging and offline event-based charging.

� Event-based charging for the HTTP service

The GGSN can perform event-based charging for the service of accessing a uniform resource locator (URL) such as www.isp.com/* by using an access point name (APN) such as MNET. That is, a mobile user is charged based on the number of times of accessing a Web page identified by a URL.

� Event-based charging for the MMS service



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The GGSN can perform event-based charging for the MMS service. That is, a mobile user is charged based on the number of sent MMS messages.

� Event-based charging for the RTSP service

The GGSN can perform event-based charging for the video on demand (VOD) service. That is, a mobile user is charged based on the number of times of accessing a VOD service.

� Event-based charging for the WAP service

The GGSN can perform event-based charging for the service of accessing a URL such as wap.isp.com/news.wml by using an APN such as WAP. That is, a mobile user is charged based on the number of times of accessing a Web page identified by a URL in the MMS or KJava service.

An event-based charging data record (CDR) contains the numberOfEvents field, indicating the number of successful events and number of failed event, and the eventTimeStamps field, indicating the time when an event occurs.

4.9.6 Envelope Reporting

This describes the envelope reporting function of the GGSN9811. By means of the envelope reporting function, more detailed charging information can be provided for the online/offline charging system based on the standard duration reporting.

By means of this function, the detailed charging information including the start time, end time, and traffic of a service can be identified for operators to control credit and charge the user appropriately.

In the envelope reporting function, a period of continuous traffic is recorded in one envelope. The base time interval (BTI) is the basic unit for calculating the service duration.

� When there is traffic for a service in a BTI, the service duration is recorded as the BTI duration. The traffic and duration are recorded in an envelope.

� When there is no traffic for a service in a BTI, the envelope corresponding to the service is closed and the traffic and duration are no longer recorded. The recorded traffic and duration are reported as one envelope.

The envelope reporting function supports the following charging modes of calculating duration based on traffic:

� Continuous time period (CTP)

� Discrete time period (DTP)

� Modified continuous time period (modified CTP)

The difference between CTP and modified CTP is that in CTP mode the BTI duration without traffic is recorded in the envelope, whereas in modified CTP mode the BTI duration without traffic is not recorded in the envelope. In DTP mode, one envelope is generated for one BTI.

4.10 DPI

Through the deep packet inspection (DPI) technology, the GGSN8911 can analyze the data of the application layer protocols and obtain valuable information for service resolution and control.


Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

With more and more services on the mobile network, operators require the gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) to provide the content awareness function for content charging and security control. Thus, operators can optimize services and improve network security.

The GGSN9811 supports the DPI function for the following protocols:

� Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

� Wireless Application Protocol 2.0 (WAP2.0)

� Wireless Application Protocol 1.X (WAP1.X)

� Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)

� Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

� File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

� Domain Name Service (DNS)

� Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

� Microsoft Multimedia Server Protocol (MMSP)

� Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

� Post Office Protocol revision 3 (POP3)

� Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)

� Point-to-Point (P2P)

� Voice over IP (VoIP)

� Instant Messaging (IM)

The DPI function of the GGSN9811 can help operators to achieve the following functions:

� Service resolution

Whether a user surfs the Internet through a browser or watches a movie on line, the traffic is the basis of charging by operators. The DPI function can provide precise and detailed information about the data volume and categorize data contents to apply different tariffs. The result of service resolution can also be used as the reference for resource allocation by operators. The GGSN9811 can accurately analyze packets of various protocols and perform different processing accordingly.

� Service control

Through deep inspection of data and analysis of service types, operators can provide different service combinations for different users and filter out forbidden services.

4.11 Service Redirection

This describes the service redirection function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports two types of service redirection functions, that is, captive portal and web proxy.

� Captive portal

Captive portal means that the browsing requests of users are redirected to the portal server through the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) redirection mode. It is mainly used for consumption prompts, advertisement launch, and personal portals.

Personal portals enables users to manage user information, and the management includes the service subscription, account management, and fee management.

When a user starts a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request, the GGSN9811 redirects the user requested uniform resource locator (URL) to the URL of the captive



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portal based on the portal configuration about the user. Thus, the user can visit multiple services through the personal portal.

� Web proxy

To speed up browsing, the GGSN9811 can redirect the IP address of the page requested by a user to the IP address of a web proxy cache server. The user requested page can be cached on the cache server to achieve network acceleration.

4.12 Service Report

This describes service report function of the GGSN9811. The GGSN interworks with an external Service Usage Reporter (SUR) to implement the service report function. The GGSN collects service data records and sends the records to the SUR. The SUR analyzes the records and generates service reports.

The service report provides statistics about the traffic transmitted by the GGSN based on the subscriber, protocol, Web site, and server. Different from the static statistics provided by the performance measurement function, the service report can provide analysis on subscriber behavior and statistical analysis on dynamic data about top Web sites and servers.

The service report can provide information, such as detailed service usage, service bandwidth distribution, hot-spot Web sites, hot-spot applications, and subscriber distribution, about the packet data network (PDN), thus providing reference for operators to develop value-added services, and plan and manage networks based on subscriber behavior analysis.

4.13 PCC

The GGSN9811 supports the policy and charging control (PCC) feature and provides a PCC solution.

With the rapid development of IP-based networks, packet networks will become basic platforms for future services. Therefore, operators impose higher requirements on service awareness, service control, and charging of the packet networks. The SBLP, FBC, and PCC features can satisfy the requirements of the operators.

Based on the PCC feature, operators can perform unified and multi-dimension policy deployment and control in network operation, thus preventing channellized services and enhancing competitiveness by optimizing network resource usage and improving network user experience.

The GGSN9811 supports the following PCC functions:

� Static PCC control: Where PCRF is not deployed, all policies are implemented by the Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) according to the local static configuration.

� Dynamic PCC control: Where AF may exist after PCRF is deployed, all services dynamically generate PCC rules for scheduling and charging based on their own QoS requirements and subscription data.


Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

4.14 MBMS

This describes the multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) of the GGSN9811. The MBMS is defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for unidirectional point-to-multipoint multimedia services.

The MBMS service can be a multimedia service that is broadcast to users in a cell through the public channel on the air interface or a subscribed service that is multicast to users in a cell. Thus, the air interface resources can be used efficiently. One of the applications of the MBMS service is the mobile phone TV service. In addition, the services such as broadcast download and MTV interaction are supported.

The MBMS service is the unidirectional point-to-multipoint multimedia service that allows sending data from one source entity to multiple receivers, downloading the same data by multiple mobile users, and sharing network resources. This service can be widely used in wireless networks.

Huawei GGSN9811 supports the MBMS service in broadcast mode. The broadcast mode refers to unidirectional point-to-multipoint multimedia data transmission from a source entity to users within a broadcast service area.

4.15 IPv6

The GGSN9811 supports basic IPv6 access function. It supports the IPv6 bearer on the user plane but not the IPv6 features on the signaling plane.

IPv6 is developed on the basis of IPv4. It has new features such as adequate address spaces, higher security, and better support of mobility and QoS. IPv6 lays a sound foundation for sustainable development of the IP network.

IPv6 is introduced to the 3GPP in R5 stage. In R5 stage, the IMS is carried by IPv6. The RNC, SGSN, and GGSN are interconnected by IPv4 or IPv6. User terminals support dual IPv4/IPv6 protocol stacks so that they can access IPv4/IPv6 services.

At present the GGSN9811 supports basic IPv6 access function. It supports the IPv6 bearer on the user plane but not the IPv6 features on the signaling plane. That is, the GGSN9811 is still in the IPv4 network and it is connected to the SGSN and the public data network (PDN) through the IPv4 network. The uplink IPv6 packets of the user are encapsulated in the IPv4+GTP packets by the SGSN and sent to the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 decapsulates the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) packets and extracts the IPv6 packets. Then, the IPv6 packets are forwarded to the IPv6 gateway through the IPv4 tunnel according to the system configuration. The IPv6 gateway finally carries out the routing forwarding or protocol translation (IPv6/IPv4 translation) of the IPv6 packets. For downlink packets, when the GGSN9811 determines that a user type is IPv6, it decapsulates the packets and extracts the IPv6 packets. Then, the GGSN9811 carries out GTP encapsulation and delivers the packets to the SGSN.

This function enables the following services:

� IPv6 mobile stations accessing IPv6 services

� IPv6 mobile stations accessing IPv4 services



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4.16 Other Services and Functions

This describes the other services and functions of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports multiple IP address assignment modes and the Network Time Protocol (NTP) function, and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) V1/V2/V3.

The GGSN9811 supports:

� Multiple IP address assigning modes

The IP address that is assigned to a mobile station (MS) can be a static IP address or a dynamic IP address. A dynamic IP address can be assigned from the local address pool of the GGSN9811, or by the Remote Authentication Dial in User Service (RADIUS) server or the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server on the request of the GGSN9811. The IP address that is assigned to an MS can be a public IP address or a private IP address.

� NTP function

As an NTP client, the GGSN9811 can enable network time synchronization with the NTP server.

� SNMPV1/V2/V3 protocol

The SNMP is used to manage nodes in the network community. It aims to ensure the transmission of management messages between any two network elements (NEs). The network administrator can search information on any node to modify information, locate faults, plan the network capacity, and generate reports.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 5 Reliability


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5 Reliability About This Chapter

This describes the advanced reliability design of the GGSN9811. The advanced reliability design effectively ensures the normal operation.

5.1 Hardware Reliability

This describes the hardware reliability of the GGSN9811.

5.2 Software Reliability

This describes the software reliability of the GGSN9811.

5.3 Networking Reliability

This describes the networking reliability of the GGSN9811.

5.4 Operation and Maintenance Reliability

This describes the operation and maintenance Reliability of the GGSN9811.

5.1 Hardware Reliability

This describes the hardware reliability of the GGSN9811.

� The hardware platform of the GGSN9811 is derived from Huawei Universal Switching Router (USR). The design of the USR complies with the mature telecommunication industry standards. The USR hardware is of a compact structure, and the GGSN9811 is a network switching device for carrier-class operators.

� The key boards, SRUs and SPUs, support hot plugging and hot backup. If the active board is abnormal or removed, the standby board automatically takes over services and becomes the active board. Thus, the service flow is not interrupted.

� The DMPU subcards can work in load-sharing mode. Therefore, when one DMPU subcard is faulty, the other DMPU subcard takes over all services, and the system triggers a fault alarm. If the DMPU subcards are required but unavailable or if the DMPU subcards are overloaded, the system triggers an alarm.

� The power system adopts the double channel -48 V power supply mode. The load sharing function is realized through two channels of power supply.

5 Reliability HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node

Product Description


Issue 01 (2009-03-31)

� Over-voltage and over-current protection measures are taken for the board power input and external interfaces. The measures comply with ITU-T G.703 Recommendation Annex B and related specifications.

5.2 Software Reliability

This describes the software reliability of the GGSN9811.

� System overload control

If the central processing unit (CPU) is overloaded, through the overload control, the GGSN9811 can shut down certain functions that are less necessary or adjust the number of accessed users. Thus, the GGSN9811 is prevented from breaking down due to overload. The threshold for overload control can be set dynamically.

� Traffic control

The GGSN9811 automatically checks whether system load is greater than expected, and then takes different traffic control measures based on the overload extent. Therefore, the GGSN9811 does not break down when it is processing a large amount of traffic or when it is under attack. The GGSN9811 can also be quickly restored to the normal state to ensure stable operation.

� System resource check

The GGSN9811 can compare data in the system database with the current running data, and restore the data if it is not consistent.

� Automatic fault detection and self-healing

If faults such as software abnormality and hardware faults occur, the GGSN9811 can detect the faults, and then isolate and clear them. The GGSN9811 can take certain measures, such as automatic switchover to a normal board and automatic reset of the faulty board, to clear some faults without user intervention.

� System software backup

When the main software failure, the system get standby software and reboot system.

� Check configure files

To ensure that the configure files is consistent.

� CDR cache

The GGSN9811 can cache charging data records (CDRs). When the communication between the GGSN9811 and the charging gateway (CG) fails, if the CG does not respond after the CDRs are sent many times, the GGSN9811 caches the CDRs on the hard disk of the Switching Route Unit (SRU). After the communication between the GGSN9811 and the CG recovers, the GGSN9811 sends the cached CDRs to the CG.

� Board lock and system shutdown

If required, the GGSN9811 can deny new users access and delete original users. The GGSN9811 can gradually stop the services processed by the boards or system to avoid abrupt service interruption.

� Hot patch

The uploaded hot patches take effect after being activated. That is, you need not restart the GGSN9811. Thus, reliable software running is guaranteed.

� Patch rollback

If patch is loaded by mistake or the previous patch is preferred, you can roll back the patches in the current state to the latest version in which patches are in the running state.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 5 Reliability


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5.3 Networking Reliability

This describes the networking reliability of the GGSN9811.

� Route backup and route load sharing: Single point failure can be avoided during networking to provide a highly reliable network.

� Eth-trunk: The GGSN9811 can bind multiple physical interfaces to one Eth-trunk interface, which works as an ordinary physical interface. The bound interfaces can send traffic in active/standby mode or load-sharing mode. Thus, services are not interrupted if one interface fails.

� Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) probe: Switchover between the active and the standby interfaces occurs on the Eth-trunk interface or Eth-trunk sub-interface to enhance Layer 2 networking reliability when all of these conditions are met: The active physical interface is normal but the link fails; the ARP probe function is enabled on the GGSN9811; the GGSN9811 fails to probe the peer device through the active interface.

5.4 Operation and Maintenance Reliability

This describes the operation and maintenance Reliability of the GGSN9811.

� SSL: The GGSN9811 ensure data confidentiality between LMT and M2000.

� When the GGSN9811 upgrade failed, it can rollback previous version automatically. In this way, the service restore time can be reduce.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 6 Operation and Maintenance


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6 Operation and Maintenance

About This Chapter

This describes the easy operation and maintenance (OM) measures provided by the GGSN9811. The OM measures include the local maintenance terminal (LMT) that integrates graphical user interface (GUI) and command line interface (CLI), accessing Huawei M2000 and operation and maintenance center (OMC), and comprehensive online help.

6.1 OM System

This describes the operation and maintenance (OM) system of the GGSN9811. The OM system of the GGSN9811 is of the client/server architecture.

6.2 OM Function

This describes the operation and maintenance (OM) functions of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides the OM functions such as configuration management, message tracing, performance management, alarm management, and log management.

6.1 OM System

This describes the operation and maintenance (OM) system of the GGSN9811. The OM system of the GGSN9811 is of the client/server architecture.

Figure 6-1 shows the structure of the GGSN9811 OM system.

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Figure 6-1 Structure of the GGSN9811 OM system

M2000 client

LAN

LAN

M2000 server

GGSN/BAM

GGSN LMT

GGSN LMT

MODEM

M2000 client

LAN

MODEMRemoteaccessserver

6.1.1 BAM

This describes the back administration module (BAM). The BAM is the server based on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The BAM of the GGSN9811 is integrated on the Switching Route Unit (SRU).

6.1.2 LMT

This describes the local maintenance terminal (LMT). the LMT serves as the client and is connected to the back administration module (BAM) based on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

6.1.3 M2000

This describes the M2000. The M2000 is a mobile network management system (NMS) in Huawei iManager network management solution.

6.1.1 BAM

This describes the back administration module (BAM). The BAM is the server based on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The BAM of the GGSN9811 is integrated on the Switching Route Unit (SRU).

� Receiving connection requests from the client to establish connections, and analyzing and processing commands from the client

� Receiving connection requests from the host through the local bus to establish connections and realize the communication between the BAM and the host, and processing data loading requests and alarms from the host



6-3

In spite of the loss or error of BAM files, the M2000 can interwork with the GGSN9811 and restore the BAM.

6.1.2 LMT

This describes the local maintenance terminal (LMT). the LMT serves as the client and is connected to the back administration module (BAM) based on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The LMT supports the command line interface (CLI) mode and the graphic user interface (GUI) mode. The LMT can be used to configure the device, trace messages, manage the system performance, manage alarms, and manage logs. The LMT provides interfaces to connect the alarm box to provide audible and visual alarms.

The LMT can be accessed by dialing through the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Then, the LMT performs the operation and maintenance (OM) function.

6.1.3 M2000

This describes the M2000. The M2000 is a mobile network management system (NMS) in Huawei iManager network management solution.

The M2000 communicates with the GGSN9811 through the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The M2000 is composed of the M2000 server and multiple M2000 clients.

The local maintenance terminal (LMT) can be integrated into the M2000. Thus, the LMT can achieve uniform management and browsing of devices in the entire network through the topology management function provided by the M2000. The LMT and the M2000 are in the loose coupling relationship. The LMT is dedicated to management only on the GGSN9811, whereas the M2000 performs the public management such as topology management and fault management for devices in the entire network.

6.2 OM Function

This describes the operation and maintenance (OM) functions of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 provides the OM functions such as configuration management, message tracing, performance management, alarm management, and log management.

6.2.1 Configuration Management

This describes the configuration management function of the GGSN9811. The configuration management function is performed by the command line interface (CLI) commands provided in the local maintenance terminal (LMT) of the GGSN9811.

6.2.2 Message Tracing

This describes the message tracing function of the GGSN9811. The message tracing function of the GGSN9811 is performed in the maintenance window of the local maintenance terminal (LMT).

6.2.3 Performance Management

This describes the performance management function of the GGSN9811. The performance management function of the GGSN9811 is realized through the centralized performance

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management module of the M2000 and the Performance Browser Tool of the local maintenance terminal (LMT).

6.2.4 Alarm Management

This describes the alarm management function of the GGSN9811. The alarm management function of the GGSN9811 is realized through the alarm management system of the local maintenance terminal (LMT) or the centralized fault management system of the M2000.

6.2.5 Log Management

This describes the log management function of the GGSN9811. Logs can be classified into user operation logs, system operation logs, and security logs based on contents.

6.2.1 Configuration Management

This describes the configuration management function of the GGSN9811. The configuration management function is performed by the command line interface (CLI) commands provided in the local maintenance terminal (LMT) of the GGSN9811.

By running the CLI commands, you can configure, modify, and query data. The GGSN9811 receives, analyzes, and runs the CLI commands, and then returns the results to the LMT.

6.2.2 Message Tracing

This describes the message tracing function of the GGSN9811. The message tracing function of the GGSN9811 is performed in the maintenance window of the local maintenance terminal (LMT).

Through the maintenance window of the LMT, you can trace and view interfaces and users.

You can create interface and user tracing tasks to monitor the signaling of the interfaces and users of the system in real time. The stored messages including the information about previous versions can be viewed online or offline. If a fault occurs in the GGSN9811, you can quickly and accurately locate and clear the fault through the interface signaling tracing function.

6.2.3 Performance Management

This describes the performance management function of the GGSN9811. The performance management function of the GGSN9811 is realized through the centralized performance management module of the M2000 and the Performance Browser Tool of the local maintenance terminal (LMT).

The GGSN9811 generates performance measurement files and provides File Transfer Protocol (FTP) services. The M2000 acts as the FTP client to receive the performance measurement files and then manage the performance of the GGSN9811. The LMT obtains the performance measurement files and provides them for viewing through the Performance Browser Tool.

The centralized performance management system provides a comprehensive and direct operation environment. You can manage the performance of devices in the entire network. You can create, modify, and query performance measurement tasks and manage the results to learn the running status of the network and devices. The measurement results are for performance assessment and network optimization.



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6.2.4 Alarm Management

This describes the alarm management function of the GGSN9811. The alarm management function of the GGSN9811 is realized through the alarm management system of the local maintenance terminal (LMT) or the centralized fault management system of the M2000.

The GGSN9811 sends alarms to the LMT or the M2000 and simultaneously saves them in alarm logs.

The GGSN9811 collects alarms that are generated during fault occurrence and classifies them based on type and severity level. Then, the GGSN9811 sends the alarms to the alarm management system of the LMT or the centralized fault management system of the M2000. The LMT or M2000 displays the alarms in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and provides the location, cause, and troubleshooting suggestions.

6.2.5 Log Management

This describes the log management function of the GGSN9811. Logs can be classified into user operation logs, system operation logs, and security logs based on contents.

The user operation logs record the information about user operation commands, including the user name, executed commands, and execution time, to analyze faults. The system operation logs record certain state information in the system operation to maintain the system and locate faults. The GGSN9811 also allows querying the user operation logs.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 7 Technical Specifications


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7 Technical Specifications About This Chapter

This lists the technical specifications of the GGSN9811. The technical specifications consist of performance specifications, entire-system specifications, reliability specifications, safety standards, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) specifications, and environment requirements.

7.1 Performance Specifications

This describes the performance specifications such as the throughput and the number of tunnels.

7.2 Entire-system Specifications

This describes the entire-system specifications such as the dimensions and the power consumption.

7.3 Reliability Specifications

This describes the reliability specifications such as the mean time between failures (MTBF) and the mean time to recovery (MTTR).

7.4 Safety Specifications

This describes the safety specifications of the GGSN9811.

7.5 EMC Specifications

This describes the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) specifications of the GGSN9811.

7.6 Environment Specifications

This describes the environmental requirements for the GGSN9811. The environment specifications consist of the storage, transportation, and running specifications.

7.1 Performance Specifications

This describes the performance specifications such as the throughput and the number of tunnels.

Table 7-1 lists the performance specifications of the GGSN9811.

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Table 7-1 GGSN9811 performance specifications

Item Specification

Maximum number of PDP contexts that are activated at the same time

5000000

Maximum data throughput 50 Gbit/s

Maximum IPSec throughput 3 Gbit/s

Maximum number of APNs 3000

Maximum number of GRE tunnels

4000

Maximum number of L2TP tunnels

20000

Maximum number of IPSec tunnels

4000

7.2 Entire-system Specifications

This describes the entire-system specifications such as the dimensions and the power consumption.

Table 7-2 lists the specifications of the entire GGSN9811.

Table 7-2 Specifications of the entire GGSN9811

Item Specification

Cabinet N68E-22

Dimensions

Height: 2200 mm

Width: 600 mm

Depth: 800 mm

Load-bearing capacity > 600 kg/m²

Power input -48 V DC to -60 V DC

Typical power consumption of subrack

2300 W

Noise (acoustic power) ≤ 78 dBA at 23°C (The noise varies with the ambient temperature.)



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7.3 Reliability Specifications

This describes the reliability specifications such as the mean time between failures (MTBF) and the mean time to recovery (MTTR).

Table 7-3 lists the reliability specifications of the GGSN9811.

Table 7-3 GGSN9811 reliability specifications

Item Specification

Annual repair and return rate of boards ≤ 3%

Availability ≥ 99.999%

MTBF 18.35 years

MTTR 1 hour

Annual mean failure time < 5 minutes

Board switchover time < 5 seconds

Board restart time < 5 minutes

System restart time < 6 minutes

Start time from system power-on to service-ready

< 10 minutes

7.4 Safety Specifications

This describes the safety specifications of the GGSN9811.

The GGSN9811 meets the safety requirements and complies with the following standards:

� UL60950-1

� IEC 60950-1

� EN60950-1

� GB4943

7.5 EMC Specifications

This describes the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) specifications of the GGSN9811.

The GGSN9811 meets the EMC requirements and complies with the following standards:

� EN55022

� ETSI EN 300 386

� CISPR22

� IEC 61000-4-2


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� IEC 61000-4-3

� IEC 61000-4-4

� IEC 61000-4-5

� IEC 61000-4-6

� IEC 61000-4-29

7.6 Environment Specifications

This describes the environmental requirements for the GGSN9811. The environment specifications consist of the storage, transportation, and running specifications.

The GGSN9811 complies with the following standards:

� GB 4798 Environmental conditions existing in the application of electric and electronic products

� ETSI EN 300 019 Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications devices

� IEC 60721 Classification of environmental conditions

7.6.1 Storage Environment

This describes the requirements for the storage environment of the GGSN9811. The requirements for the storage environment consist of the climatic requirements and mechanical stress requirements.

7.6.2 Transportation Environment

This describes the requirements for the transportation environment of the GGSN9811. The requirements for the transportation environment consist of the climatic requirements and mechanical stress requirements.

7.6.3 Running Environment

This describes the requirements for the running environment of the GGSN9811. The requirements for the running environment consist of the climatic requirements and mechanical stress requirements.

7.6.1 Storage Environment

This describes the requirements for the storage environment of the GGSN9811. The requirements for the storage environment consist of the climatic requirements and mechanical stress requirements.

Climatic Requirements

Table 7-4 Climatic requirements for equipment storage

Item Specification

Temperature -40°C to +70°C

Temperature change rate ≤ 1°C/min

Relative humidity 10% to 100%



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Item Specification

Altitude ≤ 3000 m

Air pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa

7.6.2 Transportation Environment

This describes the requirements for the transportation environment of the GGSN9811. The requirements for the transportation environment consist of the climatic requirements and mechanical stress requirements.


Table 7-5 Climatic requirements for equipment transportation

Item Specification

Temperature -40°C to +70°C

Temperature change rate ≤ 3°C/min

Relative humidity 10% to 100%

Altitude ≤ 3000 m


Mechanical Stress Requirements

Table 7-6 Requirements for mechanical stress in the transportation environment

Item Sub-item Specification

Offset ≤ 7.5 mm - -

Accelerated speed

- ≤ 20.0 m/s² ≤ 40.0 m/s²

Sinusoidal vibration

Frequency range

2 Hz to 9 Hz 9 Hz to 200 Hz 200 Hz to 500 Hz

Acceleration spectrum density (ASD)

10 m²/s³ 3 m²/s³ 1 m²/s³ Random oscillation

Frequency range

2 Hz to 9 Hz 9 Hz to 200 Hz 200 Hz to 500 Hz

Unsteady state impact

Impulse response spectrum II

≤ 300 m/s²


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Static payload ≤ 10 kPa

NOTE � Impact response spectrum refers to the maximum acceleration response

curve generated by the equipment under specified impact excitation. Impulse response spectrum II means that the duration of half-sine impulse response spectrum is 6 ms.

� Static payload refers to the capability of the equipment in package to bear the pressure from the top in normal pile-up method.

7.6.3 Running Environment

This describes the requirements for the running environment of the GGSN9811. The requirements for the running environment consist of the climatic requirements and mechanical stress requirements.


Table 7-7 Requirements for temperature and humidity in the running environment

Temperature Relative Humidity

Long term running Short term running Long term running Short term running

5°C to 45°C -5°C to +50°C 5% to 85% 5% to 95%

NOTE � The values are measured 1.5 m above the floor and 0.4 m in front of the

equipment, without protective panels in front of or behind the cabinet.

� Short term running refers to continuous running for no more than 48 hours or accumulated running of no more than 15 days in a year.

Table 7-8 Requirements for other climatic factors in the running environment

Item Specification

Altitude ≤ 3000 m


Temperature change rate ≤ 5°C/h



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Mechanical Stress Requirements

Table 7-9 Requirements for mechanical stress in the running environment


Offset ≤ 5.0 mm -

Accelerated speed - ≤ 2.0 m/s²

Sinusoidal vibration

Frequency range 5 Hz to 62 Hz 62 Hz to 200 Hz

Impulse response spectrum II

≤ 50 m/s² Unsteady state impact

Static payload 0

NOTE � Impact response spectrum refers to the maximum acceleration response

curve generated by the equipment under specified impact excitation. Impulse response spectrum II means that the duration of half-sine impulse response spectrum is 6 ms.

� Static payload refers to the capability of the equipment in package to bear the pressure from the top in normal pile-up method.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description 8 Installation


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8 Installation About This Chapter

This describes the installation, upgrade, and expansion processes.

8.1 System Installation

This describes the software installation for the GGSN9811. Easy software and hardware installation considerably shortens the time taken for system installation, and the network can be established and provide services quickly.

8.2 System Expansion and Upgrade

This describes the system expansion and the upgrade of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports online expansion and stable upgrade.

8.1 System Installation

This describes the software installation for the GGSN9811. Easy software and hardware installation considerably shortens the time taken for system installation, and the network can be established and provide services quickly.

The GGSN9811 is assembled in the factory. Before delivery, all the internal cables of the cabinet are connected and the GGSN9811 is pre-commissioned based on the site conditions. On site, engineers only need to install the cabinet, insert the boards, and connect the external cables based on the instructions in the installation manual. For details on the installation, refer to the Hardware Installation.

The interfaces for the external cables, such as the power cables, transmission cables, and signal cables, are located on the top of the GGSN9811 cabinet and are marked with silk-screen labels.

8.2 System Expansion and Upgrade

This describes the system expansion and the upgrade of the GGSN9811. The GGSN9811 supports online expansion and stable upgrade.

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System Expansion

The GGSN9811 supports the following modes of capacity expansion without interrupting ongoing services:

� Expansion through software

Generally, an operator purchases a system with relatively small capacity at the initial stage. As the service traffic increases, the system may need expansion. The operator can expand the system by buying only a license file and loading it to the system. Such capacity expansion does not interrupt ongoing services.

� Expansion through hardware

A GGSN9811 subrack can hold up to six Service Processing Units (SPUs). The SPUs can work in 1+1 backup mode or load-sharing mode. The SPU is hot swappable. Capacity expansion does not interrupt ongoing services.

System Upgrade

Switching over the active and standby boards and upgrading them separately can upgrade the GGSN9811 without interrupting ongoing services or changing data configuration.

HUAWEI GGSN9811 Gateway GPRS Support Node Product Description Index


i-1

Index

A

Accessing the PDN, 4-3 alarm management, 6-5

E

environmental requirements running environment, 7-6 storage environment, 7-4 transportation environment, 7-5

G

GTP, 4-5

I

installation system, 8-1 system expansion and upgrade, 8-2

L

LMT, 6-3 log management, 6-5

N

network interface Ga, 1-10 Gi, 1-7 Gmb, 1-11 Gx, 1-11 Gy, 1-10

R

reliability hardware, 5-1 networking, 5-3 software, 5-2

routing, 4-2

S

security, 4-9 specification

EMC, 7-3 entire system, 7-2 performance, 7-1 reliability, 7-3

2-GGSN9811 V900R007 Product Description

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