Eponyms

This list of eponyms is updated from the 39th edition which was kindly edited by Harold Ellis

Achilles tendon the calcaneal tendon Achilles in Greek Mythology was slain by a wound in his vulnerable heel inflicted by Paris in the Trojan War

Adamrsquos apple a protrusion in the front of the throat that is part of the larynx Adam first man Adamkiewicz artery of the largest anterior medullary feeder artery to the anterior spinal

artery It varies in level arising from the lower (T9-11) posterior intercostal the subcostal or less frequently the upper lumbar (L1-2) arteries Most often occurs on the left side Albert Adamkiewicz (1850ndash1921) Professor of Pathology University of Cracow Poland

Alcockrsquos canal canalis pudendalis Benjamin Alcock (1801ndash) British anatomist who published an article in 1836 on iliac arteries

Allens test test of sufficiency of the blood supply to the hand by compression and release of the ulnar and radial arteries and observation of the colour change of the hand E V Allen (1901ndash1961) Professor of Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA

Alportrsquos syndrome rare hereditary condition characterized by progressive renal failure Arthur Cecil Alport (1880ndash1959) South African physician

Alzheimerrsquos disease the most common form of dementia characterized at postmortem by neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques Alois Alzheimer (1864ndash1915) Breslau neurologist

Ammons horn the hippocampus Friedrich August Von Ammon (1799ndash1861) Professor of Pathology and Materia Medica Dresden Germany

Andresen lines structural lines within dentine representing incremental lines that run more or less perpendicular to the direction of the tubules They represent an incremental period of about 1 week and are best visualized when longitudinal ground sections are viewed between crossed polars Viggo Andresen (1870ndash1950) orthodontist Norway

Apertrsquos syndrome A complex of craniofacial abnormalities caused by premature craniosynostosis usually of the coronal suture leading to turribrachycephaly associated with syndactyly and polydactyly Eugegravene Charles Apert (1868ndash1940) French paediatrician

Arantius nodule of small nodules in the free border of the aortic valves Julio Caesar Aranzio (Arantius) (1530ndash1589) pupil of Vesalius Professor of Medicine and

Surgery Bologna Italy Argyll Robertson pupil pupil reacts to accommodation but not light Occurs in neurosyphilis Douglas Argyll Robertson (1837ndash1909) ophthalmic surgeon Edinburgh UK Arnold-Chiari malformation congenital brain stem and cerebellar herniation through the

foramen magnum Julius Arnold (1835ndash1915) Professor of Pathology Heidelberg Germany Hans Chiari (1851ndash1916) gynaecologist Austria Professor of Obstetrics first in Prague then in Vienna

Auerbachs plexus autonomic nervous plexus between circular and longitudinal layers of muscle of the intestine Leopold Auerbach (1828ndash1897) Professor of Neuropathology Breslau Poland

AxenfeldndashRieger syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bilateral abnormalities of the anterior segment of the eye in association with extraocular anomalies Karl Theodor Paul Polykarpus Axenfeld (1867ndash1930) German ophthalmologist Herwigh Rieger (1898ndash1986) Austrian ophthalmologist

Babinskis reflex response sign upgoing plantar response in pyramidal tract disturbances Joseph Babinski (1857ndash1922) pupil of Charcot neurologist Pitieacute Hocircpital Paris France

Baillarger bandslinesstriae of inner and outer white striations on the cerebral cortex Jules Gabriel Baillarger (1815ndash1890) French neurologist and psychiatrist

Barr body inactive x chromatin mass in the nucleus of female cells Murray Llewellyn Barr (1908ndash1995) Professor of Anatomy University of Western Ontario Canada

Barretts oesophagus abnormal columnar mucosa (Barrettrsquos mucosa) covers a variable length of the distal oesophagus Norman Rupert Barrett (1903ndash1979) consultant thoracic surgeon Royal Brompton Hospital London UK

Bartholins ducts and gland ndash the sublingual salivary gland and its ducts glands ndash the greater vestibular glands on either side of the vaginal orifice Casper Bartholin (1655ndash1738) Professor of Medicine Anatomy and Physics Copenhagen Denmark

Batsons vertebral venous plexus the valveless vertebral venous veins that communicate with the prostatic venous plexus and explain the readiness with which carcinoma of the prostate spreads to the pelvic bones and vertebrae Oscar Batson (1894ndash1979) Professor of Anatomy University of Philadelphia USA

Battles sign bruising over the mastoid process developing two or three days after fracture of the posterior cranial fossa William Battle (1855ndash1936) surgeon St Thomas Hospital London UK

Becker muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophy of the pelvis-girdle type Relatively better prognosis than Duchenne type Peter Emil Becker (1908ndash2000) German human geneticist

Bells nerve ndash long thoracic nerve palsy ndash paresis or paralysis usually unilateral of the facial muscles caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve Sir Charles Bell (1774ndash1842) surgeon Middlesex Hospital London UK

Bennett shift Bennett movement is the lateral shift of the working mandibular condyle during a laterotrusive movement Norman Bennett (1870ndash1947) British dentist

Bergmann cells glia glial cells of the cerebellum Gottlieb Heinrich Bergmann (1781ndash1861) german neurologist and anatomist Medical Director of the Hildersheim Asylum Germany

Bernoulli effect fluid flowing through a tube of varying diameter travels fastest and exerts the largest lateral pressure at its narrowest point Jakob Bernouilli (1654ndash1705) mathematician Switzerland Shares with Isaac Newton the invention of calculus

Betz cells large pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex Vladimir Aleksandrovich Betz (1834ndash1894) Professor of Anatomy Kiev Russia

Bezolds abscess subperiosteal temporal bone abscess Friedrich Bezold (1842ndash1908) otologist Munich Germany

Bichat buccal fat pad of each cheek contains the buccinators muscle and a variable but usually considerable amount of adipose tissue which is often encapsulated to form a biconcave mass the buccan fat pad (of Bichat) particularly evident in infants Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1771ndash1802) Professor of Anatomy and physician Hocirctel Dieu Paris France Pioneer in study of tissues

Bielschowsky stain silver stain for nerve fibres Max Bielschowsky (1869ndash1940) German neuropathologist

Birbeck granules small cross-striated granules first reported in the Langerhans cells of the epidermis

Michael S Birbeck (1925ndash2005) cancer researcher Institute of Cancer Research London UK

Blaschkorsquos lines pattern adopted by many skin lesions Alfred Blaschko (1858ndash1892) dermatologist Berlin Germany

Bochdalekrsquos hernia congenital diaphragmatic hernia due to failure of closure of the pleuroperitoneal hiatus Vincent Alexander Bochdalek (1801ndash1883) Czech anatomist

Bowmans anterior limiting lamina layer ndash anterior elastic membrane of the cornea capsule ndash sheath surrounding the renal glomerulus glands ndash glands in the olfactory mucosa Sir William Bowman (1816ndash1892) surgeon at Birmingham General Hospital then Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Kings College Hospital London UK

Braille text system of writing consisting of raised dots and points which can be interpreted by touch as letters of the alphabet Louis Braille (1809ndash1852) French teacher of the blind

Brocarsquos area ndash speech area of cerebral cortex diagonal band ndash a fibre tract in the basal forebrain Pierre Paul Broca (1824ndash1880) Professor of Clinical Surgery Paris France

Broumldel bloodless line of the line of division between the areas of kidney supplied by the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery Max Broumldel (1870ndash1941) medical artist first at Leipzig then Director of Institute of Art as Applied to Medicine Baltimore USA

Brodmanns area 17 area 18 primary visual cortex Korbinian Brodmann (1868ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy Tubingen Germany

Bruchs choroidal basal lamina membrane basal membrane of the choroid Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch (1819ndash1884) Professor of Anatomy at Basle Switzerland and then Giessen

Brunner glands of duodenal glands lying deep to the muscularis mucosae Johann Konrad Brunner (1653ndash1727) Professor of Anatomy successively at Heidelberg and

Strasbourg Bucks fascia the penile fascial sheath

Gordon Buck (1807ndash1877) surgeon New York USA BuddndashChiari syndrome spontaneous thrombosis (complete or partial) of the hepatic veins with

or without additional inferior vena caval thrombosis G Budd (1808ndash1882) Professor of Medicine Kingrsquos College Hospital London H Chiari (1851ndash1916) Professor of Pathology Prague

Cajal interstitial cells of cells in the muscularis externa of the gut wall active as pacemakers in

gut motility Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy Valencia then Barcelona then Professor of Histology and Morbid Anatomy Madrid Spain

CaldwellndashLuc procedure operation of opening into the maxillary sinus by way of an incision into the supradental fossa opposite the premolar teeth usually done to remove tooth roots or abnormal tissue George W Caldwell (1834ndash1925) physician Henri Luc (1855ndash1925) French laryngologist

Calots triangle triangle bound by the liver common hepatic duct and cystic duct Jean Franccedilois Calot (1861ndash1914) surgeon Rothschild Hospital France where he specialised in the treatment of surgical tuberculosis in children

Carabellis cusp or tubercle an occasional fifth tubercle lingual to the antero-medial cusp of the first upper molar tooth Edler Carabelli (1787ndash1842) Professor of Dental Surgery Vienna Austria

Carnegie stage a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo

Carnegie Institution for Science organization established to support scientific research US Carpenters syndrome mental retardation acrocephaly and syndactyly related to but

genetically distinct from Alperts syndrome George Carpenter (1859ndash1910) physician UK

Charcots artery of cerebral haemorrhage lenticulostriate branch of middle cerebral artery Jean Martin Charcot (1825ndash1893) neurologist and physician Salpetriegravere Paris France

CharcotndashMariendashTooth disease an inherited disorder of nerves that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation predominantly in the feet and legs Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) French neurologist Pierre Marie (1853-1940) French neurologist assistant to Charcot and Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) British neurologist

Chassaignacs carotid tubercle the prominent anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra against which the carotid artery can be compressed Charles Marie Edouard Chassaignac (1805ndash1879) surgeon Paris France

Chilaiditi syndrome the presence of a long mesentery related to the distal ascending and proximal transverse colon resulting in the presence of either or both interposed between the right lobe of the liver and the diaphragm with or without abdominal symptoms Demetrius Chilaiditi (b 1883) Greek radiologist in Vienna Austria

Clara cells bronchiolar cells secreting surfactant Max Clara (1899ndash1966) Professor of Anatomy Leipzig Germany

Apertrsquos syndrome A complex of craniofacial abnormalities caused by premature craniosynostosis usually of the coronal suture leading to turribrachycephaly associated with syndactyly and polydactyly Eugegravene Charles Apert (1868ndash1940) French paediatrician

Arantius nodule of small nodules in the free border of the aortic valves Julio Caesar Aranzio (Arantius) (1530ndash1589) pupil of Vesalius Professor of Medicine and

Surgery Bologna Italy Argyll Robertson pupil pupil reacts to accommodation but not light Occurs in neurosyphilis Douglas Argyll Robertson (1837ndash1909) ophthalmic surgeon Edinburgh UK Arnold-Chiari malformation congenital brain stem and cerebellar herniation through the

foramen magnum Julius Arnold (1835ndash1915) Professor of Pathology Heidelberg Germany Hans Chiari (1851ndash1916) gynaecologist Austria Professor of Obstetrics first in Prague then in Vienna

Auerbachs plexus autonomic nervous plexus between circular and longitudinal layers of muscle of the intestine Leopold Auerbach (1828ndash1897) Professor of Neuropathology Breslau Poland

AxenfeldndashRieger syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bilateral abnormalities of the anterior segment of the eye in association with extraocular anomalies Karl Theodor Paul Polykarpus Axenfeld (1867ndash1930) German ophthalmologist Herwigh Rieger (1898ndash1986) Austrian ophthalmologist

Babinskis reflex response sign upgoing plantar response in pyramidal tract disturbances Joseph Babinski (1857ndash1922) pupil of Charcot neurologist Pitieacute Hocircpital Paris France

Baillarger bandslinesstriae of inner and outer white striations on the cerebral cortex Jules Gabriel Baillarger (1815ndash1890) French neurologist and psychiatrist

Barr body inactive x chromatin mass in the nucleus of female cells Murray Llewellyn Barr (1908ndash1995) Professor of Anatomy University of Western Ontario Canada

Barretts oesophagus abnormal columnar mucosa (Barrettrsquos mucosa) covers a variable length of the distal oesophagus Norman Rupert Barrett (1903ndash1979) consultant thoracic surgeon Royal Brompton Hospital London UK

Bartholins ducts and gland ndash the sublingual salivary gland and its ducts glands ndash the greater vestibular glands on either side of the vaginal orifice Casper Bartholin (1655ndash1738) Professor of Medicine Anatomy and Physics Copenhagen Denmark

Batsons vertebral venous plexus the valveless vertebral venous veins that communicate with the prostatic venous plexus and explain the readiness with which carcinoma of the prostate spreads to the pelvic bones and vertebrae Oscar Batson (1894ndash1979) Professor of Anatomy University of Philadelphia USA

Battles sign bruising over the mastoid process developing two or three days after fracture of the posterior cranial fossa William Battle (1855ndash1936) surgeon St Thomas Hospital London UK

Becker muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophy of the pelvis-girdle type Relatively better prognosis than Duchenne type Peter Emil Becker (1908ndash2000) German human geneticist

Bells nerve ndash long thoracic nerve palsy ndash paresis or paralysis usually unilateral of the facial muscles caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve Sir Charles Bell (1774ndash1842) surgeon Middlesex Hospital London UK

Bennett shift Bennett movement is the lateral shift of the working mandibular condyle during a laterotrusive movement Norman Bennett (1870ndash1947) British dentist

Bergmann cells glia glial cells of the cerebellum Gottlieb Heinrich Bergmann (1781ndash1861) german neurologist and anatomist Medical Director of the Hildersheim Asylum Germany

Bernoulli effect fluid flowing through a tube of varying diameter travels fastest and exerts the largest lateral pressure at its narrowest point Jakob Bernouilli (1654ndash1705) mathematician Switzerland Shares with Isaac Newton the invention of calculus

Betz cells large pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex Vladimir Aleksandrovich Betz (1834ndash1894) Professor of Anatomy Kiev Russia

Bezolds abscess subperiosteal temporal bone abscess Friedrich Bezold (1842ndash1908) otologist Munich Germany

Bichat buccal fat pad of each cheek contains the buccinators muscle and a variable but usually considerable amount of adipose tissue which is often encapsulated to form a biconcave mass the buccan fat pad (of Bichat) particularly evident in infants Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1771ndash1802) Professor of Anatomy and physician Hocirctel Dieu Paris France Pioneer in study of tissues

Bielschowsky stain silver stain for nerve fibres Max Bielschowsky (1869ndash1940) German neuropathologist

Birbeck granules small cross-striated granules first reported in the Langerhans cells of the epidermis

Michael S Birbeck (1925ndash2005) cancer researcher Institute of Cancer Research London UK

Blaschkorsquos lines pattern adopted by many skin lesions Alfred Blaschko (1858ndash1892) dermatologist Berlin Germany

Bochdalekrsquos hernia congenital diaphragmatic hernia due to failure of closure of the pleuroperitoneal hiatus Vincent Alexander Bochdalek (1801ndash1883) Czech anatomist

Bowmans anterior limiting lamina layer ndash anterior elastic membrane of the cornea capsule ndash sheath surrounding the renal glomerulus glands ndash glands in the olfactory mucosa Sir William Bowman (1816ndash1892) surgeon at Birmingham General Hospital then Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Kings College Hospital London UK

Braille text system of writing consisting of raised dots and points which can be interpreted by touch as letters of the alphabet Louis Braille (1809ndash1852) French teacher of the blind

Brocarsquos area ndash speech area of cerebral cortex diagonal band ndash a fibre tract in the basal forebrain Pierre Paul Broca (1824ndash1880) Professor of Clinical Surgery Paris France

Broumldel bloodless line of the line of division between the areas of kidney supplied by the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery Max Broumldel (1870ndash1941) medical artist first at Leipzig then Director of Institute of Art as Applied to Medicine Baltimore USA

Brodmanns area 17 area 18 primary visual cortex Korbinian Brodmann (1868ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy Tubingen Germany

Bruchs choroidal basal lamina membrane basal membrane of the choroid Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch (1819ndash1884) Professor of Anatomy at Basle Switzerland and then Giessen

Brunner glands of duodenal glands lying deep to the muscularis mucosae Johann Konrad Brunner (1653ndash1727) Professor of Anatomy successively at Heidelberg and

Strasbourg Bucks fascia the penile fascial sheath

Gordon Buck (1807ndash1877) surgeon New York USA BuddndashChiari syndrome spontaneous thrombosis (complete or partial) of the hepatic veins with

or without additional inferior vena caval thrombosis G Budd (1808ndash1882) Professor of Medicine Kingrsquos College Hospital London H Chiari (1851ndash1916) Professor of Pathology Prague

Cajal interstitial cells of cells in the muscularis externa of the gut wall active as pacemakers in

gut motility Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy Valencia then Barcelona then Professor of Histology and Morbid Anatomy Madrid Spain

CaldwellndashLuc procedure operation of opening into the maxillary sinus by way of an incision into the supradental fossa opposite the premolar teeth usually done to remove tooth roots or abnormal tissue George W Caldwell (1834ndash1925) physician Henri Luc (1855ndash1925) French laryngologist

Calots triangle triangle bound by the liver common hepatic duct and cystic duct Jean Franccedilois Calot (1861ndash1914) surgeon Rothschild Hospital France where he specialised in the treatment of surgical tuberculosis in children

Carabellis cusp or tubercle an occasional fifth tubercle lingual to the antero-medial cusp of the first upper molar tooth Edler Carabelli (1787ndash1842) Professor of Dental Surgery Vienna Austria

Carnegie stage a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo

Carnegie Institution for Science organization established to support scientific research US Carpenters syndrome mental retardation acrocephaly and syndactyly related to but

genetically distinct from Alperts syndrome George Carpenter (1859ndash1910) physician UK

Charcots artery of cerebral haemorrhage lenticulostriate branch of middle cerebral artery Jean Martin Charcot (1825ndash1893) neurologist and physician Salpetriegravere Paris France

CharcotndashMariendashTooth disease an inherited disorder of nerves that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation predominantly in the feet and legs Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) French neurologist Pierre Marie (1853-1940) French neurologist assistant to Charcot and Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) British neurologist

Chassaignacs carotid tubercle the prominent anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra against which the carotid artery can be compressed Charles Marie Edouard Chassaignac (1805ndash1879) surgeon Paris France

Chilaiditi syndrome the presence of a long mesentery related to the distal ascending and proximal transverse colon resulting in the presence of either or both interposed between the right lobe of the liver and the diaphragm with or without abdominal symptoms Demetrius Chilaiditi (b 1883) Greek radiologist in Vienna Austria

Clara cells bronchiolar cells secreting surfactant Max Clara (1899ndash1966) Professor of Anatomy Leipzig Germany

Batsons vertebral venous plexus the valveless vertebral venous veins that communicate with the prostatic venous plexus and explain the readiness with which carcinoma of the prostate spreads to the pelvic bones and vertebrae Oscar Batson (1894ndash1979) Professor of Anatomy University of Philadelphia USA

Battles sign bruising over the mastoid process developing two or three days after fracture of the posterior cranial fossa William Battle (1855ndash1936) surgeon St Thomas Hospital London UK

Becker muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophy of the pelvis-girdle type Relatively better prognosis than Duchenne type Peter Emil Becker (1908ndash2000) German human geneticist

Bells nerve ndash long thoracic nerve palsy ndash paresis or paralysis usually unilateral of the facial muscles caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve Sir Charles Bell (1774ndash1842) surgeon Middlesex Hospital London UK

Bennett shift Bennett movement is the lateral shift of the working mandibular condyle during a laterotrusive movement Norman Bennett (1870ndash1947) British dentist

Bergmann cells glia glial cells of the cerebellum Gottlieb Heinrich Bergmann (1781ndash1861) german neurologist and anatomist Medical Director of the Hildersheim Asylum Germany

Bernoulli effect fluid flowing through a tube of varying diameter travels fastest and exerts the largest lateral pressure at its narrowest point Jakob Bernouilli (1654ndash1705) mathematician Switzerland Shares with Isaac Newton the invention of calculus

Betz cells large pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex Vladimir Aleksandrovich Betz (1834ndash1894) Professor of Anatomy Kiev Russia

Bezolds abscess subperiosteal temporal bone abscess Friedrich Bezold (1842ndash1908) otologist Munich Germany

Bichat buccal fat pad of each cheek contains the buccinators muscle and a variable but usually considerable amount of adipose tissue which is often encapsulated to form a biconcave mass the buccan fat pad (of Bichat) particularly evident in infants Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1771ndash1802) Professor of Anatomy and physician Hocirctel Dieu Paris France Pioneer in study of tissues

Bielschowsky stain silver stain for nerve fibres Max Bielschowsky (1869ndash1940) German neuropathologist

Birbeck granules small cross-striated granules first reported in the Langerhans cells of the epidermis

Michael S Birbeck (1925ndash2005) cancer researcher Institute of Cancer Research London UK

Blaschkorsquos lines pattern adopted by many skin lesions Alfred Blaschko (1858ndash1892) dermatologist Berlin Germany

Bochdalekrsquos hernia congenital diaphragmatic hernia due to failure of closure of the pleuroperitoneal hiatus Vincent Alexander Bochdalek (1801ndash1883) Czech anatomist

Bowmans anterior limiting lamina layer ndash anterior elastic membrane of the cornea capsule ndash sheath surrounding the renal glomerulus glands ndash glands in the olfactory mucosa Sir William Bowman (1816ndash1892) surgeon at Birmingham General Hospital then Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Kings College Hospital London UK

Braille text system of writing consisting of raised dots and points which can be interpreted by touch as letters of the alphabet Louis Braille (1809ndash1852) French teacher of the blind

Brocarsquos area ndash speech area of cerebral cortex diagonal band ndash a fibre tract in the basal forebrain Pierre Paul Broca (1824ndash1880) Professor of Clinical Surgery Paris France

Broumldel bloodless line of the line of division between the areas of kidney supplied by the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery Max Broumldel (1870ndash1941) medical artist first at Leipzig then Director of Institute of Art as Applied to Medicine Baltimore USA

Brodmanns area 17 area 18 primary visual cortex Korbinian Brodmann (1868ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy Tubingen Germany

Bruchs choroidal basal lamina membrane basal membrane of the choroid Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch (1819ndash1884) Professor of Anatomy at Basle Switzerland and then Giessen

Brunner glands of duodenal glands lying deep to the muscularis mucosae Johann Konrad Brunner (1653ndash1727) Professor of Anatomy successively at Heidelberg and

Strasbourg Bucks fascia the penile fascial sheath

Gordon Buck (1807ndash1877) surgeon New York USA BuddndashChiari syndrome spontaneous thrombosis (complete or partial) of the hepatic veins with

or without additional inferior vena caval thrombosis G Budd (1808ndash1882) Professor of Medicine Kingrsquos College Hospital London H Chiari (1851ndash1916) Professor of Pathology Prague

Cajal interstitial cells of cells in the muscularis externa of the gut wall active as pacemakers in

gut motility Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy Valencia then Barcelona then Professor of Histology and Morbid Anatomy Madrid Spain

CaldwellndashLuc procedure operation of opening into the maxillary sinus by way of an incision into the supradental fossa opposite the premolar teeth usually done to remove tooth roots or abnormal tissue George W Caldwell (1834ndash1925) physician Henri Luc (1855ndash1925) French laryngologist

Calots triangle triangle bound by the liver common hepatic duct and cystic duct Jean Franccedilois Calot (1861ndash1914) surgeon Rothschild Hospital France where he specialised in the treatment of surgical tuberculosis in children

Carabellis cusp or tubercle an occasional fifth tubercle lingual to the antero-medial cusp of the first upper molar tooth Edler Carabelli (1787ndash1842) Professor of Dental Surgery Vienna Austria

Carnegie stage a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo

Carnegie Institution for Science organization established to support scientific research US Carpenters syndrome mental retardation acrocephaly and syndactyly related to but

genetically distinct from Alperts syndrome George Carpenter (1859ndash1910) physician UK

Charcots artery of cerebral haemorrhage lenticulostriate branch of middle cerebral artery Jean Martin Charcot (1825ndash1893) neurologist and physician Salpetriegravere Paris France

CharcotndashMariendashTooth disease an inherited disorder of nerves that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation predominantly in the feet and legs Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) French neurologist Pierre Marie (1853-1940) French neurologist assistant to Charcot and Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) British neurologist

Chassaignacs carotid tubercle the prominent anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra against which the carotid artery can be compressed Charles Marie Edouard Chassaignac (1805ndash1879) surgeon Paris France

Chilaiditi syndrome the presence of a long mesentery related to the distal ascending and proximal transverse colon resulting in the presence of either or both interposed between the right lobe of the liver and the diaphragm with or without abdominal symptoms Demetrius Chilaiditi (b 1883) Greek radiologist in Vienna Austria

Clara cells bronchiolar cells secreting surfactant Max Clara (1899ndash1966) Professor of Anatomy Leipzig Germany

Michael S Birbeck (1925ndash2005) cancer researcher Institute of Cancer Research London UK

Blaschkorsquos lines pattern adopted by many skin lesions Alfred Blaschko (1858ndash1892) dermatologist Berlin Germany

Bochdalekrsquos hernia congenital diaphragmatic hernia due to failure of closure of the pleuroperitoneal hiatus Vincent Alexander Bochdalek (1801ndash1883) Czech anatomist

Bowmans anterior limiting lamina layer ndash anterior elastic membrane of the cornea capsule ndash sheath surrounding the renal glomerulus glands ndash glands in the olfactory mucosa Sir William Bowman (1816ndash1892) surgeon at Birmingham General Hospital then Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Kings College Hospital London UK

Braille text system of writing consisting of raised dots and points which can be interpreted by touch as letters of the alphabet Louis Braille (1809ndash1852) French teacher of the blind

Brocarsquos area ndash speech area of cerebral cortex diagonal band ndash a fibre tract in the basal forebrain Pierre Paul Broca (1824ndash1880) Professor of Clinical Surgery Paris France

Broumldel bloodless line of the line of division between the areas of kidney supplied by the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery Max Broumldel (1870ndash1941) medical artist first at Leipzig then Director of Institute of Art as Applied to Medicine Baltimore USA

Brodmanns area 17 area 18 primary visual cortex Korbinian Brodmann (1868ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy Tubingen Germany

Bruchs choroidal basal lamina membrane basal membrane of the choroid Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch (1819ndash1884) Professor of Anatomy at Basle Switzerland and then Giessen

Brunner glands of duodenal glands lying deep to the muscularis mucosae Johann Konrad Brunner (1653ndash1727) Professor of Anatomy successively at Heidelberg and

Strasbourg Bucks fascia the penile fascial sheath

Gordon Buck (1807ndash1877) surgeon New York USA BuddndashChiari syndrome spontaneous thrombosis (complete or partial) of the hepatic veins with

or without additional inferior vena caval thrombosis G Budd (1808ndash1882) Professor of Medicine Kingrsquos College Hospital London H Chiari (1851ndash1916) Professor of Pathology Prague

Cajal interstitial cells of cells in the muscularis externa of the gut wall active as pacemakers in

gut motility Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy Valencia then Barcelona then Professor of Histology and Morbid Anatomy Madrid Spain

CaldwellndashLuc procedure operation of opening into the maxillary sinus by way of an incision into the supradental fossa opposite the premolar teeth usually done to remove tooth roots or abnormal tissue George W Caldwell (1834ndash1925) physician Henri Luc (1855ndash1925) French laryngologist

Calots triangle triangle bound by the liver common hepatic duct and cystic duct Jean Franccedilois Calot (1861ndash1914) surgeon Rothschild Hospital France where he specialised in the treatment of surgical tuberculosis in children

Carabellis cusp or tubercle an occasional fifth tubercle lingual to the antero-medial cusp of the first upper molar tooth Edler Carabelli (1787ndash1842) Professor of Dental Surgery Vienna Austria

Carnegie stage a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo

Carnegie Institution for Science organization established to support scientific research US Carpenters syndrome mental retardation acrocephaly and syndactyly related to but

genetically distinct from Alperts syndrome George Carpenter (1859ndash1910) physician UK

Charcots artery of cerebral haemorrhage lenticulostriate branch of middle cerebral artery Jean Martin Charcot (1825ndash1893) neurologist and physician Salpetriegravere Paris France

CharcotndashMariendashTooth disease an inherited disorder of nerves that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation predominantly in the feet and legs Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) French neurologist Pierre Marie (1853-1940) French neurologist assistant to Charcot and Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) British neurologist

Chassaignacs carotid tubercle the prominent anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra against which the carotid artery can be compressed Charles Marie Edouard Chassaignac (1805ndash1879) surgeon Paris France

Chilaiditi syndrome the presence of a long mesentery related to the distal ascending and proximal transverse colon resulting in the presence of either or both interposed between the right lobe of the liver and the diaphragm with or without abdominal symptoms Demetrius Chilaiditi (b 1883) Greek radiologist in Vienna Austria

Clara cells bronchiolar cells secreting surfactant Max Clara (1899ndash1966) Professor of Anatomy Leipzig Germany

Cajal interstitial cells of cells in the muscularis externa of the gut wall active as pacemakers in

gut motility Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy Valencia then Barcelona then Professor of Histology and Morbid Anatomy Madrid Spain

CaldwellndashLuc procedure operation of opening into the maxillary sinus by way of an incision into the supradental fossa opposite the premolar teeth usually done to remove tooth roots or abnormal tissue George W Caldwell (1834ndash1925) physician Henri Luc (1855ndash1925) French laryngologist

Calots triangle triangle bound by the liver common hepatic duct and cystic duct Jean Franccedilois Calot (1861ndash1914) surgeon Rothschild Hospital France where he specialised in the treatment of surgical tuberculosis in children

Carabellis cusp or tubercle an occasional fifth tubercle lingual to the antero-medial cusp of the first upper molar tooth Edler Carabelli (1787ndash1842) Professor of Dental Surgery Vienna Austria

Carnegie stage a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo

Carnegie Institution for Science organization established to support scientific research US Carpenters syndrome mental retardation acrocephaly and syndactyly related to but

genetically distinct from Alperts syndrome George Carpenter (1859ndash1910) physician UK

Charcots artery of cerebral haemorrhage lenticulostriate branch of middle cerebral artery Jean Martin Charcot (1825ndash1893) neurologist and physician Salpetriegravere Paris France

CharcotndashMariendashTooth disease an inherited disorder of nerves that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation predominantly in the feet and legs Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) French neurologist Pierre Marie (1853-1940) French neurologist assistant to Charcot and Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) British neurologist

Chassaignacs carotid tubercle the prominent anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra against which the carotid artery can be compressed Charles Marie Edouard Chassaignac (1805ndash1879) surgeon Paris France

Chilaiditi syndrome the presence of a long mesentery related to the distal ascending and proximal transverse colon resulting in the presence of either or both interposed between the right lobe of the liver and the diaphragm with or without abdominal symptoms Demetrius Chilaiditi (b 1883) Greek radiologist in Vienna Austria

Clara cells bronchiolar cells secreting surfactant Max Clara (1899ndash1966) Professor of Anatomy Leipzig Germany

Clarkes column basal nucleus in posterior horn of spinal grey matter Jacob Augustus Lockhart Clarke (1817ndash1880) neurologist Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis London UK

Claudius supporting cells of supporting cells on the floor of the cochlear canal of the inner ear Friedrich Matthias Claudius (1822ndash1869) Professor of Anatomy successively in Kiel and Marburg Germany

Clelands ligament (transverse retrovascular ligament) thin fibres passing from the lateral surfaces of the interphalangeal joints to the skin of the fingers John Cleland (1835ndash1925) Professor of Anatomy Glasgow UK

Cloquets node (gland) lymph node in the femoral canal Jules Germain Cloquet (1790ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Paris

Colles fascia ndash continuation of Scarpas layer of abdominal fascia fracture ndash fracture of the lower end of the radius with dorsal displacement Abraham Colles (1773ndash1843) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland Dublin Ireland

Coopers pectineal ligament ndash thickened periosteum on the penten suspensory ligaments ndash suspensory ligaments of the breast Sir Astley Pastor Cooper (1768ndash1841) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK

Corti organ of rods of auditory hair cells of the cochlea Alfonso Corti (1822ndash1888) histologist Held no academic post but worked in Vienna Berlin Utrecht and Turin

Crouzons syndrome craniofacial dysostosis Premature closures of cranial vault sutures maxillary hypoplasia and ocular and aural anomalies Octave Crouzon (1874ndash1938) neurologist Salpecirctriegravere Paris France

Cullens sign bluish discolouration at the umbilicus from extravasated blood in ruptured ectopic pregnancy and pancreatitis ndash an uncommon physical sign Thomas Cullen (1869ndash1953) Professor of Gynaecology Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore USA

Cupidrsquos bow expression to describe the upper curl of the lip which resembles Cupidrsquos bow Cupid the Roman god of love pictured as a winged boy with a bow

Cushingoid syndrome the syndrome produced by glucocorticosteroid excess Harvey Cushing (1869ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Harvard neurosurgeon Peter Bent Brigham Hospital Boston USA

Cuvier duct of termination of the cardinal vein in the fetus Baron Georges Cuvier (1760ndash1832) zoologist and palaeontologist Paris France

Darkschewitsch nucleus of posterior commissural nucleus Liverij Osipovich Darkschewitsch (1858ndash1925) neuroanatomist University of Moscow

Darwinrsquos tubercle slight projection which may be present on the posterior superior aspect of the helix of the pinna (auricle) of the external ear Charles Robert Darwin (1809ndash1882) English naturalist author of lsquoOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selectionrsquo

Deiters phalangeal supporting cells ndash outer hair cells in the organ of Corti nucleus ndash lateral vestibular nucleus of the vestibulocochlear nerve Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834ndash1863) Professor of Anatomy and Histology Bonn Germany

Denonvilliers fascia fascia separating the prostate from the rectum Charles Pierre Denonvilliers (1808ndash1872) Professor of Anatomy Paris France

De Quervains tenovaginitis stenosing tenovaginitis of the tendon sheath of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis Fritz de Quervain (1868ndash1940) Professor of Surgery Berne Switzerland

Descemets posterior limiting lamina layer membrane posterior membrane of the cornea Jean Descemet (1732ndash1810) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Paris

DiGeorgersquos syndrome congenital disorder in which defective development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches results in hypoplasia or aplasia of the thymus and parathyroid glands Angelo Mario DiGeorge (b 1921) American paediatrician

Disse perisinusoidal space of space between the venous sinusoid and the hepatic cells Josef Disse (1852ndash1912) anatomist Germany

Dorellorsquos canal an opening sometimes found in the temporal bone through which the abducens nerve and inferior petrosal sinus together enter the cavernous sinus Primo Dorello 19th century Italian anatomist

Down syndrome Trisomy 21 producing mental retardation and characteristic facies with variable additional abnormalities John Langdon Haydon Down (1828ndash1896) Cornish physician

Douglas pouch of rectouterine peritoneal pouch James Douglas (1675ndash1742) anatomist and obstetrician London UK

Drummond marginal artery (or arch) of the anastomoses between the ileo-colic right colic middle colic left colic and sigmoid arteries (the arch of Roilan is the part of this arch between the middle and left colic artery) Hamilton Drummond (1882ndash1925) surgeon Newcastle Upon Tyne UK

Duchenne muscular dystrophy chronic progressive muscular atrophy due to mutations in the dystrophin gene Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne de Boulogne (1806ndash1921) French neurologist

Dupuytrens disease (contracture) contraction and fibrosis of the palmar (and occasionally the plantar) fascia Baron Guillaume Dupuytren (1777ndash1835) surgeon Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

EdingerndashWestphal nucleus midbrain nucleus containing preganglionic neurons destined to synapse in the ciliary ganglion it lies close to the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve Ludwig Edinger (1855ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy Frankfurt-am-Main Germany Karl Westphal (1833ndash1890) Professor of Psychiatry Berlin Germany

EhlersndashDanlos syndrome a group of rare genetic disorders affecting humans and domestic animals caused by a defect in collagen synthesis Edward Ehlers of Denmark (1863 ndash 1937) and Henri-Alexandre Danlos of France (1844 ndash 1912) identified the syndrome at the turn of the 20th century

Eisenmenger complex the combination of ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension and consequent right-to-left shunt through the defect with or without an associated overriding aorta Victor Eisenmenger (1864ndash1932) German physician

Elschnigrsquos layer astroglial membrane at the optic nerve head continuous with the internal limiting membrane of the retina Anton Elschnig (1863ndash1939) Professor University of Prague Eye Clinic

Epleyrsquos manoeuvre canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo John Epley American otolaryngologist

Erbrsquos point The point on the side of the neck 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle and in front of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra Pressure over this point elicits the Duchenne-Erb paralysis and electrical stimulation over this area causes various arm muscles to contract Wilhelm Erb (1840ndash1921) Professor of Neurology Heidelberg Germany

ErbndashDuchenne paralysis the result of injury to the C5 and C6 roots of the brachial plexus Wilhelm Erb (1840ndash1921) Professor of Neurology Heidelberg Germany G B A Duchenne (1806ndash1875) neurologist Paris France

Eustachian tube ndash the pharyngotympanic tube valve ndash inferior vena caval valve in right atrium Bartolomeo Eustachi (1513ndash1574) Professor of Anatomy Rome Italy and physician to the Pope

Fallopian aqueduct or canal ndash canal for facial nerve in the temporal bone tube ndash the uterine tube

Gabrielle Fallopio (1523ndash1562) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy a pupil of Vesalius Fallots tetralogy congenital heart disease comprising pulmonary stenosis right ventricular

hypertrophy ventricular septal defect and over-riding of the aorta Etienne-Louis Fallot (1850ndash1911) Professor of Medicine Marseilles France

Fordyces spots small mucosal cysts of cheeks lips and tongue J Fordyce (1858ndash1925) dermatologist New York USA

Forel H field of ventral tegmental decussation between the red nuclei August Forel (1848ndash1931) anatomist and neurologist Zurich Switzerland

FoxndashFordyce disease chronic papular disease involving apocrine sweat duct obstruction eg in the axilla George Henry Fox (1846ndash1937) American dermatologist John Addison Fordyce (1858ndash1925) American dermatologist

Freibergrsquos infraction Osteochondrosis of a metatarsal head usually the second (more rarely 3rd or 4th) metatarsal bone of the foot presenting the picture of subchondral cancellous bone necrosis Characterized by localized pain and swelling over the metatarsal head overlying skin red and limitation of movement in an adolescent X-rays show the head to be crushed and fragmented Occurs most often in girls aged 10 to 18 years

Albert Henry Freiberg (1868 ndash 1940) American surgeon Freys syndrome sweating in distribution of auriculotemporal nerve triggered by eating

(auriculo-gustatory sweating) after injury to the facial nerve Lucja Frey (1889ndash1944) neurologist Warsaw Poland

Froehse arcade of arcade between the two layers of supinator it transmits the posterior interosseous nerve Fritz Froehse anatomist Germany

Froumlhlich syndrome adiposogenital dystrophy Alfred Froumlhlich (1871ndash1953) Austrian pharmacologist in the USA

Galens nerve (ansa galeni) ndash branch of the superior laryngeal nerve to the recurrent laryngeal

nerve vein (deep galenic venous system) ndash the great cerebral vein Claudius Galen (130ndash200 AD) born Pergamum Asia Minor studied there and in Smyrna Corinth and Alexandria Physician to Marcus Aurelius and taught Anatomy and Medicine in Rome Author of numerous texts on anatomy surgery and medicine

Gartners duct cyst paravaginal duct mesonephric duct remnant Hermann Treschow Gaumlrtner (1785ndash1827) surgeon in Norwegian and then Danish army

Gennari stria (white line) of white band or stripe in the occipital cortex

Francesco Gennari (1750ndash1797) anatomist Parma Italy Gerdys tubercle the attachment of the ilio-tibial tract to the proximal tibia

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797ndash1856) surgeon and pathologist Paris France Gerotas fascia the renal fascia encapsulates the perinephric fat

Dumitru Gerota (1867ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Bucharest Romania Giacomini band of band on surface of the uncus

Carlo Giacomini (1840ndash1898) Professor of Anatomy Turin Italy Giemsa staining solution containing azure-II glycerin and methanol Stained elements appear

pink to purple to blue Gustav Giemsa (1867ndash1948) German chemist and bacteriologist

Gillies approach flap operation an instrument is inserted deep to the deep lamina of temporalis fascia through a scalp incision and used to elevate depressed zygomatic complex fractures Sir Harold Delf Gillies (1882ndash1960) British plastic surgeon

Glissons capsule sheath the fibrous capsule of the liver Francis Glisson (1597ndash1677) Regius Professor of Medicine Cambridge Described rickets in 1671

Goethe ossicle of the incus (an auditory ossicle) Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749ndash1832) poet philosopher and scientist Germany

Goldenhaar syndrome hemifacial microsomia A syndrome of dermoid cysts auricular appendices asymmetrical malformations of the face and vertebral abnormalities Maurice Goldenhaar (1924ndash2001) American physician

Golgi complexes or apparatus or bodies ndash membranous cellular organelles or vesicles cells or neurones ndash GABA-ergic cerebellar interneurones corpuscles ndash tactile end organs in skin and muscle staining technique ndash silver staining method for neurones tendon organs ndash A proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibres of a tendon Camillo Golgi (1844ndash1926) Professor of Histology and Anatomy successively in Padua and then Sienna Italy

Goodpasturersquos syndrome Autoimmune condition in which autoantibodies damage the basal lamina primarily affecting renal and lung function Ernest William Goodpasture (1886ndash1960) American pathologist Tennessee

Graafian follicle the mature ovarian follicle Regnier de Graaf (1641ndash1673) anatomist and physician Delft Holland

Gravesrsquo disease disorder of the thyroid usually of autoimmune etiology characterized by at least two of the following hyperthyroidism goiter and exophthalmos Robert James Graves (1796ndash1853) Irish physician

Graysons ligament fascial fibres which pass from the lateral sides of the phalanges volar to the neurovascular bundle J Grayson Professor of Anatomy Manchester UK

Grey Turners sign bluish discoloration in the left loin caused by extravasated blood in acute pancreatitis ndash an uncommon physical sign George Grey Turner (1877ndash1951) Surgeon at Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle Upon Tyne and the Professor of Surgery Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith London UK

Guerins fracture a LeFort I level fracture of the maxilla Alphonse Guerin (1816ndash1895) surgeon Paris France

GuillainndashBarreacute syndrome acute idiopathic polyneuritis Georges Guillain (1876ndash1951) French neurologist Jean Alexander Barreacute (1880ndash1967) French neurologist

Guyons canal canal for the ulnar nerve and vessels defined medially by the pisiform and posteriorly by the flexor retinaculum Jean Casimir Guyon (1831ndash1920) surgeon Paris France

Hallers cells ndash infraorbital ethmoid cells (synonym orbitoethmoidal cells) which may be specified as either anterior or posterior ethmoid They may lie lateral to the infundibulum and then open in to the middle meatus They grow into the bony orbital floor and may obstruct the ostia of either the ethmoid infundibulum or the maxillary sinus during endonasal procedures layer ndash layer of large blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Harriss growth lines transverse juxta-epiphyseal lines of long bones seen on X-ray and representing temporary growth arrest Henry Harris (1886ndash1951) Professor of Anatomy Cambridge UK

Hartmanns pouch dilatation above the neck of the gallbladder ndash a pathological entity produced by a contained gallstone Henri Hartmann (1860ndash1952) Professor of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Paris France

Hassallrsquos corpuscles spherical or ovoid bodies found in the medulla of the thymus composed of concentric arrays of epithelial cells which contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments Arthur Hill Hassall (1817ndash1894) English chemist and physician

Haversian canals ndash central vascular channels in Haversian systems systems ndash cylindrical units of tissue (osteons) in compact bone Clopton Havers (1817ndash1894) physician practising first in London then in Isle of Wight UK

Heidenhainrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (1834ndash1897) Breslau physiologist

Henles fibres the lsquoaxonsrsquo of foveal retinal cones running parallel to the retinal surface layer ndash outer layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair loop ndash the looped portion of the renal tubule Friedrich Gustav Henle (1808ndash1885) Professor of Anatomy successively in Zurich Heidelberg and Goumlttingen Germany

Henry knot of the crossing of the tendon of flexor hallucis longus deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886ndash1962) Professor of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Hensenrsquos node ndash thickening at the site of the first formation of the primitive streak cells stripe ndash in the organ of Corti (see above) to the outer side of the cells of Deiters (see above) Viktor Hensen (1834ndash1924) Professor of Physiology Kiel Germany

HeringndashBreuer reflex lung stretch reflex mediated by the vagus Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Vienna and then Leipzig Josef Breuer (1842ndash1925) psychiatrist and physiologist Vienna where he collaborated with Hering

Hering canals of fine terminal ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium linking the intralobular bile canaliculi with bile ducts in the portal canals Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Academy of Military Medicine Vienna and Leipzig

Heschls transverse temporal gyri gyri on temporal lobe of brain Richard Heschl (1824ndash1881) Professor of Pathology Cracow and then of Clinical Medicine Graz Austria

Heubnerrsquos artery Cerebral artery supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and anteroinferior internal capsule Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843ndash1926) German paediatrician

Heusers membrane the parietal hypoblast layer Chester Heuser (1885ndash1965) embryologist USA

Hiltons law nerves crossing a joint supply the joint the muscles acting on the joint and the skin overlying the joint

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Darkschewitsch nucleus of posterior commissural nucleus Liverij Osipovich Darkschewitsch (1858ndash1925) neuroanatomist University of Moscow

Darwinrsquos tubercle slight projection which may be present on the posterior superior aspect of the helix of the pinna (auricle) of the external ear Charles Robert Darwin (1809ndash1882) English naturalist author of lsquoOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selectionrsquo

Deiters phalangeal supporting cells ndash outer hair cells in the organ of Corti nucleus ndash lateral vestibular nucleus of the vestibulocochlear nerve Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834ndash1863) Professor of Anatomy and Histology Bonn Germany

Denonvilliers fascia fascia separating the prostate from the rectum Charles Pierre Denonvilliers (1808ndash1872) Professor of Anatomy Paris France

De Quervains tenovaginitis stenosing tenovaginitis of the tendon sheath of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis Fritz de Quervain (1868ndash1940) Professor of Surgery Berne Switzerland

Descemets posterior limiting lamina layer membrane posterior membrane of the cornea Jean Descemet (1732ndash1810) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Paris

DiGeorgersquos syndrome congenital disorder in which defective development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches results in hypoplasia or aplasia of the thymus and parathyroid glands Angelo Mario DiGeorge (b 1921) American paediatrician

Disse perisinusoidal space of space between the venous sinusoid and the hepatic cells Josef Disse (1852ndash1912) anatomist Germany

Dorellorsquos canal an opening sometimes found in the temporal bone through which the abducens nerve and inferior petrosal sinus together enter the cavernous sinus Primo Dorello 19th century Italian anatomist

Down syndrome Trisomy 21 producing mental retardation and characteristic facies with variable additional abnormalities John Langdon Haydon Down (1828ndash1896) Cornish physician

Douglas pouch of rectouterine peritoneal pouch James Douglas (1675ndash1742) anatomist and obstetrician London UK

Drummond marginal artery (or arch) of the anastomoses between the ileo-colic right colic middle colic left colic and sigmoid arteries (the arch of Roilan is the part of this arch between the middle and left colic artery) Hamilton Drummond (1882ndash1925) surgeon Newcastle Upon Tyne UK

Duchenne muscular dystrophy chronic progressive muscular atrophy due to mutations in the dystrophin gene Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne de Boulogne (1806ndash1921) French neurologist

Dupuytrens disease (contracture) contraction and fibrosis of the palmar (and occasionally the plantar) fascia Baron Guillaume Dupuytren (1777ndash1835) surgeon Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

EdingerndashWestphal nucleus midbrain nucleus containing preganglionic neurons destined to synapse in the ciliary ganglion it lies close to the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve Ludwig Edinger (1855ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy Frankfurt-am-Main Germany Karl Westphal (1833ndash1890) Professor of Psychiatry Berlin Germany

EhlersndashDanlos syndrome a group of rare genetic disorders affecting humans and domestic animals caused by a defect in collagen synthesis Edward Ehlers of Denmark (1863 ndash 1937) and Henri-Alexandre Danlos of France (1844 ndash 1912) identified the syndrome at the turn of the 20th century

Eisenmenger complex the combination of ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension and consequent right-to-left shunt through the defect with or without an associated overriding aorta Victor Eisenmenger (1864ndash1932) German physician

Elschnigrsquos layer astroglial membrane at the optic nerve head continuous with the internal limiting membrane of the retina Anton Elschnig (1863ndash1939) Professor University of Prague Eye Clinic

Epleyrsquos manoeuvre canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo John Epley American otolaryngologist

Erbrsquos point The point on the side of the neck 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle and in front of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra Pressure over this point elicits the Duchenne-Erb paralysis and electrical stimulation over this area causes various arm muscles to contract Wilhelm Erb (1840ndash1921) Professor of Neurology Heidelberg Germany

ErbndashDuchenne paralysis the result of injury to the C5 and C6 roots of the brachial plexus Wilhelm Erb (1840ndash1921) Professor of Neurology Heidelberg Germany G B A Duchenne (1806ndash1875) neurologist Paris France

Eustachian tube ndash the pharyngotympanic tube valve ndash inferior vena caval valve in right atrium Bartolomeo Eustachi (1513ndash1574) Professor of Anatomy Rome Italy and physician to the Pope

Fallopian aqueduct or canal ndash canal for facial nerve in the temporal bone tube ndash the uterine tube

Gabrielle Fallopio (1523ndash1562) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy a pupil of Vesalius Fallots tetralogy congenital heart disease comprising pulmonary stenosis right ventricular

hypertrophy ventricular septal defect and over-riding of the aorta Etienne-Louis Fallot (1850ndash1911) Professor of Medicine Marseilles France

Fordyces spots small mucosal cysts of cheeks lips and tongue J Fordyce (1858ndash1925) dermatologist New York USA

Forel H field of ventral tegmental decussation between the red nuclei August Forel (1848ndash1931) anatomist and neurologist Zurich Switzerland

FoxndashFordyce disease chronic papular disease involving apocrine sweat duct obstruction eg in the axilla George Henry Fox (1846ndash1937) American dermatologist John Addison Fordyce (1858ndash1925) American dermatologist

Freibergrsquos infraction Osteochondrosis of a metatarsal head usually the second (more rarely 3rd or 4th) metatarsal bone of the foot presenting the picture of subchondral cancellous bone necrosis Characterized by localized pain and swelling over the metatarsal head overlying skin red and limitation of movement in an adolescent X-rays show the head to be crushed and fragmented Occurs most often in girls aged 10 to 18 years

Albert Henry Freiberg (1868 ndash 1940) American surgeon Freys syndrome sweating in distribution of auriculotemporal nerve triggered by eating

(auriculo-gustatory sweating) after injury to the facial nerve Lucja Frey (1889ndash1944) neurologist Warsaw Poland

Froehse arcade of arcade between the two layers of supinator it transmits the posterior interosseous nerve Fritz Froehse anatomist Germany

Froumlhlich syndrome adiposogenital dystrophy Alfred Froumlhlich (1871ndash1953) Austrian pharmacologist in the USA

Galens nerve (ansa galeni) ndash branch of the superior laryngeal nerve to the recurrent laryngeal

nerve vein (deep galenic venous system) ndash the great cerebral vein Claudius Galen (130ndash200 AD) born Pergamum Asia Minor studied there and in Smyrna Corinth and Alexandria Physician to Marcus Aurelius and taught Anatomy and Medicine in Rome Author of numerous texts on anatomy surgery and medicine

Gartners duct cyst paravaginal duct mesonephric duct remnant Hermann Treschow Gaumlrtner (1785ndash1827) surgeon in Norwegian and then Danish army

Gennari stria (white line) of white band or stripe in the occipital cortex

Francesco Gennari (1750ndash1797) anatomist Parma Italy Gerdys tubercle the attachment of the ilio-tibial tract to the proximal tibia

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797ndash1856) surgeon and pathologist Paris France Gerotas fascia the renal fascia encapsulates the perinephric fat

Dumitru Gerota (1867ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Bucharest Romania Giacomini band of band on surface of the uncus

Carlo Giacomini (1840ndash1898) Professor of Anatomy Turin Italy Giemsa staining solution containing azure-II glycerin and methanol Stained elements appear

pink to purple to blue Gustav Giemsa (1867ndash1948) German chemist and bacteriologist

Gillies approach flap operation an instrument is inserted deep to the deep lamina of temporalis fascia through a scalp incision and used to elevate depressed zygomatic complex fractures Sir Harold Delf Gillies (1882ndash1960) British plastic surgeon

Glissons capsule sheath the fibrous capsule of the liver Francis Glisson (1597ndash1677) Regius Professor of Medicine Cambridge Described rickets in 1671

Goethe ossicle of the incus (an auditory ossicle) Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749ndash1832) poet philosopher and scientist Germany

Goldenhaar syndrome hemifacial microsomia A syndrome of dermoid cysts auricular appendices asymmetrical malformations of the face and vertebral abnormalities Maurice Goldenhaar (1924ndash2001) American physician

Golgi complexes or apparatus or bodies ndash membranous cellular organelles or vesicles cells or neurones ndash GABA-ergic cerebellar interneurones corpuscles ndash tactile end organs in skin and muscle staining technique ndash silver staining method for neurones tendon organs ndash A proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibres of a tendon Camillo Golgi (1844ndash1926) Professor of Histology and Anatomy successively in Padua and then Sienna Italy

Goodpasturersquos syndrome Autoimmune condition in which autoantibodies damage the basal lamina primarily affecting renal and lung function Ernest William Goodpasture (1886ndash1960) American pathologist Tennessee

Graafian follicle the mature ovarian follicle Regnier de Graaf (1641ndash1673) anatomist and physician Delft Holland

Gravesrsquo disease disorder of the thyroid usually of autoimmune etiology characterized by at least two of the following hyperthyroidism goiter and exophthalmos Robert James Graves (1796ndash1853) Irish physician

Graysons ligament fascial fibres which pass from the lateral sides of the phalanges volar to the neurovascular bundle J Grayson Professor of Anatomy Manchester UK

Grey Turners sign bluish discoloration in the left loin caused by extravasated blood in acute pancreatitis ndash an uncommon physical sign George Grey Turner (1877ndash1951) Surgeon at Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle Upon Tyne and the Professor of Surgery Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith London UK

Guerins fracture a LeFort I level fracture of the maxilla Alphonse Guerin (1816ndash1895) surgeon Paris France

GuillainndashBarreacute syndrome acute idiopathic polyneuritis Georges Guillain (1876ndash1951) French neurologist Jean Alexander Barreacute (1880ndash1967) French neurologist

Guyons canal canal for the ulnar nerve and vessels defined medially by the pisiform and posteriorly by the flexor retinaculum Jean Casimir Guyon (1831ndash1920) surgeon Paris France

Hallers cells ndash infraorbital ethmoid cells (synonym orbitoethmoidal cells) which may be specified as either anterior or posterior ethmoid They may lie lateral to the infundibulum and then open in to the middle meatus They grow into the bony orbital floor and may obstruct the ostia of either the ethmoid infundibulum or the maxillary sinus during endonasal procedures layer ndash layer of large blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Harriss growth lines transverse juxta-epiphyseal lines of long bones seen on X-ray and representing temporary growth arrest Henry Harris (1886ndash1951) Professor of Anatomy Cambridge UK

Hartmanns pouch dilatation above the neck of the gallbladder ndash a pathological entity produced by a contained gallstone Henri Hartmann (1860ndash1952) Professor of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Paris France

Hassallrsquos corpuscles spherical or ovoid bodies found in the medulla of the thymus composed of concentric arrays of epithelial cells which contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments Arthur Hill Hassall (1817ndash1894) English chemist and physician

Haversian canals ndash central vascular channels in Haversian systems systems ndash cylindrical units of tissue (osteons) in compact bone Clopton Havers (1817ndash1894) physician practising first in London then in Isle of Wight UK

Heidenhainrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (1834ndash1897) Breslau physiologist

Henles fibres the lsquoaxonsrsquo of foveal retinal cones running parallel to the retinal surface layer ndash outer layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair loop ndash the looped portion of the renal tubule Friedrich Gustav Henle (1808ndash1885) Professor of Anatomy successively in Zurich Heidelberg and Goumlttingen Germany

Henry knot of the crossing of the tendon of flexor hallucis longus deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886ndash1962) Professor of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Hensenrsquos node ndash thickening at the site of the first formation of the primitive streak cells stripe ndash in the organ of Corti (see above) to the outer side of the cells of Deiters (see above) Viktor Hensen (1834ndash1924) Professor of Physiology Kiel Germany

HeringndashBreuer reflex lung stretch reflex mediated by the vagus Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Vienna and then Leipzig Josef Breuer (1842ndash1925) psychiatrist and physiologist Vienna where he collaborated with Hering

Hering canals of fine terminal ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium linking the intralobular bile canaliculi with bile ducts in the portal canals Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Academy of Military Medicine Vienna and Leipzig

Heschls transverse temporal gyri gyri on temporal lobe of brain Richard Heschl (1824ndash1881) Professor of Pathology Cracow and then of Clinical Medicine Graz Austria

Heubnerrsquos artery Cerebral artery supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and anteroinferior internal capsule Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843ndash1926) German paediatrician

Heusers membrane the parietal hypoblast layer Chester Heuser (1885ndash1965) embryologist USA

Hiltons law nerves crossing a joint supply the joint the muscles acting on the joint and the skin overlying the joint

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Duchenne muscular dystrophy chronic progressive muscular atrophy due to mutations in the dystrophin gene Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne de Boulogne (1806ndash1921) French neurologist

Dupuytrens disease (contracture) contraction and fibrosis of the palmar (and occasionally the plantar) fascia Baron Guillaume Dupuytren (1777ndash1835) surgeon Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

EdingerndashWestphal nucleus midbrain nucleus containing preganglionic neurons destined to synapse in the ciliary ganglion it lies close to the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve Ludwig Edinger (1855ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy Frankfurt-am-Main Germany Karl Westphal (1833ndash1890) Professor of Psychiatry Berlin Germany

EhlersndashDanlos syndrome a group of rare genetic disorders affecting humans and domestic animals caused by a defect in collagen synthesis Edward Ehlers of Denmark (1863 ndash 1937) and Henri-Alexandre Danlos of France (1844 ndash 1912) identified the syndrome at the turn of the 20th century

Eisenmenger complex the combination of ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension and consequent right-to-left shunt through the defect with or without an associated overriding aorta Victor Eisenmenger (1864ndash1932) German physician

Elschnigrsquos layer astroglial membrane at the optic nerve head continuous with the internal limiting membrane of the retina Anton Elschnig (1863ndash1939) Professor University of Prague Eye Clinic

Epleyrsquos manoeuvre canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo John Epley American otolaryngologist

Erbrsquos point The point on the side of the neck 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle and in front of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra Pressure over this point elicits the Duchenne-Erb paralysis and electrical stimulation over this area causes various arm muscles to contract Wilhelm Erb (1840ndash1921) Professor of Neurology Heidelberg Germany

ErbndashDuchenne paralysis the result of injury to the C5 and C6 roots of the brachial plexus Wilhelm Erb (1840ndash1921) Professor of Neurology Heidelberg Germany G B A Duchenne (1806ndash1875) neurologist Paris France

Eustachian tube ndash the pharyngotympanic tube valve ndash inferior vena caval valve in right atrium Bartolomeo Eustachi (1513ndash1574) Professor of Anatomy Rome Italy and physician to the Pope

Fallopian aqueduct or canal ndash canal for facial nerve in the temporal bone tube ndash the uterine tube

Gabrielle Fallopio (1523ndash1562) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy a pupil of Vesalius Fallots tetralogy congenital heart disease comprising pulmonary stenosis right ventricular

hypertrophy ventricular septal defect and over-riding of the aorta Etienne-Louis Fallot (1850ndash1911) Professor of Medicine Marseilles France

Fordyces spots small mucosal cysts of cheeks lips and tongue J Fordyce (1858ndash1925) dermatologist New York USA

Forel H field of ventral tegmental decussation between the red nuclei August Forel (1848ndash1931) anatomist and neurologist Zurich Switzerland

FoxndashFordyce disease chronic papular disease involving apocrine sweat duct obstruction eg in the axilla George Henry Fox (1846ndash1937) American dermatologist John Addison Fordyce (1858ndash1925) American dermatologist

Freibergrsquos infraction Osteochondrosis of a metatarsal head usually the second (more rarely 3rd or 4th) metatarsal bone of the foot presenting the picture of subchondral cancellous bone necrosis Characterized by localized pain and swelling over the metatarsal head overlying skin red and limitation of movement in an adolescent X-rays show the head to be crushed and fragmented Occurs most often in girls aged 10 to 18 years

Albert Henry Freiberg (1868 ndash 1940) American surgeon Freys syndrome sweating in distribution of auriculotemporal nerve triggered by eating

(auriculo-gustatory sweating) after injury to the facial nerve Lucja Frey (1889ndash1944) neurologist Warsaw Poland

Froehse arcade of arcade between the two layers of supinator it transmits the posterior interosseous nerve Fritz Froehse anatomist Germany

Froumlhlich syndrome adiposogenital dystrophy Alfred Froumlhlich (1871ndash1953) Austrian pharmacologist in the USA

Galens nerve (ansa galeni) ndash branch of the superior laryngeal nerve to the recurrent laryngeal

nerve vein (deep galenic venous system) ndash the great cerebral vein Claudius Galen (130ndash200 AD) born Pergamum Asia Minor studied there and in Smyrna Corinth and Alexandria Physician to Marcus Aurelius and taught Anatomy and Medicine in Rome Author of numerous texts on anatomy surgery and medicine

Gartners duct cyst paravaginal duct mesonephric duct remnant Hermann Treschow Gaumlrtner (1785ndash1827) surgeon in Norwegian and then Danish army

Gennari stria (white line) of white band or stripe in the occipital cortex

Francesco Gennari (1750ndash1797) anatomist Parma Italy Gerdys tubercle the attachment of the ilio-tibial tract to the proximal tibia

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797ndash1856) surgeon and pathologist Paris France Gerotas fascia the renal fascia encapsulates the perinephric fat

Dumitru Gerota (1867ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Bucharest Romania Giacomini band of band on surface of the uncus

Carlo Giacomini (1840ndash1898) Professor of Anatomy Turin Italy Giemsa staining solution containing azure-II glycerin and methanol Stained elements appear

pink to purple to blue Gustav Giemsa (1867ndash1948) German chemist and bacteriologist

Gillies approach flap operation an instrument is inserted deep to the deep lamina of temporalis fascia through a scalp incision and used to elevate depressed zygomatic complex fractures Sir Harold Delf Gillies (1882ndash1960) British plastic surgeon

Glissons capsule sheath the fibrous capsule of the liver Francis Glisson (1597ndash1677) Regius Professor of Medicine Cambridge Described rickets in 1671

Goethe ossicle of the incus (an auditory ossicle) Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749ndash1832) poet philosopher and scientist Germany

Goldenhaar syndrome hemifacial microsomia A syndrome of dermoid cysts auricular appendices asymmetrical malformations of the face and vertebral abnormalities Maurice Goldenhaar (1924ndash2001) American physician

Golgi complexes or apparatus or bodies ndash membranous cellular organelles or vesicles cells or neurones ndash GABA-ergic cerebellar interneurones corpuscles ndash tactile end organs in skin and muscle staining technique ndash silver staining method for neurones tendon organs ndash A proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibres of a tendon Camillo Golgi (1844ndash1926) Professor of Histology and Anatomy successively in Padua and then Sienna Italy

Goodpasturersquos syndrome Autoimmune condition in which autoantibodies damage the basal lamina primarily affecting renal and lung function Ernest William Goodpasture (1886ndash1960) American pathologist Tennessee

Graafian follicle the mature ovarian follicle Regnier de Graaf (1641ndash1673) anatomist and physician Delft Holland

Gravesrsquo disease disorder of the thyroid usually of autoimmune etiology characterized by at least two of the following hyperthyroidism goiter and exophthalmos Robert James Graves (1796ndash1853) Irish physician

Graysons ligament fascial fibres which pass from the lateral sides of the phalanges volar to the neurovascular bundle J Grayson Professor of Anatomy Manchester UK

Grey Turners sign bluish discoloration in the left loin caused by extravasated blood in acute pancreatitis ndash an uncommon physical sign George Grey Turner (1877ndash1951) Surgeon at Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle Upon Tyne and the Professor of Surgery Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith London UK

Guerins fracture a LeFort I level fracture of the maxilla Alphonse Guerin (1816ndash1895) surgeon Paris France

GuillainndashBarreacute syndrome acute idiopathic polyneuritis Georges Guillain (1876ndash1951) French neurologist Jean Alexander Barreacute (1880ndash1967) French neurologist

Guyons canal canal for the ulnar nerve and vessels defined medially by the pisiform and posteriorly by the flexor retinaculum Jean Casimir Guyon (1831ndash1920) surgeon Paris France

Hallers cells ndash infraorbital ethmoid cells (synonym orbitoethmoidal cells) which may be specified as either anterior or posterior ethmoid They may lie lateral to the infundibulum and then open in to the middle meatus They grow into the bony orbital floor and may obstruct the ostia of either the ethmoid infundibulum or the maxillary sinus during endonasal procedures layer ndash layer of large blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Harriss growth lines transverse juxta-epiphyseal lines of long bones seen on X-ray and representing temporary growth arrest Henry Harris (1886ndash1951) Professor of Anatomy Cambridge UK

Hartmanns pouch dilatation above the neck of the gallbladder ndash a pathological entity produced by a contained gallstone Henri Hartmann (1860ndash1952) Professor of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Paris France

Hassallrsquos corpuscles spherical or ovoid bodies found in the medulla of the thymus composed of concentric arrays of epithelial cells which contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments Arthur Hill Hassall (1817ndash1894) English chemist and physician

Haversian canals ndash central vascular channels in Haversian systems systems ndash cylindrical units of tissue (osteons) in compact bone Clopton Havers (1817ndash1894) physician practising first in London then in Isle of Wight UK

Heidenhainrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (1834ndash1897) Breslau physiologist

Henles fibres the lsquoaxonsrsquo of foveal retinal cones running parallel to the retinal surface layer ndash outer layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair loop ndash the looped portion of the renal tubule Friedrich Gustav Henle (1808ndash1885) Professor of Anatomy successively in Zurich Heidelberg and Goumlttingen Germany

Henry knot of the crossing of the tendon of flexor hallucis longus deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886ndash1962) Professor of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Hensenrsquos node ndash thickening at the site of the first formation of the primitive streak cells stripe ndash in the organ of Corti (see above) to the outer side of the cells of Deiters (see above) Viktor Hensen (1834ndash1924) Professor of Physiology Kiel Germany

HeringndashBreuer reflex lung stretch reflex mediated by the vagus Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Vienna and then Leipzig Josef Breuer (1842ndash1925) psychiatrist and physiologist Vienna where he collaborated with Hering

Hering canals of fine terminal ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium linking the intralobular bile canaliculi with bile ducts in the portal canals Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Academy of Military Medicine Vienna and Leipzig

Heschls transverse temporal gyri gyri on temporal lobe of brain Richard Heschl (1824ndash1881) Professor of Pathology Cracow and then of Clinical Medicine Graz Austria

Heubnerrsquos artery Cerebral artery supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and anteroinferior internal capsule Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843ndash1926) German paediatrician

Heusers membrane the parietal hypoblast layer Chester Heuser (1885ndash1965) embryologist USA

Hiltons law nerves crossing a joint supply the joint the muscles acting on the joint and the skin overlying the joint

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Gabrielle Fallopio (1523ndash1562) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy a pupil of Vesalius Fallots tetralogy congenital heart disease comprising pulmonary stenosis right ventricular

hypertrophy ventricular septal defect and over-riding of the aorta Etienne-Louis Fallot (1850ndash1911) Professor of Medicine Marseilles France

Fordyces spots small mucosal cysts of cheeks lips and tongue J Fordyce (1858ndash1925) dermatologist New York USA

Forel H field of ventral tegmental decussation between the red nuclei August Forel (1848ndash1931) anatomist and neurologist Zurich Switzerland

FoxndashFordyce disease chronic papular disease involving apocrine sweat duct obstruction eg in the axilla George Henry Fox (1846ndash1937) American dermatologist John Addison Fordyce (1858ndash1925) American dermatologist

Freibergrsquos infraction Osteochondrosis of a metatarsal head usually the second (more rarely 3rd or 4th) metatarsal bone of the foot presenting the picture of subchondral cancellous bone necrosis Characterized by localized pain and swelling over the metatarsal head overlying skin red and limitation of movement in an adolescent X-rays show the head to be crushed and fragmented Occurs most often in girls aged 10 to 18 years

Albert Henry Freiberg (1868 ndash 1940) American surgeon Freys syndrome sweating in distribution of auriculotemporal nerve triggered by eating

(auriculo-gustatory sweating) after injury to the facial nerve Lucja Frey (1889ndash1944) neurologist Warsaw Poland

Froehse arcade of arcade between the two layers of supinator it transmits the posterior interosseous nerve Fritz Froehse anatomist Germany

Froumlhlich syndrome adiposogenital dystrophy Alfred Froumlhlich (1871ndash1953) Austrian pharmacologist in the USA

Galens nerve (ansa galeni) ndash branch of the superior laryngeal nerve to the recurrent laryngeal

nerve vein (deep galenic venous system) ndash the great cerebral vein Claudius Galen (130ndash200 AD) born Pergamum Asia Minor studied there and in Smyrna Corinth and Alexandria Physician to Marcus Aurelius and taught Anatomy and Medicine in Rome Author of numerous texts on anatomy surgery and medicine

Gartners duct cyst paravaginal duct mesonephric duct remnant Hermann Treschow Gaumlrtner (1785ndash1827) surgeon in Norwegian and then Danish army

Gennari stria (white line) of white band or stripe in the occipital cortex

Francesco Gennari (1750ndash1797) anatomist Parma Italy Gerdys tubercle the attachment of the ilio-tibial tract to the proximal tibia

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797ndash1856) surgeon and pathologist Paris France Gerotas fascia the renal fascia encapsulates the perinephric fat

Dumitru Gerota (1867ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Bucharest Romania Giacomini band of band on surface of the uncus

Carlo Giacomini (1840ndash1898) Professor of Anatomy Turin Italy Giemsa staining solution containing azure-II glycerin and methanol Stained elements appear

pink to purple to blue Gustav Giemsa (1867ndash1948) German chemist and bacteriologist

Gillies approach flap operation an instrument is inserted deep to the deep lamina of temporalis fascia through a scalp incision and used to elevate depressed zygomatic complex fractures Sir Harold Delf Gillies (1882ndash1960) British plastic surgeon

Glissons capsule sheath the fibrous capsule of the liver Francis Glisson (1597ndash1677) Regius Professor of Medicine Cambridge Described rickets in 1671

Goethe ossicle of the incus (an auditory ossicle) Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749ndash1832) poet philosopher and scientist Germany

Goldenhaar syndrome hemifacial microsomia A syndrome of dermoid cysts auricular appendices asymmetrical malformations of the face and vertebral abnormalities Maurice Goldenhaar (1924ndash2001) American physician

Golgi complexes or apparatus or bodies ndash membranous cellular organelles or vesicles cells or neurones ndash GABA-ergic cerebellar interneurones corpuscles ndash tactile end organs in skin and muscle staining technique ndash silver staining method for neurones tendon organs ndash A proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibres of a tendon Camillo Golgi (1844ndash1926) Professor of Histology and Anatomy successively in Padua and then Sienna Italy

Goodpasturersquos syndrome Autoimmune condition in which autoantibodies damage the basal lamina primarily affecting renal and lung function Ernest William Goodpasture (1886ndash1960) American pathologist Tennessee

Graafian follicle the mature ovarian follicle Regnier de Graaf (1641ndash1673) anatomist and physician Delft Holland

Gravesrsquo disease disorder of the thyroid usually of autoimmune etiology characterized by at least two of the following hyperthyroidism goiter and exophthalmos Robert James Graves (1796ndash1853) Irish physician

Graysons ligament fascial fibres which pass from the lateral sides of the phalanges volar to the neurovascular bundle J Grayson Professor of Anatomy Manchester UK

Grey Turners sign bluish discoloration in the left loin caused by extravasated blood in acute pancreatitis ndash an uncommon physical sign George Grey Turner (1877ndash1951) Surgeon at Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle Upon Tyne and the Professor of Surgery Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith London UK

Guerins fracture a LeFort I level fracture of the maxilla Alphonse Guerin (1816ndash1895) surgeon Paris France

GuillainndashBarreacute syndrome acute idiopathic polyneuritis Georges Guillain (1876ndash1951) French neurologist Jean Alexander Barreacute (1880ndash1967) French neurologist

Guyons canal canal for the ulnar nerve and vessels defined medially by the pisiform and posteriorly by the flexor retinaculum Jean Casimir Guyon (1831ndash1920) surgeon Paris France

Hallers cells ndash infraorbital ethmoid cells (synonym orbitoethmoidal cells) which may be specified as either anterior or posterior ethmoid They may lie lateral to the infundibulum and then open in to the middle meatus They grow into the bony orbital floor and may obstruct the ostia of either the ethmoid infundibulum or the maxillary sinus during endonasal procedures layer ndash layer of large blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Harriss growth lines transverse juxta-epiphyseal lines of long bones seen on X-ray and representing temporary growth arrest Henry Harris (1886ndash1951) Professor of Anatomy Cambridge UK

Hartmanns pouch dilatation above the neck of the gallbladder ndash a pathological entity produced by a contained gallstone Henri Hartmann (1860ndash1952) Professor of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Paris France

Hassallrsquos corpuscles spherical or ovoid bodies found in the medulla of the thymus composed of concentric arrays of epithelial cells which contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments Arthur Hill Hassall (1817ndash1894) English chemist and physician

Haversian canals ndash central vascular channels in Haversian systems systems ndash cylindrical units of tissue (osteons) in compact bone Clopton Havers (1817ndash1894) physician practising first in London then in Isle of Wight UK

Heidenhainrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (1834ndash1897) Breslau physiologist

Henles fibres the lsquoaxonsrsquo of foveal retinal cones running parallel to the retinal surface layer ndash outer layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair loop ndash the looped portion of the renal tubule Friedrich Gustav Henle (1808ndash1885) Professor of Anatomy successively in Zurich Heidelberg and Goumlttingen Germany

Henry knot of the crossing of the tendon of flexor hallucis longus deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886ndash1962) Professor of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Hensenrsquos node ndash thickening at the site of the first formation of the primitive streak cells stripe ndash in the organ of Corti (see above) to the outer side of the cells of Deiters (see above) Viktor Hensen (1834ndash1924) Professor of Physiology Kiel Germany

HeringndashBreuer reflex lung stretch reflex mediated by the vagus Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Vienna and then Leipzig Josef Breuer (1842ndash1925) psychiatrist and physiologist Vienna where he collaborated with Hering

Hering canals of fine terminal ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium linking the intralobular bile canaliculi with bile ducts in the portal canals Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Academy of Military Medicine Vienna and Leipzig

Heschls transverse temporal gyri gyri on temporal lobe of brain Richard Heschl (1824ndash1881) Professor of Pathology Cracow and then of Clinical Medicine Graz Austria

Heubnerrsquos artery Cerebral artery supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and anteroinferior internal capsule Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843ndash1926) German paediatrician

Heusers membrane the parietal hypoblast layer Chester Heuser (1885ndash1965) embryologist USA

Hiltons law nerves crossing a joint supply the joint the muscles acting on the joint and the skin overlying the joint

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Francesco Gennari (1750ndash1797) anatomist Parma Italy Gerdys tubercle the attachment of the ilio-tibial tract to the proximal tibia

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797ndash1856) surgeon and pathologist Paris France Gerotas fascia the renal fascia encapsulates the perinephric fat

Dumitru Gerota (1867ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Bucharest Romania Giacomini band of band on surface of the uncus

Carlo Giacomini (1840ndash1898) Professor of Anatomy Turin Italy Giemsa staining solution containing azure-II glycerin and methanol Stained elements appear

pink to purple to blue Gustav Giemsa (1867ndash1948) German chemist and bacteriologist

Gillies approach flap operation an instrument is inserted deep to the deep lamina of temporalis fascia through a scalp incision and used to elevate depressed zygomatic complex fractures Sir Harold Delf Gillies (1882ndash1960) British plastic surgeon

Glissons capsule sheath the fibrous capsule of the liver Francis Glisson (1597ndash1677) Regius Professor of Medicine Cambridge Described rickets in 1671

Goethe ossicle of the incus (an auditory ossicle) Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749ndash1832) poet philosopher and scientist Germany

Goldenhaar syndrome hemifacial microsomia A syndrome of dermoid cysts auricular appendices asymmetrical malformations of the face and vertebral abnormalities Maurice Goldenhaar (1924ndash2001) American physician

Golgi complexes or apparatus or bodies ndash membranous cellular organelles or vesicles cells or neurones ndash GABA-ergic cerebellar interneurones corpuscles ndash tactile end organs in skin and muscle staining technique ndash silver staining method for neurones tendon organs ndash A proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibres of a tendon Camillo Golgi (1844ndash1926) Professor of Histology and Anatomy successively in Padua and then Sienna Italy

Goodpasturersquos syndrome Autoimmune condition in which autoantibodies damage the basal lamina primarily affecting renal and lung function Ernest William Goodpasture (1886ndash1960) American pathologist Tennessee

Graafian follicle the mature ovarian follicle Regnier de Graaf (1641ndash1673) anatomist and physician Delft Holland

Gravesrsquo disease disorder of the thyroid usually of autoimmune etiology characterized by at least two of the following hyperthyroidism goiter and exophthalmos Robert James Graves (1796ndash1853) Irish physician

Graysons ligament fascial fibres which pass from the lateral sides of the phalanges volar to the neurovascular bundle J Grayson Professor of Anatomy Manchester UK

Grey Turners sign bluish discoloration in the left loin caused by extravasated blood in acute pancreatitis ndash an uncommon physical sign George Grey Turner (1877ndash1951) Surgeon at Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle Upon Tyne and the Professor of Surgery Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith London UK

Guerins fracture a LeFort I level fracture of the maxilla Alphonse Guerin (1816ndash1895) surgeon Paris France

GuillainndashBarreacute syndrome acute idiopathic polyneuritis Georges Guillain (1876ndash1951) French neurologist Jean Alexander Barreacute (1880ndash1967) French neurologist

Guyons canal canal for the ulnar nerve and vessels defined medially by the pisiform and posteriorly by the flexor retinaculum Jean Casimir Guyon (1831ndash1920) surgeon Paris France

Hallers cells ndash infraorbital ethmoid cells (synonym orbitoethmoidal cells) which may be specified as either anterior or posterior ethmoid They may lie lateral to the infundibulum and then open in to the middle meatus They grow into the bony orbital floor and may obstruct the ostia of either the ethmoid infundibulum or the maxillary sinus during endonasal procedures layer ndash layer of large blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Harriss growth lines transverse juxta-epiphyseal lines of long bones seen on X-ray and representing temporary growth arrest Henry Harris (1886ndash1951) Professor of Anatomy Cambridge UK

Hartmanns pouch dilatation above the neck of the gallbladder ndash a pathological entity produced by a contained gallstone Henri Hartmann (1860ndash1952) Professor of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Paris France

Hassallrsquos corpuscles spherical or ovoid bodies found in the medulla of the thymus composed of concentric arrays of epithelial cells which contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments Arthur Hill Hassall (1817ndash1894) English chemist and physician

Haversian canals ndash central vascular channels in Haversian systems systems ndash cylindrical units of tissue (osteons) in compact bone Clopton Havers (1817ndash1894) physician practising first in London then in Isle of Wight UK

Heidenhainrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (1834ndash1897) Breslau physiologist

Henles fibres the lsquoaxonsrsquo of foveal retinal cones running parallel to the retinal surface layer ndash outer layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair loop ndash the looped portion of the renal tubule Friedrich Gustav Henle (1808ndash1885) Professor of Anatomy successively in Zurich Heidelberg and Goumlttingen Germany

Henry knot of the crossing of the tendon of flexor hallucis longus deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886ndash1962) Professor of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Hensenrsquos node ndash thickening at the site of the first formation of the primitive streak cells stripe ndash in the organ of Corti (see above) to the outer side of the cells of Deiters (see above) Viktor Hensen (1834ndash1924) Professor of Physiology Kiel Germany

HeringndashBreuer reflex lung stretch reflex mediated by the vagus Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Vienna and then Leipzig Josef Breuer (1842ndash1925) psychiatrist and physiologist Vienna where he collaborated with Hering

Hering canals of fine terminal ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium linking the intralobular bile canaliculi with bile ducts in the portal canals Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Academy of Military Medicine Vienna and Leipzig

Heschls transverse temporal gyri gyri on temporal lobe of brain Richard Heschl (1824ndash1881) Professor of Pathology Cracow and then of Clinical Medicine Graz Austria

Heubnerrsquos artery Cerebral artery supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and anteroinferior internal capsule Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843ndash1926) German paediatrician

Heusers membrane the parietal hypoblast layer Chester Heuser (1885ndash1965) embryologist USA

Hiltons law nerves crossing a joint supply the joint the muscles acting on the joint and the skin overlying the joint

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Gravesrsquo disease disorder of the thyroid usually of autoimmune etiology characterized by at least two of the following hyperthyroidism goiter and exophthalmos Robert James Graves (1796ndash1853) Irish physician

Graysons ligament fascial fibres which pass from the lateral sides of the phalanges volar to the neurovascular bundle J Grayson Professor of Anatomy Manchester UK

Grey Turners sign bluish discoloration in the left loin caused by extravasated blood in acute pancreatitis ndash an uncommon physical sign George Grey Turner (1877ndash1951) Surgeon at Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle Upon Tyne and the Professor of Surgery Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith London UK

Guerins fracture a LeFort I level fracture of the maxilla Alphonse Guerin (1816ndash1895) surgeon Paris France

GuillainndashBarreacute syndrome acute idiopathic polyneuritis Georges Guillain (1876ndash1951) French neurologist Jean Alexander Barreacute (1880ndash1967) French neurologist

Guyons canal canal for the ulnar nerve and vessels defined medially by the pisiform and posteriorly by the flexor retinaculum Jean Casimir Guyon (1831ndash1920) surgeon Paris France

Hallers cells ndash infraorbital ethmoid cells (synonym orbitoethmoidal cells) which may be specified as either anterior or posterior ethmoid They may lie lateral to the infundibulum and then open in to the middle meatus They grow into the bony orbital floor and may obstruct the ostia of either the ethmoid infundibulum or the maxillary sinus during endonasal procedures layer ndash layer of large blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Harriss growth lines transverse juxta-epiphyseal lines of long bones seen on X-ray and representing temporary growth arrest Henry Harris (1886ndash1951) Professor of Anatomy Cambridge UK

Hartmanns pouch dilatation above the neck of the gallbladder ndash a pathological entity produced by a contained gallstone Henri Hartmann (1860ndash1952) Professor of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Paris France

Hassallrsquos corpuscles spherical or ovoid bodies found in the medulla of the thymus composed of concentric arrays of epithelial cells which contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments Arthur Hill Hassall (1817ndash1894) English chemist and physician

Haversian canals ndash central vascular channels in Haversian systems systems ndash cylindrical units of tissue (osteons) in compact bone Clopton Havers (1817ndash1894) physician practising first in London then in Isle of Wight UK

Heidenhainrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (1834ndash1897) Breslau physiologist

Henles fibres the lsquoaxonsrsquo of foveal retinal cones running parallel to the retinal surface layer ndash outer layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair loop ndash the looped portion of the renal tubule Friedrich Gustav Henle (1808ndash1885) Professor of Anatomy successively in Zurich Heidelberg and Goumlttingen Germany

Henry knot of the crossing of the tendon of flexor hallucis longus deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886ndash1962) Professor of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Hensenrsquos node ndash thickening at the site of the first formation of the primitive streak cells stripe ndash in the organ of Corti (see above) to the outer side of the cells of Deiters (see above) Viktor Hensen (1834ndash1924) Professor of Physiology Kiel Germany

HeringndashBreuer reflex lung stretch reflex mediated by the vagus Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Vienna and then Leipzig Josef Breuer (1842ndash1925) psychiatrist and physiologist Vienna where he collaborated with Hering

Hering canals of fine terminal ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium linking the intralobular bile canaliculi with bile ducts in the portal canals Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Academy of Military Medicine Vienna and Leipzig

Heschls transverse temporal gyri gyri on temporal lobe of brain Richard Heschl (1824ndash1881) Professor of Pathology Cracow and then of Clinical Medicine Graz Austria

Heubnerrsquos artery Cerebral artery supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and anteroinferior internal capsule Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843ndash1926) German paediatrician

Heusers membrane the parietal hypoblast layer Chester Heuser (1885ndash1965) embryologist USA

Hiltons law nerves crossing a joint supply the joint the muscles acting on the joint and the skin overlying the joint

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Haversian canals ndash central vascular channels in Haversian systems systems ndash cylindrical units of tissue (osteons) in compact bone Clopton Havers (1817ndash1894) physician practising first in London then in Isle of Wight UK

Heidenhainrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (1834ndash1897) Breslau physiologist

Henles fibres the lsquoaxonsrsquo of foveal retinal cones running parallel to the retinal surface layer ndash outer layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair loop ndash the looped portion of the renal tubule Friedrich Gustav Henle (1808ndash1885) Professor of Anatomy successively in Zurich Heidelberg and Goumlttingen Germany

Henry knot of the crossing of the tendon of flexor hallucis longus deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886ndash1962) Professor of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Hensenrsquos node ndash thickening at the site of the first formation of the primitive streak cells stripe ndash in the organ of Corti (see above) to the outer side of the cells of Deiters (see above) Viktor Hensen (1834ndash1924) Professor of Physiology Kiel Germany

HeringndashBreuer reflex lung stretch reflex mediated by the vagus Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Vienna and then Leipzig Josef Breuer (1842ndash1925) psychiatrist and physiologist Vienna where he collaborated with Hering

Hering canals of fine terminal ductules lined by cuboidal epithelium linking the intralobular bile canaliculi with bile ducts in the portal canals Carl Ewald Hering (1834ndash1918) physiologist Academy of Military Medicine Vienna and Leipzig

Heschls transverse temporal gyri gyri on temporal lobe of brain Richard Heschl (1824ndash1881) Professor of Pathology Cracow and then of Clinical Medicine Graz Austria

Heubnerrsquos artery Cerebral artery supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and anteroinferior internal capsule Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843ndash1926) German paediatrician

Heusers membrane the parietal hypoblast layer Chester Heuser (1885ndash1965) embryologist USA

Hiltons law nerves crossing a joint supply the joint the muscles acting on the joint and the skin overlying the joint

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

John Hilton (1805ndash1878) surgeon Guys Hospital London UK Hirschsprungs disease megacolon resulting from congenital absence of autonomic ganglion

cells in distal contracted segment Harald Hirschsprung (1830ndash1916) physician Queen Louise Childrens Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

His bundle of ndash the atrioventricular bundle of the heart furcula of ndash an inverted U which appears in the central wall of the developing pharynx Wilhelm His (Junior) (1863ndash1934) Professor of Anatomy successively at Leipzig Basle Goumlttingen and Berlin Son of Wilhelm His Senior

Hoboken valves of constrictions of the contours of the umbilical arteries along their course through the umbilical cord Nicolas van Hoboken (1632ndash1678) Professor of Anatomy Harderwyk then Professor of Medicine and Mathematics in Steinfurt The Netherlands

Hofbauer cells placental macrophages in the chorionic villi J Isfred Hofbauer (1878ndash1961) American gynaecologist

Holden line of transverse skin crease at the groin caused by flexion of the hip Luther Holden (1815ndash1905) surgeon St Bartholomews Hospital London UK

Horners syndrome ptosis and pupillary constriction following interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eyelid and pupil respectively Johann Horner (1831ndash1886) Professor of Ophthalmology Zurich Switzerland

Howships lacunae absorption spaces in bone John Howship (1781ndash1841) surgeon St Georges and Charing Cross Hospitals London UK Suffered himself from osteomyelitis of the tibia and made special study of bone pathology

Humphrey ligament of meniscofemoral ligament ndash Humphrey described this ligament as running from the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament George Murray Humphrey (1820ndash1896) Professor of Anatomy and then of Surgery Cambridge UK Founder of Journal of Anatomy

Hunters canal the subsartorial canal John Hunter (1728ndash1793) surgeon St Georges Hospital London UK Described ligation of the femoral artery in the subsartorial canal for popliteal aneurysm

Huntingtonrsquos disease (chorea) Autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration George Sumner Huntington (1850ndash1916) American physician

Hurlerrsquos syndrome genetic disorder resulting in a deficiency in breakdown of mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix Gertrud Hurler (1889ndash1965) German paediatrician

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Huschke foramen of deficiency in the floor of the bony part of the external auditory meatus which usually closes by the fifth year but may persist throughout life Emil Huschke (1797ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Jena Germany

Huxleys layer the inner layer of cells of the root sheath of a hair Thomas Henry Huxley (1825ndash1895) lecturer in Natural History Royal School of Mines UK An early supporter of Darwinism

Hyrtls anastomosis occasional anastomosis between umbilical arteries in the placenta Joseph Hyrtl (1811ndash1894) anatomist Austria

Jacksons membrane peritoneal fold between caecum or ascending colon and lateral abdominal wall Jabez North Jackson (1868ndash1935) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Kansas City USA

Jeunersquos syndrome asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Mathis Jeune (b 1910) French paediatrician

Kartageners syndrome genetic disorder (immotile cilia syndrome) affecting axonemal dynein function Manes Kartagener (1897ndash1975) physician Switzerland

Kiesselbachs plexus site of haemorrhage on nasal septum Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839ndash1902) ear nose and throat surgeon Erlangen Germany

Killians dehiscence gap between the attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ndash site of origin of a pharyngeal pouch Gustav Killian (1860ndash1921) Professor of Laryngorhinology successively in Freiburg and Berlin Germany

KlippelndashFeil syndrome congenital fusion or reduction in number of cervical vertebrae Maurice Klippel (1858ndash1942) neurologist at Salpetriegravere Paris Andreacute Feil (1884ndash) neurologist France

Klumpkes paralysis injury to lowest root of brachial plexus (T1) Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859ndash1927) neurologist Paris France Married to another neurologist Joseph Dejerine

Koch triangle of triangular area in the wall of the right atrium which marks the site of the atrioventricular node Walter Koch (1880ndash) physician and pathologist Berlin and Freiburg France

Koumlhlerrsquos disease An avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone and less frequently the patella possibly due to repetitive compressive forces which cause a loss of blood supply and fragmentation in a bone that is not fully ossified More common in males onset at 3 to 8 years of age Asymptomatic or pain on medial side of foot Tenderness on palpation and swelling over area of navicular bone Slight usually unilateral limp

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Alban Koumlhler (1874 ndash 1947) German radiologist Kohn interalveolar pores of pores that link adjacent alveolar air spaces of the lung

Hans Kohn (1866ndash1935) pathologist Berlin Germany Koumllliker-Fuse nucleus substantia intermedia centralis in spinal cord

Rudolf Albert Von Koumllliker (1817ndash1905) anatomist Switzerland Korsakoff psychosissyndrome syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with

confabulation associated with alcoholic or non-alcoholic polyneuritis described as lsquocerebropathia psychica toxaemiarsquo by Korsacoff currently used synonymously with lsquoamnestic syndromersquo Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854ndash1900) Russian neuropsychiatrist

Kraissls lines lines of greatest tension in the skin Cornelius Kraissl (d 1999) plastic surgeon New Jersey USA

Krause glands of accessory lacrimal glands in the subconjunctival tissue of the upper fornix Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797ndash1868) Professor of Anatomy Hannover Krebsrsquo cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative energy production pathway in mitochondria

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900ndash1981) German-born British biochemist Kuhnt central tissue meniscus of ndash a thickening of the astroglial membrane (of Elschnig)

covering the optic nerve head at the centre of the disc intermediary layer of ndash a collar of astrocytes that separates the optic nerve head from the

retina Hermann Kuhnt (1850ndash1925) German ophthalmologist

Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut Nicholas Kulchitsky (1856ndash1925) Professor of Histology Kharkov Russia After the Russian revolution he came to London to continue his work in neuropathology at University College

Kupffer cells resident liver macrophages Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer (1829ndash1902) Professor of Anatomy successively at Kiel Koumlningsberg and Munich Germany

Labbeacute inferior anastomotic vein of connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus Leon Labbeacute (1832ndash1916) surgeon France

Ladds bands congenital bands across the duodenum in volvulus neonatorum William Edward Ladd (1880ndash1967) surgeon Boston Childrens Hospital USA

Laimerrsquos diverticulum a pulsion diverticulum located below cricopharyngeus Eduard Laimer German anatomist

Landsmeers ligaments transverse and oblique retinacular ligaments of the fingers Johan Landsmeer (1919ndash1999) Professor of Anatomy Leiden The Netherlands

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Langers lines cleavage or crease lines in the skin produced by the arrangement of the subcutaneous fibrous tissues Karl Ritter von Edenberg Langer (1819ndash1887) Professor of Anatomy Hungary and then Vienna Austria

Langerhans cells ndash dendritic cell of haemopoietic origin in epidermis and other epithelia islets of ndash clumps of insulin- and other hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas Paul Langerhans (1847ndash1888) Professor of Pathology Freiburg Germany Described the islet cells in his doctorate thesis in 1869 at the age of 22

Langhans cells cells of the villous cytotrophoblast Theodor Langhans (1839ndash1915) pathologist Berne Switzerland

Le Fort I II or III fractures system of classification of facial fractures Reneacute Le Fort (1869ndash1951) surgeon Lille France

Leydig cells the interstitial testosterone-secreting cells of the testis Franz Von Leydig (1821ndash1908) Professor of Histology successively at Wuumlrzburg Tuumlbingen and Bonn Germany

Lieberkuumlhn crypts of tubular glands of the small intestine Johann Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711ndash1756) physician and anatomist Berlin Germany These glands were described by Malphighi (see below) in 1688

Lisfrancs ligament interosseous ligament between the second metatarsal and first cuneiform bone of the foot Jaques de St Martin Lisfranc (1790ndash1847) Professor of Surgery Paris France

Lissauer fasciculus of tract of ascending tract in the spinal cord Heinrich Lissauer (1861ndash1891) neurologist Breslau

Listers tubercle a prominence on the posterior surface of the distal radius ulnar to the groove for the tendon of extensor pollicis longus Joseph (Lord) Lister (1827ndash1912) successively Professor of Surgery at Glasgow Edinburgh and Kings College London UK

Littles area site of haemorrhage on the nasal septum James Laurence Little (1836ndash1885) Professor of Surgery University of Vermont USA

Louis angle of sternal angle the angle formed on the anterior surface of the sternum at the junction of its body and manubrium Antoine Louis (1723ndash1792) Maicirctre de chirurgie and later appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons Paris France Interestingly he is also linked to the design of the famous Guillotine

Ludwigrsquos angina a potentially life-threatening rapidly expanding diffuse inflammation of the submandibular and sublingual spaces occurring most often in young adults with dental infections

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig (1790ndash1865) German surgeon and obstetrician Luschka bursa of (lateral Luschka aperture) ndash accessory pharyngeal recess in front of the

anterior arch of the atlas foramina of ndash lateral aperture in the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle uncovertebral joints of ndash small synovial joints on either side of the intervertebral cartilaginous joint in cervical vertebrae C3-7 (between the uncinate process of the inferior vertebral body and the bevelled lateral border of the superior body at each level) Hubert Luschka (1820ndash1875) Professor of Anatomy Tuumlbingen Germany

Macewenrsquos triangle Macewenrsquos triangle is the surface marking of the mastoid antrum Sir William Macewen (1848ndash1924) Scottish surgeon His work established the treatment of intracranial complications of middle ear suppuration

Mackenrodts ligament the transverse cervical (or cardinal) ligament of the uterus Alwin Mackenrodt (1859ndash1925) Professor of Gynaecology Berlin Germany

Magendie foramen of aperture of the median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle Franccedilois Magendie (1783ndash1855) physician to the Hocirctel Dieu Paris France

Malassez rests of Epithelial remnants of the enamel organ found in the periodontal ligament Louis Charles Malassez (1842ndash1909) French surgeon and physiologist

Malloryrsquos triple stain Malloryrsquos acid fuchsin orange G and aniline blue stain for connective tissue Frank Burr Mallory (1862ndash1941) Boston pathologist

Marfanrsquos syndrome autosomal genetic disorder of the connective tissue characterized by a long body and extended limbs and fingers often associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as dissecting aortic aneurysms and valve defects as well as subluxated ocular lenses Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan (1858ndash1942) Professor of Infantile Hygiene Paediatric clinic University of Paris

Martinottirsquos cellneurone a fusiform neurone in the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex Giovanni Martinotti (1857ndash1928) Bolognia pathologist

Massonrsquos trichrome stain a stain for connective tissue Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880ndash1959) French-born Canadian pathologist

Meckels cartilage ndash the cartilage of the first branchial arch diverticulum ndash the remains of the vitello-intestinal duct Johann Meckel (1781ndash1833) Professor of Anatomy Halle His grandfather was Professor of Anatomy in Berlin and described the pterygopalatine ganglion and the dural sac which contains the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve His father was also Professor of Anatomy in Halle

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Meibomian glands the tarsal glands of the eyelid If blocked they become distended into meibomian cysts Heinrich Meibom (1638ndash1700) Professor of Medicine History and Poetry Helmstadt Germany

Meissners corpuscles ndash tactile nerve endings in skin plexus ndash submucosal autonomic plexus of the intestine George Meissner (1829ndash1905) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology Basle of Zoology and Physiology at Freiburg and Physiology at Goumlttingen Germany

laws ndash the laws of inheritance of single-gene traits that form the basis of the science of genetics first described by Gregor Mendel in 1865 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822ndash1884) Abbot and pioneer of genetics from Brno Czech Republic

Meacuteniegraverersquos disease aural or auditory vertigo Prosper Meacuteniegravere (1799ndash1862) French otorhinolaryngologist

Merkel cells corpuscles ndash sensory nerve endings in the skin disc ndash slowly adapting type I receptor lies close to the surface of glabrous skin and sensitive to sustained pressure Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy successively at Rostock then Goumlttingen Germany

Meyers loop portion of the geniculocalcarine radiation Adolf Meyer (1866ndash1950) neurologist USA

Meynert basal nucleus of part of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain contains large cholinergic neurones that project to the cerebral cortex amygdala and thalamus Theodore Herman Meynert (1833ndash1892) Professor of Neurology Vienna Austria

Mirizzi syndrome partial obstruction to the flow of bile and the appearance of mild jaundice as a result of biliary stones Pablo Mirizzi(1893 ndash 1964) Argentinean physician

Moll glands of modified sweat glands associated with the eyelashes Jacob Antonius Moll (1832ndash1914) ophthalmologist The Hague The Netherlands

Monro foramen of the foramen between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain Alexander Monro (1733ndash1817) Professor of Anatomy Edinburgh UK The chair was also held by his father and his son ndash all named Alexander

Montgomery glands of tubercles of sebaceous glands situated in the areola of the breast William Montgomery (1797ndash1859) Professor of Midwifery Dublin Ireland (Previously described by Morgagni see below)

Morgagni columns of ndash the columns of the anal canal

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

hernia ndash congenital diaphragmatic hernia between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682ndash1771) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy for 59 years Founder of modern morbid anatomy

Morison hepatorenal pouch of the right subhepatic space James Rutherford Morison (1853ndash1939) Professor of Surgery Durham UK

Moro reflex startle reflex Ernst Moro (1874ndash1951) German physician

Mortonrsquos neuroma A disease of the foot characterized by a sudden cramplike pain in the metatarsal area radiating to the 4th and 5th toe and sometimes to the calf of the leg Compression of the plantar nerve by a tumor arthritic changes or bursitis is the common cause Thomas George Morton (1835 ndash 1903) American surgeon

Muumlller cells ndash neuroglial cells in the retina orbital muscle of ndash collection of smooth muscle fibres spanning the infraorbital fissure Its functions are uncertain Heinrich Muumlller (1820ndash1864) Professor of Anatomy Wuumlrzburg Germany Johannes Muumlller (1801ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

Nabothian cyst follicle retention cyst of uterine cervix Martin Naboth (1675ndash1721) Professor of Medicine Leipzig Germany

Newtonian equations ndash using the SI unit of force (N) which when applied in a vacuum to a body having a mass of one kilogram accelerates it at the rate of one meter per second squared

second law of motion ndash applied force = mass x acceleration Sir Isaac Newton (1643ndash1727) English mathematician and physicist

Nissl bodies granules ndash basophil granules in cytoplasm of neuronal somata staining technique ndash specific stain for these granules Franz Nissl (1860ndash1919) neurologist successively of Frankfurt Heidelberg and Munich Germany

Nitabuchs layer or stria layer of fibrinoid matrix between basal plate of placenta and endometrium Raissa Nitabuch (19th Century) physician Germany

Nuck canal of a diverticulum of the peritoneal membrane extending into the inguinal canal accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum in the male usually completely obliterated in the female Anton Nuck (1650ndash1692) Dutch anatomist

Nuel spaces of space between outer rods of Corti and hair cells

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Jean Pierre Nuel (1847ndash1920) Professor of Otology Louvain and later Liege Belgium Oddi sphincter of the sphincter at the termination of the common bile duct

Ruggero Oddi (1845ndash1906) surgeon Rome Italy The sphincter had already been described by Glisson (see above) in the 17th century

Odland bodies small lamellated structures (keratinosomes) in granular layer of epidermis containing hydrophobic phospholipid

George Fisher Odland (1922ndash1997) American dermatologist and electron microscopist Ondinersquos curse primary alveolar hypoventilation

Ondine a sea nymph in German mythology who cursed an unfaithful human lover by abolishing the automaticity of his bodily functions

Onodi cell sphenoethmoid cell formed by lateral and posterior pneumatisation of the most posterior ethmoid cells over the sphenoid sinus A Onodi 20th century Hungarian laryngologist

Oppenheimrsquos dystonia Oppenheim described dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD) a movement disorder characterized by twisting or turning movements and abnormal postures Now called early-onset primary torsion dystonia this condition is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly associated with deletion of GAG in the coding region of the DYT1 gene encoding torsinA It has recently been suggested that the condition should be referred to as lsquoOppenheimrsquos dystoniarsquo Hermann Oppenheim (1858ndash1919) German neurologist

OsgoodndashSchlatter disease osteochondrosis of tibial tuberosity Robert Bayley Osgood (1873ndash1956) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA Carl Schlatter (1864ndash1934) Professor of Surgery Zurich Switzerland

Owen contour lines of accentuated incremental lines in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process Defined by parallel deviations of neighbouring dentinal tubules Sir Richard Owen (1804ndash1892) English anatomist and paleontologist

Pacchionian bodies arachnoid granulations Antoine Pacchion (1665ndash1726) physician and anatomist Rome Italy

Pacinian corpuscles corpuscular lamellosum Filippo Pacini (1812ndash1883) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology successively at Pisa and then Florence Italy

Pancoast tumour apical carcinoma of the lung involving C8 and T1 nerves the cervical sympathetic chain and upper ribs Henry Pancoast (1875ndash1939) Professor of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

Paneth cells bacteriocidal lysozyme-secreting cells Joseph Paneth (1857ndash1890) Professor of Physiology first in Breslau then Vienna Austria

Papez circuit a neuroanatomical circuit mediating emotion involving the hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nuclei of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus James Wenceslas Papez (1883ndash1958) neurologist USA

Parkinsonrsquos syndromedisease resting tremor rigidity expressionless face etc generally caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra usually occurring in late life James Parkinson 1755ndash1824 English physician

Passavants muscle ndash upper fibres of palatopharyngeus ridge (bar) ndash projecting ridge or bar on posterior wall of pharynx which appears during swallowing Phillip Gustav Passavant (1815ndash1893) surgeon Frankfurt Germany

Peyers patches lymphoid aggregates in the ileum Johann Conrad Peyer (1653ndash1712) Professor of Logic Rhetoric and Medicine in Schaffhausen Switzerland

Peyroniersquos disease induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis producing a fibrous chordee Franccedilois de la Peyronie (1678ndash1747) French surgeon

Pfeifferrsquos syndrome a congenital syndrome characterized by craniostenosis abnormal skull shape facial anomalies syndactyly of hands and feet and broad thumbs and great toes Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (b 1931) German human geneticist Saarbruumlcken

Pierre Robin sequence micrognathia U-shaped cleft palate glossoptosis Pierre Robin (1867ndash1950) French dentist

Poirier space of a few of the fibres of the radioscaphocapitate ligament (a carpal ligament) attach to the body of the capitate There is a discrete interval between the inferior margin of this ligament and the palmar horn of the lunate which is known as the space of Poirier Paul Poirier (1853ndash1907) French surgeon

Potterrsquos syndrome a rare condition combining a characteristic facial appearance with renal agenesis or hypoplasia and other defects Edith Louise Potter early 20th century American paediatric surgeon

Pringle manoeuvre the application of digital or mechanical pressure across the entire free edge of the lesser omentum resuting in complete temporary occlusion of the hepatic portal vein hepatic artery and common bile duct J Pringle the Elder(1863 ndash 1941) famous Australian surgeon

Prussakrsquos fibres ndash elastic and connective tissue fibre bounding the pars flaccida membranae tympani

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

space ndash superior recess of the tympanic membrane Alexander Prussak (1839ndash1897) Russian otologist

Purkinje cells neurons ndash large neurones forming a single eponymous layer in cerebellar cortex fibres ndash subendocardial muscle fibres Johannes Purkinje (1787ndash1869) Professor of Physiology Breslau and then Prague Poland

Ramsay Hunt syndrome herpes zoster involvement of the geniculate ganglion associated with facial paresis hyperacusis unilateral loss of taste decrease in lacrimation and salivation and otalgia James Ramsay Hunt (1874ndash1937) Professor of Neurology Columbia University New York USA

Ranvier nodes of gaps between adjacent segments of myelin sheath where axonal plasma membrane is exposed Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835ndash1922) Parisian pathologist

Raschkowrsquos plexus a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers located between the core of the pulp of the tooth and the cell-rich zone axons lose their myeline sheath (but not their Schwann cells) as they penetrate the cell-rich and cell-free zones to make synaptic contact with the odontoblast cell body in the pulp or odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule responsible for transmitting pain sensation from the pulp of the tooth

Rasmussenrsquos encephalitis rare progressive inflammatory CNS disorder Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910ndash2002) American neurologist Utah

Rathkes pouch diverticulum of roof of stomodaeum which forms the anterior pituitary gland Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793ndash1860) Professor of Zoology and Anatomy Koumlnigsberg Germany

Rayleigh scatter scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light

John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (1842ndash1919) Cavendish Professor of Physics University of Cambridge

Raynaudrsquos disease idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction caused by cold or emotion Maurice Raynaud (1834ndash1881) French physician

Reichertrsquos cartilage A cartilage in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo from which develops the stapes the styloid processes the stylohyoid ligaments and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811ndash1883) German anatomist

Reinkes crystals ndash rod-shaped crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis and hilus cells of the ovary

oedema ndash chronic laryngitis with swelling of the membranous part of the vocal cords space ndash a potential space between the vocal ligament and the overlying mucosa Friedrich Berthold Reinke (1862ndash1919) anatomist France

Reissners membrane the vestibular membrane of the cochlea Ernst Reissner (1824ndash1878) Professor of Anatomy in Dorpat and then Breslau

Renshaws cells loop inhibitory interneurones modulating the response of anterior horn cells Birdsy Renshaw (1911ndash1948) neurologist USA

Retzius lines (or striae) brown lines in the dental enamel Gustav Magnus Retzius (1842ndash1919) Professor of Anatomy Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden (Son of Andreas Adolf Retzius 1796ndash1860 who described the cave of Retzius ndash the retropubic space ndash also Professor of Anatomy Karolinska)

Rexeds lamina subdivisions of cells of spinal cord grey matter Bror Rexed (1914ndash) neuroanatomist Sweden

Riolan arc of the anastomosis between the middle and left colic arteries Jean Riolan (secondus) 1577ndash1657 Professor of Anatomy and Botany Paris France A great teacher but rejected the doctrines of William Harvey Son of Jean Riolan (primus) of Paris

Rombergrsquos sign swaying of the body or falling when standing with the feet close together and the eyes closed Moritz Heinrich Romberg (1795ndash1873) German physician

Rosenmuumlller fossa of the pharyngeal recess Johann Christian Rosenmuumlller (1779ndash1820) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Leipzig Germany

Rosenthals canal spiral canal in the modiolus of the cochlea Isidor Rosenthal (1836ndash1915) physiologist Greifswald Germany

Rotters node lymph node between pectoralis major and minor Josef Rotter (1857ndash1924) surgeon Germany

Ruffini endings (bodies corpuscles) sensory nerve endings originally described in skin of fingers Angelo Ruffini (1887ndash1929) Professor of Histology Bologna Italy

SaethrendashChotzen syndrome acrocephalosyndactyly type III A very rare disorder characterized by the following traits fusion of cranial structures which sometimes produces an asymmetric head and face low-set hairline ptosis andor widely spaced eyes lsquobeakedrsquo nose and possible deviated septum brachydactyly and syndactyly may be present Haakon Saethre (b 1931) Norwegian psychiatrist F Chotzen (b 1932) German psychiatrist

Santorini duct of ndash the accessory pancreatic duct

fissures of ndash two fissures in the anterior cartilaginous wall of the external acoustic meatus plexus of ndash retropubic venous plexus giving rise to pudendal vein Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681ndash1737) Professor of Medicine and Anatomy Venice Italy

Sattlerrsquos layer layer of medium-sized blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Hubert Sattler (1844ndash1928) Professor of Ophthalmology Leipzig University Eye Hospital

Scarpas fascia ndash the fibrous layer of the superficial fascia of the lower abdomen ganglion ndash the vestibular ganglion Antonio Scarpa (1747ndash1832) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy

Schaffer collaterals the projections from pyramidal cells of fields CA3 and CA2 to CA1 in the hippocampus Max Schaffer (1852ndash1923) German neurologist

Scheuermannrsquos osteochondritisdiseasekyphosis osteochondrosis of the vertebrae Holger Werfel Scheuermann (1834ndash1915) German biochemist

Schiffrsquos stain reagent stain for aldehydes used with periodic acid (PAS) to detect carbohydrates Hugo Schiff (1834ndash1915) German biochemist

Schlemm canal of canal at junction of the cornea and sclera Freidrich Schlemm (1795ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

SchmidtndashLanterman incisure or cleft helical inclusion of glial cytoplasm within the myelin sheath of central and peripheral nerves Henry Schmidt (1823ndash1888) pathologist Charity Hospital New Orleans USA A J Lanterman (19th Century) anatomist Strasbourg France

Schuumltz fasciculus of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Hugo Shutz neurologist Leipzig Germany

Schwann cells the major glial cell of the peripheral nervous system Theodor Schwann (1810ndash1882) Professor of Anatomy first in Louvain and then Liege Belgium One of the instigators of the cell theory

Seesselrsquos pouch an outpouching of the embryonic pharynx rostrad of the pharyngeal membrane and caudal to Rathkes pouch Albert Seessel (1850ndash1910) American embryologist

Semonrsquos law an obsolete law stating that injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in paralysis of the abductor muscles of the vocal cords before paralysis of the adductor muscles Sir Felix Semon (1849ndash1921) German laryngologist in Britain

Sertoli cells ndash supporting cells of the testicular tubules

Enrico Sertoli (1842ndash1910) Professor of Experimental Physiology Milan Italy Sharpeys fibres connective tissue joining periosteum to bone

William Sharpey (1802ndash1880) Professor of Anatomy successively in Edinburgh and University College London UK

Skenersquos glands paraurethral ducts of the female urethra Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene (1838ndash1900) New York gynaecologist

Skoog fibres of transverse fibres of the palmar aponeurosis of the hand Tord Skoog (1915ndash1977) Foundation Professor of Plastic Surgery University of Uppsala Sweden

Spencersquos tail the projection of mammary glandular tissue extending into the axillary region sometimes forming a visible mass which may enlarge premenstrually or during lactation

James Spence 19th century Scottish surgeon Sprengelrsquos deformity congenital elevation of the scapula with rotation of its lower angle

towards the spine Otto Gerhard Karl Sprengel (1852ndash1915) German surgeon

Stahls deformity congenital deformity of the ear ndash broad helix fossa of the antihelix and upper scaphoid fossa are both absent Friedrich Stahl (1811ndash1879) Physician Germany

Sylvian aqueduct ndash midbrain channel connecting the third and fourth cerebral ventricles fissure ndash the lateral cerebral fissure

Franccedilois de la Boe Sylvius (1614ndash1672) Professor of Medicine Leyden The Netherlands TammndashHorsfall protein The most abundant protein in normal urine

Igor Tamm (1922ndash1995) New York virologist Frank Lappin Horsfall (1906ndash1971) American clinician and virologist

TaussigndashBing anomalysyndromedisease complete transposition of the aorta which arises from the left right ventricle Helen B Taussig (1898ndash1986) American paediatrician Richard Bing (b 1909) American physician

TayndashSachs disease lysosomal storage disorder affecting neurons Warren Tay (1843ndash1927) London ophthalmologist Bernard Sachs (1858ndash1944) New York neurologist

Tenons capsule fascial sheath of the eyeball Jaques Reneacute Tenon (1724ndash1816) Professor of Pathology Academy of Sciences Paris France Chief Surgeon Salpetriegravere Paris Specialized in ophthalmology

Terry Thomas sign scapholunate dissociation intercalated segment instability removes the inbuilt tension across the proximal row This causes the gap (so called Terry Thomas sign) between the scaphoid and lunate

Terry Thomas (1911 ndash 1990) British Comedian Testut ligament of radio-scaphoid-lunate connection

Leo Testut (1849ndash1925) Professor of Anatomy Lyons France Thebesian valve ndash valve at orifice of coronary sinus

veins ndash venae cordis minimae of heart Adam Christian Thebesius (1686ndash1732) anatomist and pathologist Leyden The Netherlands

Todaro tendon of a variable tendinous strand attached to the valvular fold at the termination of the inferior vena cava It forms the superior border of the triangle of Koch Francesco Todaro (1839ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy at Messina and then Rome Italy

Townes projection positioning of the head in the radiological examination of the foramen magnum and posterior cranial fossa Edward Towne (1883ndash1957) neurosurgeon Stanford Medical School USA

Treacher Collins syndrome mandibulofacial dysostosis Edward Treacher Collins (1862ndash1932) English surgeon

Treitz ligament of suspensory ligament of peritoneum passing from the right crus of the diaphragm to the fourth part of the duodenum Wenzel Treitz (1819ndash1872) Professor of Pathology successively at Cracow and Prague Czechoslovakia

Trendelenburgs sign gait dipping gait due to hip abductor dysfunction eg in congenital dislocation of the hip or paralysis of gluteus medius and minimus Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844ndash1924) Professor of Surgery successively at Rostock Bonn and Leipzig Germany

Treves bloodless fold of peritoneal fold adjacent to mesoappendix Sir Frederick Treves (1853ndash1923) surgeon London Hospital UK Drained the appendix abscess of King Edward VII in 1902

Trolard ndash canal of as they course under the most lateral aspect of the lesser sphenoid wing the

anterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels are contained for a short distance within a bony canal the sphenoparietal canal (of Trolard) which they leave to enter a groove on the internal surface of the parietal squama Paulin Trolard (1842ndash1910) French anatomist

Turnerrsquos syndrome a disorder of gonadal differentiation marked by short stature undifferentiated (streak) gonads and variable abnormalities that may include webbing of the neck low posterior hair line and cardiac defects Chromosome abnormalities may be responsible

Henry Hubert Turner (1892ndash1970) American endocrinologist Valsalva aortic sinuses of ndash the aortic sinuses

manoeuvre ndash any forced expiratory effort (lsquostrainrsquo) against a closed airway whether at the nose and mouth or at the glottis Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666ndash1723) Professor of Anatomy Bologna Italy

van Gieson technique (elastic van Gieson technique) solution of trinitrophenol and acid fuchsin for connective tissue elastin Ira Thompson van Gieson (1866ndash1913) New York neuropathologist

Vater ampulla of ampulla at junction of common hepatic and pancreatic ducts Abraham Vater (1684ndash1751) Professor of Anatomy Botany Pathology and Therapeutics Wittenburg Germany

Vesalius foramen of small foramen for emissary vein immediately anterior and medial to the foramen ovale in the sphenoid bone Andreas Vesalius (1514ndash1564) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy In 1543 published De Humani Corporis Fabrica the most famous text of anatomy

Vidian nerve nerve of the pterygoid canal Guido Guidi Vidius (1500ndash1561) Professor of Medicine Pisa Italy

Vieussens anulus of ansa subclavia of sympathetic nerves Raymond de Vieussens (1641ndash1715) physician and anatomist Montpellier France

VirchowndashRobin space perivascular space in the central nervous system Rudolf Ludwig Virchow (1821ndash1902) Professor of Pathological Anatomy Wuumlrzburg and then Berlin Germany Charles Filippe Robin (1821ndash1885) Professor of Histology Paris France

Voigtrsquos (or Futcherrsquos) lines the hair tracts Christian August Voigt (1809ndash1890) Professor of Anatomy Vienna Austria

Volkmanns canals ndash osseous canals carrying blood vessels from the periosteum and between osteons

ischaemic contracture ndash a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann (1800ndash1877) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology first at Dorpat and later Halle

von Brunns nests ectopic (subepithelial) urothelial masses in the urinary tract Albert Von Brunn (1849ndash1872) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

von Ebners fissure ndash in the development of the back sclerotomal populations form from the ventral half of the epithelial somite An intrasegmental boundary (fissure or cleft sometimes termed von Ebnerrsquos fissure) that is initially filled with extracellular matrix and a few cells

fissures of ndash two fissures in the anterior cartilaginous wall of the external acoustic meatus plexus of ndash retropubic venous plexus giving rise to pudendal vein Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681ndash1737) Professor of Medicine and Anatomy Venice Italy

Sattlerrsquos layer layer of medium-sized blood vessels in the choroid derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries Hubert Sattler (1844ndash1928) Professor of Ophthalmology Leipzig University Eye Hospital

Scarpas fascia ndash the fibrous layer of the superficial fascia of the lower abdomen ganglion ndash the vestibular ganglion Antonio Scarpa (1747ndash1832) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy

Schaffer collaterals the projections from pyramidal cells of fields CA3 and CA2 to CA1 in the hippocampus Max Schaffer (1852ndash1923) German neurologist

Scheuermannrsquos osteochondritisdiseasekyphosis osteochondrosis of the vertebrae Holger Werfel Scheuermann (1834ndash1915) German biochemist

Schiffrsquos stain reagent stain for aldehydes used with periodic acid (PAS) to detect carbohydrates Hugo Schiff (1834ndash1915) German biochemist

Schlemm canal of canal at junction of the cornea and sclera Freidrich Schlemm (1795ndash1858) Professor of Anatomy Berlin Germany

SchmidtndashLanterman incisure or cleft helical inclusion of glial cytoplasm within the myelin sheath of central and peripheral nerves Henry Schmidt (1823ndash1888) pathologist Charity Hospital New Orleans USA A J Lanterman (19th Century) anatomist Strasbourg France

Schuumltz fasciculus of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Hugo Shutz neurologist Leipzig Germany

Schwann cells the major glial cell of the peripheral nervous system Theodor Schwann (1810ndash1882) Professor of Anatomy first in Louvain and then Liege Belgium One of the instigators of the cell theory

Seesselrsquos pouch an outpouching of the embryonic pharynx rostrad of the pharyngeal membrane and caudal to Rathkes pouch Albert Seessel (1850ndash1910) American embryologist

Semonrsquos law an obsolete law stating that injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in paralysis of the abductor muscles of the vocal cords before paralysis of the adductor muscles Sir Felix Semon (1849ndash1921) German laryngologist in Britain

Sertoli cells ndash supporting cells of the testicular tubules

Enrico Sertoli (1842ndash1910) Professor of Experimental Physiology Milan Italy Sharpeys fibres connective tissue joining periosteum to bone

William Sharpey (1802ndash1880) Professor of Anatomy successively in Edinburgh and University College London UK

Skenersquos glands paraurethral ducts of the female urethra Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene (1838ndash1900) New York gynaecologist

Skoog fibres of transverse fibres of the palmar aponeurosis of the hand Tord Skoog (1915ndash1977) Foundation Professor of Plastic Surgery University of Uppsala Sweden

Spencersquos tail the projection of mammary glandular tissue extending into the axillary region sometimes forming a visible mass which may enlarge premenstrually or during lactation

James Spence 19th century Scottish surgeon Sprengelrsquos deformity congenital elevation of the scapula with rotation of its lower angle

towards the spine Otto Gerhard Karl Sprengel (1852ndash1915) German surgeon

Stahls deformity congenital deformity of the ear ndash broad helix fossa of the antihelix and upper scaphoid fossa are both absent Friedrich Stahl (1811ndash1879) Physician Germany

Sylvian aqueduct ndash midbrain channel connecting the third and fourth cerebral ventricles fissure ndash the lateral cerebral fissure

Franccedilois de la Boe Sylvius (1614ndash1672) Professor of Medicine Leyden The Netherlands TammndashHorsfall protein The most abundant protein in normal urine

Igor Tamm (1922ndash1995) New York virologist Frank Lappin Horsfall (1906ndash1971) American clinician and virologist

TaussigndashBing anomalysyndromedisease complete transposition of the aorta which arises from the left right ventricle Helen B Taussig (1898ndash1986) American paediatrician Richard Bing (b 1909) American physician

TayndashSachs disease lysosomal storage disorder affecting neurons Warren Tay (1843ndash1927) London ophthalmologist Bernard Sachs (1858ndash1944) New York neurologist

Tenons capsule fascial sheath of the eyeball Jaques Reneacute Tenon (1724ndash1816) Professor of Pathology Academy of Sciences Paris France Chief Surgeon Salpetriegravere Paris Specialized in ophthalmology

Terry Thomas sign scapholunate dissociation intercalated segment instability removes the inbuilt tension across the proximal row This causes the gap (so called Terry Thomas sign) between the scaphoid and lunate

Terry Thomas (1911 ndash 1990) British Comedian Testut ligament of radio-scaphoid-lunate connection

Leo Testut (1849ndash1925) Professor of Anatomy Lyons France Thebesian valve ndash valve at orifice of coronary sinus

veins ndash venae cordis minimae of heart Adam Christian Thebesius (1686ndash1732) anatomist and pathologist Leyden The Netherlands

Todaro tendon of a variable tendinous strand attached to the valvular fold at the termination of the inferior vena cava It forms the superior border of the triangle of Koch Francesco Todaro (1839ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy at Messina and then Rome Italy

Townes projection positioning of the head in the radiological examination of the foramen magnum and posterior cranial fossa Edward Towne (1883ndash1957) neurosurgeon Stanford Medical School USA

Treacher Collins syndrome mandibulofacial dysostosis Edward Treacher Collins (1862ndash1932) English surgeon

Treitz ligament of suspensory ligament of peritoneum passing from the right crus of the diaphragm to the fourth part of the duodenum Wenzel Treitz (1819ndash1872) Professor of Pathology successively at Cracow and Prague Czechoslovakia

Trendelenburgs sign gait dipping gait due to hip abductor dysfunction eg in congenital dislocation of the hip or paralysis of gluteus medius and minimus Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844ndash1924) Professor of Surgery successively at Rostock Bonn and Leipzig Germany

Treves bloodless fold of peritoneal fold adjacent to mesoappendix Sir Frederick Treves (1853ndash1923) surgeon London Hospital UK Drained the appendix abscess of King Edward VII in 1902

Trolard ndash canal of as they course under the most lateral aspect of the lesser sphenoid wing the

anterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels are contained for a short distance within a bony canal the sphenoparietal canal (of Trolard) which they leave to enter a groove on the internal surface of the parietal squama Paulin Trolard (1842ndash1910) French anatomist

Turnerrsquos syndrome a disorder of gonadal differentiation marked by short stature undifferentiated (streak) gonads and variable abnormalities that may include webbing of the neck low posterior hair line and cardiac defects Chromosome abnormalities may be responsible

Henry Hubert Turner (1892ndash1970) American endocrinologist Valsalva aortic sinuses of ndash the aortic sinuses

manoeuvre ndash any forced expiratory effort (lsquostrainrsquo) against a closed airway whether at the nose and mouth or at the glottis Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666ndash1723) Professor of Anatomy Bologna Italy

van Gieson technique (elastic van Gieson technique) solution of trinitrophenol and acid fuchsin for connective tissue elastin Ira Thompson van Gieson (1866ndash1913) New York neuropathologist

Vater ampulla of ampulla at junction of common hepatic and pancreatic ducts Abraham Vater (1684ndash1751) Professor of Anatomy Botany Pathology and Therapeutics Wittenburg Germany

Vesalius foramen of small foramen for emissary vein immediately anterior and medial to the foramen ovale in the sphenoid bone Andreas Vesalius (1514ndash1564) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy In 1543 published De Humani Corporis Fabrica the most famous text of anatomy

Vidian nerve nerve of the pterygoid canal Guido Guidi Vidius (1500ndash1561) Professor of Medicine Pisa Italy

Vieussens anulus of ansa subclavia of sympathetic nerves Raymond de Vieussens (1641ndash1715) physician and anatomist Montpellier France

VirchowndashRobin space perivascular space in the central nervous system Rudolf Ludwig Virchow (1821ndash1902) Professor of Pathological Anatomy Wuumlrzburg and then Berlin Germany Charles Filippe Robin (1821ndash1885) Professor of Histology Paris France

Voigtrsquos (or Futcherrsquos) lines the hair tracts Christian August Voigt (1809ndash1890) Professor of Anatomy Vienna Austria

Volkmanns canals ndash osseous canals carrying blood vessels from the periosteum and between osteons

ischaemic contracture ndash a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann (1800ndash1877) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology first at Dorpat and later Halle

von Brunns nests ectopic (subepithelial) urothelial masses in the urinary tract Albert Von Brunn (1849ndash1872) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

von Ebners fissure ndash in the development of the back sclerotomal populations form from the ventral half of the epithelial somite An intrasegmental boundary (fissure or cleft sometimes termed von Ebnerrsquos fissure) that is initially filled with extracellular matrix and a few cells

Enrico Sertoli (1842ndash1910) Professor of Experimental Physiology Milan Italy Sharpeys fibres connective tissue joining periosteum to bone

William Sharpey (1802ndash1880) Professor of Anatomy successively in Edinburgh and University College London UK

Skenersquos glands paraurethral ducts of the female urethra Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene (1838ndash1900) New York gynaecologist

Skoog fibres of transverse fibres of the palmar aponeurosis of the hand Tord Skoog (1915ndash1977) Foundation Professor of Plastic Surgery University of Uppsala Sweden

Spencersquos tail the projection of mammary glandular tissue extending into the axillary region sometimes forming a visible mass which may enlarge premenstrually or during lactation

James Spence 19th century Scottish surgeon Sprengelrsquos deformity congenital elevation of the scapula with rotation of its lower angle

towards the spine Otto Gerhard Karl Sprengel (1852ndash1915) German surgeon

Stahls deformity congenital deformity of the ear ndash broad helix fossa of the antihelix and upper scaphoid fossa are both absent Friedrich Stahl (1811ndash1879) Physician Germany

Sylvian aqueduct ndash midbrain channel connecting the third and fourth cerebral ventricles fissure ndash the lateral cerebral fissure

Franccedilois de la Boe Sylvius (1614ndash1672) Professor of Medicine Leyden The Netherlands TammndashHorsfall protein The most abundant protein in normal urine

Igor Tamm (1922ndash1995) New York virologist Frank Lappin Horsfall (1906ndash1971) American clinician and virologist

TaussigndashBing anomalysyndromedisease complete transposition of the aorta which arises from the left right ventricle Helen B Taussig (1898ndash1986) American paediatrician Richard Bing (b 1909) American physician

TayndashSachs disease lysosomal storage disorder affecting neurons Warren Tay (1843ndash1927) London ophthalmologist Bernard Sachs (1858ndash1944) New York neurologist

Tenons capsule fascial sheath of the eyeball Jaques Reneacute Tenon (1724ndash1816) Professor of Pathology Academy of Sciences Paris France Chief Surgeon Salpetriegravere Paris Specialized in ophthalmology

Terry Thomas sign scapholunate dissociation intercalated segment instability removes the inbuilt tension across the proximal row This causes the gap (so called Terry Thomas sign) between the scaphoid and lunate

Terry Thomas (1911 ndash 1990) British Comedian Testut ligament of radio-scaphoid-lunate connection

Leo Testut (1849ndash1925) Professor of Anatomy Lyons France Thebesian valve ndash valve at orifice of coronary sinus

veins ndash venae cordis minimae of heart Adam Christian Thebesius (1686ndash1732) anatomist and pathologist Leyden The Netherlands

Todaro tendon of a variable tendinous strand attached to the valvular fold at the termination of the inferior vena cava It forms the superior border of the triangle of Koch Francesco Todaro (1839ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy at Messina and then Rome Italy

Townes projection positioning of the head in the radiological examination of the foramen magnum and posterior cranial fossa Edward Towne (1883ndash1957) neurosurgeon Stanford Medical School USA

Treacher Collins syndrome mandibulofacial dysostosis Edward Treacher Collins (1862ndash1932) English surgeon

Treitz ligament of suspensory ligament of peritoneum passing from the right crus of the diaphragm to the fourth part of the duodenum Wenzel Treitz (1819ndash1872) Professor of Pathology successively at Cracow and Prague Czechoslovakia

Trendelenburgs sign gait dipping gait due to hip abductor dysfunction eg in congenital dislocation of the hip or paralysis of gluteus medius and minimus Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844ndash1924) Professor of Surgery successively at Rostock Bonn and Leipzig Germany

Treves bloodless fold of peritoneal fold adjacent to mesoappendix Sir Frederick Treves (1853ndash1923) surgeon London Hospital UK Drained the appendix abscess of King Edward VII in 1902

Trolard ndash canal of as they course under the most lateral aspect of the lesser sphenoid wing the

anterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels are contained for a short distance within a bony canal the sphenoparietal canal (of Trolard) which they leave to enter a groove on the internal surface of the parietal squama Paulin Trolard (1842ndash1910) French anatomist

Turnerrsquos syndrome a disorder of gonadal differentiation marked by short stature undifferentiated (streak) gonads and variable abnormalities that may include webbing of the neck low posterior hair line and cardiac defects Chromosome abnormalities may be responsible

Henry Hubert Turner (1892ndash1970) American endocrinologist Valsalva aortic sinuses of ndash the aortic sinuses

manoeuvre ndash any forced expiratory effort (lsquostrainrsquo) against a closed airway whether at the nose and mouth or at the glottis Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666ndash1723) Professor of Anatomy Bologna Italy

van Gieson technique (elastic van Gieson technique) solution of trinitrophenol and acid fuchsin for connective tissue elastin Ira Thompson van Gieson (1866ndash1913) New York neuropathologist

Vater ampulla of ampulla at junction of common hepatic and pancreatic ducts Abraham Vater (1684ndash1751) Professor of Anatomy Botany Pathology and Therapeutics Wittenburg Germany

Vesalius foramen of small foramen for emissary vein immediately anterior and medial to the foramen ovale in the sphenoid bone Andreas Vesalius (1514ndash1564) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy In 1543 published De Humani Corporis Fabrica the most famous text of anatomy

Vidian nerve nerve of the pterygoid canal Guido Guidi Vidius (1500ndash1561) Professor of Medicine Pisa Italy

Vieussens anulus of ansa subclavia of sympathetic nerves Raymond de Vieussens (1641ndash1715) physician and anatomist Montpellier France

VirchowndashRobin space perivascular space in the central nervous system Rudolf Ludwig Virchow (1821ndash1902) Professor of Pathological Anatomy Wuumlrzburg and then Berlin Germany Charles Filippe Robin (1821ndash1885) Professor of Histology Paris France

Voigtrsquos (or Futcherrsquos) lines the hair tracts Christian August Voigt (1809ndash1890) Professor of Anatomy Vienna Austria

Volkmanns canals ndash osseous canals carrying blood vessels from the periosteum and between osteons

ischaemic contracture ndash a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann (1800ndash1877) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology first at Dorpat and later Halle

von Brunns nests ectopic (subepithelial) urothelial masses in the urinary tract Albert Von Brunn (1849ndash1872) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

von Ebners fissure ndash in the development of the back sclerotomal populations form from the ventral half of the epithelial somite An intrasegmental boundary (fissure or cleft sometimes termed von Ebnerrsquos fissure) that is initially filled with extracellular matrix and a few cells

Terry Thomas sign scapholunate dissociation intercalated segment instability removes the inbuilt tension across the proximal row This causes the gap (so called Terry Thomas sign) between the scaphoid and lunate

Terry Thomas (1911 ndash 1990) British Comedian Testut ligament of radio-scaphoid-lunate connection

Leo Testut (1849ndash1925) Professor of Anatomy Lyons France Thebesian valve ndash valve at orifice of coronary sinus

veins ndash venae cordis minimae of heart Adam Christian Thebesius (1686ndash1732) anatomist and pathologist Leyden The Netherlands

Todaro tendon of a variable tendinous strand attached to the valvular fold at the termination of the inferior vena cava It forms the superior border of the triangle of Koch Francesco Todaro (1839ndash1918) Professor of Anatomy at Messina and then Rome Italy

Townes projection positioning of the head in the radiological examination of the foramen magnum and posterior cranial fossa Edward Towne (1883ndash1957) neurosurgeon Stanford Medical School USA

Treacher Collins syndrome mandibulofacial dysostosis Edward Treacher Collins (1862ndash1932) English surgeon

Treitz ligament of suspensory ligament of peritoneum passing from the right crus of the diaphragm to the fourth part of the duodenum Wenzel Treitz (1819ndash1872) Professor of Pathology successively at Cracow and Prague Czechoslovakia

Trendelenburgs sign gait dipping gait due to hip abductor dysfunction eg in congenital dislocation of the hip or paralysis of gluteus medius and minimus Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844ndash1924) Professor of Surgery successively at Rostock Bonn and Leipzig Germany

Treves bloodless fold of peritoneal fold adjacent to mesoappendix Sir Frederick Treves (1853ndash1923) surgeon London Hospital UK Drained the appendix abscess of King Edward VII in 1902

Trolard ndash canal of as they course under the most lateral aspect of the lesser sphenoid wing the

anterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels are contained for a short distance within a bony canal the sphenoparietal canal (of Trolard) which they leave to enter a groove on the internal surface of the parietal squama Paulin Trolard (1842ndash1910) French anatomist

Turnerrsquos syndrome a disorder of gonadal differentiation marked by short stature undifferentiated (streak) gonads and variable abnormalities that may include webbing of the neck low posterior hair line and cardiac defects Chromosome abnormalities may be responsible

Henry Hubert Turner (1892ndash1970) American endocrinologist Valsalva aortic sinuses of ndash the aortic sinuses

manoeuvre ndash any forced expiratory effort (lsquostrainrsquo) against a closed airway whether at the nose and mouth or at the glottis Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666ndash1723) Professor of Anatomy Bologna Italy

van Gieson technique (elastic van Gieson technique) solution of trinitrophenol and acid fuchsin for connective tissue elastin Ira Thompson van Gieson (1866ndash1913) New York neuropathologist

Vater ampulla of ampulla at junction of common hepatic and pancreatic ducts Abraham Vater (1684ndash1751) Professor of Anatomy Botany Pathology and Therapeutics Wittenburg Germany

Vesalius foramen of small foramen for emissary vein immediately anterior and medial to the foramen ovale in the sphenoid bone Andreas Vesalius (1514ndash1564) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy In 1543 published De Humani Corporis Fabrica the most famous text of anatomy

Vidian nerve nerve of the pterygoid canal Guido Guidi Vidius (1500ndash1561) Professor of Medicine Pisa Italy

Vieussens anulus of ansa subclavia of sympathetic nerves Raymond de Vieussens (1641ndash1715) physician and anatomist Montpellier France

VirchowndashRobin space perivascular space in the central nervous system Rudolf Ludwig Virchow (1821ndash1902) Professor of Pathological Anatomy Wuumlrzburg and then Berlin Germany Charles Filippe Robin (1821ndash1885) Professor of Histology Paris France

Voigtrsquos (or Futcherrsquos) lines the hair tracts Christian August Voigt (1809ndash1890) Professor of Anatomy Vienna Austria

Volkmanns canals ndash osseous canals carrying blood vessels from the periosteum and between osteons

ischaemic contracture ndash a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann (1800ndash1877) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology first at Dorpat and later Halle

von Brunns nests ectopic (subepithelial) urothelial masses in the urinary tract Albert Von Brunn (1849ndash1872) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

von Ebners fissure ndash in the development of the back sclerotomal populations form from the ventral half of the epithelial somite An intrasegmental boundary (fissure or cleft sometimes termed von Ebnerrsquos fissure) that is initially filled with extracellular matrix and a few cells

Henry Hubert Turner (1892ndash1970) American endocrinologist Valsalva aortic sinuses of ndash the aortic sinuses

manoeuvre ndash any forced expiratory effort (lsquostrainrsquo) against a closed airway whether at the nose and mouth or at the glottis Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666ndash1723) Professor of Anatomy Bologna Italy

van Gieson technique (elastic van Gieson technique) solution of trinitrophenol and acid fuchsin for connective tissue elastin Ira Thompson van Gieson (1866ndash1913) New York neuropathologist

Vater ampulla of ampulla at junction of common hepatic and pancreatic ducts Abraham Vater (1684ndash1751) Professor of Anatomy Botany Pathology and Therapeutics Wittenburg Germany

Vesalius foramen of small foramen for emissary vein immediately anterior and medial to the foramen ovale in the sphenoid bone Andreas Vesalius (1514ndash1564) Professor of Anatomy Padua Italy In 1543 published De Humani Corporis Fabrica the most famous text of anatomy

Vidian nerve nerve of the pterygoid canal Guido Guidi Vidius (1500ndash1561) Professor of Medicine Pisa Italy

Vieussens anulus of ansa subclavia of sympathetic nerves Raymond de Vieussens (1641ndash1715) physician and anatomist Montpellier France

VirchowndashRobin space perivascular space in the central nervous system Rudolf Ludwig Virchow (1821ndash1902) Professor of Pathological Anatomy Wuumlrzburg and then Berlin Germany Charles Filippe Robin (1821ndash1885) Professor of Histology Paris France

Voigtrsquos (or Futcherrsquos) lines the hair tracts Christian August Voigt (1809ndash1890) Professor of Anatomy Vienna Austria

Volkmanns canals ndash osseous canals carrying blood vessels from the periosteum and between osteons

ischaemic contracture ndash a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann (1800ndash1877) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology first at Dorpat and later Halle

von Brunns nests ectopic (subepithelial) urothelial masses in the urinary tract Albert Von Brunn (1849ndash1872) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

von Ebners fissure ndash in the development of the back sclerotomal populations form from the ventral half of the epithelial somite An intrasegmental boundary (fissure or cleft sometimes termed von Ebnerrsquos fissure) that is initially filled with extracellular matrix and a few cells

appears within the sclerotome and divides it into loosely packed cranial and densely packed caudal halves glands ndash serous glands in relation to the circumvallate papillae on the dorsum of the tongue lines ndash incremental lines of dentine Victor Ritter von Rosenstein Ebner (1842ndash1925) Professor of Histology and Embryology Innsbruck Austria

von Willebrand factor factor released from endothelial cells and platelets promoting platelet adhesion and blood clotting Deficient or defective factor production (usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait) causes von Willebrand disease

Erik Adolf von Willebrand (1870ndash1949) Finnish haematologist described the eponymous hereditary clotting disorder in 1926

Waardenburg type II syndrome deafness syndrome associated with pigmentary disturbances A group of heterogeneous entities distinguished from Waardenburg type I syndrome by the absence of dystopia canthorum Petrus Johannes Waardenburg (1886ndash1979) Dutch ophthalmologist and geneticist

Waldeyers sheath ndash adventitia of distal segments of the ureter ring ndash a ring of lymphoid tissue which includes the palatine pharyngeal tubal and lingual tonsils Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer (1836ndash1921) Professor of Pathology at Breslau and then Berlin Germany

Wallenbergs syndrome lesion of the lateral medullary region of the brain stem Adolf Wallenberg (1862ndash1949) physician Germany

Wallerian degeneration degeneration of the distal segment of a nerve fibre and its myelin sheath following injury Augustus Volney Waller (1816ndash1870) British neurophysiologist

Wartenbergrsquos diseasesignsymptom radial sensory nerve entrapment Robert Wartenberg (1866ndash1956) American neurologist Weigert staining technique of stain for nerve fibres

Karl Weigert (1845ndash1904) Frankfurt histologist Wernickes speech area ndash motor speech area in superior temporal lobe of cerebral cortex

syndrome ndash An encephalopathy syndrome characterized by mental and ocular disorders and ataxia Mental disturbances include listlessness disorientation confusion hallucinations Korsakoff psychosis and other behavioural symptoms Karl Wernicke (1848ndash1904) Psychiatrist at Breslau and then Halle Germany

Whartons duct ndash duct of the submandibular salivary gland jelly ndash homogenous intercellular substance of the umbilical cord gives reaction for mucin and contains thin collagenous fibres which increase in number with the age of the fetus

Thomas Wharton (1614 ndash1673) physician and anatomist St Thomas Hospital London UK Remained on duty there during the Great Plague of 1665

Whitnalls tubercle tubercle on the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone Samuel Ernest Whitnall (1876ndash1950) Professor of Anatomy successively at McGill University Montreal Canada and Bristol UK

WiebelndashPalade bodies rod-shaped storage granules in endothelial cells Euald Wiebel (contemporary) physician Switzerland George Emil Palade (1912 - 200813) born in Romania cytologist Rockefeller Institute New York New York USA Nobel Prize for Medicine 1974 Howard Williams 20th century Australian physician Peter E Campbell 20th century Australian physician

Willis circle of the arterial anastomosis at the base of the brain Thomas Willis (1621ndash1675) physician to King James II practised first in Oxford then London UK

Winslow foramen of the epiploic foramen leading to the lesser sac Jacob B Winslow (1669ndash1760) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Paris France

Wirsung duct of main pancreatic duct J G Wirsung (1642ndash) Prosector in Anatomy Padua

WiskottndashAldrich syndrome primary immunodeficiency resulting from X-linked recessive mutation Alfred Wiskott (1898ndash1978) German paediatrician Robert Anderson Aldrich (1917ndash1998) American paediatrician

Wolffian body ndash the mesonephros duct ndash the mesonephric duct Caspar Wolff (1733ndash1794) born in Berlin Professor of Anatomy St Petersburg Russia one of the pioneers of embryology

Wolffrsquos law changes in the stresses on bones are reflected in their internal structure Julius Wolff (1836ndash1902) Berlin orthopaedic surgeon WolffndashParkinsonndashWhite syndrome bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy

young people prone to paroxysmal tachycardia John Parkinson (1885 ndash 1976) English cardiologist

Paul Dudley White (1886 ndash 1973) American cardiologist Louis Wolff (1898 ndash 1972) American cardiologist

Wolfring glands of small tubuloalveolar glands in the subconjunctival tissue above the upper border of the tarsal plate Emilij Franzevic von Wolfring (1832ndash1906) Polish ophthalmologist

Wormian bones small bones which occasionally occur along the labdoid suture of the human skull (also called sutural bones) Ole Worm (1588ndash1654) Danish physician Professor of Medicine University of Copenhagen

Wrightrsquos stain a mixture of eosin and methylene blue used for demonstrating blood corpuscles and malarial parasites James Homer Wright (1869ndash1928) Harvard pathologist

Wrisberg ligament of band attached to posterior cruciate ligament of the knee Heinrich August Wrisberg (1739ndash1808) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

Zeis glands of modified rudimentary sebaceous glands attached directly to the follicles of the eyelashes Edward Zeis (1807ndash1868) German ophthalmologist

Zellweger syndrome inherited defect in peroxisome biogenesis and functioning Hans Ulrich Zellweger (1909ndash1990) Swiss-American paediatrician

ZinnHaller circle (or zonula) of an (often incomplete) vascular circle within the sclera formed by branches of the short posterior ciliary arteries whose centripetal branches supply the laminar region of the optic nerve head Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727ndash1759) Professor of Medicine and Director of Botanical Gardens Goumlttingen Germany Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Zuckerkandl fascia of ndash the retrorenal fascia tuberculum of ndash the first modern and accurate descriptions of the paranasal sinuses can be

traced to the works of the late 19th century Austrian anatomist Emil Zuckerkandl (1849ndash1910) Professor of Anatomy at Graz and then Vienna Austria

Many of the eponyms listed above are described in more detail in Firkin BG Whitworth JA 2001 Dictionary of Medical Eponyms London Parthenon

Thomas Wharton (1614 ndash1673) physician and anatomist St Thomas Hospital London UK Remained on duty there during the Great Plague of 1665

Whitnalls tubercle tubercle on the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone Samuel Ernest Whitnall (1876ndash1950) Professor of Anatomy successively at McGill University Montreal Canada and Bristol UK

WiebelndashPalade bodies rod-shaped storage granules in endothelial cells Euald Wiebel (contemporary) physician Switzerland George Emil Palade (1912 - 200813) born in Romania cytologist Rockefeller Institute New York New York USA Nobel Prize for Medicine 1974 Howard Williams 20th century Australian physician Peter E Campbell 20th century Australian physician

Willis circle of the arterial anastomosis at the base of the brain Thomas Willis (1621ndash1675) physician to King James II practised first in Oxford then London UK

Winslow foramen of the epiploic foramen leading to the lesser sac Jacob B Winslow (1669ndash1760) Professor of Anatomy and Surgery Paris France

Wirsung duct of main pancreatic duct J G Wirsung (1642ndash) Prosector in Anatomy Padua

WiskottndashAldrich syndrome primary immunodeficiency resulting from X-linked recessive mutation Alfred Wiskott (1898ndash1978) German paediatrician Robert Anderson Aldrich (1917ndash1998) American paediatrician

Wolffian body ndash the mesonephros duct ndash the mesonephric duct Caspar Wolff (1733ndash1794) born in Berlin Professor of Anatomy St Petersburg Russia one of the pioneers of embryology

Wolffrsquos law changes in the stresses on bones are reflected in their internal structure Julius Wolff (1836ndash1902) Berlin orthopaedic surgeon WolffndashParkinsonndashWhite syndrome bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy

young people prone to paroxysmal tachycardia John Parkinson (1885 ndash 1976) English cardiologist

Paul Dudley White (1886 ndash 1973) American cardiologist Louis Wolff (1898 ndash 1972) American cardiologist

Wolfring glands of small tubuloalveolar glands in the subconjunctival tissue above the upper border of the tarsal plate Emilij Franzevic von Wolfring (1832ndash1906) Polish ophthalmologist

Wormian bones small bones which occasionally occur along the labdoid suture of the human skull (also called sutural bones) Ole Worm (1588ndash1654) Danish physician Professor of Medicine University of Copenhagen

Wrightrsquos stain a mixture of eosin and methylene blue used for demonstrating blood corpuscles and malarial parasites James Homer Wright (1869ndash1928) Harvard pathologist

Wrisberg ligament of band attached to posterior cruciate ligament of the knee Heinrich August Wrisberg (1739ndash1808) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

Zeis glands of modified rudimentary sebaceous glands attached directly to the follicles of the eyelashes Edward Zeis (1807ndash1868) German ophthalmologist

Zellweger syndrome inherited defect in peroxisome biogenesis and functioning Hans Ulrich Zellweger (1909ndash1990) Swiss-American paediatrician

ZinnHaller circle (or zonula) of an (often incomplete) vascular circle within the sclera formed by branches of the short posterior ciliary arteries whose centripetal branches supply the laminar region of the optic nerve head Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727ndash1759) Professor of Medicine and Director of Botanical Gardens Goumlttingen Germany Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Zuckerkandl fascia of ndash the retrorenal fascia tuberculum of ndash the first modern and accurate descriptions of the paranasal sinuses can be

traced to the works of the late 19th century Austrian anatomist Emil Zuckerkandl (1849ndash1910) Professor of Anatomy at Graz and then Vienna Austria

Many of the eponyms listed above are described in more detail in Firkin BG Whitworth JA 2001 Dictionary of Medical Eponyms London Parthenon

Wormian bones small bones which occasionally occur along the labdoid suture of the human skull (also called sutural bones) Ole Worm (1588ndash1654) Danish physician Professor of Medicine University of Copenhagen

Wrightrsquos stain a mixture of eosin and methylene blue used for demonstrating blood corpuscles and malarial parasites James Homer Wright (1869ndash1928) Harvard pathologist

Wrisberg ligament of band attached to posterior cruciate ligament of the knee Heinrich August Wrisberg (1739ndash1808) Professor of Anatomy Goumlttingen Germany

Zeis glands of modified rudimentary sebaceous glands attached directly to the follicles of the eyelashes Edward Zeis (1807ndash1868) German ophthalmologist

Zellweger syndrome inherited defect in peroxisome biogenesis and functioning Hans Ulrich Zellweger (1909ndash1990) Swiss-American paediatrician

ZinnHaller circle (or zonula) of an (often incomplete) vascular circle within the sclera formed by branches of the short posterior ciliary arteries whose centripetal branches supply the laminar region of the optic nerve head Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727ndash1759) Professor of Medicine and Director of Botanical Gardens Goumlttingen Germany Victor Albrecht von Haller (1708ndash1777) Professor of Anatomy Physiology Surgery and Botany University of Goumlttingen Germany

Zuckerkandl fascia of ndash the retrorenal fascia tuberculum of ndash the first modern and accurate descriptions of the paranasal sinuses can be

traced to the works of the late 19th century Austrian anatomist Emil Zuckerkandl (1849ndash1910) Professor of Anatomy at Graz and then Vienna Austria

Many of the eponyms listed above are described in more detail in Firkin BG Whitworth JA 2001 Dictionary of Medical Eponyms London Parthenon