2 EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions Health and environmental effects of...
Transcript of 2 EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions Health and environmental effects of...
2
EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions
Health and environmental effects of hydrocarbon fuel combustion
Idle reduction Immediate savings after
implementation Reduced consumption of foreign oil
Introduction
3
Lesson 1:Introduction to Idle
Reduction
4
Objectives Describe what idle reduction is Explain the basic history of idle
reduction strategies and technologies Describe how implementing idle
reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment
Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction
Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it
5
Petroleum and emissions reduction technologies and strategies
Idle = speed at which ICEs rotate under no throttle or load
Tachometer displays engine speed (600-1,000 rpm)
Smooth engine operation during acceleration from stop and adequate oil pressure
Definition of Idle Reduction
6
Transportation and convenience idling
Technologies, policies, strategies to reduce engine idle time
Strategies and technologies to reduce both transportation and convenience idling
Figure 1: The engine tachometer showing a vehicle’s idle speed. Source: NAFTC.
7
Did You Know?
Idling a vehicle may allow for the comforts of heat or A/C and the operation of accessories such as radios or other multimedia, but when your vehicle is idling, your fuel economy when not in motion is 0 mpg.
8
ICEs in use since the early 20th century Old = mechanical carburetors/fuel
pumping systems New = electronic throttle, high
pressure fuel system, electronic fuel injection
Idling vehicles produce no propulsion but still consume fuel and produce emissions
Basic History of Idle Reduction
9
Pre-heating, pre-cooling for comfort
Idling while waiting for traffic, etc. Load from accessories Long-haul trucks may idle up to
300 nights a year Non-driving time requirements
10
Policies for Idle Reduction U.S. EPA emissions and CAFE fuel
economy standards More attention is being paid to
emissions produced from idling Federal tax exemptions for heavy-duty
trucks New vehicles and aftermarket products Clean Cities program, SmartWay
Transportation, Clean School Bus USA partnership, and others
11
Figure 2: States that have policies or incentives to implement idle reduction technologies. Source: AFDC.
12
State enacted policies and idle limitations
Local and city government regulations
School bus emissions at idle
Amount of fuel used per idle time
Reduced idling = immediate fuel savingsFigure 3: School bus at idle, consuming
fuel and producing emissions. Source: EPA.
13
Did You Know?
Idling a car for one hour consumes about one gallon of fuel.
Source: http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/idling.html.
14
Cleaner, healthier planet Improved fuel efficiency and
reduced emissions Innovative technologies,
specialized technicians Technologies and strategies
implemented by both manufacturers and consumers
Idle Reduction Today
15
Consumer Idle Reduction Strategies Any reduction in idle time can save
fuel and reduce emissions Idling during in-city driving
Avoiding congested areas Limit idle time for convenience Immediate fuel savings
16
Manufacturer Idle Reduction New technologies, improved fuel
economy, and reduced emissions Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty
vehicle fuel savings Idle shutoff functions,
mild hybrid technologies APUs for long haul trucks TSE implementation
Figure 4: Driver in a long haul truck utilizing a type of TSE. Source: IdleAir.
17
Did You Know?
Truck idling uses approximately 3 billion gallons of fuel per year
• Approximately 1 billion gallons for overnight idling
• Roughly 2 billion gallons for workday idlingEvery hour a truck idles unnecessarily is
equivalent to about 8 to 10 miles of on-road driving.
Source: Argonne National Laboratory.
18
Personal and environmental health Financial and fuel economy
improvements Technologies manufacturing and
service Implementation by both consumers
and fleets Immediate reductions in fuel
consumption and emissions
Why Consider Idle Reduction?
19
Advantages of Idle Reduction Reduced fuel consumption Fewer vehicle emissions Lower operating costs Increased engine life No-cost implementation
20
Additional Points to Consider Possible capital investment Personal convenience may be
compromised
21
Health and environmental benefits Reduced fuel costs - economics Reduced dependence on foreign
oil – energy security
Benefits of Idle Reduction
22
Combustion of fuels produces harmful emissions
Creation of PM Respiratory and cardiovascular
complications Idle reduction reduces vehicle
emissions
Health Benefits
23
Emissions negatively affect the environment
GHG formation, climate change Idle reduction = reduced
emissions
Environmental Benefits
24
Excessive idling = unnecessary financial loss
Industry opportunity for implementation of idle reduction technologies
Reduced consumption = financial benefit for all drivers
Economic Benefits
25
Reduced idling = reduced fuel consumption
Reduced fuel consumption = reduced reliance on foreign oil
Nearly half of all petroleum used in the U.S. is imported
Energy Security Benefits
26
Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe what idle reduction is? Explain the basic history of idle
reduction strategies and technologies? Describe how implementing idle
reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment?
Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction?
Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it?
27
1. True or False: Engine speeds of idling engines under no load are typically 600-1,000 rotations per minute (rpm).
2. What does the acronym TSE stand for and how does it relate to idle reduction?
3. A passenger car that is idles for one hour consumes about ___ gallon(s) of fuel.
4. True or False: Vehicles that are idling while not moving have a fuel economy of 0 miles per gallon (MPG).
Test Your Knowledge
28
Lesson 2:Idle Reduction Policies,
Infrastructure, andSustainability
29
Objectives Describe federal, state, and local
policies on idle reduction Explain how both manufacturers and
consumers can implement idle reduction strategies
Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction
Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency
30
Reduced allowable emissions from vehicles
CAFE fuel economy standards for passenger cars and trucks
New goals implemented by the Obama administration
Fuel economy gains of more than 5% per year
Idle Reduction Policies
31
Figure 5: New standards for light-duty vehicles in order to meet 2016 compliance. Source: EPA.
32
Figure 6: Compression-ignition engine emissions limits. Source: EPA.
33
Testing Procedures Pre-defined test cycles for light- and
heavy-duty vehicles Dynamometer vehicle testing Fuel waste and emissions from
overnight idling New technology development Strict standards and timelines
34
Figure 7: Test cycles for fuel economy and emissions of light-duty vehicles. Source: EPA.
35
Federal Idle Reduction Programs Clean Cities program
Reduce petroleum consumption Offers educational workshops, grants,
program development assistance SmartWay
Partnership between government and industry
Financing options for fuel-saving and emission reducing technologies
36
Clean School Bus USA Partnership between EPA and
private organizations Reduce children’s exposure to
school bus emissions Limit school bus idling
37
For more information on Clean Cities initiatives in your area, visit: www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities.
For more information on a SmartWay program, visit:
http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm To learn more about another DOE idle
reduction project, visit: http://www.the-step-project.org
38
State Programs Individual regulations and incentives Incentives often based on vehicle
weight Truck stop electrification (TSE)
development Maximum idling time per hour Specific grant programs for idle
reduction implementation
39
To learn about other states laws, visit http:/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state.
Andhttp://www.atri-online.org/
2012/01/01/idling-regulations-compendium/.
40
Local Maximum idle time in public places Idle time may vary by location,
proximity to certain businesses
Figure 8: Idle-Free Tennessee Program. Source: East Tennessee Clean Fuels Coalition.
41
New technologies help light- duty manufacturers reach CAFE/EPA standards
Light- and medium-duty mild hybrid implementation
Heavy-duty idle timer use Auxiliary power units (APUs)
Manufacturer Implementation
42
Purchase of new technologies/vehicles
Understand how the vehicle operates
Minimum warm-up/cool-down times
Planning trips/avoiding traffic congestion
Consumer Implementation
43
Distribution of Knowledge Strategies are implemented on
vehicles that are already in use Easily adapted for advanced
technology vehicles Immediate fuel and emissions
reductions
Distribution and Infrastructure
44
Infrastructure Some strategies requires no
infrastructure development Mild hybrid, HEV, EV production
already in place Heavy-duty sector development
APUs, TSE (possibility for up to 5,000 TSE sites)
Utilization of electricity over petroleum
45
Completely sustainable practices Small changes can affect fuel
consumption Less dependence on foreign oil
supplies Remember overnight commercial
truck idling consumes about 1 billion gallons a fuel a year
Sustainability
46
Cost Efficiency Immediate fuel savings Strategies can be implemented at no
cost Technology investment may be offset
by tax incentives and fuel savings
The Future of Idle Reduction Necessary part of achieving higher
fuel economy ratings Evolution from options to standard
equipment
47
Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe federal, state, and local
policies on idle reduction? Explain how both manufacturers and
consumers can implement idle reduction strategies?
Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction?
Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency?
48
1. True or False: The Clean Cities and SmartWay transportation programs are examples of federal programs that address benefits of idle reduction.
2. In West Virginia, a heavy-duty vehicle may not operate more than ________ minutes within a sixty minute period.
3. The EPA estimates that overnight idling of long- haul trucks consumes 1 (thousand, million, billion) gallons of fuel annually.
4. True or False: Additions in TSE could provide up to 64 electrified truck stops nationwide.
Test Your Knowledge
49
Lesson 3:Idle Reduction
Technologies and Strategies
50
Objectives Explain some of the technologies and
strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector
Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light- and medium-duty vehicle sector
Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies
Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place
51
Long-haul commercial freight carriers
Rest/driving requirements set by the U.S. DOT
Average truck idles more than 1,400 hours annually
Technology, strategy developments to reduce idle time
Heavy-Duty Idle Reduction
52
Strategies No up-front implementation cost State-enforced anti-idling laws Bus loading/unloading Warm-up and cool-down procedures
may require idle time
53
Technologies
Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)Electrified parking spots at truck stops
Enable drivers to meet rest requirements without idling
54
To find an electrified truck stop in your region, the DOE hosts a site locator searchable by zip code. It can be found at http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse.
55
Technologies Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
Single-system vs. dual-system Single-system offers heating, A/C, electricity,
internet, cable Unit is placed in passenger window Offers connectivity and comfort features
Dual-system requires onboard equipment for each truck
Driver plugs truck in to the electrical outlet to power onboard equipment – known as “shore power”
56
Figure 9: Long-haul trucks using truck stop electrification. Source: EPA.
57
Technologies Onboard Equipment
Powered by external electrical source or existing fuel system
Use is more efficient than allowing the engine to idle
Onboard Heating Direct-fired = small furnaces Consumes only a small amount
of fuel per hour Coolant heaters = heat
transfer system Can be used to heat cabin and
warm engine in cold climatesFigure 10: Direct-fired heater installed in a long haul truck.
Source: DOT.
58
Technologies Onboard Cooling
Thermal storage, battery-electric air conditioners
Thermal storage: energy is stored during normal operation, used at a later time to cool cab
Battery-electric air conditioners: powered by onboard batteries that are charged at truck stops
Both produce zero local emissions
59
Technologies Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
Small vehicle-mounted systems
Electrical generator powered by an internal combustion
engine Heat recapture from ICE Powers accessories, HVAC Rechargeable battery packs
Figure 11: Auxiliary power unit attached behind the fuel tank of a long haul truck. Source: IdleAir.
60
Over 234 million light-duty vehicles registered in 2010
Implementation of idle reduction strategies can have drastic effects
Enormous potential for reduced fuel consumption
Light- and Medium-Duty Idle Reduction
61
Strategies Provide immediate fuel savings Modern vehicle warm-up functions Extended idling situations Engine operation at higher speeds
62
Technologies Research is being conducted Advancements help reduce fuel
consumption Block Heaters
Use grid power to maintain engine temperature
Operate on standard 120VAC outlet Reduces ‘necessary’ idle time
63
Mild Hybrids Idle shutoff function Small battery pack and
motor/generator (MG) Used only for short amounts of time Reduce idle time by shutting ICE off
Other Idle Shutoff Technologies Advanced engine technologies reduce
amount of energy needed to restart engine
Conventional starters Micro-hybrids
64
Similar if not the same as conventional vehicles
Regular scheduled maintenance Same performance, reduced fuel
consumption Same safety systems as
conventional vehicles
Vehicle Maintenance, Performance, and Safety
65
Upon completing this lesson, can you: Explain some of the technologies and
strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector?
Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light-duty vehicle sector?
Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies?
Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place?
66
1. True or False: The only idle reduction option for light-duty consumers is to purchase new mild hybrid vehicles.
2. What does the acronym APU stand for?3. _____________ heaters are like small
furnaces that can be used to heat the cabs of long-haul trucks.
4. True or False: Commercial truckers are required to take minimum amounts of rest time from driving each day.
Test Your Knowledge