2. d ks law and hs

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Transcript of 2. d ks law and hs

Page 1: 2. d ks law and hs

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n]vssf] egfOk|sf]k–k|efljt gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf b[li6n] g]kfn w]/} k5fl8 /x]sf] 5 . d'n'sdfaf9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, cfunfuL tyf dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]kdf k/L jif]{gL Ps xhf/eGbfa9L dflg;sf] Hofg uO/x]sf] 5 eg] xhf/f}F dflg; 3fOt] eO/x]sf 5g\ . k|sf]ks} sf/0fx/]s jif{ xhf/eGbf a9L kl/jf/ lj:yflkt x'G5g\ / !^ xhf/eGbf a9L kl/jf/ k"0f{ ¿kn]k|efljt x'G5g\ .

k|sf]khGo 36gfdf lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] j[l4 tyf hgwgsf] a9\bf] Iflt 36fpg d2t ug]{ /p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfP/ k|efljt ;d'bfosf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ ;Sg]sfg'gL Joj:yf g]kfndf clxn];Dd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfg'ggePs} sf/0f :yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfon] cg]sf}+ ;d:ofsf];fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . cem k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfon] t p4f/ tyf /fxt kfpg]k|lqmofnfO{ bof nfu]/ s;}n] lbg] bfgsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . /fHon] jf ;]jfk|bfg ug]{ s'g} klg lgsfon] kLl8tsf] clwsf/ s] xf] eGg] ga'em];Dd / kLl8tn] cfˆgf]clwsf/af/] hfgsf/L gkfP;Dd k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf ;a} sfo{ cw'/} /xG5g\ . p4f/ tyf/fxtsf qmddf dfgjLo clwsf/ / kLl8tsf] clwsf/af/] 1fg ePg eg] To;n] klg k"0f{tfkfpFb}g . /fxtsf ;fdu|L, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / ;xof]usf] k|lqmofdf q'l6 gxf];\ eGgfsf nfluklg dfgjLo sfg'gsf] 1fg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . d'n'sdf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfg'gsf]cefj /xsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf o; If]qdf sfo{/t ;a}nfO{ kLl8tsf clwsf/sf] /Iff ub]{dfgjLo cjwf/0ffcg'¿k sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;;lxt k|sf]k–1fgdfnfcGtu{t…k|sf]k M sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/Ú ljifosf] k':ts k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg, kLl8tsf dfgjLo clwsf/sf] /Iff, p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gM:yfkgsfIf]q ;d]l6Psf] ;dofg's"n sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cefj /x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf klg o;If]qdf sfo{/t JolQm, ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfonfO{ o; k':tsn] dfgjLo cjwf/0ffsf ljifodfyf]/} dfq 1fg lbg;Sof] eg] klg xfd|f] k|of; ;fy{s ePsf] 7fGg]5f}+ .

k|sf]k 1fgdfnf k|sflzt ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfnsf l;lgo/ lydln8/Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnL / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs lji0f'k|;fb v/]n / o;sf]efiff ;Dkfbg u/L ;xof]u ug'{x'g] >L x]d/fh kf}8]n …lxds/Ú k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .To;}u/L k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] k|sfzgsf nflu sfo{qmds} ¿kdf cfly{s ;fem]bf/L ug]{PS;gP8 g]kfn / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnk|lt d]/f] JolQmut tyf k|sfzs ;+:yf …Osf]–g]kfnÚ sf tkm{af6 cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .

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k|sf]kk|lt ljZjJofkL rf;f] !#–!^ xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] d"n lgisif{ !$ ljZj d~rdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf !^

k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/ !&–!( dfgjclwsf/ !& k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/aLr ;DaGw !* k|sf]k / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g !(

clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff @!–@^ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] cy{ @! clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; @! clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"n dfGotf @# k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff @% dfgjLo ;xfotf kfpg] kLl8tsf] clwsf/ @^

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k[i7e"ldg]kfn ljZjsf b'O{ ;o d'n'sdWo] e'OFrfnf]sf nflu P3f/f}+ hf]lvdk"0f{ :yfgdfkb{5 eg] hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf lx;fan] tL;f}+ :yfgdf kb{5 . g]kfndf @)$)b]lv @)^) ;fn;Ddsf] @! jif{leq k|sf]kdf k/L @! xhf/ @ ;o $^dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . o; tYofª\snfO{ x]bf{ k|To]s jif{ ;fnfvfnf !,)!@dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} @)%@ b]lv @)^) ;fn;Ddsf] cfly{sIflt @* ca{ (# s/f]8 &@ nfv ?k}ofFa/fa/ /x]sf] 5 . of] Iflt cf};tdfjflif{s # ca{ @! s/f]8 %@ nfveGbf a9L x'G5, h'g cfly{s jif{ @)^@÷^#sf] nflu ;/sf/n] ljlgof]hg u/]sf] sl/a ! va{ @^ ca{ ah]6sf] @=%%k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .

plNnlvt tYofª\sn] g]kfndf k|sf]kaf6 x/]s jif{ 7"nf] dfqfdf hgwgsf]Iflt eO/x]sf] k|i6 kfb{5 . o;sf ;fy} xhf/f}F kl/jf/ cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQu'Dgfn] lj:yflkt x'g] ub{5g\ . 3/af/ljxLg cj:yfdf pgLx¿ km]l/ af9Lcfpg ;Sg] vf]nf / klx/f] hfg ;Sg] eL/kfvfd} a:g afWo x'G5g\ . o;/LPsk6s k|sf]kdf k/]sf dflg; g} k'gM k|sf]ksf] kL8fdf kmF:b5g\ .

k|sf]ksf] ;dodf kLl8tsf nflu p4f/ / /fxtsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tfsfo{ ;/sf/ tyf ;xof]uLn] bofk"j{s lbOg] bfgsf ¿kdf ug'{ x'Fb}g . s'g} klg;ª\s6df k/]sf gful/ssf] /Iff / ;xof]u ug'{ ;/sf/ / l5d]sLsf] bfloTjxf] . ;ª\s6df k/]sf x/]s gful/sn] /fHoaf6 ;Ddfgk"j{s vfgf, cfjf; /cf}ifwf]krf/ kfpg' cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ klg xf] .

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k|sf]kn] Iflt k'¥ofPsf If]qdf p4f/, /fxt, cfkt\sfnLg cfjf;, vfgf,n'ufkmf6f], :jf:Yo;]jf tyf cf}ifwf]krf/h:tf cTofjZos j:t'sf] Joj:yfug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;d'bfo, ;dfh / ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos ;|f]t tyf;fwgsf] cefj x'g;S5 . cfkt\sfnLg ;xof]usf nflu /]8qm;, u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿, l5d]sL tyf ldq/fi6«x¿ ;xof]u ug{ ;b}j tTk/ x'G5g\ . o;/Lk|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] ;xL kl/rfng ug]{, unt a:t' / ;fwgsf] ljt/0f x'gglbg] tyf kLl8tsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ /fxt;fdu|L Jojl:yt ¿kdf ljt/0fug{ sfg'g tyf Go"gtd dfkb08sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

k|sf]kkl5 3/af/ljxLg kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{sf]nflu klg sfg'gcg'¿k Joj:yf ug'{kb{5, ;fy} k|sf]ksf] Iflt sd ug{ ul/g]k"j{tof/Lsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf ePdf ;dfhnfO{ p;sf bfloŒjsf] af]wu/fpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf /x]sf 7fpFdf ;'/Iffsf pkfocjnDag u/L k|sf]k ;fdgfsf nflu sfo{ ug{ cfwf/e"t sfg'gsf] e"ldsfdxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|sf]k ePsf ;dodf p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{nfO{ e]befj/lxt¿kdf ;~rfng ug{, k|sf]kkl5 k'gM:yfkg, k'glg{df{0fh:tf sfo{ ug{ klgGo"gtd dfkb08;lxtsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf rflxG5 . To;}n] k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg,p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkg tyf k'glg{df{0fh:tf sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{,dfu{bz{g lbg tyf unt sfo{nfO{ lgolGqt ug{ ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] sfg'gnfO{k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfg'g elgG5 .

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Wo]on] tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] @)#( ;fndf b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g agfPsf]lyof] . g]kfnsf] ToxL P]g k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxt tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{Psdfq sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . k|sf]k;Fu ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cGos]xL P]g klg 5g\, t/ tL P]g cg'¿k k|sf]ksf ;dodf ug'{kg]{ p4f/, /fxt,k"j{tof/L / k'glg{df{0fsf s'g} klg sfo{ k|efljt ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfcg'¿kx'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug{ k"0f{ ¿kn] ;Ifd 5}g .of] P]g d"ntM cfkt\sfnLg p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{df dfq ;Lldt 5 . k|sf]kk|efljtePsf] jf x'g;Sg] If]qsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]/ cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfsf] ;fdgfug]{ Wo]on] ;ª\s6u|:t If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{;Ddsf] clwsf/ P]gn] lbPsf] 5 . o;sfg'gsf cfwf/df p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu ;/sf/n] cfjZostfcg';f/;/sf/sf s'g} klg lgsfo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyfgful/s ;dfhnfO{ cfjZos cfb]z lbg;Sg] / o:tf] If]qdf ljb]zL gful/sjf ;+:yfn] k|j]z ug{;d]t :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{ ug]{clwsf/ sfg'gn] s]Gb|Lo :t/df u[xdGqfno / :yfgLo txdf lhNnf k|zf;gsfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ljBdfg b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( cg'¿k ;/sf/n] s]Gb|b]lvufpF;Dd k|sf]k p4f/ tyf /fxt ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;S5 . ;/sf/åf/f ul7t;a} txsf k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn] cfˆgf If]qdf /x]sf] k|sf]ksf] cj:yf, ePsf]Iflt / tTsfn jf eljiodf x'g;Sg] Iflt sd ug{ sfd ug'{kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf]eP klg To;sf] sfo{ljlw lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . P]gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf sfo{qmdsf]d"n p2]Zo cfkt\sfnLg p4f/ / /fxtsf] ljt/0fdf dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . of]k"j{tof/L, k'glg{df{0f / k'gM:yfkgh:tf k|sf]ksf] bL3{sfnLg Joj:yfkgtkm{df}g /x]sf] 5 .

xfnsf jif{x¿df cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, lxdtfn ljikmf]6 cflb36gfdf j[l4;Fu} k|sf]ksf] vt/f klg a9\b} cfPsf] 5 . ljZJofkL ¿kdf

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eO/x]sf]] tfkqmd j[l4åf/f b]vfk/]sf] hnjfo'–kl/jt{g klg k|sf]khGo 36gfa9fpg] sf/s b]lvPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L jgljgfz, kfgLsf ;|f]t ;'Sg' jf b"liftx'g', ;/;kmfOsf] cefj, clgof]lht ljsf;lgdf{0f, vlgh tyf h}ljs OGwgsf]cTolws pkef]u / jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fdf j[l4 k|sf]k lj:tf/ x'g] sf/0fsf¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .

dfgjLo sf/0faf6 pTkGg eO/x]sf k|sf]khGo 36gf lgoGq0f ug]{ ljifodfg]kfnsf] k|sf]k P]gn] rf;f] b]vfPsf] 5}g . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ul/aL lgjf/0f,k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u, of]hgfa4 sfo{, :yfgLo / s]Gb|Lo:t/sfof]hgfaLr ;+of]hg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . To;}u/L gful/s;dfh / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/Lagfpg ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;, ;j{;'ne ;"rgfk|jfx, hgr]tgfclej[l4h:tf ljifo klg k|sf]khGo hf]lvd 36fpg] cfwf/ x'g\ . o:tf If]qdfsfd ug{ ;/sf/n] :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]/ sfo{/t ;ª\3;+:yfx¿aLr;dGjostf{ tyf ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf cfk"mnfO{ k|:t't ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

p4f/ tyf /fxtk|sf]khGo 36gfåf/f kLl8t JolQm, kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;a}n] cfjZos;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{ 5/l5d]s, /]8qm;, k|x/L / ;]gf ;a}sf] bfloTjleqkg{ cfpF5 . o;/L k|sf]ksf cj:yfdf kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{p4f/ elgG5 / cfkt\sfnLg af;, vfgf tyf pkrf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fxtelgG5 . g]kfnsf] lj= ;+= @)$( df bf];|f]k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] …b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#(Ú n] b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{ eGgfn] …b}jL k|sf]kaf6 c;/k/]sf] jf kg{;Sg] If]qdf b}jL k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f / /f]syfd tyf tt\;DaGwLk"j{tof/L / b}jL k|sf]kaf6 hgtfnfO{ k/]sf] kL/dsf{ tyf c;'ljwf x6fpgsfnflu b}jL k|sf]kaf6 kLl8t hgtfsf] k'gM:yfkg tyf b}jL k|sf]kaf6 c;/k/]sf If]qsf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ sfo{nufot b}jL k|sf]kaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]lhpwg / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ul/g] h'g;'s} p4f/ sfo{;Demg'k5{Ú egL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/efiffn]k|sf]kaf6 p4f/ ul/Psf kLl8tsf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo JofVof ug]{k|of; u/]sf] eP klg / p4f/, /fxt, cfkt\sfnLg ;xof]udf hf]8 lbP klgo;n] k'gM:yfkgsf bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd / dfgjclwsf/sf kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wgug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] k/Dk/f / ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] df}h'bf sfg'gLJoj:yfcg';f/ k|sf]kkLl8tn] p4f/ kfpg' ltgsf] clwsf/ geP/ k/f]ksf/Lsfo{ dfq ag]sf] 5 .

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b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf] Joj:yfb}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( n] k|sf]ksf ;dodf ul/g] p4f/ / /fxtsfnflu s]Gb|Lo :t/b]lv ufpF;Ddsf rf/ txdf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt u7gug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd s]Gb|, If]q / lhNnfdf k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf]Joj:yf ePsf] 5Ù t/ ufpF:t/df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn ePsf ;ldltsf]cj:yf lgDgcg';f/ 5 M

s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt

b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{;DaGwL gLltsf] th'{df ug{, sfo{qmd agfpg /sfof{Gjog tyf cfjZos sfd ug{–u/fpg ;/sf/n] u[xdGqLsf] cWoIftfdfs]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;ldltdf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg;Fu;DalGwt pRrkb:y kbflwsf/L ;b:osf ¿kdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ;ldltn]k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt If]qdf ul/g] p4f/ tyf ljt/0f ul/g] /fxt /sd, nQfsk8f,cf}ifwf]krf/ / cGo cTofjZos ;fdu|L k7fpg], p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflusfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf gful/s ;dfhaLr ;dGjo ug]{, If]qLo,lhNnf:t/Lo / :yfgLo ;ldltsf] kl/rfngsf nflu lgb]{zg lbg]h:tf sfo{ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k|sf]kk|efljt If]qnfO{ ;ª\s6u|:t If]q 3f]if0ff ug{;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd, k"j{tof/L tyfk|sf]kaf6 kLl8tsf] k'gM:yfkg / Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f;DaGwL /fli6«ogLltsf] th'{df klg o;} ;ldltsf] sfo{If]qleq kb{5 .

k|sf]ksf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx tyf gLltlgb]{zg lbg/sfof{Gjogdf ;3fpg ljleGg pk;ldlt u7g ug]{ clwsf/ klg s]Gb|Lo;ldltn] kfPsf] 5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgp4f/ tyf pkrf/ pk;ldlt / cfk"lt{, cf>o tyf k'gM:yfkg pk;ldlt;d]t u7g ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o:tf pk;ldltdWo] pkrf/ pk;ldltsf];+of]hsdf :jf:YodGqL, k'gM:yfkg pk;ldltsf] ;+of]hsdf ef}lts of]hgftyf lgdf{0f dGqL / cfk"lt{ tyf cf>o pk;ldltsf] ;+of]hsdf pBf]u,jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqL /xg]] Joj:yf 5 .

If]qLo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltIf]qLo k|zf;ssf] cWoIftfdf k|sf]ksf] ;dodf If]qLo tyf :yfgLo :t/dfp4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu rflxg] cfjZos ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{,:jo+;]js 6f]nL u7g ug{ tyf cGo p4f/ sfo{;d]t ug{ …If]qLo b}jL k|sf]k

Page 11: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷1111111111

p4f/ ;ldltÚ u7g ePsf] 5 . kfFr} ljsf; If]qsf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{non]lhNnf / s]Gb|;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t o; cGtu{t kb{5 .

lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltk|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ tTsfn p4f/ ug{, /fxt pknAw u/fpg,k|sf]ksf] 36gf /f]syfd ug{ tyf c:yfoL cf>osf] Joj:yf;d]t ug{–u/fpgk|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf …lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltÚsfo{/t /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;ldltdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] k|sf]ksfIf]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw;d]t;+nUg u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltufpF ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{t :yfgLo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt u7g x'g]Joj:yf P]gdf /x]sf] 5, t/ uflj; cWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g x'g ;Sg]:yfgLo ;ldlt eg] u7g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ /fxt lbg] ;/sf/L dfkb08b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn]k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf kl/jf/nfO{ Iflt / k|efjsf cfwf/df tTsfn /fxt;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ ub{5 . o;/L pknAw u/fpg]cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;xof]usf] dfqfdf ;do–;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo;ldltn] kl5Nnf]k6s u/]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ kLl8tnfO{ /fxt:j¿k lgDgcg';f/;xof]u x'g;S5 M

!= k|sf]kdf k/L s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf /fxt:j¿k k|ltd[ts !% xhf/?k}ofFsf b/n] d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= k|sf]kdf k/L 3fOt] ePsfnfO{ lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn]cf}ifwf]krf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

#= b}jL k|sf]kaf6 3/ gi6 ePdf c:yfoL cf>osf nflu k|ltkl/jf/ $xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd pknAw u/fpg] .

$= af9L, klx/f] jf e"sDkaf6 3/ k"0f{ ¿kn] gi6 geP klg ;Defljtvt/faf6 hf]lug cGoq ;g'{kg]{ eP To:tf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt:j¿kk|ltkl/jf/ b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

%= k|sf]kaf6 3/ gi6 ePsf JolQmnfO{ k|ltJolQm & s]hLsf b/n] rfdn

Page 12: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷1212121212

pknAw u/fpg] . rfdn pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] cj:yf ePdf To;afkt!@% ?k}ofF k|ltJolQm pknAw u/fpg] . rfdn pknAw u/fPafktsf]/sd lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL lbO{ ;f]sf] ljj/0f u[xdGqfno b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ zfvfdf k7fpg] .

^= k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 3/ gi6 ePsf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ tTsfn cfjZoskg]{ nQfsk8f / efF8fs'F8fsf] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu /fxt ;xof]u:j¿kk|ltJolQm kfFr ;o ?k}ofFsf b/n] pknAw u/fpg] .

&= k|sf]kdf k/L vfBfGgafnL tyf hUufhldg;d]t gf]S;fg eO{ tTsfnu'hf/fsf nflu vfBfGg;d]t gePsf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ k|ltkl/jf/ kfFr;o ?k}ofF pknAw u/fpg] .

*= k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ k'gM:yfkg tyf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu k|rlnt gLltadf]lhdjg dGqfnocGtu{tsf] lhNnfl:yt tf]lsPsf] lgsfon] ;x'lnot b/dfsf7 pknAw u/fpg] .

(= k|sf]ksf] ;dodf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fvL lzlj/ ;~rfngug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePdf lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn] tTsfn u[xdGqfnodf;Dks{ /fvL cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!)= k|sf]kdf k/L vfBfGg jf yk cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ kl/jf/sf];b:o ;ª\Vof;d]t v'n]sf] nut 36gf x'g]lalQs} u[x dGqfnodf k7fpg] .

!!= kLl8tnfO{ /fxt ljt/0f ubf{ :yfgLo ;ldlt u7g ePsf] :yfgdf ;f];ldltdfkm{t / cGo 7fpFsf] xsdf lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltdfkm{tg} /fxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

!@= pko'{Qmadf]lhdsf] ;xof]u e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, cl;gfkfgL,x'/Latf; / r6Øfªaf6 k|efljt kLl8tnfO{ dfq pknAw u/fpg] .

!#= lgwf{l/t dfkb08adf]lhd /fxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFbf lhNnf b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn] 36gf ePsf] #) lbgleq ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf]36gfsf nflu dfq /fxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

cfly{s ;|f]t;DaGwL Joj:yfk|sf]ksf avt p4f/ tyf /fxtnfO{ rflxg] /sdsf] Joj:yf ug{ s]Gb|Lo b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltcGtu{t ;~rfng x'g]u/L Pp6f s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotfsf]if /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k|wfgdGqLsf] dftxtdf …k|wfgdGqL b}jLk|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifÚ klg 5 . To;}u/L If]qLo / lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf

Page 13: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷1313131313

sf]ifsf] klg Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo ;xfotf sf]ifdf cy{ dGqfnoaf6ljlgof]hg ePsf] /sd / :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;xof]usf] /sd ;d]t hDdfx'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm JolQm, ;ª\3;+:yf, sd{rf/L, Jofkf/L cflbaf6 k|wfgdGqLb}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd cfjZostfcg';f/ s]Gb|Lo b}jLk|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifdf :yfgfGt/0f x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifsf]/sd cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t dfkb08cg';f/ kLl8tnfO{/fxt pknAw u/fpg If]qLo ;xfotf sf]ifdfk{mt lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotfsf]ifdf lgsf;f x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

dfgjclwsf/k|lt df}g / ck"0f{…b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#(Ú tTsfnLg ;dosf nflu pko'Qm eP klgjt{dfg ;dosf nflu o;sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKtk|foM eO;s]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o;lGw;Demf}tf, k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt / dfkb08cg'¿k sfd ug]{ k|fjwfgo;df 5}g . kLl8tsf cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt gug'{, k"j{tof/L/ k'gM:yfkg;DaGwL Joj:yf gx'g' o; sfg'sf] sdhf]/ kIf dflgPsf] 5 .p4f/ tyf /fxtsf kIfdf s]xL ug{ vf]h]sf] eP klg ;xof]usf Go"gtddfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] cefjdf clgjfo{ 7flgPsf sltko sfo{n]k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f ug{ g;s]sf sltko sfo{ lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn]cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOP klg k|sf]kaf6 lj:yflkt eP/ cfGtl/s;'s'Daf;L aGg afWo gful/ssf] a;f]af; u/fpg] / pgLx¿sf] eljio;'lglZrt ug]{h:tf bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd;DaGwL Joj:yfaf/] P]gdf pNn]vgePsfn] kLl8t tyf lj:yflktsf] eljio ;w}F clglZrt /x]sf] 5 . o;sf;fy} k|efljt If]qdf bL3{sfnLg k'gM:yfkg sfo{ ug{ rfxg] ;+:yf tyfljsf;–sfo{stf{n] gLltut sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf sl7gfOsf]lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;do;fk]If sfg'g Nofpg] / cfjZostfcg'¿k;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ub}{ hfg] k|lqmof ckgfpg' h?/L 5 .

Page 14: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷1414141414

k|sf]kk|lt ljZjsf] rf;f]

k|sf]ksf sf/0f ljZjdf x/]s jif{ hgwgsf] k|z:t Iflt eO/x]sf] 5 .k|sf]kaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] hgwgsf] Iflt Go"g ug{ ;g\ !(() df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lok|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;lrjfnosf]:yfkgf eof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n];g\ !(*( df !(() sf] bzsnfO{k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f bzs 3f]if0ffu/]kl5 k|sf]k lj?4sf] ljZjJofkLcleofg k|f/De ePsf] dflgG5 .;g\ !(() b]lv k|To]s jif{sf]cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf] bf];|f] a'wjf/ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|sf]k Go"gLs/0flbj; klg dgfOG5 .

;g \ !(($ df hfkfgsf ]of]sf]xfdfdf ;'/lIft ljZjsf nfluklxnf] …ljZj k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f;Dd ]ngÚ ePkl5 ; +o 'Qm/fi6«;ª\3sf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyfGo"gLs/0f;DaGwL k|of;n] yktLj|tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ !((% df hfkfgsf] sf]a]df;DkGg Pl;ofnL /fi6 «x¿sf ]k | fs [ lts k |sf ]k Go "gLs/0f;Dd]ngaf6 Pl;ofnL k|sf ]kGo"gLs/0f s]Gb| (Asian Disas-ter Reduction Center) sf ]:yfkgf ePkl5 Pl;ofnufotg]kfndf klg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf]sfo{n] k|fyldstf kfPsf] 5 .

slxn] s] eof] <

;g\ !(*( M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3åf/f;g\ !(() b]lv !((( ;Dd k|fs[ltsk|sf]k Go""gLs/0f cGt/f{li6«o bzsdgfpg] lg0f{o .

;g\ !(($ M ‘;'/lIft ljZjsf nfluk|sf ]k Go"gLs/0f’ gf/f ;lxthfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdfdf k|yd ljZj;Dd]ng . ;Dd]ngåf/f ;fdflhstyf gful/s ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL/xg] u/L klxnf] ‘k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fgLlt’ tof/ .

;g\ !((% M hfkfgsf] sf]a] ;x/df;DkGg Pl;ofnL /fi6x¿sf] k|fs[ltsk|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;Dd]ng ;DkGg .;Dd ]ngåf/f Pl;ofnL k |sf ]kGo"gLs/0f s]Gb| (Asian DisasterReduction Center -ADRC):yfkgfsf] 3f]if0ff .

;g\ @))% M hfkfgsf] sf]a] ;x/dfk|sf]k Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL bf];|f] ljZj;Dd ]ng . ;g \ @)!% ;Dddf;d'bfosf] k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdfclej[l4 ug{ xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgf@))%–@)!% sf] 3f]if0ff .

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k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷1515151515

k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL bf];|f] ljZj;Dd]ng;g\ @))% sf] hgj/L !* b]lv @@ ;Dd hfkfgsf] sf]a]df k|sf]kGo"gLs/0f;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf !^*d'n'ssf ;/sf/L clwsf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;+:yfPj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;~rf/dfWodsf] 7"nf] ;xeflutf lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] ljsl;td'n'ssf cg'ej / pRr k|ljlwaf6 cNkljsl;t d'n'sn] / cNkljsl;td'n'ssf :yfgLo k|ljlwaf6 ljsl;t d'n'sn] ;do;'xfpFbf] nfe lng ;Sg'kg{]oyfy{k|lt hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .

;Dd]ngsf] …lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu lzIffÚ ljifos ;qdf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg /hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu hgr]tgf cleofg Jofks agfpg'kg]{df ;a}n]P]Soa4tf hgfpg' o; ;Dd]ngsf] dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw dflgPsf] 5 . k|sf]kk|efljt;d'bfosf] ;'/lIft eljiosf nflu lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]uaf6k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] lgSof]{n lgsfNb} ;Dd]ngn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf]…;g\ @))% b]lv @)!% ;Dddf ;'/lIft eljiosf nflu lzIffÚ eGg] gf/f;fy{s agfpg ;/sf/x¿nfO{ kf7Øqmddf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{ klg cfXjfgu/]sf] 5 .

;Dd]ngåf/f hf/L 3f]if0ffkqdf cfufdL !) jif{sf nflu z}lIfs ljsf;åf/fk|sf]k ;fdfgf Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf sfo{ ug]{ k|lta4tfhgfOPsf] 5, h;nfO{ …xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgf– ;g\ @))%–@)!%Ú elgG5 .

xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] d"n lgisif{

!= /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo k|fyldstfcg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]khf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu /fli6«o 9fFrf, ;+:yfut 9fFrf tyf sfg'gL9fFrf, ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfO{ ;zQmagfpg] .

@= k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofª\sg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{r]tfjgLk|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

:yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o txsf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofª\sg / cg'udgug]{, k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ / ;Defljt hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf

Page 16: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷1616161616

ug{] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ .

#= 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt /k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ .

:yfgLo / /fli6«o txdf ;"rgf–Joj:yfkg tyf cfbfg–k|bfg, lzIfftyf tflnd / cg';Gwfg;lxt hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/]/ ;a} txdf;'/IffTds ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; tyf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4ug]{ .

$=hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s tŒjx¿df sdL Nofpg] .

jftfj/0f tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sfcEof; / e"–pkof]u of]hgf tyf cGo k|fljlws pkfo ckgfP/hf]lvdsf d"n sf/0fx¿nfO{ 36fpg] .

%= ;a} txdf k|sf]ksf] k|efjsf/L k|ltsf/sf nflu ;zQm k"j{tof/L ug]{ .

k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf nflu If]qLo, /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df ;DalGwtk|ljlw, tflnd Pj+ dfgj tyf ef}lts ;+;fwg ljsf; u/L gLltut,k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] .

k|sf]k;DaGwL hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon]k"j{r]tfjgL, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, k|sf]k–;fdgf / ljsf;sf If]q;Fu;DalGwt ;a} txsf ;+:yf / lgsfoaLrsf] 5nkmn, ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg / ;dGjodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Pj+ To;df clej[l4 ug]{] .

/fi6«sf] k|sf]k–;dgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ k|sf]kn] pl5Gg] cj:yfdf klgTo;sf] k|efjsf/L ;Daf]wg ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ tof/Lsf nflu If]qLo:t/df ;dGjofTds kxnsf] ljsf; Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f, If]qLo gLltlgdf{0fjf ;'wf/ u/]/ sfo{;+oGq, of]hgf tyf ;"rgfk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

k|sf]ksf] clthf]lvdsf If]q / ;d"xnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;a} txdf k"j{tof/Ljf k'g/fjnf]sg / ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g u/L pko'Qm of]hgf tyf gLltagfpg] . k|sf]ksf cj:yfdf tLj| / k|efjsf/L ;Daf]wg ePsf] tyf:yfgLo cfjZostfcg'¿k plrt 9ª\un] vfB tyf cGo cfjZosj:t'sf] ;xof]u k'u]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ tyf k|sf]k–k|efljt :yfg vfnLu/fpg]h:tf k"j{tof/Lsf lgoldt cEof;nfO{ a9fjf lbg] .

k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf, Ifltsf] e/y]u tyf k"j{tof/Lsf pkfonfO{ ;xof]u

Page 17: 2. d ks law and hs

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k'¥ofpg kof{Kt x'g] u/L cfjZostfcg';f/sf :yfgdf ;ª\s6sfnLgsf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ k|>o lbg]] .

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd 36fpg, ljz]if u/L :jo+;]jL efjgf a9fP/ ;lqmo;xeflutfdf k|j4{g ug{ ;Sg] k|0ffnL tyf ;d'bfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfdf:jfldTjsf] efjgf ljsl;t ug]{ .

:yfgLo / /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] klxrfg u/L ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf If]qdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutfg]kfnn] ;g\ !(($ sf]] d] dlxgfdf hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdfdf ;DkGg klxnf] ljZjk|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;Dd]ngdf ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lnPsf] lyof] . g]kfnn]Pl;ofnL k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f s]Gb|sf] ;b:otf lnPs} sf/0f klg k|sf]ksf]Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf g]kfnsf] ljZjJofkL ;xeflutf ;lqmo /x]sf] cg'ejx'G5 . To;}u/L ;g\ !((% df hfkfgsf] sf]a]df ePsf] Pl;ofnL k|fs[ltsk|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f ;Dd]ng / ljleGg d'n'sdf ePsf a}7sdf g]kfnsf] ;lqmo;xeflutf /x]sf] kfOG5 . !^* d'n'ssf k|ltlglwsf] ;xeflutfdf ;g\ @))%sf] hgj/L !* b]lv @@ ;Dd hfkfgsf] sf]a]df ePsf] k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f;DaGwLbf];|f] ljZj ;Dd]ngdf klg g]kfnsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdfk|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg ljZjJofkL rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsfn] o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf;3fpg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljZjsf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|:tfj g]kfnn]/fv]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] o; ljifodf 7f]; lg0f{o gu/] klg ;xefuL /x]sfclwsf+z k|ltlglwn] o; k|:tfjnfO{ ;sf/fTds 7fg]sf lyP .

ljZjdf ePsf ljleGg ;ef, ;Dd]ng, a}7s tyf sfo{qmdx¿df efu lnP/k|fKt u/]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|sf]k;DaGwL ;"rgf tyftYofª\s– ;ª\sng, cWoog, ;"rgf k|jfx / k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ug{u[xdGqfnodf 5'§} dxfzfvfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . k|sf]ksf] lj:tf/ /k|efj a9\b} uPsf] jt{dfg ;dodf eg] ;/sf/n] pQm dxfzfvfnfO{ zfvfdfdfq ;Lldt ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5Ù oBlk hfkfgsf] sf]a]df ;DkGg ljZj;Dd]ngdf k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfonfO{ ;d]6L ;do;fk]If;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ ug]{ / lgs6 eljiod} k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f Joj:yfkg Pj+;dGjo kl/ifb\ :yfkgf ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 .

Page 18: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷1818181818

k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/

dfgj clwsf/:jtGqtfk"j{s afFRg kfpg' k|To]s dflg;sf] k|s[ltk|bQ clwsf/ xf] . bf];|f]JolQm jf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/dfly cltqmd0f gu/L cfˆgf b}lgs lqmofsnfk;~rfng ug{, hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]t k|fKt ug{ / :jtGqtfk"j{s afFRg kfpg'x/]s JolQmsf] dfgjclwsf/ xf] . ctM ;fdfGo cy{df eGg'kbf{ c? s;}sf]:jtGqtfdf x:tIf]k gu/L cfˆgf] :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] g};lu{sclwsf/ g} dfgjclwsf/ xf] . hfthflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt tyf lnª\usfcfwf/df s;}dfly e]befj gug'{ dfgjclwsf/sf] d"n dd{ klg xf] .

jt{dfg ;dodf klg ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sdf lg/ª\s'z tyf aa{/ zf;gk|0ffnLsfod} 5 . ul/a / wgL tyf uf]/f / sfnfaLr lje]b ;dfKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g ./fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxaf6 aflx/ kf/]/ ul/aLdf afFRg / lg0ff{os :yfgdfk|ltlglwTj ug{af6 tNnf] ju{nfO{ jl~rt u/fOPsf] 5 . o:tf dfgjLolje]bnfO{ clxn] klg hfthflt, prgLr jf sd{sf] k|ltkmn dfGg] ul/G5 .k|sf]ksf ;DaGwdf klg oxL e|dn] ;d'bfodf h/f uf8]sf] 5 . hLjgsf x/]s;'v–b'MvnfO{ efUosf] kl/0ffd dfGg] cGwljZjf; ;dfhdf JofKt 5 . /fhgLlts,cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s If]qdf /x]sf o:tf lje]bsf] cGTou/]/ ;Dk"0f{ gful/sn] ;dfg cj;/sf ;fy afFRg kfpg', :jljj]sn] sfd ug{kfpg' tyf hLjglgjf{x ug{ kfpg'kg]{df dfgjclwsf/n] hf]8 lbG5 .dfgjclwsf/n] JolQm, ;d'bfo / /fHo;+/rgfleq s'g} k|sf/n] s;}dflylje]b ug{ gx'g]df hf]8 lbG5 .

dflg;aLr k|s[lts ¿kdf lje]b x'Fb}g . xfjfkfgL, e"uf]n / >dsf] k|s[ltcg'¿kdflg;sf] /ª, ¿k tyf ljj]sdf leGgtf x'g;S5 . t/, k|s[ltn] dflg;aLrs'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj u/]sf] x'Fb}g . To;}n] sf]xL dflns / sf]xL gf]s/ x'g]k|Zg g} p7\b}g . zf;s jf wgLn] h;/L hLjglgjf{x ub{5, To;}u/L ul/an]klg cfˆgf] hLjg afFRg kfpg'kb{5 . To:t} /fli6«o ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn x/]sgful/sdf ;dfg ¿kdf ljt/0f x'g'kg]{ dfGotf klg ljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5 .

Page 19: 2. d ks law and hs

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To;f] eP klg ljZjdf dfgjaLrsf] lje]b ;dfKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;tkm{;r]t eP/ g} cGt/f{li6«o jf /fli6«o :t/sf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfx¿n] clwsf/d'vLcjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfhsf x/]s tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ / cfˆgf] clwsf/af/] ;r]tu/fpg ax;k}/jL ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . dfgjaLr /x]sf] lje]b tyf c;dfgtflj?4sfo:t} d'2f cl3 ;fl/Pkl5 dfgjclwsf/ ljZjJofkL rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/aLr ;DaGwdfgjclwsf/ / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffn] k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ dfq ;d]6\b}g .o;n] ;'s'Daf;L, z/0ffyL{, blnt, pTkLl8t / ckx]lnt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/–k|flKtnfO{ ;d]t d"n d'2fsf ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpF5 . clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffnfO{dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 klg x]g]{ ul/G5 . k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] o; efudfljz]ifu/L k|sf]kkLl8tsf] clwsf/ / /fHosf] bfloTj;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ul/g]ePsfn] clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] rrf{ klg k|sf]ks} ;Gbe{df ul/Psf] 5 .

k|sf]khGo 36gf ePkl5 ;ª\s6 pTkGg x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf cfkt\sfnLgp4f/ / /fxt kfpg' k|sf]kkLl8tsf] dfgjclwsf/ xf] . k|sf]ksf] kL8faf6d'lQm / hLjglgjf{xsf cfwf/e"t cj;/ k|fKt ug'{ k|To]s kLl8tsf] g};lu{sclwsf/ xf] . k|sf]ksf sf/0f k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ;DklQ u'dfP/ kL8fk"0f{ hLjglgjf{xul//x]sf, vfgf, n'uf, cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yonufotsf cfwf/e"tcfjZostfaf6 jl~rt ePsf k|To]s JolQmn] /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf / ;'/Iffkfpg'kb{5 .

ljz]if u/L k|fs[lts / dfgjLo sf/0fn] x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 kLl8t;d'bfosf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ ljleGg If]qaf6 k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . ToxLdfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm;, :sfp6h:tf ;+:yfsf]pbo eof] . k|f/Dedf /]8qm; o'4df 3fOt] ePsf ;}lgs / ;j{;fwf/0fsf];]jfdf ;Lldt lyof] . jt{dfg ;dodf o;n] af9L, klx/f], e'OFrfnf]h:tfk|sf]kaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljleGg/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿ klg o; k|of;df nfu]sf 5g\ . k|sf]kkLl8tsf];xof]u / k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4sf nflu dfgjLo ;xof]usfo{qmdcGtu{t o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf lgsfox¿, cS;kmfd,PS;gP8, s]o/ OG6/g]zgn, n'y/g jN8{ km]8/]zg, k|flS6sn PS;g,hfOsfh:tf ;+:yf sfo{/t 5g\ . ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdf sfo{/t ;a}h;f];+:yfn] dfgjclwsf/ / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

Page 20: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2020202020

k|sf]ksf s'g} klg 36gfaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfon] tTsfn p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkgsfnflu ;/sf/nfO{ bjfj lbg] sfo{ klg dfgjclwsf/sf] /0fgLlts kIf xf] .To;}n] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;/sf/n] k|sf]kkLl8tsf clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvPdf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg';f/ sfo{ ug{ u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿n] bafj lbg] ub{5g\ . To;}u/L /fHosf] k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfg'gnfO{;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug{ klg bafj / ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n]dfgjclwsf/sf] ;DaGw cGo If]qdf h:t} k|sf]ksf If]qdf klg cljlR5Gg/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

k|sf]k / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] k|sf]kkLl8tsf clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nfluk|ToIf Joj:yf u/]sf] gb]lvP klg dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] k/f]If ¿kdf:yflkt u/]sf dfgjLo l;4fGtn] k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf ;xof]usf] dfu{k|z:t u/]sf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; / :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] dfgjclwsf/sfg'gn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf dfgjLo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]ksf] kL8faf6 d'Qm ug{ cfjZos dfkb08sf] ljsf; klgu/]sf 5g\ . k|sf]kkLl8tsf nflu ;d]t pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] dfgjLo l;4fGtsf]k|ltkfbgdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg] lgDgfg';f/sf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g g}dfgjclwsf/sf d"n sfg'g dflgG5g\ M

a]nfotdf k|ltkflbt DofUgfsf6f{, ;g\ !@!%

dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, ;g\ !($*

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, ;g\ !(^^

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw,;g\ !(^^ .

plNnlvt l;4fGt / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gnfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf d"ndGq dflgG5 .To;}n] k|sf]ksf ;dodf k|Tofe"t x'g'kg]{ clwsf/sf nflu klg log} 3f]if0ffkq/ cg'aGwsf] pkof]u x'g] u5{ .

/fHon] ljz]if kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gsfs]xL efunfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf nflu lgnDag ug{ ;S5 . /fHon] To:tf] ug{;Sg]] eP klg k|sf]k jf o'4u|:t cj:yfdf ;d]t lgnDag jf aGb]h ug{gkfOg] ljifonfO{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f ! n] :ki6

Page 21: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2121212121

ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;f] wf/fdf :ki6;Fu …k|To]s JolQm;Fu :jtGqtf tyf v';L /cfgGbk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'/lIft /xG5 (Everyone has the rightto life, liberty and Persuit of happiness) elgPsf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'sdfh:tf];'s} ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yf pTkGg eP klg gful/sn] :jtGqtfk"j{shLjglgjf{x ug{ kfpg] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 / /fHon] To;sf]k|Tofe"lt lbg ;Sg'kb{5 .

k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf klg k|To]s gful/sn] cfˆgf] g};lu{s clwsf/ k|fKt ug{kfpg] Joj:yf /fHon] ug'{kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/sfg'gn] k|Tofe"t ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t k|To]s gful/s / ljz]if u/LkLl8tn] kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ;'lgZrt ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 M

x/]s gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ug'{ /fHosf] clgjfo{ st{Jo xf],

/fHon] kLl8tsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ ub}{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjglgjf{xsf]k|Tofe"lt lbg'kb{5,

k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf kLl8tsf :jfledfgsf] cfb/ tyf ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 .

/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfaLr ;dGjo sfod u/L k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'{kb{5M

k|sf]k;DaGwL k"j{tof/L,

hf]lvdo'Qm If]q vfnL u/fP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{,

k|sf]kaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t x'g] a"9fa"9L, czQm, afnaflnsf /dlxnfsf] /Iffsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg],

k|sf]kdf k/]sfsf] p4f/ tyf vf]hL ug]{,

k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;Ddfghgs /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

:jf:Yof]krf/, :jR5 vfg]kfgL, vfgf tyf cfjf;sf] Joj:yf tTsfn}ug]{,

k|sf]kkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿aLr;dGjo ub}{ gful/ssf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{,

kLl8tn] kfpg] ;a}vfn] ;xof]u bof jf bfg geP/ g};lu{s clwsf/x'g\ eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L To;sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf ePsf o:tf Joj:yfn] k/f]If ¿kd} ePklg k|sf]kLl8tsf clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] kfOG5 .

Page 22: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2222222222

clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] cy{clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff dfgjclwsf/sf] dxŒjk"0f { kf6f] xf] . o;cjwf/0ffcGtu{t /fHon] cfˆgf k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jtGqtf tyf ;Ddfgk"j{safFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbOG5 .

ljsf;f]Gd'v / lk5l8Psf d'n'ssf ;a} gful/s Go"gtd dfgjclwsf/sf]pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt 5g\ . pgLx¿ /fHosf] lg/ª\s'z zf;g jf hldGbf/jf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 s'g} g s'g} ¿kaf6 lylrPsf x'G5g\ . of]cj:yf ljsl;t d'n'sdf klg gePsf] xf]Og . ;d'bfoaLr hflt, wd{, /ª\u,j0f{ / lnª\usf cwf/df lje]b ug]{ k|rng ljZjJofkL ¿kd} sfod /x]sf] 5 .dflg;aLr b]lvPsf o:tf lje]bsf] cGTo ug{ lk5l8Psf jf /fHoåf/f lbOg]clwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/Psf gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf af/]df hfgsf/LlbP/ ;r]t u/fpg] k|of; ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf k|of;åf/f ;d'bfon]cGofolj?4 cfjfh p7fpFb} cfˆgf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] k|flKtsf nflu ug]{k|of; g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff xf] . lk5l8Psf jf clwsf/af6 jl~rt;d'bfosf clwsf/sf k|Tofe"ltsf] k|of; ub}{ clwsf/k|lt ;r]t u/fpg]sfo{qmdnfO{ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffaf6 k]|l/t sfo{qmd dflgG5 .

dfgjclwsf/df ljleGg ljwf / cjwf/0ff k|rlnt 5g\ . k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf]o; v08df eg] dfgjclwsf/ / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|sf]k;Fu ;DalGwt/x]/ k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf g};lu{s clwsf/ / ;/f]sf/sfljifodf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0fsf] ljsf;;g\ !@!% df a]nfotsf] DofUgfsf6f{af6 k|f/De ePsf] dfgjtfjfbL cjwf/0ffc7f/f}F ztfAbLsf cd]l/sL tyf k|mfG;]nL qmflGtkl5 yk kl/is[t ePsf]kfOG5 . k/f]ksf/df cfwfl/t dfgjtfjfbL wf/0ffcg';f/ jt{dfg ;dodfdfgjclwsf/ k|fs[lts clwsf/sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .

clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff

Page 23: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2323232323

clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . dfgj;Eotf;Fu}ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] ;f]r / ;dtfd"ns l;4fGtn] o;df kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfPsf]5 . lzIff, r]tgf, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, cfly{s, k|fljlws / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdfcfO/xg] ;'wf/;Fu} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/ / dfGotf klg kl/is[tx'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . vf; u/L k|mfG;sf] uf}/jdo qmflGtkl5 tNnf] ju{df ;d]t;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt nf]slk|o ePsf] dflgG5 . ;De|fGt ju{n] pkef]u ug]{cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / ljz]if u/L /fHon] lbg] ;'ljwf ;dfhsf ;a}ju{ / ;d'bfon] pkef]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{ dfGotfsf] ljsf;n] clwsf/d'vLcjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;fy{stf k|bfg u/]sf] dflgG5 .

b}jL zlQm tyf k|s[lt g} dfgjclwsf/ tyf sfg'gsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] eGg]k/Dk/fut wf/0ffn] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;St}g . /fHosf] d"nsfg'g jf ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'g agfpFbf dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{k|rng ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !($* sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL3f]if0ffkqnfO{ g} dfgjclwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]5 . ToxL 3f]if0ffkq clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] .

clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf w]/} ;ª\3;+:yfn]e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf 5g\ . /fHodf ;ª\s6 pTkGg ePsf cj:yfdf ;j{;fwf/0fgful/ssf clwsf/sf] /Iff, cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ / p4f/ tyf /fxtpknAw u/fpFbf lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]5 . oxL ;dtfd"ns ljrf/ / ;f]r g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] dfu{bz{sb[li6sf]0f xf] . ljz]if u/L ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yf jf ljkb\df k/]sf dflg;sf];xof]usf nflu cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Lsf] :yfkgfePkl5 dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 .

;fdflhs åGå, o'4 / k|sf]kaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfosf] /fxt, p4f/ / k'gM:yfkgsfnflu lglZrt dfkb08 tof/ ug{ ljZj–kl/of]hgf ;~rfng eof] . ljZjsfw]/} d'n'ssf ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf;~rfng ePsf] o; kl/of]hgfn] ljkb\df k/]sf ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e"tcfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ Go"gtd dfkb08 lgwf{l/t u/]sf] 5 . of] klg clwsf/d'vLcjwf/0ffsf ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 .

clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"n dfGotfclwsf/d'vL cjwf/0fsf dfGotf / l;4fGt w]/} 5g\ . tL dfGotfs} cfwf/df

Page 24: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2424242424

clwsf/af6 aflx/ kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ clwsf/ lbnfpg] k|of; x'G5 .clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"ne"t dfGotfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtdfgjtfjfbL l;4fGt g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] k|d'v dfGotf xf] . dflg;dflg;aLr lnª\u, hft, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /ª\u jf ju{sf cfwf/df lje]b x'g'x'Fb}g .

dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtcg';f/ k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcg'¿k p4f/tyf /fxt pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . kLl8t ;d'bfo;Fu cfb/o'Qm / ;DdfghgsJojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . ef}lts z/L/sf] /IffnfO{ dfq xf]Og, JolQmut :jtGqtf,zflGt, :jfledfgsf] /Iff / ;DdfgnfO{ klg dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtn] k|fyldstflbPsf] 5 . dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fn] ;Ddfg kfPdf dfq clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffn];fy{stf k|fKt ug]{ x'Fbf dfgjLo l;4fGt g} o; cjwf/0ffsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]tdflgPsf] 5 .

;Ddfgk"j{s af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/;dfhsf ;a}df ;dfgtf tyf ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf//xG5 . To;}n] ;dfgtf tyf :jfledfgsf] /Iff g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf]csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ dfGotf xf] . cdfgjLo Jojxf/, zf/Ll/s tyf dflg;s oftgftyf kL8fbfoL Jojxf/af6 d'Qm eP/ :jtGqtfk"j{s afFRg kfpg] k|fs[ltsclwsf/ g} dfgjLo cjwf/0ffsf] ;|f]t klg xf] . k|To]s JolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ o;k|sf/sf] clwsf/dfly s'g} kIfaf6 cltqmd0f ePdf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfn]JolQmsf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu kxn ug'{kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjtfjfbLsfg'gcg';f/ k|sf]ksf ;dodf kLl8tnfO{ cTofjZos j:t' / ;]jf e]befj/lxt9ª\uaf6 pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . o:tf sfo{sf] bfloTj /fHo / åGå/t cGokIfdf ;d]t ;dfg ¿kdf /xG5 .

lgMz:q JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iffjt{dfg ;dodf ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sdf cfGtl/s åGåsf sf/0f lgMz:qJolQmdfly klg cfqmd0f eO/x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf lgMz:q JolQm jf;d'bfon] ;'/Iff kfpg'kb{5 . ;fdflhs åGådf Pp6f kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{zq'sf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ x'Fbf lgMz:q ;d'bfo a9L kLl8t x'G5g\ . ToxfFlj/fdL, czQm, s}bL jf gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'Fb}g . o'4dfk|ToIf ¿kn] ;xefuL gx'g] To:tf xltof/ljxLg ;d'bfosf] /Iff ug'{ dfgjtfjfbL

Page 25: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2525252525

cjwf/0ffsf] dfGotf xf] .

:jtGqtfclwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff cGtu{t k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u ug]{ ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/Ltyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhsf] cl:tTj :jtGq x'g'kb{5 . ;xof]ubftf;+:yf tyf JolQm s'g} klg /fhgLlts, ;}lgs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;fdflhstyf ;f+:s[lts :jfy{, x:tIf]k / lje]baf6 d'Qm /xg'kb{5 .

t6:ytf;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf ;b}j t6:y /xg'kb{5 . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ dfgjtfjfbL;+:yfn] s;};Fu klg zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . kLl8taLr ;dfg Jojxf/ug]{ / kLl8tsf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ qmddf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfn] /fhgLlt,hft, wd{, jf j}rfl/s ljjfbaf6 cnu /xg'kb{5 .

lgikIftf;a} lnª\u, hft, wd{, /fHo, ju{ / /fhgLlts ljrf/sf cfwf/df e]befjgu/L lgikIf Jojxf/ ug'{ dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtsf] csf]{ dfGotf xf] . o;l;4fGtn] JolQmut jf ;fdflhs lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . k|sf]kkLl8t;a} JolQm;Fu ;dfg / lgikIf Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 .

p4f/ tyf /fxtk|sf]kkLl8t gful/sn] ;/sf/ jf ;xof]uLaf6 kfpg] p4f/ tyf /fxt bof jfeLv xf]Og . ;ª\s6df k/]sf JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] /Iff, cfjf;, vfBfGg,cf}ifwf]krf/ / cfo;|f]tsf] ljsNk pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] klxnf] st{Jo xf] .To;}u/L k|sf]kk|efljt jf kLl8t ;d'bfo;Fu vfgf, cfjf;, cf}ifwf]krf/,n'ufkmf6f] / hLjglgjf{xsf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 .

k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffk|sf]kk|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ tt\sfnLg ;xof]u ug'{ / ;fj{hlgsk"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0f ug'{ dfq k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf] dfgjLo kIf xf]Og .k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf] tTsfnLg cfjZostf k"lt{ ub}{ ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkg,k'gM:yfkg, ;'/Iff / bL3{sfnLg Joj:yfkgsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{kb{5 . tTsfnLgp4f/ / /fxtsf nflu ul/g] ;xof]u klg ;Ddfghgs x'g'kb{5 . clwsf/d'vL

Page 26: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2626262626

cjwf/0ffaflx/ /x]sf] ;xof]u bfg jf leIffsf] ¿kdf x'g] ePsfn] /fHon]To:tf] cj:yfsf] cGTo ub}{ k|sf]kkLl8t ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf ;Ddfgk"j{s;xof]u lbg;Sg] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . p4f/, /fxt tyf cGo ;xof]u ubf{ lgDgljifodf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M

!= k|sf]kkLl8t klg c¿;/x g} ;Ddflgt gful/s x'g\ . pgLx¿ cfˆgfljifodf x'g] 5nkmn jf lg0f{ok|lqmofdf :jtGq ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g;S5g\ .

@= vfgf, 5fgf, gfgf, kfgf, :jf:Yo, lzIff / ;'/Iffnufotsf cfwf/e"tcfjZostf k|sf]kk|efljt gful/ssf k|fs[lts clwsf/ x'g\ . tLclwsf/ /fHon] ljgfzt{{ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

#= k|sf]khGo ;ª\s6 k|fs[lts 36gf dfq geP/ dfgjLo cfr/0f,Jojxf/, cEof; / k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒj klg xf] .;dfhdf rlncfPsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotf / ;+:s[ltlj?4sf sfo{ u/]/;d'bfosf] cf:yfk|lt gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ lbg'x'Fb}g .

$= ul/aLleq k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9L x'G5 . To;}n] ul/aLlgjf/0fsfo{qmdnfO{ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffcGtu{t sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|0ffnLsf]ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .

%= k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg tyf k"j{tof/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf tyf:yfgLo hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .

^= ;'/lIft hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf]clwsf/ xf] . x/]s kLl8tn] cfkm" ;'/lIft 5' eGg] ljZjf; lng]jftfj/0f agfpg'kb{5 .

Page 27: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2727272727

dfgjLo ;xfotf kfpg] kLl8tsf] clwsf/

!= cfˆgf] /fHo jf lgolGqt If]qsf kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{/fHosf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

@= s'g} klg /fHo, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yf / u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yf;Fucsf]{ /fHodf dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] k|:tfj /fVg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

#= s'g} klg /fHo, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L ;+:yf / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{k|efljt /fHosf] ;xdltdf kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{clwsf/ x'g]5Ù zf;g;Qfsf] ljv08g jf u[xo'4sf] cj:yfdf ;Da4:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] ;xdltdf o:tf] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g]5 .

$= Ps /fHon] csf]{ /fHosf kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug}{kg]{bfloTj x'g]5}g . t/, cGo /fHo, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L;+:yfaf6 pknAw dfgjLo ;xfotfnfO{ ;xh agfpg' /fHosf] st{Jox'g]5 . olb s'g} /fHosf lj?4 bafasf pkfo cjnDag ul/Psf] /x]5eg] ToxfFaf6 dfgjLo cfjZostfsf j:t' cfk"lt{ ug{ jlh{t ul/g]5 .

%= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkqsf] kl/R5]b & sf cfwf/df ;'/Iffkl/ifb\n]cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iffdf dfgjLo ljof]un] kf/]sf c;/sf] kl/df0flgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 / kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k'¥ofpg cfjZos;a} pkfo cjnDag ug{ /fHox¿ jf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;]gfnfO{clVtof/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

^= cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhd ljb]zL d'n'ssf ;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L;ª\3;+:yf jf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf dfgjLo ;xfotfu|x0f ug]{ st{Jo /fHosf] x'g]5 . ltgLx¿n] :j]R5frf/L 9ª\un] cfˆgf]k"j{;xdltnfO{ OGsf/ ug{'x'Fb}g .

&= h'g /fHosf] lgoGq0fdf JolQmn] kfpg] dfgjLo ;xfotf /x]sf] x'G5,To; /fHodfly kLl8t gful/ssf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . To;}u/L dfgjLo;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] jf lgod #, $ / ^ adf]lhd dfgjLo;xfotf ljt/0f ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{ /fHosf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

–-dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] clwsf/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Loz}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;fF:s[lts kl/ifb\, k]l/;– !((%_

Page 28: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2828282828

:km]o/ kl/of]hgf

kl/rokLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo cjwf/0fcg'¿k ;xfotf ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg ;+:yfsfk|ltlglwx¿aLr ;g\ !((& df 5nkmn k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . a[xt\ 5nkmnkl5cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g, dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL lgb]{zs l;4fGt,/0fgLlt, z/0ffyL{ sfg'g, cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; cfGbf]ng / ljleGg u}/;/sf/L;+:yfsf cfrf/;+lxtf ;d]l6Psf] dfgjLo a8fkq hf/L eof] . ljkb\df k/]sfkLl8tsf nflu ;xof]usf If]q / cfwf/x¿ klxrfg ul/P . ;xof]usf] cfwf/nfO{lbuf], e/kbf]{ / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg Go"gtd dfkb08, ;"rsfª\s / kyk|bz{sl;4fGtsf] ljsf; ul/of] . o;} kl/of]hgfnfO{ …:km]o/ k|f]h]S6Ú cyf{t\ …:km]o/kl/of]hgfÚ elgof] .

:km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]khGo 36gfdf k/]sf kLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfodf;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{df k}/jL ub}{ ;xof]unfO{ ;Ddfghgs agfpg p4f/ //fxtsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08 lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] :km]o/nfO{ dfgjLo;xfotfsf nflu kf/bzL{, u'0f:t/Lo / dfgjtfjfbL ljZj–kl/of]hgf dflgG5 .k|sf]k jf åGåaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfosf nflu ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts dfGotf tyf ef}uflnscj:yfcg'¿k ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . ;xof]u kfpg]n] bfg kfPsf]geP/ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] /Iff ePsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg'kb{5 .:km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]usf ;fdu|Lsf] Go"gtd dfkb08;d]t lgwf{/0ful/lbPsf] 5 .

;xfotfsfo{n] ;dfhdf csf]{ lje]b ghGdfcf];\ eGg] kIfdf kl/of]hgf ;+j]bgzLn/x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu :km]o/n] ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ :yfgLo ;xeflutf / k|rlnt cEof;sf]cjnDagdf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

Page 29: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷2929292929

:km]o/ kl/of]hgfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtk|sf]k tyf ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ dfgjLo ;xof]uug]{ ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf nflu :km]o/ kl/of]hgf dfu{bz{s l;4fGt xf] . o;kl/of]hgfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, ckfª\u, la/fdL / dlxnfnfO{p4f/ tyf /fxtdf k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . k|sf]kk|efljt x'g]df clwsf+zoxL ju{ kg]{ / pgLx¿ cfˆgf] ;'/Iff cfkm}F ug{ c;dy{ x'g] ePsfn]pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

kLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf]/Iff ul/g'kb{5 .

xltof/ljxLg JolQmnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjtfjfbL sfg'gcg'¿k ;+/If0f /p4f/ ug'{kb{5 .

;z:q åGådf xltof/ljxLg ;d'bfo ;xefuL gx'g] ePsfn] ;xof]usf]If]qnfO{ xltof/ljxLg ;d'bfodf s]lGb|t ug'{kb{5 .

;z:q o'4sf] cj:yfdf o'4/t b'j} kIfsf 3fOt] jf dfl/Psf JolQmn];dfg ¿kdf p4f/ tyf /fxt kfpg'kb{5 .

k|sf]k, ;fdflhs åGå jf o'4h:tf 36gfaf6 lj:yflktnfO{ hflt, wd{,/fli6«otf jf /fhgLlts cfwf/df hLjg tyf :jtGqtf ;ª\s6df kg{;Sg]cj:yf b]lvPdf To:tf JolQmnfO{ hah{:tL lkmtf{ ug'{x'Fb}g .

:km]o/ kl/of]hgfsf Go"gtd dfkb08k|sf]k k|efljt If]qsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgf,cfly{s cj:yf tyf k|fljlws 1fgsf cfwf/df ;xfotfsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug'k5{ . /fxt ;xof]u / cGo ;]jf pknAw u/fpFbf ckgfpg'kg]{ ljlwx¿dfgjclwsf/, dfgjLo d"No / dfGotfcg'¿k x'g'k5{ . ;xfotf ug]{ ;+:yfn]cfˆgf cg'ej / 1fgnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lglZrt u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf k|bfgug'{k5{ . ;xof]usf] gfddf u'0f:t/xLg j:t' / tf}/tl/sf k|of]u ubf{ ;dfhdfe|d pTkGg x'g ;S5 / k|lts"n c;/;d]t kg{ ;S5 . u'0f:t/xLg vfBfGg,cf}iflw / :jf:Yo;]jfn] ;ª\qmd0fdf lgoGq0f x'Fb}g, a? ;d:of ylkg ;S5 .

kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08 lj:t[t / Jofks 5g\ . p4f/ tyf

Page 30: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3030303030

/fxtsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;a}n] lgwf{l/t dfkb08 k"/f ug]{ k|lta4tf lng'k5{ .kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf k|d'v dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= cf/f]Uo, :jR5 kfgL / ;/;kmfO

@= vfB;'/Iff, kf]if0f / vfB;xof]u;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08

#= cf>o:yn, a;f]af; / u}/vfBj:t';DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08

$= :jf:Yo–;]jf;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08

plNnlvt ljifodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ug'{kg]{ tof/LnfO{ ;femf dfkb08 eGg;lsG5 . :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;femf dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

!= ;xeflutf

;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] k|f/lDes cg'dfg, n]vfª\sg, ;~rfng, cg'udg,lg/LIf0fh:tf sfo{df k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ .

@= k|f/lDes cg'dfg

k|sf]kaf6 JolQm tyf ;d'bfodf k/]sf] k|efjsf ;fy} ;xfotfsf] If]q /k|s[ltsf] cg'dfg ug'{k5{ .

#= sfo{;~rfng

cflwsfl/s jf ;DalGwt lgsfon] cfˆgf] cwLgdf /x]sf] If]qsf ;+efljt;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ grfx]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t dfgjLo ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

$= nIo–lgwf{/0f

k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] cj:yf / k|efljt JolQm jf ;d"xsf] vfFrf] klxNofP/nIo–lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ .

%= cg'udg

sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf jf To;n] NofPsf kl/jt{gsf] lgoldt cg'udgul/g'k5{ .

^= d"Nofª\sg

dfgjLo ;xof]usf] :jR5 / kf/bzL{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ .

Page 31: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3131313131

&= Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/L

;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf tof/L / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu;xfotfsdL{df cfjZos of]Uotf, cg'ej / OdfGbf/L x'g'k5{ .

* dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] kl/rfng

;xfotf–sfo{ k|efjsf/L ePsf]] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ cg'udgstf{ /;xfotfsdL{nfO{ klg cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

dfgjLo ;xfotfsf Go"gtd dfkb08;femf dfkb08n] lgwf{/0f u/]cg'¿k k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;xof]usf]If]q lgwf{l/t x'G5 . kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08sf k|d'v rf/ If]qlgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= cf/f]Uo, :jR5 kfgL / ;/;kmfOkfgLsf] u'0f:t/;Fu :jf:Yo, cfjf; / kof{Kt ef]hgsf] cljR5Gg ;DaGw/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L åGå jf o'4sf ;dodf kfgLsf] ;|f]tdfly cfqmd0f jfsAhf ug{ lgif]w ul/g'kb{5 . kl/of]hgfn] :j:y hLjgsf nflu kfgL /;/;kmfOsf If]qdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf] 5 M

s= cf/f]Uo

;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:onfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf / ;'ljwf pknAwu/fP/ ltgsf] cf/f]Uo ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .

v= :jR5 kfgLsf] cfk"lt{

k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf :jR5 kfgLsf] cefj x'g] x'Fbf ;xfotfsdL{n] kfgLsf]cfk"lt{ ubf{ lgDg dfkb08 k"/f ug'{kb{5 M

!= kfgLsf] kx'““““r / dfqf

kLl8tn] lkpg, vfgf ksfpg / ;/;kmfOsf nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf:jR5 / u'0f:t/Lo kfgL kfpg'kb{5 .

@= kfgLsf] u'0f:t/

Page 32: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3232323232

ljt/0f ul/g] kfgL hLjf0f'/lxt :jR5 / ;kmf x'g'kb{5 .

#= kfgLsf] ;~ro

kLl8tn] lkpg, vfgf ksfpg / ;/;kmfOsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kfgL/fVg / k|of]u ug{ rflxg] efF8fjt{g kfpg'kb{5 .

u= lb;f–lk;fa Joj:yfkg

!= rkL{sf] kx'““““r / ;ª\Vof

k|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg] 7fpFdf kof{Kt ;ª\Vofdf;'/lIft rkL{sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

@= rkL{sf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u

k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf], :jR5 / ;'/lIft :yfg rog u/L rkL{ agfpg'kb{5 .

3= ;ª\qmfds hLjf0f'sf] lgoGq0f

k|sf]kkl5 ;ª\qmfds /f]u km}lnP/ yk k|sf]k pTkGg x'g ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfpTkGg x'g glbg ;/;kmfOsf dfWodaf6 ;ª\qmfds /f]usf] lgoGq0fsf nflulgDg dfkb08 k"/f ug'{kb{5 M

!= JolQmut / kfl/jfl/s k|lt/Iff

k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ dxfdf/LhGo ;ª\qmd0faf6 ;'/lIft /xg;/;kmfO;DaGwL 1fg lbg'kb{5 .

@= k|b"if0f lgoGq0f

hg:jf:Yodf c;/ k'¥ofpg] k|b"if0f / hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{j:t'sf] k|of]udf k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f u/L k|lt/Iffsf pkfo ckgfpg'kb{5 .

#= /f;folgs kbfy{sf] k|of]u / k|lt/Iff

;ª\qmfds hLjf0f'x¿sf] lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu /f;folgs kbfy{sf]k|of]u ubf{ k|sf]k–k|efljt / ;xfotfsdL{nfO{ k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .

ª= kmf]xf]/–Joj:yfkg

k|sf]kkl5 kmf]xf]/d}nf a9]/ jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'G5 . o;af6 :jf:Yodf yk

Page 33: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3333333333

;d:of pTkGg x'g;Sg] x'Fbf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg tTsfn} ug'{kb{5 .

!= kmf]x/ ;ª\sng / yfGsf]

;]jfu|fxL dflg;n] 3/fo;L tyf cf}Bf]lus jf cGo kmf]xf]/d}nf, cf}iflwhGokmf]xf]/sf] k|b"if0faf6 d'Qm jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿n]3/]n' kmf]xf]/sf] kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L yfGsf] nufpg] ;'ljwf kfpg'kb{5 .

r= 9nlgsf;

af9L, klx/f] jf cGo s'g} klg sf/0faf6 hd]sf] kfgL, 3/]n' kmf]xf]/ kfgLlgsf;sf nflu 9nlgsf;sf] k|aGw tyf hLjf0f'sf] ;ª\qmd0f lgoGq0fsfpkfo ckgfpg'kb{5 .

@= vfB;'/Iff, ;xof]u / kf]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08:km]o/ kl/of]hgfåf/f lgwf{l/t vfB;'/Iff, kf]if0f / vfB;xof]u;DaGwL dfkb08n]k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf] vfBclwsf/nfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 . :j:y / kf]if0fo'Qmvfgfsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

s= vfB;'/Iff / kf]if0fsf] cfsng tyf ljZn]if0f

k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf ;b:o–;ª\Vof, vfBcfr/0f / kf]if0f:t/sf] klxrfgu/L ljZn]if0f ug'{ vfB;'/Iff / kf]if0f:t/ sfod ug]{ cfwf/ xf] . cfjZostfsf]k|If]k0f k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;d]t ;xeflutfaf6 ug'{kb{5 . vfB;'/Iff /kf]if0f:t/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDgcg';f/ b'O{ ;femf dfkb08 lgwf{l/t 5g\ M

!= vfB ;'/Iffsf] d"Nofª\sg / ljZn]if0f

k|sf]k jf åGåsf cj:yfdf ;d'bfodf ;fdfGo vfgfsf] ;d]t cefjx'G5 . o; cj:yfdf vfB;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'k"j{ ;xfotfsdL{n]kLl8t ;d'bfosf] To;cl3 vfBfGg k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/To;}cg'¿k ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

@= kf]if0f:t/sf] d"Nofª\sg / ljZn]if0f

s'kf]if0faf6 kLl8t k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] cj:yf, sf/0f/ k|sf/sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ vfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

v= vfB;'/Iffsf dfkb08

Page 34: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3434343434

k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf vfBfGgsf] cefj tTsfnsf lgldQ dfq geP/ eljiosfnflu klg /xg ;S5 . vfB;xof]usf Go"gtd dfkb08leq vfBkbfy{sf]u'0f:t/, ;'/Iff / hLjgofkgsf nflu ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ljsf; klgk5{g\ . vfB;'/Iffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= ;fdfGo vfB;'/Iff

k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg / ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf k'gM:yfkgfug{ kof{Kt dfqfdf vfB tyf u}/vfBj:t' k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .

@= k|fylds pTkfbg

cfwf/e"t pTkfbg–k|0ffnLsf] ;'/Iff / ;+j{4g ug'{kb{5 .

#= cfo / /f]huf/L

cfocfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

$= ahf/sf] kx''“r

k|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu pTkfbs, pkef]Qmf / ljqm]tfsf ¿kdf ahf/;Ddkx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

u= kf]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGgsf] cefjaf6 s'kf]if0f tyf cGo /f]u km}lng] ;Defjgfklg a9\b5 . o; cj:yfdf s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f kQf nufP/ k|lt/IffTdspkfo ckgfpg'k5{ .

!= ;fwf/0f kf]if0f ;xof]u dfkb08

k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;a}nfO{ kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGg pknAw u/fOg'kb{5 .

@= hf]lvd ;d"x

cTolws hf]lvddf k/]sf JolQmsf] klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]uk|bfg ug'{kb{5 .

3= s'kf]if0fdf ;'wf/vfBcNktf / u'0f:t/xLg vfgfn] s'kf]if0f a9fpF5 . s'kf]if0fdf k/]sfjf To:tf] hf]lvddf /x]sf JolQmsf] ;'/Iff / cfjZos pkrf/sf]Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . s'kf]if0fsf] :t/cg';f/ kf]ifsTj j[l4sf nflu lgwf{l/tdfkb08x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

Page 35: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3535353535

!= ;fdfGo s'kf]if0f;fdfGo s'kf]if0fsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ vfBfGgsf] :t/df kl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 .

@= hl6n s'kf]if0f

hl6n s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of ;fdfwfg ug{ tTsfnLg pkrf/ / zlQmj4{svfBfGgsf] yk Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

#= vfBcNktff6 x'g] s'kf]if0f

vfBcNktfåf/f pTkGg s'kf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu u'0f:t/Lo / kf]if0fo'QmvfBfGgsf] k|aGw ldnfpg'kb{5 .

ª vfB;xof]u;DaGwL dfkb08

k|sf]k jf ;z:q åGåaf6 ;d'bfosf] vfB;|f]t gi6 eP/ clgsfn nfUg]cj:yf pTkGg ePkl5 ;d'bfodf km}lng] lg/fzfnfO{ x6fpg vfBfGg ;xof]usf;fy} k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{ klg ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;fy} bL3{sfnLg vfB;'/Iffsf lgDglnlvtpkfo cjnDag ug'{kb{5 M

!= tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lgMz'Ns vfBljt/0f aGb ug]{ .

@= ;s];Dd :yfgLo txaf6} vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . tTsfn vfg],ksfpg] / art ug]{ ef8fFjt{g gePsf cj:yfdf ;fd"lxs ef]hgsf]Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

#= lj:yflktnfO{ geOgx'g] cj:yfdf dfq vfB;xof]u lbg] .

$= k|efljt If]qdf vfBfGg art geP/ cefj eP dfq aflx/af6 v/Lbug]{ .

%= ;z:q åGåsf ;dodf xltof/wf/Ln] vfB;xof]usf] sfo{nfO{ lgolGqtu/]/ b'?kof]u gu?g\ eGg]tkm{ ;r]t /xg] .

r= vfB;xof]u of]hgf

ljkb\sf ;dodf ;d'bfo;Fu /x]sf] art vfBfGg, To;sf] u'0f:t/ / ;|f]tsfcj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts;+/rgf / vfB–Jojxf/sf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . oL ;d:ofsf];fdgfsf nflu vfBfGg k|aGw / ljt/0fsf nflu ljz]if of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .o:tf of]hgfsf nflu lgwf{l/t dfkb08 o:tf 5g\ M

Page 36: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3636363636

!= cfxf/of]hgf

ljt/0f x'g] vfBfGgn] ;d'bfo;Fu pknAw ;|f]t, vfBJojxf/ /cfjZostfaLrsf] vf8n k'g'{kb{5 .

@= pko'Qm / :jLsfo{

ljtl/t vfBkbfy{ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] k/Dk/f / ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltcg¿k:jLsfo{ x'g'kb{5 .

#= u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff

vfBfGg u'0f:t/Lo, :jR5, xflg/lxt jf ;'/lIft / pkef]uof]Uo x'g'k5{ .ljt/0f ul/g] vfBfGg ld;fj6o'Qm jf b"lift x'g'x'Fb}g .

5= vfB;xof]u Joj:yfkg

Joj:yfksn] k|efljt ;d'bfodWo] s;nfO{ slt vfBfGg rflxPsf] xf]To;} cg';f/ ljt/0f / ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ljifodf s]lGb|t /xg'kb{5 .

!= vfB;~rfng

kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df lglZrt ;dosf nflu cfjZoskg]{ vfBfGg ;'/lIft /fVg] clwsf/ x/]s gful/sdf /x]sf] x'G5 . To:tf]vfBfGg kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/lbg'k5{ .

@= ljt/0frqm

vfBfGgsf] k'glj{t/0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf k"j{ljtl/t ljj/0f;Fu le8fP/cfjZos ePgePsf] olsg ug'{k5{ .

#= ljt/0f

vfBfGgsf] ljt/0f ;dfg'kflts, kf/bzL{ / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ ¿kdf ug'{k5{ .

#= cf>o:yn, a;f]af; / u}/vfBj:t';DaGwL dfkb08lj:yflkt kl/jf/sf lgldQ zf}rfno, kfgL, vfBfGg cflbsf] ;/n cfk"lt{ /b}lgs lqmofsnfksf nflu pko'Qm jf;:yfgsf] k|aGw ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflulgDg dfkb08 lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] 5 M

s= cf>o:yn

Page 37: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3737373737

lj:yflktsf nflu km/s–km/s cf>o:yn pknAw u/fpg g;lsg]cj:yfdf :yfgLo ;fd'bflos tyf ;/sf/L ejg, Aof/]s tyf :s'ndfc:yfoL SofDk v8f u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

!= /0fgLlts of]hgf

;s];Dd eO/x]sf ejgx¿af6} jf;:yfgsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{kb{5 ./0fgLlts of]hgfdf ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / kfl/jfl/s uf]kgLotf;'lglZrt x'g'kb{5 .

@ ef}lts of]hgf

cfkt\sfnLg cfjf;df ;s];Dd :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgs} k|of]uaf6rflxg] ;]jf;'ljwf tyf ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

#= cfjf;sf] If]qkmn

hLjgofkgsf nflu Go"gtd / cTofjZos lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{;Sg]If]qkmn x'g'kb{5 .

$= gS;fª\sg

cf>o:ynsf] gS;fª\sg / Joj:yfkg k|efljt kl/jf/åf/f :jLsf/ug{ nfos, k|sfz tyf xfjf l5g]{, Gofgf], :jf:Yo Pj+ ;'/Iffsf b[li6n]pQd x'g'kb{5 .

%= lgdf{0f

lgdf{0fsfo{ :yfgLo 1fg / ;|f]tsf] pkof]udf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .

^= jftfj/0fLo k|efj

jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj gkfg]{ ;fdu|L / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g'kb{5 .

v= u}/vfBj:t'sf] Joj:yfkg

hLjgofkgsf nflu cf]9\g]–cf]5\ofpg] n'uf, nufpg] sk8f / ;/;kmfOsfnflu ;fa'g, bGtdGhgh:tf j:t' u}/vfBj:t'sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . :km]o/kl/of]hgfn] o:tf j:t'sf Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0fu/]sf] 5 M

!= n'ufkmf6f] / cf]5\ofg

Page 38: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3838383838

kLl8tnfO{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf / df};dcg'¿k cf]9\g], cf]5\ofpg] /nufpg] n'ufsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

@= JolQmut cf/f]Uok|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfon] ;/;kmfOsf nflu kof{Kt ;fa'g / bGtdGhgkfpg'kb{5 .

#= ksfpg] / vfg] ef“8fjt{gk|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ksfpg] /vfg] efF8fat{g pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

$= :6f]e, OGwg / aQL;a}nfO{ vfgf ksfpg tyf pHofnf]sf] nflu :6f]e, OGwg / aQLsf];'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

%= cf}hf/ / ;fdu|L;'/lIft cfjf;sf] pkof]u, dd{t;Def/ tyf cGo sfo{sf nflu rflxg]s'6f], sf]bfnf], xFl;of, v's'/L tyf cGo cfjZos cf}hf/sf] Joj:yful/lbg'kb{5 .

$= :jf:Yo–;]jf;DaGwL dfkb08k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf rflxg] :jf:Yo–;]jfsf] :j¿k klxrfg u/L ;]jf–k|jfx,cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 . o;cGtu{t /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo:jf:Yo;DaGwL ;]jfsf] k|0ffnLdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ;dGjo ug]{ / :t/Loagfpg] k|of; kb{5g\ . :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf :jf:Yo;]jf;DaGwLdfkb08 lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

s= :jf:Yok|0ffnL tyf ;]jf k"jf{wf/k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf tTsfn cfjZos kg]{ :jf:Yo;]jf k|bfg ug{ / ;Defljtdxfdf/Lsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu k|lt/IffTds pkfo cjnDag ug'{kb{5 . 3fOt]sf]pkrf/, s'kf]if0f jf k|b"lift jftfj/0fsf sf/0f pTkGg ;ª\qmd0f lgoGq0f ug]{u/L :t/Lo :jf:Yo;]jf ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . ;]jfsf ;dodf cfly{s, wfld{s,;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, n}ª\lus / hftLo lje]bsf] cGTo ub}{;dfg'kflts, Joj:yfksLo, cfly{s, ;+:yfut / k|fljlws k|lta4tf hgfOPsf]x'g'kb{5 . k"jf{wf/sf] tof/Lsf dfkb08 o:tf 5g\ M

Page 39: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷3939393939

!= ;]jfsf] k|fyldsLs/0fcfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf 3fOt] tyf /f]uLsf] pkrf/åf/f d[To'b/ Go"g ug]{k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug'{k5{ .

@= :jf:Yo–k|0ffnLdf ;xof]u

/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df pknAw :jf:Yo;]jfsf], ;+/rgfnfO{ ;xof]ux'g] lsl;dn] :jf:Yo–;]jfk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ .

#= ;dGjo

r':t / pTs[i6 :jf:Yo;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo tyf:jo+;]jsaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

$= k|fylds :jf:Yo;]jf

/f]usf] cj:yfcg'¿k k|fylds :jf:Yo;]jf / x]/rfxsf] /fd|f] Joj:yfx'g'k5{ .

%= pkrf/fTds ;]jf

kLl8tn] :t/Lo, u|fXo, l;4fGt / ;t{ kfngf ePsf] pkrf/fTds ;]jfkfpg'k5{ .

^= :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;"rgf–k|0ffnL

hg:jf:Yosf] cj:yf, pknAw u/fOPsf] ;]jf, ;d:of;DaGwL tYofª\ssf];ª\sng, ljZn]if0f / ;"rgf–k|jfxnfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ .

v= ;?jf /f]usf] lgoGq0f

k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf ;?jf /f]un] dxfdf/Lsf] ¿k lnFbf kLl8t g} a9L k|efljtx'G5g\ . dn]l/of, Zjf;k|Zjf;, emf8fkvnf, d]g]GhfOl6;, sfnfhf/, sdnlkQ,6fOkmfO8 / bfb'/fh:tf /f]u k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf km}lnG5g\ . To;af6 afnaflnsf,a"9fa"9L, czQm, ue{jtL jf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf tyf sdhf]/ / s'kf]if0faf6 kLl8tJolQmsf] Hofg vt/fdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf :jf:Yo;]jfpknAw u/fpg] lgwf{l/t dfkb08x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= k|lt/Iff

;?jf /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 k|lt/Iffsf ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf, pkof]u,;"rgf / ;]jf ;dfg ¿kdf k'¥ofpg] .

Page 40: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4040404040

@= bfb'/f lgoGq0f^ b]lv !% jif{aLrsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ bfb'/flj?4 k|lt/IffTdspkrf/– ;]jf lbg] .

#= k/LIf0f / /f]u–Joj:yfkg;ª\qmfds /f]uaf6 aRg k|efljt ;a}nfO{ k|efjsf/L k/LIf0f / pkrf/;]jflbg] .

$= dxfdf/Lsf] ;fdgfcfsl:ds dxfdf/Lsf] ;fdgf ug{ k"j{tof/Lsf pkfo ckgfpg] .

%= dxfdf/Lsf] k/LIf0f / pkrf/k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf dxfdf/L km}lng] ;Defjgf eP tTsfn lgoGq0f /pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

^= PrcfO{eL÷P8\;o; /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f ePdf To;af6 arfpg cfjZos k|aGw ug]{ .

u= g;g]{ /f]usf] lgoGq0fe'OFrfnf], x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, ;'gfdL, af9L, klx/f]h:tf k|sf]khGo 36gftyf ;z:q åGå jf o'4af6 3fOt] ePsf JolQmsf] ;dod} pkrf/ geP d[To'x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To:t} n}ª\lus lx+;f / k|hgg–:jf:Yo, dfgl;s jfdgf]j}1flgs / zf/Ll/s kL8f Go"g ug{ ug'{kg]{ sfdsf dfkb08x¿ :km]o/kl/of]hgfn] tf]s]sf] 5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= rf]6k6sk|sf]kdf k/L rf]6k6s nfu]/ 3fOt] ePsf JolQmsf]] tTsfn pkrf/ug'{kb{5 .

@= k|hgg–:jf:Yok|efljt If]qdf k|hgg :jf:Yo;]jf pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf To;sfnflu Go"gtd k|fylds pkrf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

#= dfgl;s / ;fdflhs :jf:YokLl8t ;d'bfosf JolQmdf ;fdflhs ;d:of pTkGg u/fpg] s'g} /f]ujf dfgl;s c:j:ytf b]lvPdf :jf:Yo;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

$= bL3{ /f]uk|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfodf bL3{/f]uL dflg; eP ;xof]ustf{n] ltgsf] pkrf/sf]Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

Page 41: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4141414141

;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodflzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08

k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0fn] x'g] k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg ;ª\s6sfndf klgk|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfo / ltgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf]

clwsf/af6 jl~rt ug'{ dfgjclwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotflj?4sf]ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 . lzIff cfh{g ug{ kfpg] gful/ssf] g};lu{sclwsf/sf] /Iff ub}{ k|To]s kLl8tnfO{ lzIffdfly z'ne kx'“rsf]

k|Tofe"lt lbg' ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] .

kl/rok|sf]ksf ;dodf pTkGg ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf gful/snfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug]{clwsf/af6 ljd'v ul/g' x'Fb}g . vfgf, cfjf; / :jf:Yo;]jfh:t} lzIff klgdflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfleq k5{ . To;}sf/0f h:tf];'s} cfkTsfnLgcj:yf pTkGg eP klg lzIff k|fKt ug]{ g};lu{s clwsf/af6 ljBfyL{ jfgful/snfO{ cnu ug'{ pgLx¿dfly cGofo ug'{ xf] . o; cjwf/0ffn] ljZjJofkLdfGotf k|fKt u/]sf sf/0f lzIffnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ / lzIff k|fKt ug{kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg gful/s;dfhsf ;a} tKsfaf6 /fHo / ;DalGwt If]qnfO{ bafa lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .

k|fs[lts sf/0fn] xf];\ jf dfgjLo sf/0fn] xf];\, s'g} klg k|sf]khGo 36gfn];dfhdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] cj:yfdf klg z}lIfs lqmofsnfk lgjf{w¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn];ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkL;xsfo{åf/f xft] k':tssf ¿kdf k|sflzt ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nfluGo""gtd dfkb08 ;fd"lxs k|lta4tfsf] Bf]ts dflgPsf] 5 . o;n] k|sf]khGocj:yfaf6 pTkGg ljkb\ jf ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf afnaflnsf, lszf]/lszf]/L,o'jf–ju{ / k|f}9 ;a}df lzIff k|fKt ug]{ g};lu{s clwsf/ x'G5 eg]/ k}/jL u/]sf]5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu lgwf{l/t :km]o/ kl/of]hgfs}cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] cfsl:ds z}lIfs dfkb08n] ljkb\ / åGåaf6 pTkGgdfgjLo kL8f sd ug{ ;Dej eP;Ddsf ;a} sbd rflng' kg]{df hf]8 lbFb}

Page 42: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4242424242

k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf] ;Ddfgsf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{ / lgjf{w ¿kdf lzIffcfh{g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf] ¿k/]vf

k|To]s JolQmdf lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/3f]if0ffkq -!($*_Ù z/0ffyL{;DaGwL dxf;lGw -!(%!_Ù o'4sf] ;dodf;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;'/Iffaf/] h]g]efdf ePsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[ltsclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -!(^^_Ù afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw -!(*(_Ù ;a}sf]nflu lzIff clek|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf] 8fs/ ljZj lzIff kl/of]hgf 5nkmnsf]sfo{ut vfsf -@)))_ nufotsf w]/} cle;lGw tyf kl/kqx¿df z}lIfsclwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\ .

k|sf]k jf o'4h:tf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg ;ª\s6sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] /l5d]sLsf] hLjg arfpg ;lsg] k|sf/sf] Jojxfl/s lzIff dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf j[4nfO{ lbOg] o:tf] lzIffn] ;ª\s6sf ;dodf x'g;Sg]zf]]if0f tyf k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Iflt lj?4 cfkm"nfO{ ;zQm ¿kdf pEofpg]Ifdtf k|bfg u5{ . o'4sf ;dodf lj:tfl/t af?bL ;'?ª\af6 ;'/lIft /xg xf];\jf P8\;sf] /f]syfdh:tf ljifodfÙ lzIffn] ;ª\s6sf] ;dodf, vf; u/Lafnaflnsf tyf lszf]/–lszf]/Ldf eljiosf] nflu :yfloTj / cfzf k|bfgu/]/ :j:y / ;'/lIft hLjg afFRg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o; k|sf/sf] lzIffn]b'MvbfoL kL8fsf] cg'ej sd ug{, ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ / åGå ;dfwfg tyfzflGt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf klg lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttfsf lgldQ Go"gtd dfkb08lgwf{/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;g\ @))# df Ps sfo{bn u7g eof] . ;ª\s6kl5sf]k'g;+{/rgfdf z}lIfs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgsfox¿,u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, bftf, k|lzIffyL{, vf]hstf{, k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQm ;lDdlnt;~hfnsf l;4fGtcg'¿k o; sfo{bnn] ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtddfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xf] . o; dfkb08n] ;ª\s6u|:t cj:yfdf lzIffk|fKt ug]{ clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf, ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Frsf cfwf/ jf dfkb08,;"rs tyf lgb]{z l;4fGtnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . dfkb08sf] tof/Lsf qmddfljZjsf %) eGbf a9L /fi6«sf @ xhf/ @ ;o %) eGbf a9L JolQmsf]of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . sfo{bnn] ;g\ @))$ sf] hgj/Lb]lv d] dlxgf;Ddclk|msf, Pl;of, Nofl6g cd]l/sf / dWok"j{ tyf o'/f]kdf k/fdz{ sfo{qmdu/]sf] lyof] . ljleGg If]qsf lj1, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgsfo / ;ª\s6sfnLg

Page 43: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4343434343

lzIff ;~hfnsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] k/fdz{df tof/ o; dfkb08 afnclwsf/dxf;lGw, 8fs/ ljZj lzIff kl/of]hgf, ljleGg dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw tyfsfg'g / ;x>fAbL ljsf;nIodf cfwfl/t 5 .

Go"gtd dfkb08sf] k|of]ustf{lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf z}lIfs ultljlw ljgfcj/f]w;~rfng ug{sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;n] ;Defljt ;ª\s6sf lj?4k"j{tof/L tyf dfgjLo d"Nosf] /Iffsf nflu jsfnt u5{ . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6x'g] k|sf]k, ;fdflhs åGå tyf o'4 / cGo s'g} klg ;ª\s6sf ;dodf oLdfkb08x¿ k|of]uof]Uo 5g\ . ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu lgwf{l/t Go"gtddfkb08n] ;ª\s6nfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k / o'4hGo ;ª\s6sf ¿kdf juL{s/0fu/]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]kcGt{ut af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, v8]/L,cfFwL–t'kmfgnufotsf k|sf]knfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .

o; dfkb08n] cfsl:ds cj:yfdf z}lIfs If]qdf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ s;/Lk|Tofe"t ug]{ eg]/ dfu{bz{g ug]{ x'Fbf o;sf] k|of]u ;/sf/ / z}lIfs If]qdf;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm c:yfoL ;]jf k|bfg ug]{/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, :yfgLo ;d'bfo / gful/s ;dfhn]klg o;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

Go"gtd dfkb08sf] d'Vo cfwf/cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf kf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; /fHon] lgwf{/0fu/]sf] vfsfleq /x]/ ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt lgsfon] u5{ . o;sf cltl/Qmlgwf{l/t ljifodf ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t u/fpg ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«olgsfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 klg kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg x'g] u5{ . o;dfkb08n] :ynut¿kdf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g] z}lIfs /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf]lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf] 5}g tfklg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] gLltut ljsf; /sfof{Gjogsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} o; dfkb08n];ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf ug'{kg]{ dfgjLo sfo{ / To;sf] dof{bf sfod /fVg;xof]uL, hfgsf/Lk|b Go"gtd dfkb08, d"Vo ;"rs tyf dfubz{g k|:t'tu/]sf] 5 .

kfFr ju{df ljeflht ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 lgDg 5g\ M

;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf dfkb08o; dfkb08sf] ;jf{lws dxŒjk"0f{ kIf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . dfkb08sf]

Page 44: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4444444444

sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] cTolwsk|of]u / ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

!= kx'“r tyf l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f

o; dfkb08n] l;sfOsf cj;/ ;a}n] kfpg' kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;cg';f/:jR5 lkpg] kfgL, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO, vfB cg'bfg, kf]if0f, cf>oh:tfIf]qdf ;a} ju{ / hfthfltsf] ;dfg kx'Fr x'g' k5{ . ;ª\s6af6 ;'/lIft /xg/ l5d]sLnfO{ ;d]t ;'/Iff lbg;Sg] k|of]ufTds 1fgsf] k|j4{gÙ ef}lts,af}l4s, dgf]j}1flgs Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg'¿k sfdx'g' k5{ .

@= lzIf0f tyf l;sfOk|efjsf/L lzIf0f / l;sfOsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{df o;n] hf]8 lbPsf]5 . pko'Qm kf7Øqmd, tflnd, ;'emfj / d"Nofª\sg u/]/ lzIf0f / l;sfOnfO{k|efjsf/L agfpg o; dfkb08n] lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .

#= lzIfs tyf lzIffljb\;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ . lzIfstyf cGo bIf hgzlQmsf] 5gf]6, lgo'lQm / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug'{ k5{ .

$= lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo:yfgLo, If]qLo / ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg';f/ gLltlgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df tyfsfof{Gjogsf nflu ;zQm ;dGjo ug'{ k5{ .

%= dfkb08sf cGt/;DalGwt ;jfnGo"gtd dfkb08sf] ljsf; / sfo{Gjog ubf{ cGo ljleGg cGt/;DalGwt;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wgdf klg Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/sfg'g, n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, afnclwsf/, hfthflt, If]q, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf,PrcfOeL÷P8\;, ckfª\utfh:tf ;ª\s6fled'v cj:yfnfO{ klg b[li6utul/Psf] 5 .

dfkb08sf] k|f?k;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf];xeflutf h?/L x'G5 . ef}uf]lns If]q, k|sf]ksf] :j¿k / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsfcfwf/df ;d'bfodf s:tf] sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L ;f6f;f6

Page 45: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4545454545

ug'{ k5{ . sfo{qmdk|ltsf] rf;f] a9fpg, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g;Sg]Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;d'bfonfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug'{ k5{ . ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf;jfndf ;f]em} sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] lqmofsnfk tyf sfo{qmd lje]b/lxtcyf{t ;dfj]zL tl/sfaf6 ul/g' k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf k|ltlglwsf]¿kdf, k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf / k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf ¿kdf /xg ;S5 . o:tf;xefuLn] lg0f{o, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofdf ;f]em} ;xeflutf hgfpgkfpg' k5{ .

k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df k|Tofe"lt lbg k|efjsf/L tyfu'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo, /To;sf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ ;ª\s6fled'v ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstflbg' k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn] g} ;d'bfod'vL tyf k|efjsf/Lz}lIfs /0fgLlt tof/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf] :t/lgwf{/0f/ o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfcg'¿k Go"gtd dfkb08sf sf] klxrfg ug{ lgDgoyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft ul/g' k5{ M

Go"gtd dfkb08

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff :jefljs¿kn] u'0ffTds x'g' k5{ eGg] kIfdf o;dfkb08n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;n] hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ lzIff pknAw u/fpFbfGo"gtd vfsf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;ª\s]t u5{ .

d"Vo ;"rs

;"rsnfO{ dfkb08 k"/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpg] ;ª\s]tsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .o;n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof jf k|of]uljlwsf] k|efj tyf kl/0ffdsf]dfkg u5{ .

dfu{bz{g

k|To]s dfkb08sf dfu{bz{gn] ljleGg kl/l:yltdf dfkb08 tyf ;"rssf]kfngf ubf{ cfOkg]{ Jojxfl/s sl7gfOx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u u5{ .o;df k|fyldstfdf k/]sf ljifosf k/fdz{ tyf cWoog–dgg\ ug'{kg]{pko'Qm a'Fbfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] dfkb08 tyf ;"rs;Fu;DalGwt cGo dxTjk"0f{ ljifo klg ;dfj]z ug'{sf ;fy} låljwfk"0f{ cj:yftyf ljjfb / ;d"xaLrsf] b"/Lsf] klg JofVof u5{ .

Page 46: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4646464646

dfkb08– v08M !

lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf;xeflutf x'g'kg]{df o; dfkb08n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf]k|Tofe"ltsf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf dfkb08 lgwf{l/t 5g\ M

;fd'bflos ;xeflutf dfkb08 ! M ;xeflutf

dfu{bz{g

plNnlvt ;"rsfª\s k|fKt ug{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ePsf] ;'lglZrt x'g'h?/L 5 . To;sf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf lgDgcg';f/ x'g' kg]{5 M

!= ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldlt

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf Go"gtddfkb08df ;fd'bflos lzIff;ldlt eGg] zAbn] ;d'bfosf]z}lIfs cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug{cleefjs, lzIfs ;ª\u7g,:yfgLo ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh,o'jf tyf dlxnf, lzIfs /ljBfyL {nufotsf ;a }sf ]k|ltltlwTj /x]sf] ;ldlt eGg]hgfp F5 . o:tf ] ;ldltsf ]cfjZostf Psn jf ax 'lzIffk|0ffnLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g;S5 . l;sfOsf] nflu pko'Qmjftfj/0fsf ] ljsf; /Joj:yfkgn] ;a} ju{aLr ;xof]ucfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .o; ljlwn] z}lIfs ;+/rgfsf]ljsf; ug{ / :yfgLo ;+:s[lttyf z}lIfs k/Dk/fsf] ;DdfgnfO{;dGjofTds e"ldsfåf/f lbuf]

k|d'v ;"rs!= k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]

k|Tofe"lt lbg k|sf]kk|efljt;d'bfoleq}af6 5gf}6 ul/Psfk|ltlglwåf/f z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]k|fyldsLs/0f / of]hgf th'{df x'G5 .

@= z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] ljsf; /sfof{Gjogdf afnaflnsf / o'jfju{ ;+nUg x'G5g\ .

#= ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] z}lIfsultljlw tyf ah]6sf] ;fdflhsn]vf / lx;fjlstfa ug{;fj{hlgs a}7s af]nfpF5 .

$= ;d'bfosf ;b:o, afnaflnsf /o'jfx¿sf nflu z}lIfs Joj:yfkgug{ tflnd tyf Ifdtf clej[l4sfcj;/x¿ pknAw x'G5g\ .

Page 47: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4747474747

agfpg] ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0fdf klg ;xof]u u5{ .

@= z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;fd'bflos k|ltlglwTj

lzIff ;ldltdf :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, wfld{s ;+:yf, k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /xg];d'bfosf ;a} ju{, hfthflt tyf dlxnfsf] ;dtfd"ns k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ .o:tf k|ltlglw k|hftflGqs k|lqmofn] 5gf}6 ePsf / ;ldltn] j}wflgsdfGotf kfPsf] x'g'k5{ .

#= e"ldsf tyf pQ/bfloTj

;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:osf] e"ldsf tyf pQ/bfloTj :ki6 ul/Psf]x'g' k5{ / To;sf] hfgsf/L ;d'bfonfO{ lbOg' k5{ . ;ldltsf d"n bfloTjlgDgcg';f/ lgwf{l/t x'g' k5{ M

;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf 5nkmn / a}7sdf lgoldt pkl:yt x'g] .

a}7ssf] lg0f{o tyf cfly{s ;|f]t / of]ubfgsf] ljj/0f b'?:t /fVg] .

ljBfno kfqf], ;fd'bflos kIf emNsfpg] jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg;lsg] z}lIfs sfo{qmd, :yfgLo cj:yfcg';f/sf] kf7\oqmdh:tf;+f:s[lts ¿kn] pko'Qm ljlwx¿ ckgfpg kxn ug]{ .

;d'bfosf ;b:o / z}lIfs sfo{qmdaLr ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu lgoldt cGt/lqmof ug]{ .

$= z}lIfs vfsf lgdf{0fdf ;d'bfosf] hjfkmb]lxtf

lzIffk|lt ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . o;sf nflulgDgcg';f/sf ljlw ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5 M

ljleGg hfthflt, afns, o'jf / k|f}9sf nflu tTsfnLg z}lIfs:j¿ksf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg,

pknAw dfgj ;+;fwg, Ifdtf tyf ;do / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg,

efiffut ;d"x / cGo pk;d"xaLr ;dGjofTds ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf,

;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f / Joj:yfkg,

lzIff k|bfg ul/g] :yfgsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt,

cfsl:ds ;dodf ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] z}lIfs 1fg lbg] .

Page 48: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4848484848

%= :yfgLo z}lIfs sfo{of]hgf;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] lzIffsf lqmofsnfknfO{ k|sf]kk|efljttyf ;ª\s6fled'v ;d"xsf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ub}{ ;d'bfodfcfwfl/t z}lIfs sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{' k5{ . o:tf] of]hgfn] cf}krfl/s tyfcgf}krfl/s lzIff ;]jf tyf sfo{qmdsf] u'0ffTds ;'wf/sf] nflu ;+/rgfpknAw u/fpF5 . of]hgfdf lgDg ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ 5'6fpg' x'Fb}g M

pko'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] ¿k/]vf, lqmofsnfksf] :yfloTj, z}lIfssfo{qmdsf] nIo tyf ;"rsdf sfo{stf{aLr ;femf kl/b[iosf] ljsf; .

cWoog tyf cWofkgsf] jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/k|lqmofsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f/ To;sf cfwf/df sfo{stf{aLr sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 .

lgwf{l/t ;doleq ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr of]hgfdf plNnlvt nIo k|flKtsflgldQ pQ/bfloTj ;lxt sfo{of]hgfsf] ;dLIff .

&= z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf afn ;xeflutf;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !# n] afnaflnsfnfO{ltgLx¿sf] hLjgdf k|efljt kfg]{ ljifodf cfjfh p7fpg tyf k|f}9fj:yfsf]pQ/bfloTjsf nflu tof/L x'g] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; wf/fsf]dd{cg';f/ ;a} pd]/sf lzIffyL{nfO{ ltgLx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ lzIffk|0ffnLsf]ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ul/g' k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] tyf;d'bfosf cGo afnaflnsfsf] /Iffdf ;3fp k'Ug] lqmofsnfkdf tflnd k|bfgug'{ k5{ . ljBfno ;'wf/sf lqmofsnfkdf ;'emfj lbg] jf lzIff k|fKt ug]{jftfj/0fdf x'g;Sg] zf]if0faf/] hfgsf/L lbg] / To:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]syfdug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ kIfdf tflnd kl/nlIft x'g'k5{ . z}lIfs sfo{qmdn]cfsl:ds ;dodf cfpg] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|of; ug'{ k5{ .

*= ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff dfkb08sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjo eP gePsf] k/LIf0fdf a[xt\¿kdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf x'g' k5{ . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] pkof]u, Ifdtfclej[l4, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;fwgsf] pkof]u / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fnfO{;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] x'g' k5{ .

(= Ifdtf ljsf;;d'bfosf] Ifdtf ljsf; geP;Dd ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngug'{ ;fGble{s x'Fb}g . sfo{qmd ;~rfngk"j{ ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{ k|fljlwstyf ;}4flGts tflnd lbg' k5{ . ;d'bfosf] jt{dfg Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sg ub}{tflndsf] cfjZostf / To;nfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ljlwsf] klxrfg ug'{ k5{ .

Page 49: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷4949494949

;fd'bflos ;xeflutf dfkb08 @ M ;|f]t kl/rfngo; dfkb08n] ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu :yfgLo;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;|f]tsf]k|efjsf/L kl/rfngaf6 dfq ;d'bfon] wfGg;Sg]

sfo{qmdsf] vfsf tof/ x'G5 .

dfu{bz{g

!= ;fd'bflos ;|f]t;d'bfodf pknAw dfgj ;+;fwg,df}lb|s tyf ef}lts ;|f]tx¿ ;fd'bflos;|f]tleq k5{g\ . o:tf ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngz}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] ;'wf/;Fu k|ToIf¿kdf hf]l8g' k5{ . ljBfnosf];+/rgfTds ;'wf/ tyf dd{t;Def/sfnflu :yfgLo ;fwg / >dsf ]of]ubfgsf] vfsf tof/ ug'{ k5{ .

@= kx'“r / ;'/Iffsf] lj:tf/;ª\s6fled"v ju{sf afnaflnsfnfO{lgoldt ?kdf ljBfno hfg] jftfj/0fagfpg ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{ ;lqmo¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;kmfn'uf k|bfg ug'{ jf afnaflnsf Hofbf ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ vfBfGg pknAwu/fpg' tyf lszf]/Lx¿dfly x'g] ;Defljt b'Jo{jxf/af6 ltgLx¿nfO{ ;'/Ifflbg dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpg' o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .

#= :yfloTjsf] k|Tofe"ltsfo{qmd lbuf] x'g] cfwf/ tof/ u/L ;|f]t kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg tyf k|zf;sLosfdsf/jfxLdf ;d'bfosf] pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w u/fpg' k5{ .

$= ;fd'bflos of]ubfgsf] :jLsf/;fd'bflos ;xof]u / k|lta4tfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L To;sf] lbuf]kgsf nfluk|f¿k tof/ ug'{ k5{ . bftfnfO{ lbOg] ;"rgfdf ;d'bfosf] of]ubfgsf] dfqfTdstyf u'0ffTds hfgsf/L ;dfj]z x'g' k5{ .

k|d'v ;"rs!= ;d'bfo, lzIffljb\, lzIfs tyf

lzIffyL{n] cfjZos ;|f]tx¿sf]klxrfg ;d'bfoleq} u5{g\ .

!= u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, ;'/Iff Joj:yf/ sfo{qmddf lbuf] kx'Frsf nflu;d'bfodf pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf]kl/rfng x'G5 .

!= ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ;d'bfosf]Ifdtf klxrfgdf ;xof]u u5{g\/ :yfgLo ;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf]pRrtd k|of]u x'g] lsl;dn]z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;+/rgftof/ x'G5 .

Page 50: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5050505050

%= :yfgLo Ifdtf M;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf klg lzIffnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg;Sg] Ifdtf tyf ;ª\s6;Fuh'Wg ;Sg] ;fd'bflos Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu cfjZos tflnd / dgf]ana9fpg] sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg' k5{ .

dfkb08– v08M @

sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0f;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / lbuf]kgsf nflu;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] cj:yf / k|ltkmnsf] lgoldt ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ul/g'k5{ . o;/L ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf klg dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\, tLlgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

ljZn]if0f dfkb08 ! M k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf

dfu{bz{g

!= ;dosf] n]vfhf]vf;d'bfosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu k|sf]ksf];do / To;kl5 kg]{ k|efjsf]n]vfhf]vf x'g' k5{ . lzIffdfkx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu;fd 'bf los ;~hfnh:tf ]j}slNks ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug'{ k5{ .

@= tYofª\s ;ª\sng÷n]vfhf]vflzIfssf] cfjZostf, Ifdtf,tyf ;d:ofsf tYofª\s / cGo;"rgfsf] ;ª\sng of]hgfa4¿kdf x'g' k5{ . k|sf]kk|lthjfkmb ]xL agfpg lzIffk|bfosx¿af6 ul/g] :ynute|d0fdf ;dGjo ug'{ k5{ .

#= ljZn]if0f ljlw

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffnfO{ e]befj/lxt agfpg] ljlwsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg'k"j{

k|d'v ;"rs!= k|sf]ksf] cj:yf / ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{

Wofgdf /fVb} k|sf]kk"j{sf] z}lIfscj:yfsf] cWoog ul/G5 .

@= ;"rssf] ljsf;, JofVof, ;'wf/ÙJoj:yfkg / tYofª\s ;ª\sngdfd'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .

#= ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdfk|sf]kk|efljt If]qsf nflu lzIffsf]cfjZostf / ;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf x'G5 .

$= pknAw ;|f]tcg'?k k|efljt ;d'bfodfcfly {s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts;'/Iff;DaGwL ;]jfsf] cfjZostflgwf{/0f ul/G5 .

%= lzIffyL{sf] ;'/Iffsf vt/f tyf;ª\s6fled"vtf ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .

Page 51: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5151515151

tYofª\nfO{ lqsf]0fLo k4ltdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ k5{ . lqsf]0fLo tYofª\ssf]:j¿k tYofª\ssf] bf]xf]/f] kg]{ jf vlK6g] l:yltnfO{ dfkg jf ljZn]if0f ug]{ldl>t ljlw xf] .

$= ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf

;Dej eP;Dd k|efljt ;d'bfosf w]/} JolQm tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;dfj]zul/g' k5{ . k|f/Dedf tYofª\s ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf]ljsf;df ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf ;Lldt eP klg cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgdfpgLx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg' k5{ .

%= n]vfhf]vfsf] k|flKt

of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] tYofª\s oyfzL3« pknAw x'g]Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . lzIffsf] cfjZostf / ;|f]tsf] klxrfg ug{ ;ª\s6cl3/ kl5sf] l:yltsf] k|If]lkt vfsf tTsfn pknAw x'g' k5{ .

^= ;fdfGo cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf

lzIffsf] k|Tofe"lt / afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iffsf lgldQ cfjZos ;|f]tsf] tYofª\s;ª\sng ug{ lzIffljb\ / ;'/Ifflj1nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ .

&= hf]lvd ljZn]if0f

afns tyf o'jfx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ ;j{kIfLo cj:yfk|lt Wofglbg' k5{ . ljBfyL{dfly cfpg;Sg] jftfj/0fLo vt/f, af?bL ;'?ª tyfljikmf]6s xltof/h:tf hf]lvdsf] ;"rL tof/ u/]/ ejg tyf cGo k"jf{wf/sf];'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g]u/L tYofª\s tyf kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ .;Defljt hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f u/]/ To;sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nfluJoj:yfkg /0fgLlt tof/ u/L k"j{tof/L, k'g;+{/rgfsf] ;'wf/h:tf kIfdfsfd ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .

*= n]vfhf]vfaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] cfbfg k|bfg M

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff of]hgfsf] dfkb08nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o tyf:yfgLo :t/sf k|ltlglwx¿aLr ;dGjo ul/g' k5{ . glthfsf] cfbfgk|bfgu/L kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f / bIf tyf k|lt:kwL{ lgsfosf]cefj ePdf cGt/f{li6«o g]t[TjnfO{ ;dGjo tyf hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ;+oGqsf]lhDdf lbg' k5{ .

Page 52: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5252525252

sfo{qmd ljZn]if0f dfkb08 @ M /0fgLlts lhDd]jf/Lz}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg :ki6 ljj/0f ;lxt;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f u/L sfo{sf] vfsf ljsl;t ug'{ k5{ .

dfu{bz{g

!= hjfkmb]xL

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf Go"gtddfkb08 sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZossf]if;lxt ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf]k|Tofe"lt x'g' k5{ . cg'dfgul/PeGbf a[xt\ :t/df z}lIfssfo{qmdsf] dfu ePdf To;k|lthjfkmb]xL x'g ;Dej eP;Ddnrstf ckgfpg ;lsg] k|:tfjx'g' k5{ . To;}u/L k|:tfjn] s'g:yfgsf] nflu s:tf] k|sf/sf]z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{of]hgf /x]sf] 5 eGg] ls6fg ug'{k5{ .

@= tYofª\s ;ª\sng÷ljZn]if0f

k|:tfjn] cfwf/e"t tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f, sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtfclej[l4, / cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ k5{ .

#= /0fgLltnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{

;dofg's"n ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu /0fgLltnfO{ q}dfl;s ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sgu/L cBfjlws ug'{ k5{ .

$= bftfsf] hjfkmb]xLtf

z}lIfs u'0f:tf/ sfod /fVg / ;ª\s6fled"v lzIffyL{x¿sf] lg/Gt/tfsfnflu bftfn] ;xof]u h'6fpg hjfkmb]xL x'g' k5{ . lj:yflkt dflg;sf] a;f]af;ePsf] 7fpFdf lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug{ cfjZos sf]ifsf] Joj:yfug'{ k5{ .

k|d'v ;"rs!= sfo{qmdsf] cf/Dedf cfwf/e"t

tYofª\s ;ª\sng x'G5g\ .

@= ;du| tYofª\sn] ;'ema'emnfO{ :ki6k|ltljlDat u5{ .

#= afnaflnsf, o'jf, k|f }9 ;a}sf]lzIffk|lt lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]w x'G5 .

$= k|f/lDes tYofª\s;Fu kl5NnftYofª\ssf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f x'G5 .

%= ;ª\s6fled'v ;d'bfosf nflu z}lIfssfo {qmdnfO { /0fgLlts ?kdfhjfkmb]xL agfpF5 .

^= ;dfj]zL tyf u'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs/0fgLltn] k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf]cfjZostf ;Daf]wg u5{ .

Page 53: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5353535353

%= /fli6«o sfo{qmdnfO{ ;an agfpg];ª\s6sfnLg lzIffnfO{ lj:yflkt gePsf ;d'bfosf nflu klg /fli6«osfo{qmd;Fu Ps¿ktf sfod /fVg ;Sg] hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ of]hgf agfpg' k5{ .

^= ;+:yfut clwsf/sf] ;Ldfsf] ;dfwfg ug]{;Lldt clwsf/ ePsf ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rfng ug]{ ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdklg ;/sf/ tyf clwsf/k|fKt ;+:yfx¿;Fu d]n vfg] x'g' k5{ . k|To]sk|efljt If]qsf z}lIfs /0fgLltn] afnaflnsf tyf dfWolds, pRr / Jofj;floslzIff If]qdf ;d]t cWoog ul/g] j}slNks lzIff;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;kmn x'g];'lglZrt ug'{ k5{ .

sfo{qmd ljZn]if0f dfkb08 # M cg'udgdfu{bz{g

!= tYofª\s k|fKt ug]{ ;|f]t;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff gLltsf]cg'udg k|lqmofn] ;d'bfosf]kl/jt{gzLn cfjZostf tyfdfunfO{ k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] x'g' k5{ .:s "n egf { , :s "n 5f8 \g ] ,kf7\ok':tssf] ;ª\Vof, lzIf0ftyf l;sfOsf ;fdu | Lsf ]pknAwtfh:tf tYofª \scg'udgaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf

;+:s[lt, lnª\u / eflifs ?kdf;dfg Jofjxf/ ug{ ;Sg] ;a}ju{sf ;fd'bflos ;b:onfO{cg'udgdf ;+nUg u/fpg' k5{ .:yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] cEof;dfJolQmut ¿kdf dlxnf tyftNnf ] ju{;Fu k/fdz{ ug{;f+:s[lts ¿kdf :jLsfo{ JolQmsf] 5gf]6 x'g' k5{ .

k|d'v ;"rs!= cfsl:ds cj:yfsf ] lgoldt

cg'udg x'G5 .

@= cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgdf ;d'bfosf;a} ju{sf] ;lqmotf /xG5 .

#= z}lIfs tYofª\sn] kl/jlt{t cj:yfsf]hfgsf/L lbg ;S5 .

$= bIf ;ª\snssf sf/0f jf:tljs /t'ngfof]Uo tYofª\s ;ª\sng x'G5 .

%= ljZn]ifs / ;/f ]sf/jfnfaLrtYofª\ssf] hfgsf/L ;f6f;f6 ul/G5 .

^= cg'udg k4lt / tYofª\s k|zf]wgsfo{n] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dfu{bz{ssf]sfd u5{ .

&= pknAw tYofª\sn] kl/jt{gsf]:j¿k, gofF k|j[lQ / cfjZostfsf]klxrfg u5{ .

Page 54: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5454545454

#= z}lIfs Joj:yfkg tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnLk|sf]kn] z}lIfs ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ Ifltu|:t agfpg ;S5 . To;nfO{ k'gM:yfkgug{ cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/x?;d]t cg'udg k|0ffnLn] ;'lglZrt ug' k5{ .k|sf]ksf cj:yfdf /fli6«o:t/sf] z}lIfs Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL k|efljt If]qsfnflu ;xof]uL x'g' k5{ .

$= l;sf?sf] cg'udglzIffyL{sf] cg'udgn] ltgLx?sf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;f] cg'¿k z}lIfssfo{qmdsf] vfsf tof/ ug{ k[i7kf]if0f u5{ . cg'udgn] ljBfno 5f]8\g]ljBfyL{x¿sf] cj:yf, ;fIf/tfsf] ;ª\VofTds tYofª\s pknAw u/fpF5 .

%= tYofª\ssf] cflwsfl/stf;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0ffTds k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ k5{ . o;df ;"rssf]]kl/efiff, tYofª\ssf] ;|f]t, ;ª\sngsf] ljlw, ;ª\snssf] ljj/0f, tYofª\sljZn]if0f cflb k|lqmofaf/] ;+lIfKt JofVof ul/Psf] x'G5 . tYofª\ssf]cflwsfl/stfnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ k|fdfl0fs oyfy{n] sfo{qmdnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/LnIosf] k'gMlgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljZn]if0f dfkb08 $ M d"Nofª\sgdfu{bz{g

!= d"Nofª\sgd"Nofª\sg k|lqmofåf/f u'0ffTds/ dfqfTds b 'j } k |sf/sftYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng ug'{ k5{ .dfqfTds tYofª\sn] ljifouthfgsf/L pknAw u/fP/sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0fdf ;3fpk'¥ofpF5 . cGtjftf{, lg/LIf0f tyflnlvt ¿kdf ;ª\slnt u'0ffTdstYofª\sn] dfqfTds tYofª\sf]jf:tljstfnfO{ phfu/ ug'{ k5{ .

@= Ifdtf clej[l4d"Nofª\sgsf] k|lqmofdf

k|d'v ;"rs

!= lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k"lt{ tyf lzIffyL{sf];'/Iffsf nflu /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogx:tIf]kd'Qm ¿kdf ul/G5 .

@= x:tIf]kaf6 kg]{ cgk]lIft k|efjaf/];d'bfo ;';"lrt ul/G5g\ .

#= tYofª\sf] ;ª\sng k|efljt ;d'bfo/ ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 kf/bzL{ / lgikIf¿kdf ul/G5 .

$= pk]lIft tyf kLl8t ju{, lzIff ;ldlt,lzIff clwsf/L , lzIfs tyflzIffyL{nfO{ d"Nofª\sg ultljlwdf;dfj]z ul/G5 .

Page 55: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5555555555

;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k|ToIf 5nkmn ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . o; k|lqmofn] d"Nofª\sgk4lt, / ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ x'Fbf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'G5/ bfloTjaf]w u/fpF5 .

#= vf]h tyf l;sfOsf] cfbfg–k|bfg

d"Nofª\sgstf{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] vfsfcg'¿k k|fKt oyfy{ k|ltj]bgsf]klxnf] v08df ;dfj]z ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ k5{ . o;af6 bf];|f] efudf pNn]vx'g] uf]Ko jf cfGtl/s ljifoj:t' ;fj{hlgs ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGTo x'g]5 .

$= cfsl:ds of]hgf

dfkb08n] lgb]{z u/]cg'¿k z}lIfs ultljlw ;~rfng ePsf] 5 of 5}g eGg]hfgsf/L plNnvt ;femf dfkb08n] b]vfpg]5 . tL dfkb08nfO{ sfo{¿k lbgcg';"rLsf ¿kdf cfjZos kg]{ k|of]ufTds vfsf klg pknAw 5 . o;nfO{;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdsf] dfkb08sf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf :jLsfl/Psf]5, hf] lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

$=! cj:yf ljZn]if0f ;"rL

of]hgfnfO{ qmda4 sfof{Gjogdf k|efj kfg]{ dfgjLo dgf]j[lQ, ;jfn /;+:yfut cj:yf tyf cGo sf/s tTjsf ljifodf hfgsf/L lng' cfjZosx'G5 . ctM lgDg ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]/ k/LIf0f ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ M

!= cfwf//]vfsf] n]vfhf]vf M o; n]vfhf]vfdf klxn]sf] / jt{dfg ;dosf]tYofª\ssf] k|s[lt, ljBfnodf pknAw :yfg, ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, lzIfs;ª\Vofsf ;DaGwdf s:tf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/Llng'k5{ .

@= j:t'l:yltsf] k|s[lt M :yfgLo j:t'l:ylt s] 5 < a9L k|efljt tyf;ª\s6fled'v ju{df sf] k5{g\ < cflb ljifosf] j:t'l:ylt x]g'{ k5{ .

#= j:t'l:yltsf] l:y/tf M cfsl:ds cj:yfdf l:y/tf cfof] jf cfkTsfncem} rNb}5 < cg'dfg gul/Psf ;ª\s6 5g\ < cfsl:ds kl/jt{gNofpg ;Sg] s'g} tTj ;lqmo 5g\ < eGg] tkm{ Wofg lbg' k5{ .

$= jt{dfg lzIffk|0ffnL M ;~rfngdf /x]sf] lzIff–k|0ffnLsf] cj:yfaf/]hfgsf/L lng' k5{ . o;sf nflu lgDg b'O{ ljifodf k/LIf0f ;"rLsf]k|of]u ug'{ pQd x'G5 M

Page 56: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5656565656

s= lzIffk|0ffnLs'g} lzIff–k|0ffnL ;~rlnt 5 <

nlIft ;d'bfoleq slt k|sf/sf k|0ffnL 5g\ <

jt{dfg lzIffk|0ffnLdf ;ª\s6sf] k|efj s:tf] 5 <

ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;+/rgf, ;/;kmfO, e08f/df Iflt ePsf] 5 <

ef}uf]lns / hftLo k[i7e"ldsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf p:t} 5 <

afnaflnsf egf{kl5 lgoldt :s"n hfFb}5g\ < 5}gg\ eg] lsg <

ljBfno 6f9f ePsf], vfgf tyf kf]if0fsf] sdLsf sf/0f afnaflnsfljBfnodf ef]saf6 k|efljt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ <

afnaflnsf vf; k|sf/sf] ;'Id kf]if0fsf] cefjaf6 k|efljt 5g\ < 5g\eg] s'gaf6 <

v= kf7\oqmd tyf lzIf0f;femf kf7\oqmd / efiff 5 <

s'g} k|sf/sf] lzIfs÷lzIf0f cg'bfg 5 <

lzIfs tflnd jf k'gMtflndsf] cfjZostf 5 <

nfeaf6 al~rt ju{df s'g} k|sf/sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff jf tflndsf]cfjZostf 5 <

%= k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] klxrfg M k/LIf0f ;"rLdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cj:yf,j}wflgstf, pQ/bfloTjÙ ;/sf/sf] :j¿kÙ ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltstyf cfly{s cj:yfÙ kfl/jfl/s lg0f{o k|lqmof, afnaflnsfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTjaxg ug]{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:oaf/] hfgsf/L lng;Sg] ljifo x'g' k5{ .

^= pknAw ;|f]tx¿ M ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdsf nflu pknAw x'g] ;|f]tkl/rfngsf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L lng k/LIf0f ;"rLdf lgDg ljifo ;dfj]zx'g'k5{ M

s= lzIffsf lgldQ M cWoogsf nflu ;'/lIft / kof{Kt :yfg, lzIfs,sd{rf/Lsf] kof{Kttf / ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] cj:yf .

v= vfB cg'bfgsf] nflu M kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGg ljt/0fsf] cfjZostf,efG;fdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/sf] Joj:yf, efG;fsf] ;'ljwf, e08f/ Joj:yfkg,efF8fjt{g tyf efG;fsf ;fdu|L, :jR5 kfgLsf] k|aGw, 9'jfgL;]jf, cfk"lt{:yfg

Page 57: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5757575757

/ ;'ljwf, bftfsf] k|lta4tf tyf zt{, ;fem]bf/sf] ;ª\Vof / ltgLx¿sf]k|lta4tf .

&= ;DefJo cj/f]w

s= ;'/Iff M ;'/lIft lzIf0f:yn, ;a}sf nflu kx'Fr / vfB;'/Iff,

v= n}+ª\lus tyf hftLo ;Ldf M n}ª\lus lje]b jf Jojwfgsf] l:yltÙef}uf]lns, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf hftLo tyf juL{o ;jfnÙ /fli6«o,If]qLo / :yfgLo /fhgLlts g]t[Tj tyf zlQmsf] e"ldsf tyf To;af6pTkGg hf]lvd .

;ª\s6sfnLg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf dfkb08 nfu" ug{ cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\s;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf cg';"rLx¿sf] ljsf; o;kl/of]hgfn] u/]sf] 5 . tL ;a} ;"rLnfO{ oxfF lj:t[t ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ ;DejgePsfn] d"n c+zx¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogsf;Gbe{df Wofg k'¥ofpg} kg]{ yk ljifo lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M

!= ;d:ofsf] k|d'v sf/0f tyf k|fb'ef{jsf] klxrfg,

@= lzIffyL{ / cGo afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vofsf] klxrfg,

#= k|sf]kk"j{sf] cj:yf;Fu t'ngf,

$= afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L,

%= afnaflnsfn] k|of]u ug]{ efiff,

^= ljBfno, :jf:Yos]Gb|, k|fy{gf:ynh:tf ;fd'bflos ;+/rgfsf] gS;fª\sg,

&= sIffsf nflu 5flgPsf] :yfg,

*= vfgf, :jR5 kfgL, :jf:Yo;]jfh:tf ;'ljwfsf] k|jGw,

(= sIffdf pkl:yt x'g] ljBfyL{n] to ug'{ kg]{ b"/L jf ofqf,

!)= 3/sf] sfdsfhdf afnaflnsf] ;+nUgtf,

!!= cWoog tyf l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf,

!@= cWofkgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf,

!#= afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fpg pknAw x'g] lzIfs,

!$= lzIfssf ¿kdf of]ubfg lbg tof/ bIf o'jfzlQm,

!%= afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf l:ylt,

!^= 3/d'nLsf] klxrfg,

!&= afnaflnsfsf] 3/fo;L cfly{s cj:yf .

Page 58: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5858585858

dfkb08– v08M #

z}lIfs jftfj/0f / kx'“rkl/rok|fs[lts s/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]k xf];\ jf dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]k, To; cj:yfdf;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf cfwf/e"t clwsf/ ;ª\s'lrt jf ;Lldt ul/Psf] x'g;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;ª\s6sf] ;fdgf ug{, ;d'bfosf]afFRg] clenfiff k"/f ug{, ;d'bfosf ;b:oaLr ;xof]usf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{lzIffn] g} 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf k|bfg u5{ . lzIffn] k|bfg u/]sf] dgf]ans}sf/0f ljkb\sf] ljdf]rgdf ;dfh ;lqmo x'G5 / l:ylt ;fdfGo aG5 . TolQdfq xf]Og, ;r]t / lzlIft ;d'bfon] k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ xft]dfnf] ug{;S5 .

k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf z}lIfs ultljlw ;~rfng ug'{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 .;/sf/ / o; If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfsf nflu klg ;do ;fk]If / u'0f:t/LolzIffdfly ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . tyflk lzIffn] af}l4s,tfls{s ;lxt ef}lts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf Jojxfl/s ;'/Iffdf hf]8lbg] ePsfn] klg To:tf] ;dodf lbOg] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffn] lzIffyL{nfO{ eljiodfx'g] k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 dlxnf, hghflt,blnt jf lk5l8Psf ju{ a9L kLl8t x'g] / lzIffdf klg ltgLx?sf] kx'Fr gx'g];Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lbOg] lzIffdf klg To:tfcj/f]wnfO{ lr/]/ ;d'bfosf ;a} ju{, hfthfltsf] kx'Fr ;/n ¿kdf ug{ ;Sg]Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

;femf dfkb08hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ z}lIfs sfo{qmd g};ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu k|efjsf/Lx'G5 . ;femf dfkb08leq ;fd'bflos;xeflutf, :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngtyf pkof]u, /0fgLlt, cg'udg tyfd"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;dflxt ug'{ k5{ . To;dfklg k|sf]kk|efljt tyf ;ª\s6fled"v;d"xsf] ;xeflutf pRrtd ul/g' kg]{ ljifonfO{ x/]s >]0fLsf dfkb08leq;dfj]z ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

k|d'v ;"rs

dfkb08 k"/f eP gePsf] b]vfpg];ª\s]t g} o; dfkb08n] lgwf{/0fu/]sf] ;"rs xf] . o;n] k|of]uul/Psf k | lqmof , ljlw /sfo{qmdsf] k|efj tyf kl/df0fsf]dfkg u5{ . o:tf ;"rs u'0ffTds/ dfqfTds b'j} x'G5g\ .

Page 59: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷5959595959

Go"gtd dfkb08;a} dfkb08 :jfefljs ¿kn] u'0ffTds 5g\ / z}lIfs k|fjwfgdf cfjZoskg]{ Go"gtd :t/nfO{ b]vfpg ;Ifd 5g\ .

dfu{bz{gkm/s–km/s kl/l:yltdf k|of]u x'g] lgwf{l/t ljifonfO{ ;do, kl/l:ylt,ef}uf]lns cj:yfn] sfof{Gjog ug{ lgs} sl7gfO pTkGg x'g ;S5 . To:tf]cj:yfdf kl/:yltsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ k|fyldstfsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ cu|:yfgdf/fVg' k5{ . o;sf ;fy} dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf sl7gfO{ pTkGg eP/kl/l:ylt hl6n ag]df tTsfnLg 1fg tyf ;Lksf] pkof]uåf/f låljwf tyfb"/L sd ug'{ k5{ .

l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f / kx'“rsf] dfkb08 ! M ;dfg kx'“r;dof]kof]uL / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;d'bfosf

k|To]ssf] ;dfg kx'Fr x'g' k5{ .

dfu{bz{g

pk/f]Qm ;"rs k|fKt ug{ sfd ug]{dfu{bz{g dfkb08n] lbPsf] 5, hf]lgDg 5g\ M

!= e]befj

hfthflt, lnª\u, pd]/, /fli6«otf, j0f{,efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, ju{, /fhgLltscf:yf, ef}uf]lns l:ylt jf vf; z}lIfscfjZostf b]lvPs} sf/0f e]befjul/g' x'Fb}g . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/sfg'gx¿n] ;d]t e]befjsf o:tf;|f]tsf] cGt ug{ cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .lzIffh:tf] cfwf/e"t ljifodf t o:tflje]bsf/L Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo ug}{ k5{ .

@= ;|f]tsf] cg'df]bg

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf

k|d'v ;"rs!= hft, wd{, ju{ lnª\u cflb s'g}

klg sf/0faf6 lzIff k|fKt ug]{clwsf/af6 s;}nfO{ jl~rtul/g] tyf ljBfno egf{sf nflusfuhkq jf cGo cfjZostfn]afwf k'¥ofpg] 5}g .

@= cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/slzIffsf cj;/af6 s;}n]al~rt x'g' kg]{ 5}g .

#= x/]s z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrtug { , :t/ clej [ l4 ug { ,cfsl:ds cj:yfdfafnaflnsfnfO{ cgf}krfl/slzIffdf ljgfzt{ k|j]z kfpg]Joj:yf x'g]5 .

Page 60: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6060606060

tof/L ubf{ z}lIfs clwsf/ pNn]v ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sngu/L ltgLx¿n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] cf}hf/ / sfo{¿ksf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . To:tf;fdu|Ldf sfof{Gjogsf nflu 8fsf/ ljZj lzIff d~rsf] sfo{¿k, h]g]efcle;lGw, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo afnclwsf/ cle;lGw o:tf ;|f]t tyf cf}hf/sfpbfx/0f x'g\ .

#= k|j]z tyf egf{lnlvt k|df0fkqsf] cjZostfdf nrstf ckgfpg' k5{ . k|sf]kk|efljt;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿df gful/stf, hGd tyf pd]/sf k|df0fkq agfOg' k5{ .To;}u/L pd]/sf] xb tyf ljBfno 5f]8]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ k'gM egf{ x'gaf6jl~rt ug'{ x'Fb}g .

$= z}lIfs cj;/sf] If]qo:tf cj;/x¿df k"j{ afNoj:Yff, k|fylds, dfWolds / pRr lzIffsfcltl/Qm k|ljlw, ;Lk, 1fg, Jofj;flos tflnd, cgf}krfl/s lzIff / l;sfOkb{5g\ . k|sf]kk|efljt If]q / ;d'bfosf] rfxgf jf cfjZostfcg'¿k lzIffyL{n]l;sfOsf If]qsf] rog ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . lzIffyL{n] ug]{ k|sf]ksf]cg'ej tyf kL8faf]wsf sf/0f lzIffsf] kx'Fraf6 jl~rt ug]{ u/L tflnsfagfpg' x'Fb}g . ;a} ju{df ;lhn} kx'Fr x'g] z}lIfs sfo{qmd, cfdfx¿sf nfluafn:ofxf/ ;]jf, sIffsf]7f ;dfof]hg PsLs/0fdf ljBfyL{nfO{ u|fXo x'g]u/L;xof]u of]hgf agfpg' k5{ . sfo{qmd tyf labfsf] ;doaLrsf] cWoognfO{;dfof]hg ugf{n] w]/} lzIffyL{nfO{ z}lIfs cj;/sf kmfObfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .To;}u/L lzIffyL{sf] pd]/ / ;'ema'emsf] :t/ x]/]/ ;s];Dd ;dfg pd]/ /:t/sf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|of; ug'{k5{ . o;/L z}lIfs If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] agfP/;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ k5{ .

%= pd]/ ;d"xafnaflnsf tyf o'jf ;d'bfonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ lzIffsf cj;/x¿nfO{ pd]/;d"xsf cfwf/df ljifo;"rL tof/ u/L To;nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{ k5{ .

^= u'0f:t/ tyf ;dofg's"n lzIffef}uf]lns :yfg, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / k|sf]ksf] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L :t/Loz}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfngnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg' k5{ .

&= ;fd'bflos ;+nUgtfz}lIfs sfo{qmdsf x/]s kIfdf ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug'{

Page 61: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6161616161

k5{ . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] e]b ;dfKt ug{ ;xsfo{ ug]{, ;|f]t kl/rfngdf;xeflutf /xg] tyf zflGt ;'/Iff / k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;LdfGt ju{sf] ;d]t;xeflutf x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

*= ;|f]tk|sf]ksf] k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv lnP/ k'gM:yfkgf, k'gMlgdf{0f;Ddsf] ;dodful/g] z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu cfjZos k|d'v ;|f]t pknAwu/fpg] bftfsf] /0fgLlt klg nrsbf/ jf kl/jt{gzLn x'g' k5{ . ;ª\s6pTkGg ePsf cj:yfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / ;ª\s6sf] ;fdgfub}{ lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg pknAw ;|f]t h'6fpg]Ifdtf ;d'bfodf ljsl;t ePsf] x'g' k5{ . To;f] ePdf ;|f]t kl/rfngdf;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 .

kx'“r tyf z}lIfs jftfj/0f dfkb08 @ M ;'/Iff tyf sNof0f

;a} k|sf]kk|efljtx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr x'g' h?/L 5 eg]ltgLx?sf] ;'/Iff / sNof0fsf nflu cfjZos k|aGw x'g'

klg TolQs} cfjZos x'G5 .

dfu{bz{g

!= b"/LljBfno cfjf; If]qaf6 6f9f ePdf s'g}klg b'/L ofqf ug{ g;Sg] ;ª\s6 k|efljtafnaflnsf tyf lszf]/L s]6Lsf] nflu;d:of aGg ;S5 . o:tf ;d:oflg/fs/0fsf] nflu ;d'bfoleq} ;xfossIffsf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

@= ;'/IfflzIff–xftf c;'/lIft ePdf :jfefljs¿kd} pko'Qm / ;'/lIft j}slNks:yfgsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ k5{ . ljBfno xftfnfO{ ;'/Iff kmf}h jf s'g} klg åGå/tkIfsf] c:yfoL cf>osf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g' x'Gg .

#= kof{Kt dfu{gful/ssf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"t lbg] st{Jo /fHosf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljBfno hfFbf/ 3/ kmls{+bf k|To]s afnaflnsf ;'/lIft x'g' k5{ . o;sf nflu :yfgLo lzIff;ldltn] klg cfˆgf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' k5{ .

d"Vo ;"rs

!= ljBfno tyf k|lzIf0f:yncfjf; If]q glhs} /xG5 .

@= lzIffdfly ;a} ju{ /;d'bfosf ;b:osf] ;dfgkx'Fr / ;'/Iffsf] k|aGwul/G5 .

Page 62: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6262626262

$= ;+/If0flzIffyL{nfO{ xfgLgf]S;fgL ug]{ vt/faf6 ;+/If0f ug'{ k5{ . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gf, ;fdflhs åGå, xltof/, o'4;fdu|L, af?bL ;'?ª,ljikmf]6s jf clj:kmf]6s xltof/, kmf}hL JolQm, bf]xf]/f] o'4 If]q, /fhgLltstyf ldlnl;ofx¿sf] wDsLaf6 pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff k"0f{ ¿kdf ul/g' k5{ .o;sf cltl/Qm s'kf]if0f, emf8fkvfnf jf dxfdf/Lh:tf /f]ux¿af6 klgpgLx?nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{;Sg] ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ . k|sf]ksf]cj:yfdf ljz]ifu/L aflnsf, c;Qm / c;xfosf] ljz]if ;'/Iffsf] k|jGw ug'{k5{ .

%= lx+;f/lxt sIff Joj:yfkgqf; lx+;fsf] k|d'v pkfb]otf dflgG5 . qf; cGtu{t dfgl;s bafa, lx+;f,zf]if0f, / e]befj kb{5g\ . l;sfOsf] :yfgdf qf;k"0f{ jftfj/0f gePsf]cg'e"lt lbnfpg lzIfsx¿n] ;s/fTds sIff–sf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] tflndkfpg' k5{ . zf/Ll/s ;hfosf] k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbg' x'Fb}g .

^= s'zntfPs JolQmsf] nflu c;n 7flgPsf] ;+j]ufTds tyf dfgl;s s'zntf /lzIffyL{ aLrsf] ;'vL tyf ;an ;DaGw o:tf s'znftf cGt{ut kg]{ u5{g\ .lzIffyL{sf] s'zntfsf] k|Tofe"t ug{ ul/g] lqmofsnfk k"0f{ 1fgfTds ljsf;,7f]; ;fdflhs cGt/lqmof / /fd|f] :jf:Yosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . s'zntfsf] k|Tofe"tn] lzIffyL{sf] cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff;kmntfsf;fy k'/f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

&= kf]if0fkf]ifsTj / cNksfnLg ef]s cfjZostf ljBfno ef]hg sfo{qmd jf l;sfOjftfj/0f aflx/sf cGo vfB ;'/Iff sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;Daf]wg ul/g' k5{ .ljBfno ef]hg sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ ljZj vfB sfo{qmd h:tf ;+:yfn]cjnDag u/]sf] dfu{lrq k5\ofpg' k5{ .

kx'“r tyf z}lIfs jftfj/0f dfkb08 # M ;'ljwfx¿l;sf? tyf ljBfyL{sf nflu sNof0fsf/L lzIff lbg'k5{ .

dfu{bz{g

!= ;+/rgfbL3{sfnLg k|of]usf lx;fan] pko'Qm ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] n]vfª\sg ug'{k5{ .

Page 63: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6363636363

pknAw ah]6, ;fd 'bf los;xeflutfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]/]/ s'glgsfon] plrt nfutdf ;+/rgfsf]lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ . ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf ;s];Dd:yfgLo txdf pknAw x'g] ;fdu|L />dsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . lgld{t;+/rgfn] kof{Kt k|sfz, pko'Qmtfkk|bfos, alnof] u'0ffTds lzIf0f/ l;sfOsf] nflu ;xh jftfj/0fsf]k|ltljDa ug{ ;Sg' k5{ .

@= dd{t;Def/lzIffnosf lah'nL, vfg]kfgL, 8]:s–a]~r / cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]lgoldt ¿kdf dd{t;Def/ ug'{k5{ .

#= ;/;kmfO;Defljt dxfdf/Lsf] lgoGq0f /u'0f:t/Lo lzIffnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgkmf]x/ Joj:yfkg, 9n lgsf;,JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofglbg'k5{ . ;/;kmfOsf nflu rkL{ ;kmfug{ kof{Kt kfgL pknAw x'g' k5{ .dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf nflu 5'§f5'§}rkL{sf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

$= kfgLsf] cfk"lt{kfgL :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfOsf nflu cTofjZos ;|f]t xf] . To;}n] lzIf0f;+:yfdf :yfgLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿k kfgLsf] pknAwtf x'g' k5{ .

lg/LIf0f Joj:yfkx'Fr tyf z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf Go"gtd dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL cg'udg/ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfjZos ljlwx¿ lgwf{l/t 5g\ . oL ljlwsf] pkof]uu/]/ sfo{qmdsf sdLsdhf]/Lsf] ljZn]if0f u/L tTsfn kl/dfh{g / efjL

d"Vo ;"rs!= l;sfO ;+/rgf / If]qdf ;a}sf]

kx'Fr /xG5 .

@= pko'Qmtfsf] xb;Dd kl/b[ionfO{;Ldf / :ki6 ;+s]t4f/f b]vfOG5 .

#= l;sfOsf qmddf k|of]u ul/Psfef}lts ;+/rgf pko'Qm x'g]5 /sIff k|zf;g, dgf]/~hg /;/;kmfOsf ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"ltul/G5 .

$= sIff ;~rfng / a:g] Joj:yflzIffyL { / lzIfssf] ;d]t;dembf/Lcg';f/ sfod x'G5 .

%= l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f /dd {t;Def/df ;fd 'bf los;xeflutf /xG5 .

^= pd]/, lnª\u / vf; lzIffsf]cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}sdhf]/ JolQmsf ] kx' FrnfO{;'lglZrt u/L ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfpknAw ul/G5 .

&= :jR5 lkpg] kfgL / JolQmut;/;kmfOsf nflu kof{Kt kfgLpknAw x'G5 .

Page 64: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6464646464

/0fgLlt to ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . lgwf{l/t ljlwx¿ ;+lIfKt k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .

dgf];fdflhs lg/LIf0f

;j]{If0f ljlw :yfgLo l:ylt / ;+:s[ltdf lge{/ /xG5 . oBlk lgDg ljifoj:t'nfO{5'6fpg' x'Fb}g M

;fdfGo cj:yf M afnclwsf/ pnª\3gsf kL8fbfoL cj:yf, zf]if0fsf] /;'/Iffsf] l:ylt, kfl/jfl/s a;fO, uf]Kotfsf] cj:yf, ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg;Sg]agfpg ug{ ;lsg] sfd tyf Joj:yf, afnaflnsfsf sl7gfO x6fpg]e"ldsf, ;+oGqsf] ljsf;, k|efljt ;d'bfosf] cfjf;, ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f, v]ns'b,dgf]/~hg cflbsf] Joj:yfkg .

cleefjs M cleefjssf] s'zntfdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ jf tgfj pTkGgug]{ sf/s, afnaRrfsf] x]/rfxsf] tf}/tl/sf, afn;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljlw,afnaRrfdfly ug]{ Jojxf/, 5nkmn / k/fdz{sf] k|j[lQ, ;xfotfsf] vf]hL /cj;/ .

afnaflnsf M kf]if0fsf] pknAwtf, x]/rfxsf nflu lgwf{l/t dfkb08,afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/, afnrf;f] / ;+:s[ltcg'¿ksf cj;/sf] l:ylt, v]ntyf dgf]/~hgsf] pknAwtf, cleefjs gePsf jf PSn} /x]sf jf lzlj/df/x]sf afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wgsf] cj:yf .

;]jfx¿ M lgoldt lqmofsnfdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf, z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsftyf k|f}9dfly z}lIfs ;]jfsf] kx'Fr, dfgl;s ljrngdf ?dlnPsf afnaflnsfnfO{;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yf jf ljlw, lzIfs tflnd, ;]jf, k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/,dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jf cflbsf ljifo;d]t ;d]l6g' k5{ .

ljBfno ef]hg sfo{qmd lg/LIf0f k|lqmof

;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf ljBfnodf kf]if0fo'Qm ;Gt'lnt vfgfsf] Joj:yfkgr'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . ;|f]t / bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj tyf ;fdflhs c:tJo:ttfn];d]t ljBfnodf cfjZos ef]hgsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ sl7g x'g ;S5 .

ljBfnodf ef}lts ;'ljwfx¿sf cltl/Qm vfBfGgsf] Joj:yfkg x'g} k5{ .o; dfkb08n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ef]hgsf] Joj:yfkgsf] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f ug{lgDg ljifonfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfGg'k5{ M

p2]Zo M vfBfGg sfo{qmd p2]Zocg'?k eP–gePsf] t'ngf ug]{ . sfo{qmdsf]

Page 65: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6565656565

p2]Zo ljBfno ef]hg, sfdsf nflu vfBfGg, tflndsf nflu vfBfGg,lzIfs–ljBfyL{nfO{ vfBfGg 3/ n}hfg lbg]h:tf s'g–s'g p2]Zo lgwf{l/tlyP eGg] lgSof]{n ug'{k5{ .

pko'Qmtf M ljBfno ef]hgsf] sfo{qmdsf] pko'Qmtfsf] sf/0f, k|:tfljtsfo{qmdn] lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpg] cj:yf, ;fd'bflos cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ /k|fyldstfcg'?k eP gePsf] lgSof]{n ug]{ .

nlIft hg;ª\Vof M sfo{qmdsf nlIft ju{ jf nfeflGjt ;d'bfosf] klxrfg,k|sf]kaf6 k|efljtdWo] klg ;xof]u cTofjZosdf /x]sf ;d'bfo / ljBfnosftYofª\sLo k'li6 .

Ifdtf clej[l4, :yfloTj / ;dGjo M sfo{qmd ;'? ug'{ klxn] cfjZoslqmofsnfk klxrfgsf] dfkb08Ù k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yfÙ ;d'bfo, cleefjs,afnaflnsfsf] tTsfnLg dfuÙ vfB sfo{qmdn] Nofpg] kl/jt{gÙ ;d'bfo,cleefjs, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / lzIff clwsf/Lx¿sf] ef]hg u|x0f ug]{ jf:jLsf/ ug]{ ;f+:s[lts cj:yfÙ sfof{no, e08f/0f / 9'jfgLsf] Joj:yfkgcfjZostf cflb ljifodf Wofg lbg' k5{ .

vfB;fdu|L tyf kf]ifsTj M ef]hgsf] k|sf/ / k|s[ltÙ lgwf{l/t cg'udg tyfd"Nofª\sg k|lqmof, afnaflnsfx¿sf] kf]if0f :t/Ù h'd|f, p8';, h'sfh:tfsL/f jf /f]usf] ;d:ofÙ To:tf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;3fpg] vfBfGg jf ;'Idkf]ifsTjo'Qm vfB;fdu|Lsf] 5gf}6 ljlwsf] k/LIf0f ug'{ k5{ .

Page 66: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6666666666

dfkb08– v08M $

vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo / JolQmut ;/;kmfO:jR5 kfgLsf] pknAwtfsf] :t/Ù ;/;kmfO, vfBfGgsf] sf/f]jf/ / ef]hgsf]tof/Ldf ;+nUg sd{rf/L jf :jo+;]jssf] bIftfsf] cj:yf / ltgLx¿sf]Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfo{qmdÙ k|b"if0fsf] hf]lvd Go"g ug]{ ljlw tyf tl/sfÙ h'sftyf cGo sL/fsf] ;ª\qmd0fÙ PrcfOeL÷P8\; tyf cGo /f]usf] cj:yf /pkrf/sf] Joj:yfh:tf ljifo k/LIf0fsf k|d'v cfwf/ x'g]5g\ .

;do /]vf M ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf ;~rfng ul/g] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]cjlw, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sgsf nflu tYofª\ssf] pknAwtf, vfBfGg cfjZoskg]{ / pknAw x'g] ;do, sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ldlt, /fxtkl5sf] k'gM:yfkgsfr/0f / ;dofjlw / cfjZostf k/] kl/jt{g ug]{ k|fjwfg lg/LIf0f ;"rLsfcfwf/ x'g\ .

bftf M sfo{qmdsf] ;DefJo bftfsf] klxrfg, ;|f]t k|fKt x'g] ;do, bftfnfO{k7fOPsf] sfo{qmddf pNn]v ePsf ljifo / bftfaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] If]q/ ;Ldfh:tf ljifo lg/LIf0f ;"rLsf ljifo x'g\ .

lzIf0f tyf l;sfOkl/ro

k|sf]ksf] ;dodf lzIffsdL{nfO{ s] ljifoj:t' s;/L k9fpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lbOg] cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/slzIffsf] k|f?k lgwf{/0f ug'{ lgs} g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdfk|sf]kk|efljt d'n's jf ;d'bfon] bftf /fi6«af6 k|:t't x'g] kf7\oqmdsf]cg';/0f ug{ afWo x'g' k5{ . To; cj:yfdf hLljsf]kfh{g;Fu ;DalGwtJofj;flos ;Lk jf k|fyldstfdf kg{;Sg] cGo ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|fyldstflbg' k5{ .

k|sf]ksf] ;dodf h]–h:tf ;d:of b]lvP klg a]Un} k|sf/sf] z}lIfs ;+/rgfsf]:yfkgf ug'{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd pknAw lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tflbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . oBlk s]xL kl/jt{g ug}{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPdf ;d'bfosf];j{;Ddt ;xdlt lng' k5{ / pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ klxnf] zt{sf ¿kdf/fVg' k5{ . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df lzIffyL{sf] jt{dfg / eljiosf nflu ck]Iffu/]cg'¿k kf7Øqmd lgwf{/0f ul/g' k5{ . o; ;dodf lbOg] kl/jlt{t lzIffn]JolQmut ;Lk a9fpg]Ù zflGtsf] kxn ug]{Ù lj:kmf]6s kbfy{;DaGwL r]tgf

Page 67: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6767676767

clej[l4 ug]{Ù :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, PrcfOeL÷P8\;, dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0fh:tfljifodf hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

cgf}krfl/s lzIffcGtu{t hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;3fpg] ;Lk / k|ljlw ;dfj]z x'g'h?/L x'G5 . ljBfnodf pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf afnaflnsf / ltgsf cleefjs,Ho]i7 gful/s tyf ;d'bfosf ;LdfGt ju{df o:tf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdcfjZos k5{ . lzIfs tyf ljBfno ;~rfnsnufot lzIff Joj:yfkgdf;xefuL ;a}n] lzIffyL{df kg]{ dgf]j}1flgs tyf ;fdflhs k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0fug{ lzIffnosf] jftfj/0f k"0f{ Jojxfl/s / kfl/jfl/s agfOg' k5{ .

lzIf0fdf ;+nUg JolQmdf tflndsf] cefj 5 eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"tljifodf dfq xf]Og ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] ;fdgf klg ug{ ;Sg] ljifodftflnd lbg' k5{ . nlIft ju{sf nflu ltgLx¿sf] dgf];fdflhs cfjZostf;Fu;dGjo ug{ klg tflndsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;d'bfon] :yfgLo cfjZostfsfcfwf/df cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ rflxg] z}lIfs vfsf tyf ljifoj:t'sf]klxrfg ug]{5 . To:tf] lzIffn] dfq afnaflnsfnfO{ pRrlzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsfcj;/df kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .

l;sfO / lzIf0fsf ;femf dfkb08

k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf nflu To;k|lt;+nUg ;a} ju{ hjfkmb]xL x'g' k5{ . ;ª\s6sfnLglzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08sf] o; v08n];fd'bflos ;xeflutf, :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]u,hjfkmb ] lxtfsf ] ljsf;, cg'udg tyfd"Nofª\sgsf If]q / ljlwnfO{{ ;dflxt u5{ .lzIffsf] pko'Qmtf / u'0f:t/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfO{ pRrk|fyldstf lbg' k5{ .

lzIf0f / l;sfO;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08df kf7\oqmd, tflnd, lzIf0f /n]vfhf]vf;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . plNnlvt ljifosf nflulgwf{l/t ;"rs / dfu{bz{gn] lgDg ;femf cjwf/0ff k|:t't u5{g\ M

dfu{bz{gdfkb08 nfu" ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifonfO{ dfu{bz{gsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .dfu{bz{s a'Fbfx¿n] lzIf0f / l;sfOsf ljleGg ultljlw ;~rfng ubf{cufl8 cfpg] Jofjxfl/s sl7gfO ;'Nemfpg ;'emfj / ;xof]u k|:t't u/]sf]

k|d'v ;"rs

d"Vo ;"rsn] dfkb08cg'¿k sfd eP gePsf];ª\s]t u5{ . ;"rss}cfwf/df sfo {qmdsfof { Gjogsf ljlw,;xeflutfsf] cj:yf /pknAw tYofª \ssf ];Totf k|dfl0ft u5{ .

Page 68: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6868686868

x'G5 . o;df dfkb08 jf ;"rs;Fu ;DalGwt dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo /flvPsf] x'Fbf;d;fdlos låljwf, ljjfb / ;DalGwt kIfaLrsf] b"/L sd ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

lzIf0f / l;sfO dfkb08 ! M kf7\oqmd;d'bfosf cfjZostf / ltgn] ?rfPsf] kl/j]z cg'¿k

ljsl;t kf7\oqmdn] dfq lzIffyL{nfO{ ;xL 1fg lbg ;S5 .To;}n] ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf k|bfg ul/g] cf}krfl/s tyfcgf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflu ljsf; ul/g] kf7\oqmd ;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts, :yfgLo jf dft[efiffsf] cj:yfcg'¿k ;fGble{s

agfOPsf] x'g' k5{ .

dfu{bz{g

!= kf7\oqmdkf7\oqmd eg]sf] lzIffyL{sf] 1fgtyf ;Lksf] ljsf;df cfwfl/tsfo{of]hgf xf] . o;n] cf}krfl/styf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflupko'Qm x'g]u/L kf7\oqmdnfO{kl/eflift ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . o;dflzIf0f / l;sfO p2]Zo, ;"rL,lzIf0f ljlw / lzIf0f ;fdu|LnfO{:ki6 kfl/Psf] x'g' k5{ . Go"gtddfkb08nfO{ tn kl/efliftul/Psf] 5 .

l;sfOsf ljlwn] lzIffn] lbg]1fg, ;Lk, ;fdflhs dof{bf tyfwf/0ffsf] klxrfg ug'{ k5{ .

l;sfO ljlwn] l;sfOsf nflu5gf}6 ul/Psf] jf k|of]u ul/Psf]ljlwnfO{ hgfpF5 . lzIf0f ;fdu|LeGgfn] k':ts, leQ] lrq, kf]i6// cGo lzIf0f tyf l;sfOsf;fdu|LnfO{ hgfpF5 .

d'Vo ;"rs!= ljBfyL{sf] pd]/, efiff, ;+:s[lt, Ifdtf

/ cfjZostfcg'¿k u|x0fof]Uokf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; x'g]5 .

@= kf7\oqmdn] ;Lk / Ifdtf clej[l4tyf k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u5{ .

#= kf7\oqmdn] k|sf]ksf ;dodf hLjg;Fu;fd~h:o ug{ ;Ifd agfpg ;xof]uu5{ .

$= l;sfOsf ljifo, ;fdu|L tyf k|lzIf0f;d'bfos} efiffdf k|bfg ul/G5 .

%= kf7\oqmd tyf lzIf0f ljlw lzIffyL{sftTsfnsf cfjZostfk|lt hjfkmb]xLx'G5 .

^= kf7\oqmd / lzIf0f ;fdu|L n}ª\lus¿kdf ;+j]bgzLn x'G5 .

&= sfo{qmdsf] :yfloTjsf] nflu :yfgLo:t/df pknAw ;fdu|LnfO{ k|fyldstfk|bfg ul/G5 .

Page 69: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷6969696969

z}lIfs kf7\oqmd n}ª\lus ;dtf, ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ff, dlxnf, afnaflnsf,j[4, czQmk|lt a9L nlrnf] x'g' k5{ . ljifout z}lIfs ;fdu|L lzIfs tyfljBfyL{ b'a}n] a'em\g] ;/n efiffdf x'g' k5{ . lzIffyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf cem ;lqmoe"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;xeflutfTds ljlwnfO{ kf7\oqmdsf]k|fyldstfdf kfl/g' k5{ .

@= pd]/ / ljsf;sf] :t/

lzIffyL{sf] pd]/ / ljsf;;Fu ldNbf] ljsf; :t/sf] k|Tofe"t lbg kf7\oqmdsf]k/LIf0f ul/g' k5{ . ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lzIff k|fKt ug{ rfxg] lzIffyL{sf]pd]/, 1fg / :t/ km/s km/s x'g ;S5 . To; cj:yfdf lbOg] cf}krfl/styf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflu plNnlvt cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfqkf7\oqmd / lzIf0fljlw to ul/g' k5{ .

#= kf7\oqmdsf] ;|f]t

:yfg / ;dofg's"n kf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; sl7g sfo{ xf] . o;sf nflu ;doklg nfdf] nfU5 . To;}sf/0f ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dosf] lzIffsf nflu cfjZoskf7\oqmd k|foM cf>o lbg] /fi6« jf ;ª\s6df kl/;s]sf] /fi6«df ckgfOPsf]ljlwaf6 lng] ul/G5 . t/ klg t'/Gt nfu" ul/g] kf7\oqmdn] lzIffyL{ nufoto'4/t zlQm;Fu ;DalGwt afnaflnsf, o'jtL, Hofbf pd]/sf lzIffyL{, ljBfno5f8]sf tyf k|f}9 lzIffyL{sf] vf; cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg eg] ug'{ k5{ . o;qmddf lzIffyL{, ;d'bfosf ;b:o, lzIfs, ;xhstf{, z}lIfs clwsf/L, sfo{qmdJoj:yfks, gLltlgdf{tf / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k/fdz{ ug'{ k5{ .

$= kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt

;fdflhs kl/l:ylt, lzIffyL{sf] dfgl;s cj:yf, pgLx¿sf] tTsfnLg /bL3{sfnLg cfjZostf, pd]/ cflb ljljw kl/j]z;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] kf7\oqmd /lzIf0fljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{ k5{ . ;ª\s6sf]] k|f/lDes r/0fdf gofF ljlw nfu"ul/P klg To;n] lzIffyL{df l56f]–l56f] kl/jt{g ePsf] cg'e"lt lbg ;Sg'k5{ .

%=Ifdtfcg'?ksf] ;Lk–ljsf;

l;sfOsf ;"rL jf lzIfs tflnd ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug'{klxn] lzIfs ljBfyL{sf]Ifdtfsf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ . ;fIf/tf;Fu} cfwf/e"t 1fg /Jofjxfl/s ul0ft klg l;sfOsf] ;"rLdf /flvg' k5{ . k|sf]kk|efljt lzIffyL{

Page 70: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7070707070

tyf ;d'bfonfO{ /fi6«sf] ljsf;df ;lqmo / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf nflu rflxg]1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / ljrf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ .

^= dgf];fdflhs cfjZostf tyf ljsf;

lzIffyL{sf ;fy} z}lIfs JolQmsf] dgf];fdflhs lrGtg / cfjZostfcg'¿k;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu rflxg] 1fg kf7\oqmdn] lbg ;Sg' k5{ . ;ª\s6sf];fdgf ub}{ k'gM:yfkgfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg] ljifosf] ;Daf]wg klg ul/g' k5{ .lzIffk|bfosnfO{ lzIffyL{sf] kL8fsf] ;ª\s]tsf] klxrfg ug{ tflnd k|bfgul/g' k5{ / To; 1fgnfO{ Jofjxfl/s l;sfOsf] cfwf/ dflgg' k5{ . s7f]/kL8f b]vfpg] lzIffyL{sf nflu yk ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ug{;Sg] k|fjwfgdfkf7\oqmdn] 5'6 lbg ;Sg' k5{ . lzIf0f ljlwn] kLl8t ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{ljifoj:t'sf] :ki6 hfgsf/L lbg], cg'zf;g / bfloTjk|lt ;r]t /xg k|]l/tug]{ / lrGtg clej[l4 ug{ ;Sg] x'g' k5{ .

&= efiff

kLl8tnfO{ cf>o lbg] /fi6«n] z/0ffyL{ lzIff sfo{qmd z/0ffyL{s} dfkb08,efiff tyf kf7\oqmdcg'¿k tof/ ug{ hf]8 lbg' k5{ . ;ª\s6kl5 k9fOnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbg rfxg] lzIffyL{sf] eljiok|lt ;+j]bgzLn /xg'kg]{ x'Fbf efiffnfO{k|fyldstf lbg' h?/L x'G5 . :jo+;]js tyf sfo{stf{n] z/0ffyL{nfO{ ltgLx¿sf]dft[efiffdf cWoogsf] nflu cg'dlt lbg cf>o k|bfg ug]{ /fi6«nfO{ k|f]T;fxgug'{ k5{ . z/0fyL{ /fVg] d'n's;Fu :jLs[lt lnP/ cfjZos kf7\ok':ts,lzIf0f–;"rL, lzIf0f dfu{bz{g / cGo lnlvt jf >Job[io ;fdu|L lzIf0ful/g] efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ ;lsG5 . d'n'sn] cg'dlt glbPdf lzIffyL{sf]efiffdf 5'§} k'/s sIff tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lzIf0f ;"rL tof/ ug'{ k5{ .

*= l;sfOsf ljifo;"rL tyf k|d'v wf/0ff

l;sfOsf] ;"rL lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;ª\s6sf k|To]s r/0fdf lzIffyL{sf nflupkof]uL 1fg, ;Lk tyf efiffut cfTdlge{/ x'g] Ifdtf a9fO pTkfbsTj j[l4u/L hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ljsf;df ;xof]uL x'g' k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm ;d'bfosf;a} ju{sf] kx'Fr / lg/Gt/tfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . l;sfOsf ljifo;"rL / d"nwf/0ff lgDgfg';f/ to ul/g' k5{ M

!= pd]/ tyf kl/l:yltcg's"n k|fylds pkrf/, k|hgg :jf:Yo, of}g /P8\;\ /f]u lgoGq0fh:tf ;Lk,

@= dfgjclwsf/, dfgjLo wf/0ff tyf efjgfÙ gful/s ;lqmotfÙ zflGt

Page 71: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7171717171

k'M:yfkgÙ clx+;fÙ åGå Joj:yfkg tyf ;dfwfgÙ afn ;'/Iff / s'zntf,

#= ;ª\uLt, g[To, gf6s tyf v]ns'bh:tf ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk,

$= gofF jftfj/0fdf afFRgsf] nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf,

%= af?bL ;'?ª\ tyf cljikmf]6s xltof/af/] r]tgf, b'|t¿kdf 7fFp vfnLug]{ sfo{ / ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr,

^= hLljsf]kfh{g;DaGwL ;Lk tyf Joj;flos tflnd .

(= ljz]if lzIff;ª\s6sf ;a} r/0fsf z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogubf{ ljleGg lzIffyL{ / km/s k[i7e"ldsf lzIfs jf ;xhstf{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{;lxi0f' / ;Ddfghgs agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . lnË, hfthflt, k/Dk/f, wd{,;+:s[lt, /fli6«otf tyf l;sfO–Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljz]if lzIff cfjZosb]lvPdf To;nfO{ kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ .

!)= ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lzIffyL{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg / ;|f]t :yfgLo:t/d} slt;Dd k|fKt x'G5g\ eGg] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ . z/0ffyL{n]lj:yflkt x'Fbf cfk"mn] af]s]sf ;fdu|L klg x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf ;fdu|L;ª\sng ug]{ jf lng] / cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf k'gMpTkfbg ug]{ sfd ug{;lsG5 . ;a} ;fdu|Lsf] e08f/0f, ljt/0f tyf k|of]udf cg'udg h?/L x'G5 .lzIffyL{n] l;sfOsf ljifo;"rL tyf ;fdu|LaLr ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ / ;fdu|Ln] lzIffyL{sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] x'g' k5{ .

lzIf0f tyf l;sfO dfkb08– @ M tflndlzIfs tyf lzIffk|bfos cGo JolQmn] ;do;dodf ;fGble{s

tyf /rgfTds tflnd k|fKt ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . tflndkf7\oqmdcg'¿k lzIf0f / ultljlw ;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]uL

x'g' k5{ .dfu{bz{g

!= lzIfscf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ;xhstf{ tyf ;r]tsnfO{ o;dfkb08n] lzIfs dfg]sf] 5 .

@= tflndsf] kf7\oqmdtflndsf ljifosf] ;"rL ljsf; kl/l:ylt, ah]6 tyf ;do ;Ldfleq /xL

Page 72: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7272727272

;d'bfosf ljz]if cfjZostf k"lt{ug{ lzIfsnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg]Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t x'g' k5{ .tf lndsf ] kf7 \oqmdn ];ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsfr'gf}tLsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ / 1fgsf]d"Vo ljifoÙ lzIf0f lj1fg tyfljlwÙ afnljsf;nfO{ ;Daf]wgug'{ k5{ . To;}u/L :yfgljz]ifsfcfwf/df cfjZostf dx;';ul/Psf dfgl;s ljsf;Ù åGålgoGq0f tyf zflGt :yfkgfÙdfgjclwsf/Ù ;fdflhscfrf/;+lxtfÙ h:tf ;fdlosljifo ;dfj]z x'g' k5{ .

#= ;xof]u / ;dGjo

;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yf l:y/eO;s]kl5 /fli6«o tyf :yfgLoz}lIfs lgsfox¿ / ;fd'bfloslzIff ;ldltnfO{ cf}krfl/s tyfcgf}krfl/s lzIfs tflndlqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ . ;]jf/t lzIfs tflndsfnflu ;ª \s6 ;dfwfgdfpQ/bfoL agfpg 5nkmn ul/g'k5{ . sltko cj:yfdf z}lIfs lqmofsnfkaLr ;dfgtf gx'g] x'Fbf To:tfcˆ7]/f x6fpg ;Dej eP;Dd ;xhLs/0f ub}{ lzIfssf] Ifdtf clej[l4sfnflu tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;xL JolQmsf] klxrfg ug'{ k5{ .

$= cg'df]bg tyf k|df0fLs/0f;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yf ;fdfGo ePkl5 z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] klxrfg u/L ;d'bfonfO{To;sf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg /fli6«o / :yfgLo:t/sf z}lIfs lgsfoaf6 cg'df]bgtyf k|df0fLs/0f u/fpg' k5{ . z/0ffyL{ lzIfssf] xsdf cf>o pknAwu/fpg] /fi6« jf u[x /fi6«sf lzIff lgsfon] jf s'g} Psn] tflndsf] cg'df]bgu/fpg' k5{ .

k|d'v ;"rs

!= k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf cfjZostf,z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf p2]Zo tyfkf7\oqmdsf ljifo;"rL;Fu tflndsf]tfnd]n ldn]sf] x'G5 .

@= ;DalGwt z}lIfs lgsfoaf6 tflndsfljifoj:t'sf] klxrfg ul/g]5 .

#= bIf tflndstf{af6 tflndsf] ;~rfng,;xof]u, lgb]{zg, cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f/ k'g/fjf]nsgsf] k|aGw x'g]5 .

$= tflndn] lzIfs tyf ;xhstf{nfO{k|lzIf0fsf nflu k|f ]T;flxt ub} {;xeflutfTds l;sfOsf ljlwnfO{lj:tfl/t u5{ .

%= lzIfs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfk"/f eP gePsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ lgoldt¿kdf lzIf0fsf ljifo; "rLsf ]k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5 .

^= tflndn] lzIfsnfO { ;d'bfosfcfjZostfcg';f/ pko'Qm ;Lk, bIftf/ g]t[TjbfoL Ifdtf k|bfg u5{ .

Page 73: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7373737373

lzIf0f tyf l;sfO dfkb08– # M lzIf0f

lzIffyL{ s]lGb|t, ;xeflutfd"ns / ;dfj]zLs[ttflndsf] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .

dfu{bz{g

!= ;lqmo ;+nUgtf

lzIf0f cGtlqmofTds tyf;xeflutfTds x'g' k5{ . o;n]dfgjljsf;sf b[li6n] pko'QmlzIf0fljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .o; ljlwleq ;fd"lxs sfo{,;dfg lzIff, jQfGt, v]n,j[Qlrq syf k5{g\ . ;lqmol;sfOn] lzIfs / lzIffyL{,lzIffyL{ / lzIffyL{aLr kf/:kl/s;DaGwsf] ljsf; / s'zntfdfj[l4sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

@= l;sfOsf cj/f]wx¿

;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lbOg]cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/slzIffsf] dxŒjaf/] cleefjs,;d'bfosf ;b:o, lzIffsfg]t[Tjju{ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu x'g] jftf{nfknfO{ ;xh agfpg lzIfsx¿nfO{tflnd k|bfg ul/g' k5{ . ;fy} ljljwtfleq ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf kx'Frsf;jfndf k/fdz{ ug{ klg lzIfsnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ul/g' k5{ .

#= tflndsf] ljlw–5gf]6

tflndsf] ljlw 5gf}6 / k|of]u ug{ z}lIfs lrGtg, cg'ej, / bIf k|lzIfssf]cfjZostf k5{ . lzIfsn] ;d'bfosf] kl/jlt{t Jojxf/ / kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff;Fukl/lrt eO/xg' h?/L x'G5 . cleefjs, ;d'bfo / k/Dk/fut tyf wfld{sg]tfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfn] ;d'bfosf] ;/f]sf/ k"/f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

k|d'v ;"rs!= lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] l;sfOdf

;lqmotfsf;fy ;+nUg x'g] cj;/x¿k|bfg ul/G5 .

@= lzIffyL{nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] l;sfOdf;+nUg x'g] jftfj/0f ;xh agfpg;xeflutfTds ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

#= lzIffyL{;Fusf] cEof; / cGtlqm{ofaf6lzIfsn] ljifo;"rLdf /x]sf] kf7sf]b[li6sf]0f / tflndaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]lzIf0fsf] ;Lk k|:t't u5{ .

$= lzIf0fn] ;+nUgtfsf] lj:tf/ u/Ll;sfOsf] b"/L sd ub} { ljz]ifcfjZostf ePsf lzIffyL {sf ]cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg u5{ .

%= cleefjs / ;d'bfon] l;sfOsfljifo;"rL / k|of]u ul/Psf lzIf0fljlwa'em\g] / u|x0f u5{g\ .

Page 74: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7474747474

lzIf0f tyf l;sfO dfkb08 $ M n]vfhf]vf

l;sfOsf] pTs[i6 ;kmntfsf nflu nflu sfg'gL dfGotf k|fKtpko'Qm ljlw k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

dfu{bz{g

!= ljlw tyf tl/sf

sfo{qmdn] k|efjsf/L n]vfhf]vf tyfd"Nofª\sgljlw pknAw u/fpg' k5{,h;n] lgDg s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpF5 M

pko'Qm– k/LIff l;sfOsf] jftfj/0fjf k[i7e"ld;Fu ldNbf]–h'Nbf] x'g'k5{ .

cj;/– cg'kl:yt lzIffyL {nfO{ljBfnodf k'gM ;xefuL x'g] cj;/k|bfg ug'{ k5{ .

;fdlos– n]vfhf]vfsf] sfo{ lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] k|f/De / cGTodf x'g' k5{ .

kf/blz{tf– n]vfhf]vfsf kl/0ffd lzIffyL{ sf ;fy} afnaflnsf tyf cleefjs;Fu;f6f;f6 ul/g' k5{ .

@= n]vfhf]vf

cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] /0fgLlt k|If]k0f ubf{ lzIffyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf]pknlAw tyf k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd cf>o k|bfg ug]{ /fi6« jf cfl>t /fi6«sfz}lIfs lgsfoaf6 :jLsfo{ x'g' k5{ . z/0ffyL{sf] ;jfndf cfl>t /fi6«sf]lzIff lgsfon] :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{tkm{ k|of; ug{' k5{ .

#= gLltut n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;+lxtf

n]vfhf]vf tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] gLltut ;+lxtfcg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogug{' k5{ . n]vfhf]vf tyf d"Nofª\sg plrt / e/kbf]{ agfpg ljz]if Wofgk'¥ofpg' k5{ . sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ 8/ tyf kL8f pTkGg x'g' x'Fb}g .

k|d'v ;"rs

!= qmda4 tyf pko'Qm 9ª\un]l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ lgoldtcg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgljlw;~rfngdf /xG5 .

@= lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{lgwf{l/t k|lqmof ckgfOG5 .

#= lzIffyL{sf] nflu ;fjwfgLsf ;fyplrt, e/kbf]{ / hf]lvdd'Qmd"Nofª\sg ljlw ckgfOG5 .

Page 75: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7575757575

dfkb08– v08M #

lzIfs / cGo z}lIfs JolQmkl/ro

dfgjLo ;xfotfsf ;a} kIf sl7g x'G5 . c;'/lIft cj:yfdf sfo{ ul//x]sfsd{rf/L tyf :jo+;]jssf] 1fg, ;Lk tyf k|lta4tfdfly g} sfo{qmdsf];kmntf lge{/ /xG5 . Go"gtd dfkb08cg'¿k pgLx¿nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] bfloTjk"/f ug{ tYout tflnd, Joj:yfkg tyf cg'udg, / cfjZos ;fwgsf]k|aGw x'g' k5{ .

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIf0f Joj:yfkgdf egf{ tyf 5gf}6sf] sfo{ ubf{ lzIfs tyfz}lIfs JolQmx¿sf] ;xeflutf / kf/blz{tf :yflkt l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd cfjZos z}lIfs sd{rf/L k|efljt ;d'bfoaf6 g} /flvg'k5{ . o;n] k|efljt ;d'bfodf ;s/fTds Jofjxf/ / plrt k|0ffnLsf]ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;d'bfodf cfk;L ;Ddfgsf]jftfj/0f aGg], ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fn] d"t{tf k|fKt ug]{, cg'ejnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] tna, ;'ljwf,sfo{cjlw jf ;do lgwf{l/t x'g' k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ltgLx¿df pQ/bfloTj tyfst{Joaf]w x'G5 . dfkb08n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] zt{cg'¿k sfd gug]{ sd{rf/Ltyf :jo+;]jssf nflu b08 tyf hl/jfgfsf] ls6fg klg ul/g' k5{ .

;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lzIfs, sfo{stf{ / ;d'bfosf x/]s ;b:on] ljutdfu/]sf] cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ug'{ k5{ . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s b'j} lzIffsfnflu sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] ;ª\s6;Fu ;fd~h:o ug{ / k|sf]k jf åGåaf6 pTkGgkL8f jf tgfj sd ug{ ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

lzIffyL{sf] s'zntfdf clej[l4 ug{ ltgLx¿nfO{ rflxg] ;fwgsf] ;xh pknAwx'g' k5{ . cfsl:ds z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu lzIfs tyfsfo{stf{nfO{ pko'Qm tflndsf] Joj:yf h?/L x'G5 . lg/LIf0fdfkm{t klglzIfs / lzIf0f–sfo{stf{sf] Ifdtf clej[l4df ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 . ;fd'bflos:t/df cleefjs, :yfgLo g]tf, ;dfh;]jL, ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldlt /:yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf ;xof]u ug]{ k4ltaf/]k|lzIf0f lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg, lzIfs / cGo lzIff–sfo{stf{sf]sfo{k|lqmofsf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg x'g' k5{ , h;n] k|efljt;d'bfonfO{ u'0f:t/ tyf lgoldt ;xof]usf] k|Tofe"lt lbg]5 .

Page 76: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7676767676

;femf dfkb08k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf lgldQ ;+nUg ;a} kIf hjfkmb]xL x'g' k5{ .lzIfs / cGo z}lIfs JolQm;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08n] lgwf{l/t ljleGgIf]qsf nflu ;femf dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;df ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf,:yfgLo ;|f]t, k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf, hjfkmb]xLtf, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg /x]sf5g\ . ljz]if u/]/ ;ª\s6fled'v jf k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfO{z}lIfs u'0f:t/ / dfkb08sf] d"n cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

lzIfs / cGo sd{rf/L dfkb08– ! M egf{ tyf 5gf}6cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf kof{Kt / of]Uo lzIfs tyf z}lIfs sfo{stf{sf]5gf}6 ubf{ ;a} ju{sf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj x'g' k5{ eg] egf{ tyf5gf}6 k|lqmof ;xeflutfd"ns / kf/bzL{ k|lqmofaf6 ug'{ k5{ .

dfu{bz{g!= sfdsf] ljj/0f/f]huf/;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fn] lzIfstyf sfo {stf {sf ] e " ldsf tyfpQ/bfloTj :ki6 kfg'{ k5{ . ;"rgftyf hfgsf/Lsf] :ki6 cfwf/Ù :yfg,;do, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts :j¿kcg'¿ksf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf / cGoljifoj:t' klg sfdsf] ljj/0fdf pNn]vx'g' k5{ .

@= cg'ej tyf of]Uotf;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu tYoutof]Uotf ePsf of]Uo lzIfssf] egf{ug'{ k5{{ . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cefj ePsf]cj:yfdf tflnd / cGo tl/sfaf6Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPTo;df Wofg lbg' k5{ . of]Uo lzIfs;Fu k|df0fkq gePdf k|df0fLs/0fsf]j}slNks pkfo ckgfpg klg ;lsG5 . lzIfssf] Go"gtd pd]/ !* jif{x'g'kg]{ eP tfklg cj:yf x]/]/ lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf bIfb]lvPsf dlxnf lzIfssf] egf{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' plrt x'G5 . lzIffyL{x¿sf]dft[efiffdf bvn ePsf lzIfsnfO{ k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf /fVg' k5{ .

d'Vo ;"rs!= egf{sf] k|lqmofeGbf klxn] :ki6

/ kof{Kt /f]huf/;DaGwLljj/0f tof/ ul/G5 .

@= egf{sf] k|lqmosf nflu :ki6dfu{lrq pknAw x'G5 .

#= ;fd'bflos k|ltlglw ;lxtsf]5gf}6 ;ldltn] pDd]bjf/sf]Ifdtfsf] kf/bzL{ n]vfhf]vftyf ;d'bflos ¿kdf :jLsfo{x'g] cfwf/df lzIfssf] 5gf}6ul/G5 .

$= sIffsf]7fsf] Ifdtf / lzIffyL{sf] ;ª\Vofcg'¿k lzIfssf];ª\Vof kof{Kt agfOG5 .

Page 77: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7777777777

#= egf{ubf{ lgDg of]Uotf ePsf lzIfs / sd{rf/L dfq lgo'lQm tyf egf{ ul/g' k5{ M

Jofj;flos of]Uotf M z}lIfs, lzIf0f jf dgf];fdflhs cg'ejÙ cGo;Lk tyf cg'ej, efiffut bIftf,

JolQmut of]Uotf M pd]/, lnª\u, -n}Flus ;dfgtfdf hf]8 lbg]_, hftLotyf wfld{s k[i7e"ld,

ljljw of]Uotf M ;d'bfosf] ;xdlt, ;fd'bflos cGtlqm{ofdf ;+nUgx'g ;Sg], k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfodf 3'nldn x'g] Ifdtf cflb .

$= 5gf}6lzIfs tyf cGo z}lIfs JolQmsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstflbg' k5{ . cfjZos k/]df aflx/sf JolQm klg egf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . z/0ffyL{ jfcfGtl/s¿kdf lj:yflkt hg;ª\Vofsf] nflu :yfg 5'6\ofOPsf] eP :yfgLo;d'bfosf of]Uo pDd]bjf/af6 cfj]bg kq :jLsf/ ug'{ k5{ .

%= clen]v;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf ul/g] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;+nUg lzIfs tyf cGoz}lIfs JolQmsf] clen]vsf] hfFr ul/g' k5{ . pgLx?sf] ljutsf] clen]vn]lzIffyL{df gs/fTds k|efj kfg]{ jf pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg gug]{cj:yf b]lvPdf To:tf JolQmsf] egf{ /f]lsg' k5{ .

^=:yfgLo ¿ksf] jf:tljs dfkb08sIffdf ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf nflu :yfgLo :t/sf] jf:tljs dfkb08sf]lgwf{/0f ug'{ k5{ .

lzIfs tyf cGo sd{rf/L dfkb08– @ M sfdsf] zt{lzIfs tyf cGo z}lIfs JolQmnfO{ ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] zt{,kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf / pko'Qm kfl/>lds pknAw

u/fpg]h:tf ljifo :ki6 x'g' k5{ .

dfu{bz{g!= sfdsf] ljj/0flzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/0f / ltgLx?n] k|fKt ug]{ kfl/>lds,;'ljwf / To;afkt pgLx¿n] ug]{ sfd, pkl:yt x'g] ;do cflb :ki6 ¿kdfpNn]v x'g' k5{ . lzIfs / sd{rf/LaLr x'g] ;Demf}tfsf] ;dofjlw, pgLx¿sf]

Page 78: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7878787878

sfdsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fljlw, ljjfb pTkGg ePdf ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo/ ;+oGqsf] ;d]t ;lj:tf/ pNn]v ul/g' k5{ .

@= kfl/>ldssd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] >dsf] d"No jf;'ljwf df}lb|s jf cdf}lb|s h'g;'s}eP klg :jLsfo{ x'g' k5{ / lgoldt¿kdf lbg] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ . >dsf]d"No ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df ;a}n]:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] k|lqmofåf/f lgwf{/0fug'{ k5{ . lgwf{l/t d"Non] Joj;flosIfdtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ ;]jfsf]lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . sfo{qmdsf k|d'v sfo{stf{n]kfl/>ldssf] lbuf]kgsf nflubL3{sfnLg /0fgLltsf] tof/L ug'{k5{ . >dsf] d"Nosf] ;femf :t/lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjZos k/]df ;+o'Qm/fi6«;ª\3Lo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,z}lIfs lgsfo tyf cGo ;+:yfaLr;dGjo ug'{ k5{ .

#= cfrf/;+lxtflzIfs tyf cGo z}lIfs JolQmaf6 x'g'kg]{ Jojxf/sf :ki6 dfkb08;lxtsf]cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ug'{ k5{ . cfrf/;+lxtfn] lzIff sfo{qmdsf k|lqmof /l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f ;xh agfpg lglb{i6 nIo lnPsf] x'g' k5{ . o;n] lzIfstyf cGo sd{rf/Ldf ;s/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] 5 eg]lzIffyL{sf] Ifdtf a9fpg] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;Sg' k5{ . cfrf/;+lxtfn] lzIfsnfO{cfTdlgoGq0f tyf g}lts Jojxf/sf] pRr dfkb08 sfod /fVb} Joj;flosJojxf/sf] k|bz{g ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ . ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g] jftfj/0ftof/ ug{ / b'Jo{jxf/, wDsL, zf]if0f, lx+;f / e]befj/lxt ;'/lIft tyf :j:Yojftfj/0f sfod /fVg cfrf/;+lxtfdf pNn]v ePsf ljifo ;Ifd x'g' k5{ .

$= cfrf/;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjogk|lzIf0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;a} lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf nflu nfu" x'g] cfrf/;+lxtfsf]sfo{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df tflnd lbg] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ . sd{rf/LnfO{

d'Vo ;"rs!= /f]huf/Lsf] ;Demf}tfdf lhDd]jf/L,

kfl/>lds tyf zt{ :ki6pNn]v x'G5 .

@= Jofj;flos bIftf tyfsfo{s'zntf cg'¿k kfl/>ldspknAw u/fOG5 .

#= bIf sd{rf/Lsf nflu lbuf]e/0fkf]if0fsf] lgldQ pko'Qm x'g]tnj lgwf{/0f x'g]5 .

$= sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf tyfsfdsf] zt{ ;xeflutfTdsljlwaf6 tof/ u/L To;sf]kfngfsf nflu x:tfIf/ul/g]5 .

%= cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pnª\3g ePdfTo;sf] clen]v /fvL cfjZossf/jfxL ul/G5 .

Page 79: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷7979797979

cfrf/;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udgdf ;d'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:o,lg/LIfs / Joj:yfkssf] lhDd]jf/L af]w u/fpg tflnd lbg' k5{ .

lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L dfkb08– # M ;xfotf tyf lg/LIf0flzIfs tyf cGo z}lIfs sd{rf/Lsf nflu lg/LIf0f tyf ;xfotf

;+oGqsf] :yfkgf u/L To;sf] lgoldt k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

dfu{bz{g!= ;'k/LIf0f–;+oGqk|sf]kk|efljt /fi6« jf If]qn] lzIfstyf z}lIfs sd{rf/Lsf nfludfkb08 sfof{Gjogsf] ;'kl/j]If0f–;+oGq :yfkgf ug'{ k5{ . o;;+oGqdf ;d'bfo, ;fd'bflos lzIff;ª\u7g, :yfgLo lgsfo, lzIfsjf lzIfs ;ª\u7gsf k|d'vnfO{;+nUg ug'{ k5{ . o:tf] ;'k/Lj]If0f;+oGqsf] ;DaGw ;fd'bflos lzIff;ldlt;Fu glhssf] x'g' k5{ .

@= tflndlzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lzIf0f tyf l;sfO dfkb08 @ cg';f/ tflnd lbg]Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

#= d"Nofª\sgsd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sg lgwf{l/t ;dodf ug'{ k5{ .o;n] pgLx¿df Ifdtf k|bz{g ug]{ xf};nf clej[l4 x'G5 . s'g lzIfs tyfsd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf s:tf] 5 < lzIffyL{ tyf ;d'bfon] p;sf] IfdtfnfO{slt;Dd :jLsf5{ < ;d'bfon] s:tf] d"Nofª\sg ul//x]sf] 5 < eGg] ljifodfklg d"Nofª\sgstf{sf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd d"Nofª\sgåf/fbIf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx?sf] k|of;sf] k|z+;f ug'{ k5{ .

$= ;xof]utflnd k|fKt tyf cg'ejL lzIfs / sd{rf/L klg k|sf]ksf] kL8fdf k/]sfx'G5g\ . To:tf lzIfsn] lzIffyL{;Fu} gofF r'gf}tL / pQ/bfloTjsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To; cj:yfdf ltgLx¿sf]] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfjZos ;xfotfk'¥ofpg] Joj:yf tyf ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug'{ k5{ .

k|d'v ;"rs

!= lzIfs tyf cGo z}lIfs sd{rf/Lsf]lgoldt n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf;xfotfsf] nflu lg/LIf0fk4lt jf;+oGqsf] k|aGw ul/G5 .

@= sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sglgoldt ¿kdf u/L To;sf] clen]v/flvG5 .

#= cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIfs tyf cGosd{rf/LnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;xfotf /k/fdz{sf] k|aGw ul/G5 .

Page 80: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8080808080

lzIfssf] cfrf/;+lxtfs'g} klg ;dodf lzIfsn]–

Joj;flos ;Ddfg / uf}/j sfod /fvL sfo{ ug'{ k5{,

ljBfyL{n] eg]sf ljz]if s'/fx¿ uf]Ko /fVg' k5{ .

ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdfly x'g] s'g} klg x:tIf]kaf6 ljBfyL{sf] /Iff u5{ .

s'g} klg cj;/df cfˆgf] :jfy{k"lt{df nfUb}g .

s'g} klg ljBfyL{dfly of}g b'Joj{xf/ jf of}g;DaGw /fVb}g .

sIffdf lzIfsn]–lzIf0fsf nflu ;s/fTds tyf ;'/lIft jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; u5{,;a} ljBfyL{sf] uf}/j tyf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cWofkg u5{,ljBfyL{sf] cfTd;Ddfgsf] /Iff ub}{ ljZjf;sf] lj:tf/ u5{,ljBfyL{sf] ck]Iffsf] sb/ ub}{ ;a}nfO{ nIodf k'Ug ;xof]u u5{,ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo, pQ/bfoL tyf k|efjsf/L lzIffyL{ aGg k|f]T;flxtu5{,cfk;L ljZjf; / ;b\efjsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u5{ .Joj;flos hLjgdf lzIfsn]–k|lt:kwf{Tds z}lIfs ljlwsf] bIftf xfl;n u5{,ljBfyL{n] l;Sg rfx]sf] ljifok|lt rgfvf] /xG5,tof/Lsf ;fy 7Ls ;dodf sIffdf pkl:yt x'G5,lzIf0f k];fdf cj/f]w x'g] s'g} klg lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg /xFb}g,cfw'lgs, Joj;flos / k|efjsf/L lzIf0fljlwsf ;j} kIfdf Wofg lbG5/ k|fKt u5{ .c;n gful/s, zflGt / ;fdflhs bfloTjk|lt ;+j]bgzLn /xG5,k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] pkl:ylt ;dfg 7fG5 / k/LIffsf] glthfsf ;Gbe{dfs;}k|lt lje]b ub}{g .

;d'bfodf lzIfsn]–cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] k9fOdf Wofg lbg cleefjsnfO{ pTk|]l/t u5{,ljBfnodf ;d'bfo / kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu pTk|]l/t u5{,ljBfnosf] ;sf/fTds ljsf; / kl/b[iosf nflu cfjZos sfd /;xof]u u5{ .

Page 81: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8181818181

dfkb08– v08M #

z}lIfs gLlt tyf ;dGjokl/rocGt/f{li6«o ;+oGq tyf 3f]if0fkqx¿n] lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg' x/]s JolQmsf]g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] eg]/ dfg]sf 5g\ . ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs gLltdf :jtGqcleJolQm / lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ /xg' k5{ .

;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf kLl8tsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f h?/L x'G5 . To;;dodf z}lIfs lgsfo tyf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«oz}lIfs gLltnfO{ u|x0f ug]{, lzIffsf] clwsf/ sfod ug]{, k|efljt ;d'bfosf]lzIffdfly kx'Fr sfod /fVg hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL /xg' k5{ . z}lIfssfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfdf of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfdfly afXo x:tIf]klgoGq0f ug]{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf g} z}lIfs hjfkmb]lxtfsf]dxTjk"0f{ cwf/ dflgG5 . ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf w]/} ;/f]sf/jfnfn] :jtGq¿kdf z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ x'gfn] ;dGjosf] cefj x'g ;S5 . To;cj:yfdf ;d'bfo, lhNnf, /fi6« / If]qLo :t/df cGt/;+:yfut ;dGjofTds;+oGqsf] cfjZostf k5{ . o:tf] ;dGjofTds ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;dfj]zLs/0f/ kf/bzL{tfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . :yfgLo ¿kdf k|rlnt /x]sf]pQd Jojxf/df cfwfl/t z}lIfs hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf;d'bfosf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ lbzfdf s]lGb|t u/fpg] k|of; ug'{ k5{ .;d'bfonfO{ af?bL ;'?ª, PrcfOeL÷P8\;h:tf ljifodf ;r]t u/fpFb} k|sf]ksf]hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] ;fd'lxs cleofgsf nflu ;Lk lbg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf;klg u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

z}lIfs gLlt tyf ;dGjosf ;femf dfkb08hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ z}lIfs ljsf; / sfof{Gjog k|lqmof g} o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]Bf]ts xf] . z}lIfs gLlt / ;dGjon] ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf ;a} dfkb08;Fu;dfg ¿kdf ;DaGw /fv]sf]] x'G5 . To;}n] gLltut dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f ubf{cfk;L ;dGjo sfod ug{ ;lsg] u/L ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;fd'bflos;xeflutf, :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] cfsng, hjfkmb]lxtf, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgnfO{;dflxt ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfo tyf ;ª\s6fled'v;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfO{ dfkb08sf] d"n cfwf/ dfg]/ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrtug{ dfkb08sf] e"ldsf pRr agfpg' k5{ .

Page 82: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8282828282

Go"gtd dfkb08gLlt tyf ;dGjon] hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ u'0ffTds lzIff k|bfg ug{' kg]{ ljifodfGo"gtd dfkb08n]] pNn]v u5{ .

k|d'v ;"rsof] dfkb08cg'¿k sfd eP gePsf] b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t xf] . o;n] sfo{qmsf]k|efj jf kl/0ffdsf ;fy} k|of]u ul/Psf k|lqmof jf ljlwsf] dfkg tyf;~rf/sf nflu dfu{ k|bfg u5{ . ;"rs u'0ffTds jf dfqfTds b'j} x'g ;S5 .

dfu{bz{gdfkb08 / ;"rssf] k|of]u ubf{ k|To]s txdf cfpg ;Sg] Jojxfl/s sl7gfOsf];dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L dfu{bz{g lbOPsf] 5 . o;df dfkb08 ty;"rs;Fu ;DalGwt dxŒjk"0f{ ;jfn klg ;dfj]z /x]sf] x'G5 .

z}lIfs gLlt tyf ;dGjo dfkb08– ! M gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogz}lIfs lgsfon] ;d'bfosf ;a} afnaflnsf tyf cWoog ug{

rfxg] k|f}9sf nflu ljBfno;Ddsf] kx'Fr ;xh agfpgnrsbf/ gLlt / OdfGbf/Ltf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xeflutfTds

tyf ;dfj]zLs[t gLlt tof/ ug'{ k5{ .

dfu{bz{g

!= dfgjclwsf/cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;+oGqtyf 3f ] i f0 f fkqn ] ; +o 'Qm/fi6 «;ª \3Lo afnclwsf/dxf;lGw -!(*(_, ljZjdfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkq -!($*_,cf ly {s, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf nflucGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf kq -!(^^_,dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sfe ]befj lgjf/0f dxf;lGw-!(&(_, ;a}sf nflu lzIff

k|d'v ;"rs!= lzIffdf x'g] e]befjaf6 ;d'bfonfO{

/Iff u5{ .

@= lzIffyL{sf] ;Lldt ;|f]t ePs} sf/0fpgLx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/af6jl~rt x'gaf6 /f]Sg]5 .

#= z/0ffyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] u[xIf]qaf6kf7\oqmdsf] k|of]u ug{ o;df /x]sf]s'g} klg lgodn] jl~rt ug]{ 5}g .

$= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;DalGwtlgsfon] ;ª\s6sfnLg z}lIfssfo{qmd :yfkgf ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 .

%= gLltn] z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] hfgsf/L/ tYofª\sLo cfwf/sf] ljsf; u5{ .

Page 83: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8383838383

8fs/ ;+/rgf -@)))_ ;+nUg u/]sf] 5 . o;df vf;u/L dfgl;s :jf:Yo,kf]if0f, dgf]/~hg, ;+:s[lt, zf]if0fsf] /f]syfd tyf ^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnflu k|f/lDes lzIffh:tf If]qdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

@= z/0ffyL{, lj:yflkt / cfl>t hg;ª\Vof

;a} ju{df lzIffsf] ;dfg kx'Frsf] jsfnt ug{ ;DalGwt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfn];xeflutfTds ¿kdf cl3 a9\g' k5{ . o;df z/0ffyL{sf] :t/;Fu ;DalGwtdxf;lGw -!((!_ sf] wf/f @@ ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . o;n] k|f/lDes txdfz/0ffyL{n] a;f]af; u/]sf] /fi6«df cfˆgf] d'n'ss} h:tf] clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{]3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . pRr txsf] lzIffdf kxF'r, k|df0fkqsf] :jLsfo{tf, z'Nsldgfxf tyf 5fqj[lQdf ;d]t z/0ffyL{sf] kx'Fr x'g' k5{ . cfGtl/s ¿kdflj:yflkt ePsf gful/sn] klg ;f]xL k|sf/sf] clwsf/ kfpF5 . sfo{/t;+:yfn] z/0ffyL{ /x]sf] /fi6« tyf o'4u|:t If]qsf ljBfyL{sf] lzIff;DaGwLclwsf/sf nflu jsfnt ug'{ k5{ .

#= ;LdfGt ;d'bfocfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] gLltlgdf{0fdf ;d]t k|ltlglwTj g/x]sf ;LdfGt ;d'bfosf] klxrfg ug{' k5{ .o:tf ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t z}lIfs gLlt tof/ ubf{ ;xefuL agfpg] /lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ltgLx?sf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug]{ k|aGw x'g' h?/L x'G5 .;LdfGt ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx?sf] cfly{s :t/, hft, ju{, lnª\u, ef}}uf]lnsl:ylt, wd{, gful/stfsf] :t/, cfGtl/s lj:yfkg jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;scj:yfsf cfwf/df lje]b ug'{ x'Fb}g .

$= z}lIfs nfutegf{ z'Ns, kf7Ø;fdu|L / kf]zfssf] nfut ltg{ g;Sg] sf/0fn] s'g} klglzIffyL{nfO{ lzIffsf] kx'Fraf6 jl~rt ug'{ x'Fb}g . ljBfnosf nflu pgLx¿n]ltg'{ kg]{ ;a} k|sf/sf] ck|ToIf nfut ltg{ ;Sg] / ljBfnodf pkl:ytx'g;Sg] :t/df sfod ug'{ k5{ .

%= ;ª\s6sfnLg Joj:yfkgk|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf w]/} /x]sf If]qdf cfkTsfnLg ;"rgf jf k"j{r]tfjgLk|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf;lxt ljutsf tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0fåf/f ;ª\s6sfnLgJoj:yfkgsf] rfFhf] ldnfpg' k5{ . o;k|sf/sf] sfo{nfO{ k"j{tof/Lsf] /0fgLltdflgG5, h;n] /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/sf] z}lIfs of]hgfsf nflu cfwf/

Page 84: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8484848484

k|bfg u5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd z}lIfs tYofª\s ;d'bfodfkm{t ;ª\sng ug'{k5{ . ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfyL{ egf{ j[l4 ug]{ / lgoldt ug]{ pkfo kQf nufpgtyf ljBfno hfg] o'jfsf] cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ klg ;xfotf ug'{k5{ .

^= cfsl:ds ;+/rgf

lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o :t/df k|sf]k–k"j{tof/L ;+/rgfdf ;+nUg ul/g' k5{ /k|efjsf/L tyf ;fdlos ¿kdf hjfkmb]xL z}lIfs k|aGw ug{ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0ful/g' k5{ . /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIff ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xfotf ub}{cfPsf cGt/f{li6«o sfo{stf{n] hjfkmb]xL cfsl:ds lzIffsf nflu k"j{tof/LnfO{sfo{qmdsf] cljlR5Gg cª\usf ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ .

lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo dfkb08– @ M of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdn] cfGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o

z}lIfs gLlt tyf dfkb08 / k|efljt ;d'bfosf] l;sfOsf]cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg]5 .

k|d'v ;"rs!= lzIffk|bfos ;+:yfx¿åf/f ;~rflnt z}lIfs sfo{qmddf cGt/f{li6«o

tyf /fli6«o sfg'g / gLlt k|ltlalDat x'G5 .

@= ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmd bL3{sfnLg / lgof]lht lzIff sfo{qmds}cª\usf ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'G5 .

#= z}lIfs lgsfo, ;+:yf / sfo{stf{n] tTsfnLg tyf efjL ;ª\s6sfnsfnflu /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo z}lIfs of]hgfsf] ljsf; / lgoldt k'g/fjnf]sgu5{g\ .

$= ;ª\s6sfnLg ;do / To;kl5sf] hjfkmb]xLtfsf nflu ;a};/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf Ps;fy sfo{ u5{g\ .

%= hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ k|efjsf/L of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgsf nflucfjZos cfly{s, k|fljlws tyf dfgj ;|f]tsf] :ki6 pNn]v ul/G5 .

^= z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsfcGo kIf;Fu klg PsLs[t /xG5 .

Page 85: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8585858585

dfu{bz{g

!= z}lIfs clwsf/ tyf nIo

afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw -!(*(_, ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ff kq -!($*_,;a}sf nflu lzIff ;+/rgf -@)))_, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo -@)))_ cg'¿kz}lIfs sfo{qmdn] ;dfj]zL z}lIfs ultljlwsf] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ . o;sf ;fy};DalGwt lzIff lgsfosf] k|of]uof]Uo ;+/rgf / gLlt cg'¿k klg z}lIfsclwsf/ tyf nIo x'g' k5{ .

@= of]hgf M

/fli6«o lzIff of]hgfn] cGt/If]qLo kl/of]hgf, ;/f]sf/jfnf, gLltlgdf{0f tyf;dGjoh:tf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+/rgfk|lt k|lta4 eP/ tTsfn tyfeljiodf ug]{ sfdsf] vfsf tof/ kfg'{ k5{ . ;ª\s6sfnLg of]hgf ;Defljtk|sf]k;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ tof/ ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ eg] :yfgLo tyf /fli6«olzIff–k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ;Defljt kLl8tsf] ;ª\Vofdf cfpg ;Sg]ptf/–r9fjnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sg]u/L z}lIfs of]hgf tof/ ul/g' k5{ .

#= ;|f]t

;d'bfosf z}lIfs cfjZostf k"/f ug{ bftf, ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyfcGo ;/f]sf/jfnfn] Ps;fy ldn]/ sfo{ ug'{ k5{ . ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf;'wf/ x'Fb} uPkl5 z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf cj;/x¿nfO{ afn–lzIff, cf}krfl/sk|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIff / ;fIf/tf tyf Joj;flos sfo{qmd nufotcGo o:t} If]qnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ lj:tfl/t ug{ ;lsG5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyfu'0ffTds ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ ;|f]t afF8kmfF8nfO{ ;Gt'lnt ul/g' k5{ .

$= :km]o/ dfkb08

vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, JolQmut :jf:Yo, vfB ;'/Iff, kf]if0f tyf vfBcg'bfg, cf>o, aGbf]a:tL tyf cvfB ;fdu|L / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ljZj Go"gtddfkb08df z}lIfs sfo{of]hgf / o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ljz]if k|of; ul/g' k5{ .

Page 86: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8686868686

z}lIfs gLlt tyf ;dGjo dfkb08– # M ;dGjo

;ª\s6sfnLg z}lIfs sfo{qmd;DaGwL hfgsf/L / cg'ej;f6f;f6sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;dGjosf/L ;+oGqsf]

:yfkgf x'g' kg]{5 .

dfu{bz{g

!= cGt/;+:yfut ;dGjo

z}lIfs lgsfosf] g]t[Tjdf a[xt\kl/lwsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]k | ltlglwTj u/fpg ' k5 { .;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yf x]/]/ If]qLo,/fli6«o, lhNnf jf :yfgLo :t/df;dGjo ;ldtsf] cfjZostf kg{;S5 . k|sf]kaf6 ;d'bfo tyfcfjZos lgsfo;d]t k|efljtx'g] x'Fbf z}lIfs lgsfo :jo+ j}w¿kdf sfd ug{ c;Ifd x'g;S5 . To; cj:yfdfcfkTsfnLg lg0f{oaf6 ;DalGwtIf]qdf sfo{/t ;ª\3;+:yfaLr;xdlt sfod u/]/ g]t[Tjsf/L;ldltsf] rog ug'{ k5{ . o;/Lul7t ;ldltsf] clwsf/ /bf loTj cg 's 'ntf x ]/ ] /cflwsfl/s lgsfodf x:tfGt/0fug]{ gLltut Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .

@= ljQLo Joj:yf;ª\s6sfnLg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf ;fdofg's"n sfof{Gjogdf e/ k5{eg] To;nfO{ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cj:yf tyf Joj:yfkgn] k|ToIf k|efj kf5{ .To;}n] cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg], sfg'g;Ddt pkof]u ug]{,kf/bzL{tfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] k|Tofe"lt x'g' k5{ . sd{rf/Lsf] tnj, z}lIfs;fdu|Lsf] v/Lb, vfBfGg Joj:yfkg, cg'bfg, 5fqj[lQh:tf ljifodf lg0f{o

k|d'v ;"rs

!= hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsflgldQ z } lI fs lgsfo tyf;dGjostf{åf/f cGt/;+:yfut;dGjo ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ul/G5 .

@= z}lIfs lgsfosf] cg'kl:yltdf jf;dGjostf{n] g]t[Tj ug{ g;s]sf]cj:yfdf cGt/;+:yfut ;dGjo;ldltn] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf nfludfu{bz{g u5{ .

#= bft [ lgsfo, bftf tyf cGo;/f ]sf/jfnf ; +:yfn ] ljQLo;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf u5{ .

$= k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdfk|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g;Sg] Ifdtfclej[l4df ;3fpg] tyf lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/sf]k|Tofe"lt ul/G5 .

Page 87: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8787878787

lnFbf :yfgLo >d–ahf/sf] cj:yf tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' kg]{ x'Fbf;f]xL cg';f/sf] ljQLo gLlt agfOg' k5{ .

#= ;xL ;dGjosf] r'gf}tL

;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf lbOg] z}lIfs gLltsf] th'{df ug{ ul/g] ;xsfo{ lgs}r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . To;f] eP klg lzIffnfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLrPstf h'6fpg' h?/L x'G5 . lzIff;]jf d"No–k|efjsf/L agfpg klg ;xsfo{sf]cfjZostf x'G5 . To;}n] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ ljlwsf] klxrfg ug{ ;a}kIf;Fu ;dGjo h'6fP/ d"n ljifox¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ . o:tf ljifodf lzIfssf] tflnd, k|df0fLs/0f, tnj tyf ;'ljwf,kf7\oqmd;DaGwL ;fdu|L, ljBfno egf{ k|lqmof, k/LIffsf] ;+/rgfh:tf kIfx¿;dfj]z /xg' k5{ .

$= gLltut 5nkmn

;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu sfo{zfnfdfkm{t ;+o'Qm ¿kdf 5nkmn u/L pko'QmgLltlgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ . o;k|sf/sf] ;xsfo{n] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg;xof]u ldN5 eg] ;femf kl/b[iosf] ljsf; x'G5 . ;xeflutfd"ns 5nkmnn]gLltut k|lta4tfsf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ ;d'bfodf ;xL ;"rgfsf] ;~rf/ x'g] x'Fbf;xsfo{n] cem lj:tfl/t ¿k lnP/ z}lIfs k|0ffnLsf] ;du| ljsf;df ;sf/fTdsof]ubfg lbG5 .

Page 88: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8888888888

pk;+xf/k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf lx;fan] g]kfn cu|:yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZj a}ª\sf] ;g\@))% sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf b[li6n] g]kfn ljZjsf !()d'n'sdWo] P3f/f}F :yfg / hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf lx;fan] #) cf}F :yfgdf k/]sf]5 . :6e]g Pgd'n/, :6]km]g df]gl/on /lqm:6f]km a]N;åf/f n]lvPsf] tyf…hd{g jfrÚ gfds ;+:yfåf/f k|sflzt …Unf]an SnfOd]6 l/:s OG8]S;–@))^Údf pNn]v eP cg';f/ hnjfo'–kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf b[li6n]g]kfn 5}6f}F :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkL d'2fsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] k|efj g]kfndf klg Jofks ¿kdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . slxn] l9nf]/ slxn] l56f] jiff{ eP/ dg;'gsf] ;dodf kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]lvg', cgfj[li6,cltj[li6 / v08j[li6 x'g] qmd a9\g', tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f kj{tLo z[ª\vnfsf]lxpF kUng] qmddf j[l4 x'g', slxn]sfxLF dfq rNg] zLtnx/ nfdf] ;do;DdrNg', x'/Latf;sf] :t/ x/]s jif{ a9\b} hfg'h:tf k|efj b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9\b} uPsf] eP klg o:tf] hf]lvd 36fpg] k|ljlw,1fg, ;Lk / ;f]rdf ;dofg's"n ljsf; eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/n] @)#(;fndf agfPsf] …b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]gÚ df ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ jf kl/jt{ggug'{nfO{ g} o;sf] Ps pbfx/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . kl/jlt{t cj:yf cg'¿k;/sf/n] k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|efjsf/L P]g tof/ gu/]sfn] o;If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfhn] ljleGg k|sf/sfsl7gfO ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu pknAwu/fOg] ;xof]unfO{ bof:j¿k lbOg] bfg jf eLvsf ¿kdf lng] k/Dk/f sfod}/flvg' jf /xg'nfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf] 7f8f] pNnª\3g dfGg ;lsG5 . k|efljt;'bfodf vfgf, kfgf, gfgf, lzIff, :jf:Yo;]jf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg;/sf/n] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{] tTk/tf gb]vfPs} sf/0f of] cj:yf b]lvPsf]tYonfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g .

d'n'sdf dfgjclwsf/sf gf/f rsf{ / x[bo g} 5'g]u/L 3lGs/x]sf eP klgk|sf]kåf/f kLl8tx¿sf ljifodf cfjfh p7]sf] kfOFb}g . d'n'sdf /fhgLlts /cfly{s nfesf nflu hlt sfg'g aG5g\, dfgjclwsf/sf cfjfh h;/La'nGb eP/ cGt/f{li6«o d'2fsf ¿kdf km}lnG5g\, To;}u/L k|sf]kaf6 kLl8t;d'bfosf nflu clxn];Dd cfjfh p7\g ;s]sf] kfPsf] 5}g .

k|sf]kaf6 cqmfGt ag]sf ;dodf tTsfn p4f/ ug]{ / /fxt afF8\g]afx]s/fHon] s'g} sfd ug{ g;Sg' nHhfhgs jf:tljstf xf] . k"j{tof/Lsf

Page 89: 2. d ks law and hs

k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷÷÷÷÷8989898989

;Gbe{;fdu|L M!= g]kfn ;/sf/, k|sf]k b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]g, @)#( .

@= :km]o/ kl/of]hgf, dfgjtfjfbL 3f]if0ffkq tyf k|sf]k;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08x¿, g]kfnL;+:s/0f, k|sfzsx¿ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, ;]e b lrN8«]g cnfOG; g]kfn, PS;gP8g]kfn, n'y/g jN8{ km]8/];g g]kfn, cS:kmfd hLaL g]kfn, k|flS6sn PS;g g]kfn .

#= PS;gP8 g]kfn, sf];L of]hgf k'gM:yfkgsf] d"Nofª\sg, d] @))^ .

$= Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnL, k|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff, kof{j/0f dfl;s k"0ff{ª\s%#, ‘k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljz]if’, k[i7– !!&, k|sfzs– jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn

%= d]3/fh kf]v/]n, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, dfgjclwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g M Psljj]rgf, kof{j/0f dfl;s k"0ff{ª\s %#, ‘k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljz]if’, k[i7– !@!, k|sfzs–jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn .

^= ;ljGb| l;+x, kof{j/0fLo e"uf]n, k|ofu k':ts ejg, Onfxfafb–@))! .

&= g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfno, l8hf:6/ l;gfl/of] ckm g]kfn–h'nfO, @))$ .

*= OG6/g]zgn :6«f6]hL km/ l8hf:6/ l/:s l/8S;g :6«f6]hL tyf ljZj ;Dd]ng;DaGwL OG6/g]6af6pknAw ;fdu|Lx¿ .

lqmofsnfknfO{ ljsf;sf] dfkb08leq /fVg], k|efljt JolQm, kl/jf/ jf;d'bfonfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ / ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yf u/L;Ddfgk"j{s afFRgkfpg] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] sfg'g tof/ ug'{h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ta dfq ;d'bfon] k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;dfcfk"mnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg ;S5g\ .

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