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Transcript of 2 culturally effective helping
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Chapter Two:
Culturally Effective Helping
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Culture – “That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and capabilities acquired by a person as a member of society. It is a way of life of a group of people, the configuration of all the more or less stereotyped patterns of learned behavior which are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language and imitation” (Adler 1997).
What is Culture?
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Knowledge of one’s own cultural biases.
Basic knowledge about a variety of cultures.
Willingness and ability to use skills and techniques that better match the culture of the client in crisis.
Experience in counseling and crisis intervention with clients of a different culture.
Four Attributes of Effective Multiculutral Crisis Intervention
(Kiselica, 1998)
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
There is a universal measure of “normal” behavior.
Individuals, rather than groups, are the foundation of all societies.
Definitions of presenting problems are limited by professional disciplines.
Western culture relies on abstract thinking.
Independence is valued over dependence.
Professional Counseling is better than natural support systems.
Ten Culturally Biased Assumptions(Pederson, 1987)
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Linear causality is more accurate than circular causality.
Individuals need to change to fit the system.
The client’s history does not affect the current situation.
Interventionists are aware of ALL of their biases.
ALL TEN ASSUPMPTIONS ARE FLAWED!
Ten Culturally Biased Assumptions Cont.
(Pederson, 1987)
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Universal vs. Focused Universal View examines racial and ethnic
minorities, as well as special populations. Focused View examines only “visible and
racial ethnic minorities.”
Etic vs. Emic Etic – one dimensional or linear lens Emic – gestalt or circular lens
Multicultural View of Crisis Intervention
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
What is the client’s world view? Self-concept, sense of well-being,
emotional control, and relational and attributional styles
Opposing Views Individualism vs. Collectivism High-Content vs. Low-Content High-Uncertainty vs. Low-Uncertainty
Worldviews
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Victims of a crisis base their ability to overcome the trauma by relying on their own set of cultural survival skills.
May be significantly different from the cultural skills of the crisis worker.
Not recognizing the client’s worldview may lead the crisis worker to make grievous errors in assessment and treatment of crisis intervention.
Multicultural perspectives in Crisis Intervention
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Individualism Vs. Collectivism
Individualism Centralizes the personal and
peripheralizes the social group.
Prefer low-context direct communication.
Prefer a confrontation and arbitration approach to conflict resolution.
Collectivism Assumes that the individual
is simply a component of the larger social group.
Prefer high-context indirect communication.
Prefer an accommodation approach to conflict resolution.
No difference regarding one’s “sense of family obligation.”
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
High-Content Vs. Low-Content
High-Content
Self-image and worth are defined in reference to a group.
Information is expressed implicitly and non-verbally.
May become embarrassed when talking directly about the crisis event.
Low-Content
Self-image and worth are defined in individual terms.
Information is expressed explicitly.
Does not like the use of stories, proverbs, metaphors, etc. as a method of communication.
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
High-Uncertainty Vs. Low-Uncertainty
High-Uncertainty
Abides by a broad range of rigid rules, regulations, and procedures that cover a multitude of situations.
Low-Uncertainty
Abides by a more laid-back attitude of acceptance of the situation and gratitude for survival.
“I’m alive, that’s all that matters, I’ll figure the rest out later.”
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
What is your identity? Mother Wife Daughter Sister Friend Athlete Raised in a small
town Lives in an urban
area
Catholic Employee Musician Recovering
Alcoholic Alumni of Indiana
University Member of Junior
Auxiliary
Social Locations
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
RESPECTFUL Religious/Spiritual Economic class Sexual identity Psychological development Ethnic/racial Chronological age Traumatic threats Family Unique physical issues Language/location of residence
Social Location Models
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
ADDRESSING Age Development Disability Religion Ethnicity Social class Sexual orientation Indigenous heritage National orientation Gender
Social Location Models Cont.
For a complete list, include geographic location, living area (urban, suburban, rural), occupation, education, and
marital/partner status.
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Ecology – the living environment in which the intervention occurs.
Social Locations Graph
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Lack of consensus on key terms. Ethnicity Race Ethnic and racial identity Culture
Inaccurate assumption that current theories of counseling, psychotherapy, and crisis intervention are inherently biased and oppressive.
Shortcomings of a Multiculturalist Approach to Crisis Intervention
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Much of the literature on multicultural competencies has not been peer reviewed or is not based on empirical research.
False acceptance of the division between collectivist and individualist cultures.
Shortcomings Cont.
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Empathic
Caring
Demonstrates positive regard
Advocates
Genuine belief that humans are more alike than they are different
Characteristics of Effective Multicultural Counselors
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Do’s Examine and understand the client’s worldview. Use alternative roles that are appealing to the client. Assist the client in utilizing culturally indigenous support
systems. Take your time to fully triage the situation. If possible, normalize the reaction to a traumatic event. Empower the client.
Don’ts Impose personal values and expectations onto the client. Stereotype the client, client behaviors, or culture. Force unimodal counseling approaches upon the client. Interfere with long-held issues ingrained in the client.
Effective Strategies of Multicultural Crisis Intervention
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Language Barriers Confidentiality Translators
Family member vs. professional translator
Religion/Spirituality often mistakenly avoided by the crisis worker
Religion, spirituality, and faith are often a large part of the crisis response.
Do NOT merely suggest the client consult with their religious/spiritual leader as a means to abdicate your responsibility as a crisis worker.
Obstacles to Effective Multicultural Crisis Intervention
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Social Support System May not be used in a linear way. “Family” may not be limited to those living in the house of
the client. Using professional services may be taboo in some cultures.
Occupation Many crisis workers often mistakenly fail to address this
significant social location.
Rural Geographic Locale Typically lack resources and do not have the population to
warrant federal aid. May be suspicious of professional service workers from
other communities.
Obstacles Cont.
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
definition of “help” may differ between the crisis worker and the client.
Who’s turf is it? Cultural differences are exacerbated when an
“outsider” crisis worker enters the “turf” of the client.
“Outsider” could mean from a different geographic region, state, county, or even town.
Crisis workers need to be aware of the cultural subtleties.
More Obstacles
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Local leaders know the infrastructure of the community.
Using local leaders may provide a model of cooperation for community members.
Local leaders may have their own agendas rather than maintaining objectivity.
Non-local crisis workers should not attempt to address social injustices ingrained in the community.
The Dilemma of Local Consultation
©2013, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
People most likely to receive services are: YAVIS
Young Attractive Verbal Intelligent Socially well connected
People most likely NOT to receive services are: Low-income, elderly, limited-education, and
ethnic minorities
Who Receives Services?