2-Coastal Management.pdf

8/9/2019 2-Coastal Management.pdf

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CoastalManagement /Coastal PlanningCZMT3002


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What is it we want to manage?We have to know where!!!

What is coastal management /planning?

What is delineation?

Difficulty in delineation.

Variations in delineation


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There is no one definition or approach for definingthe coastal zone.

Coastal zone and zoning within the coastal zone areclearly different.

Delineating a zone or an area as an essentiallywestern concept which places artificial boundarieson the geographical extent of this transition.


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Defining the boundaries of a coastal area is more ofan academic interest to coastal planners and

managers.

Gov’t often create administrative systems or set outpolicies to guide decision making that operatewithin a defined coastal policy area.

There are a variety of ways such areas may bedelineated in order to serve the purposes ofparticular policies.


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Limits of coastal zone:

The location of the limits of the coastal zone appearsto vary depending on several key factors including:

the set of issues of concern;

the geographical factors relevant to each segment of thecoast;

the stated objectives of the integrated management

program; and

a determination of an appropriate management area toencompass the impact of activities /issues, on the coastal

zone quality/health.


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Factors that influence Limits:

Similarly, the precise location of boundaries may beinfluenced by many factors including:

what resources are considered of value and importance;

what is considered practical, achievable, workable and realistic from a political, ecological, legal, regulatory, socio-economic or administrative standpoint;

stakeholder interests; and

public opinion.


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Fixed / variable parameters:

This necessarily results in some definitions reflecting fixedparameters while others use variable ones depending on theissue(s) of concern.

A fixed definition

can incorporate a set distance landward and seaward measuredfrom a defined baseline at the coastal land-water interface, suchas the mean high water mark.


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A variable definition

might start from the defined baseline and extendlandward or seaward an undefined linear distance

or height/depth to incorporate various valuedfeatures or landmarks.

These might include natural factors such asbiological features

(e.g. vegetation type, sensitive habitat),physical features (e.g. intertidal area, beaches),

natural processes (e.g. sedimentation patterns, flooding zone) and/or naturally-defined watershed areas (e.g. Maracas watershed).


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Variable definitions

could also incorporate human factors such as socio-

economic activities (e.g. coastal-dependent industries,

activities that impact the coast, negatively or positively),

settlement patterns (e.g. rural/urban distinction),

cultural aspects (e.g. ethnic, archeological, heritage,ancestral and ceremonial sites)

legally-derived rights (e.g. food fishery, traditional harvestinggrounds) and

human use features (e.g. aesthetic or recreational value.


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Both fixed and variable definitions

can be influenced by administrative factors such as jurisdictionalboundaries (e.g. municipal, county or provincial boundaries, maritimezones), arbitrarily-established boundaries (e.g. bathymetric line, fixedlinear distance from shore), and constructed features (e.g. bridge,railway).


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What is Common?

In spite of the variance across the boundary definitionsexamined, four elements were found in common:

they are commonly defined in key coastal legislation ,policy documents or coastal management programs;

they are designed to protect valued features , resources, or activities in the coastal area;

they respond to overall policy and legislativeintent/purpose; and

they reflect priority issues of mana gement concern .


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Biophysical definitions of coastal

zone area: (Kay and Alder 2005)

Coast highly dynamic in space and time

Beaches, coastal marshes, , mangroves, fringing reefs etc.

Rivers that bring fresh water and sediments; in this case the inward limit to thecoast is catchment boundary that may be 1000s km inland. Eg. Ganges-Brahmaputra whose sediments form much of Bangladesh rises far inland theHimalaya.

Coast thought of the area which forms a connection between land an ocean:

Contain both land and sea components

Have land an ocean boundaries that are determined by the degree ofinfluence of the land on the ocean and the ocean on the land; and

Are constantly changing in width, depth, or height.


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Case Example:

The delineation of the coastal zone in Bangladesh has been done bydifferent agencies and from different perspectives. For example, the SoilResources Development Institute and the Department of Public Health

Engineering have their own definitions and coastal zone boundaries.

For ICZM purposes, the 1999 concept (MoWR 1999) note suggests as a startingpoint to take all sea and estuary facing administrative districts, includingthose along the lower reaches of the Meghna Estuary up to Chandpur andthose facing the Tentulia and Baleswar Rivers. This led to a coastal zoneconsisting of 16 districts.


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Policy- oriented definition of a

coastal area:

Depend on particular set of issues and geographic factors whicharea relevant to the stretch of coast.

Coastal zone (area) management involves the continuousmanagement of the use of coastal lands and waters and their resources within some designated area, the boundaries of whichare politically determined by legislation or by executive order.


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At a policy level the limits of the coastal areas have been definedin 4 possible ways:

Fixed distance definitions:

A fixed distance away form eth coast which is considered ‘coastal’;calculated by some measure of boundary between land and water at thecoast e.g. MHWM

Usually apply to the limit of governmental jurisdiction e.g. limits of TerritorialSeas

Variable distance definitions:

Usually set form some measure of the coast (MHWM). However boundariesare not sixed, but vary along eth coast according to a range of variables:

Physical features

Biological features

Constructed landmarks

Administrative boundaries.


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Definition according to use

International organizations and large coastal nations often definethe limits of a coastal area according to the particular coastalmanagement issue being addressed; that is the coastal area isdefined according to the use to which that definition will be putand the form of definition is termed ‘definition according to use’ .

E.g. non-point source of marine pollution vs. four wheel drivevehicle damaging beach and dunes.


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Definition of coastal zone depends upon the purpose for which the definition isintended.

Areal foci (Kay and Alder 2006) is used:

Administrative: political process/ administration will designate responsibility to manage.

An ecosystem area

A resource based area e.g. mineral, oil fields, fisheries etc.

A demand area, i.e. wider area form which demands are exerted: recreation, marinetransport, waste disposal.


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Hybrid definitions

mix one type of coastal definition for the landward limit of thecoastal area and another for the seaward limit.

Common practice by governments that have a fixed limit of jurisdiction over nearshore waters.

Vertical dimension of any coastline can be included. E.g. mineralrights below coastal lands and waters and the atmosphere aboveit generally covered by laws and regulations under gov’t

jurisdiction.


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Characteristics:

Unique- land and sea meetSuffers the consequences of land use decisions a great distance

away from the coast.Diverse and productive ecosystems

Resources contributed to human well beingBase for trading between countriesSocio-economic development increases; premium increase.

Coastal land: owned and/ managed by private, communal,corporate and gov’t bodies.Coastal waters owned/ managed solely by gov’tsUniqueness further enhanced by value of its resources e.g. fish, oil,minerals, recreation etc.


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Coastal Management and

Planning:

Provides a frameworks for understanding howcurrent approaches to the planning and

management of coastal resources have evolved,and the constraints these approaches are operatingwithin.

By looking back, trends become evident, which

may help with the possible future development ofcoastal management and planning.


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• Roman and Greek ports

7 th Century AD• Diversion of water courses and construction on the coast of Venice, Italy.

1128AD• Diversion of Yangtze River

18 th – 19 th century- Industrial revolution

• Technological advancement – grander civil engineering works.• Major modifications of coastlines•Industrial revolution altered the community’s view of its resources.•View that they area tangible element or objects of nature led to the use of the term ‘naturalresources’ , and management, planning, now focused on supply and demand and the optionsfor managing these factors.

• Pervasive (western) culture- man’s dominance over other animals and natural system.• Concentration on economic development, social demands, public perception – little attentionto ecology

• Maximize profits – maximize production: the weakness of this approach was that resourceswere easily valued, single purpose and static in value over time.

• Market place dominated resource allocation while social norm no longer guided resource use.• Resources perceived as limitless and there to be consumed for profit.

Late 19 th century:• View changes:• Advance in economic theory• Developing realization that society ha the ability to destroy the environmentsocial reforms

• Studied attempts to plan for resource management.


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Task:

How do you think we can delineate Point LisasIndustrial Area and Buccoo Marine System.

Print handout on pt. lisas

2-Coastal Management.pdf

Documents

Transcript of 2-Coastal Management.pdf