(2) burn rehabilitation
Transcript of (2) burn rehabilitation
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Goals of Burn Rehabilitation
Overall GoalReturn to pre- injury Level of function with
Best possible cosmoses
Short Term Goals• Assist Wound Healing• Prevent Complications
(muscloskeletal)
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I. Positioning By definition positioning is:
The proper alignment and adjustment of body parts.
Positioning is a fundamental portion of burn rehabilitation.
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Benefits of Positioning in Burn Rehab.
PreventsContracture
Controls Edema Prevent Localized Neuropathies
Maintain elongated Position of soft
Tissues
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Burn patient has tendency to assume flexed adducted position (Fetal position) most probably as a reaction to pain.
Positioning program is maintained and/ or modified according to: Patient medical condition. ROM Skin condition.
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Positioning program should be individualized. However, generally speaking, body parts should be positioned as to maintain burned tissue in their elongated state.
Typically limbs should be positioned in extension- abduction alignments.
Positioning is maintained using splints, pillows, and/ or foam wedges.
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Specific Burn Sites
Body Segment
Anterior orCircumferential
burns
Asymmetrical neck burn
Head Burn thatIncludes the ear
Posterior neck Burn Ear not involvd
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NECK BURNS
Burn types Expected Deformity
Position HOW to Maintain?
Anterior orCircumferential
burns
Flexion Contracture
Extension/Hyperextension
- Towel under shoulders or between scapulae
- Foam cervical collar
Asymmetrical neck burn
Lat. Fl. Towards
burned side
Mid lineOr rotated away
--Towel roll, sand bag, wedges on affected side.- Prone lying head rotated
opposite side.
Head burns that include the ear
Folding of theHelix and condritis
Avoid any pressure over
the ear
- Foam or gel filled bag is used to elevate the ear
from the bed.
Posterior neck burns- Ear not
involved
Hyperextension of the neck
Head in midline - Pillows are used to elevate the head and
lengthen posterior tissues.
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Trunk burns
Burn types Expected Deformity
Position HOW to Maintain?
Clavicular & pectoral
shoulder girdle protraction and glenohumeral
adduction shoulder retraction
- A square towel or blanket between
scapulae.- Fig. of 8 wrapping
From pectoral region to below
umblicus
same as above plus
kyphosis Same as above with upper Back hyperextension
Same as above with towel extended
downwards.
Burns of the lower back
Exaggerated lordosis Midline position
Using pillows under knee to flatten back
Lateral trunk burn
Scoliosis concave to burned side
Maintain trunk straight
Towel roll, sand bag, wedges on
affected side
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Shoulder
Burn types Expected Deformity
Position HOW to Maintain?
Anterior axilla ShoulderAdduction & Int. Rotation
Shoulder Abd. / Ext. Rot. / Flexion. 90 Abd. /15- 20 horizontal Add. Above 90 Abd. And Ext. Rot. Should be attempted temporary.
- Towel roll, sand bag, wedges between affected axilla and side.- Wrist cuff hanged or stockinet to I.V. pole (Murphy splint)- Aero plane splint
Anterior chest and anterior arm.
Fl. / Add. Arm. kyphosis
Ext. & Abd. Shoulder. Ext. of dorsal spine - Towel roll, sand bag,
wedges between scapulae for dorsal Ext.- Same as above for Ext. Abd. Shoulder.
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ELBOWBurn types Expected
DeformityPosition HOW to Maintain?
Anticubital or circumferential
Elbow fl.Forearm pronation
Elbow extension Supination or neutral position.
Arm troughs are used to maintain elbow extension over bed table can be used if patient can voluntarily extend his elbow. Elbow splints can be used in positioning
Posterior surfaces of the upper extremities
extension deformity(not common)
Elbow semiflexion Supination or neutral position.
same as above.
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Forearm And Wrist
Burn types Expected Deformity
Position HOW to Maintain?
Volar surface Forearm pronation Wrist flexion
wrist in functional position (from neutral to 30 degree extension. Forearm supinated or neutral.
Wrist splint Towel or gauze placed in the hand while forearm supinated.
Dorsal surface Wrist ext. contracture
Functional position of the wrist
Wrist splint
Circumferential burns
Wrist flexion. Forearm pronation
wrist in functional position (from neutral to 30 degree extension. Forearm supinated or neutral.
Wrist splint Towel or gauze placed in the hand while forearm supinated.
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HandsBurn types Expected
DeformityPosition HOW to Maintain?
Palmar surface MCP flexion/ IP extension Thumb opposition.
hand positioned with all fingers extended and the thumb web space on a slight stretch
In acute palmer burn cases use dorsal splints. when healing progress use silicone pad to provide both positioning & pressure.
Dorsal surface MCP hyperextension IP flexion Thumb adduction
Wrist extension MCP flexion. IP extension. Thumb palmer abduction or opposition
A gauze roll is wrapped into the palm extending into the thumb web space. Hand splint (Volar)
Circumferential burns
contracture towards the most deeply burned side.
wrist in functional position (from neutral to 30 degree extension. Forearm supinated/ neutral.
Wrist splint Towel or gauze placed in the hand while forearm supinated.
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HIP
Anterior or PosteriorHip Burns
DeformityFlexion/ External
Rotation And or Adduction
Position• Slight Abduction
• Mid rotation
Maintaining position
Towel roll or sand bag lat. To ThighFor neutral rotation
▲ foam wedgeBlanket between legs
For hip abduction
Prone lying minimize Hip flexion
Knee ext. splint Reduce hip flexion
With prone lying
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KNEE
Burn types
Expected Deformity
Position HOW to Maintain?
Anterior Burns
Rarely causes extension contaracture
Posterior burns
Flexion contracture
Extension position bulky dressing to impede knee flexion knee extension splints. Prone lying bed outside bed (Prone hang) achieve full extension.
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Ankle & Foot
Burn types Expected Deformity
Position HOW to Maintain?
Posterior or Circumferential
Plantar flexion contracture(heel cord tightness)
Neutral or dorsiflexion but neutral is optimal
use foot board Sponge booties or custom splints with a cut out heel.
Isolated anterior surface
Rarely causes dorsiflexion Contracture.
Plantarflexion position patient in prone lying with foot outside the bed, will rest on slight plantarflexion.
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II. SplintingBy Definition:
Tools to support burned area, maintain joint position and correct or prevent deformity.
Mostly in use are thermoplastic materials, still there are some other materials in use such as leather, fiberglass, and metals.
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Indications
Indications differ with
different phases of rehabilitation
Acute Phase Wound Healing phase
Rehabilitation Phase
Reconstruction Phase
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Acute Phase
Uses of SplintsProphylactic role if tendons & joint damage is suspected
N.B.Because of fluctuating edema atThis phase, splints should be
• MOdulable• Not Constrictive
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Wound Healing Phase
Uses
• prevent development of Contractures
• Protect newly applied Skin grafts
N.B.Avoid interference with healing
by proper Fitting• Proper Length
•Edges rolled and flared awayFrom skin
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Rehabilitation Phase
Uses• Reduce contracture non
surgically• prevent deformities
• provide sustained stretching ofScar tissues.
• Maintain gained ROM
N.B.If Scar tissue tensile strength is poor
Monitor for wound break down
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Reconstructive Phase
Uses• For fixation following release of Contractures or reconstruction
surgery
N.B.Monitor for wound Maceration
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Examples Of Splints In UseRegion Splints
Cervical Soft neck collar (foam) Philadelphia collar Molded neck splint Watusi collar (plastic tubes) Halo- neck collar
Ear Semi- rigid oxygen mask
Mouth mouth spreader External traction hook
Axilla and anterior chest Axilla air plane splint Clavicle figure of eight splint
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Region Splints
Elbow And Knee Gutter or trough splint Airslpint
Hip hip spica Abduction splint Spreader Bar
Ankle Posterior foot drop High top gym shoe Anterior & posterior ankle conformer
Wrist & Hand Wrist splint Thumb spica Thumb web spacer
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III. Electrotherapeutic Modalities Several electrotherapeutic modalities
provide assistance in wound healing process BASICALLY including: HVPGS. US THERAPY. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS LASER
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HVPGS
There are several possible explanations of its effect on wound healing:
1- Positive electrical stimulation stimulates repair process.
2- Negative pole stimulation will destroy any bacteria.
3- Increasing superficial circulation hastens healing
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ApplicationParameters
IntensityAccording topatient tolerance.
Rate setting Continuous • Surged Pulse rate 80 pulse/sec.
Electrodes• Active (Usually Anode) covertreatment area.• Dispersive (~ Cathode.) on the back
Treatment TimeTime of treatment 20-30 minutes.
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ULTRASOUND THERAPY
Effects of US on wound healing include:
1- Promotion of formation of granulation tissue.
2- Accelerated re- epithelization.
3- It reduces wound infection, through improving circulation (?!).
4- It improves scar pliability ( thus used in hypertrophic scars).
5- Phonophoresis can be used to introduce wound healing medications.
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APPLICATION
IN CONTACT• Using coupling media asParaffin oil, aquassonic gel, Or aquasonic gel pad.• Usually applied at wound edges
SUB- AQUATIC• Using suitably sized watercontainer and previously boiled water.• Usually applied to wound bed.• Distance 1-5 cm from skin.
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ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONSUVR
1- Accelerates healing through facilitating mitosis in the germinal layers of the skin.
2- Help in maintaining sterility through destroying surface bacteria.
N.B.: High doses should be avoided at growing wound edges as it may induce more skin damage.
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Application Apply sensory test for erythema (E) (?!!!!!!). Calculate Erythema dose (?!!!!!!). Apply 25% of (E1) then progress in the
same rate (25% of the preceding dose. Then shift to E2 (2.5 x E1) and progress by
50% of the preceding dose. Then shift to E3 (5 x E1) AND PROGRESS
BY 75% of the preceding dose.
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Notice
When the main aim of treatment is to facilitate mitosis gradual progression from E1 doses through E3 can be afforded.
If the condition shows wound infection high exposure doses would be initially implemented.
Avoid UVR in early stages of burn rehabilitation (inflammatory stage of healing) as it may aggravate the burn insult
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LASER
Enhance Fibroplasia
Enhance immuneCells to attack
Pathogens
Increase ATP Synthesis
Quicken Collagen Synthesis
Increase Prostaglandins
EFFECTS “ Bio-stimulation”
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Types Of Laser In Use For Wound Healing
Types
Helium- Neon (He-Ne)
632.8 nm
Galium- Aresnide(Ga As)
Or Infrared Laser(IR)
904 nm
Argon (Ar)
488 – 514 nm
Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
10.6 nm