2-2 Organic Compounds

Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules.

A) Organic Chemistry

The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

Organic chemistry – the study of organic compounds – compounds containing carbon

Carbon has 4 valence electrons – this enables it to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.

This is what results is a variety of important organic compounds.

B) Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon

molecules.

Macromolecules: large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together

Polymers: molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers that are linked by a series of covalent bonds.

Question:How Are

Macromolecules Formed?

Answer: Dehydration SynthesisAlso called “condensation

reaction”Forms polymers by combining

monomers by “removing water”.

Question: How are

Macromolecules separated or

digested?

Answer: HydrolysisSeparates monomers by

“adding water”

C) CarbohydratesComposed of C, H, O in a 1:2:1

ratiosugarsMonosaccharide – a simple sugar

Simple sugars can be joined to form more complex sugars.

Disaccharide – two monosaccharides joined together.

Polysaccharide – ???Glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose found mainly in the liver and muscle cells.

Main function of carbs – energy!!The body will use glucose as its

initial source of energy for life functions.

Carbs can serve as structural components in other organisms.

Cell wall – plants Hard outer shell of lobster, shrimp, and

some insects

D) LipidsMolecules made mostly of carbon and

hydrogen that make up fats, oils and waxes

Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

Six functions of lipids:1. Long term energy storage2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)3. Protection against physical shock4. Protection against water loss5. Chemical messengers (hormones)6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

Phospholipids – a special lipid that is responsible for the structure and function of cell membranes

E) ProteinsCompound made of amino acidsAmino acids – small compounds

that are made of C, H, O, NAll amino acids share the same

general structure

There are 20 amino acidsProteins are made of different

combinations of the 20 amino acids

The bonds that join the amino acids together to form proteins are called peptide bonds

Protein function:◦ 1—structural support

◦ 2– transport substances inside the cells and between cells

◦ 3– speed up chemical reactions

◦ 4– control cell growth

◦ Involved in nearly every function of your body

F) Nucleic Acids Complex

macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

Made up of nucleotides –small repeating units made up of C, H, O, N, P◦ All nucleotides are

made up of three units –phosphate, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base

There are two types of nucleic acids found in organisms◦ DNA and RNA

Use the following words to create a concept map on Organic Compounds.

Organic compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Lipids Fats Oils Waxes

Glycerol Fatty acids Nucleic acids Nucleotides Energy Energy storage Genetic information Most functions in the body Proteins Amino acids

**Also be sure to include the functions of each group on your map somewhere.