2-1 Characteristics of Living Things. 1.Made of one or more units called cells.
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Transcript of 2-1 Characteristics of Living Things. 1.Made of one or more units called cells.
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2-1 Characteristics of Living Things
2-1 Characteristics of Living Things
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1. Made of one or more units called cells1. Made of one or more units called cells
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2. Reproduce2. Reproduce
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3. Grow and Develop3. Grow and Develop
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4. Obtain and use energy4. Obtain and use energy
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5. Respond to their environment5. Respond to their environment
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#1 Living things are made up of cells
#1 Living things are made up of cells
• Cell – small self contained unit
• Can perform all the functions of life
• Cell – small self contained unit
• Can perform all the functions of life
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• Unicellular – organism made of one cell
• Multicellular – organism made of many cells
• Unicellular – organism made of one cell
• Multicellular – organism made of many cells
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• Cells are only found in living material or material that was once alive
• Cells are only found in living material or material that was once alive
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#2 Living things Reproduce#2 Living things Reproduce
• Produce organisms like themselves• Produce organisms like themselves
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• Sexual reproduction – 2 cells formed from different individuals unite to form an organism
• Sexual reproduction – 2 cells formed from different individuals unite to form an organism
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• Asexual Reproduction – single • Asexual Reproduction – single
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#3 – Living things grow and develop
#3 – Living things grow and develop
• Are capable of growth at one stage of their life cycle at least
• Development – cycle of growth
• Are capable of growth at one stage of their life cycle at least
• Development – cycle of growth
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• Aging – comes at the end of development– Organism becomes less efficient at the
process of life
• Aging – comes at the end of development– Organism becomes less efficient at the
process of life
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#4 – Living things obtain and use energy
#4 – Living things obtain and use energy
• Energy from their environment or surroundings
• Energy to grow, develop, and reproduce
• Energy from their environment or surroundings
• Energy to grow, develop, and reproduce
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• Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism• Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
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• Anabolism – putting together or synthesizing complex substances from simpler substances
• Anabolism – putting together or synthesizing complex substances from simpler substances
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• Plants – photosynthesis
• Animals – take in energy food
• Plants – photosynthesis
• Animals – take in energy food
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• Catabolism – final breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances resulting in the release of energy
• Catabolism – final breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances resulting in the release of energy
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#5 – Living Things respond to their environment
#5 – Living Things respond to their environment
• Slow – changes in metabolic processes
• Rapid – changes in behavior
• Slow – changes in metabolic processes
• Rapid – changes in behavior
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• Stimulus – anything that causes an organism to react
• Irritability – the ability of living things to react to stimuli
• Stimulus – anything that causes an organism to react
• Irritability – the ability of living things to react to stimuli
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• Living things respond to stimuli in a way that improves their chances for survival
• Living things respond to stimuli in a way that improves their chances for survival
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
• Organisms ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for life
• Process by which organisms respond to different stimuli
• Homeo – same
• Stasis – stopping/standing
• Organisms ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for life
• Process by which organisms respond to different stimuli
• Homeo – same
• Stasis – stopping/standing
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2-2 Biology: The Study of Life
2-2 Biology: The Study of Life
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• Biology – the study of life
• Biologist – person who studies living things
• Biology – the study of life
• Biologist – person who studies living things
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Branches of BiologyBranches of Biology
• Many divisions– Molecular biologist– Cell biologist– Zoologist (animals)– Botanist (plants)– Paleontologists– Ecologists– Global Ecologists
• Many divisions– Molecular biologist– Cell biologist– Zoologist (animals)– Botanist (plants)– Paleontologists– Ecologists– Global Ecologists
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Questions at the ….Questions at the ….
• Molecular level
• Cellular level
• Multicellular level
• Population level
• Global level
• Molecular level
• Cellular level
• Multicellular level
• Population level
• Global level
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Tools of a BiologistTools of a Biologist
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• To study small organisms microscopes– Produces a larger image
• To study small organisms microscopes– Produces a larger image
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Compound Light MicroscopeCompound Light Microscope
• Most common
• Can observe living organisms
• Light passes through the organism
• Two types of lenses
– Objectives – 2
– Ocular (eyepiece)
• Most common
• Can observe living organisms
• Light passes through the organism
• Two types of lenses
– Objectives – 2
– Ocular (eyepiece)
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• Total Magnification =
• Ocular x Objective
• Total Magnification =
• Ocular x Objective
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Limit of ResolutionLimit of Resolution
• Beyond this point objects become blurry and detail is lost – will always exist
• Increase magnification – more and more detail until you reach the limit of resolution
• Beyond this point objects become blurry and detail is lost – will always exist
• Increase magnification – more and more detail until you reach the limit of resolution
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StainingStaining
• Colors some parts of the cell to make them clearly visible
• Colors some parts of the cell to make them clearly visible
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Types of MicroscopesTypes of Microscopes
• Compound light microscope
• Electron microscope
• Compound light microscope
• Electron microscope
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Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope
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Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope
• Can see smaller things than the compound
• Uses electromagnets to bend electrons
• Two types – SEM and TEM
• Can see smaller things than the compound
• Uses electromagnets to bend electrons
• Two types – SEM and TEM
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TEM (Transmission)TEM (Transmission)
• How it works – shine a beam of electrons at a sample and magnify the image onto a florescent screen (TV)
• How it works – shine a beam of electrons at a sample and magnify the image onto a florescent screen (TV)
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SEM – ScanningSEM – Scanning
• How it works – beam of electrons scans back and forth across the surface of a specimen
• Electrons bounce off the specimen are picked up by detectors and a 3-D image is formed
• How it works – beam of electrons scans back and forth across the surface of a specimen
• Electrons bounce off the specimen are picked up by detectors and a 3-D image is formed
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Limitations of Electron Microscopes
Limitations of Electron Microscopes
• Specimens must be in a vacuum (no air)
• Thin slices
• Stained, dried out or dead
• Specimens must be in a vacuum (no air)
• Thin slices
• Stained, dried out or dead
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Laboratory Techniques of a Biologist
Laboratory Techniques of a Biologist
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CentrifugationCentrifugation
• Cell fractionation – cells blended in a blender
• Broken bits spun 20,000x a minute
• Cell fractionation – cells blended in a blender
• Broken bits spun 20,000x a minute
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• Heaviest parts sink
• Scientists remove the part they want
• Heaviest parts sink
• Scientists remove the part they want
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MicromanipulationMicromanipulation
• Microdissection – can be used to remove cell parts
• Can be used to insert material in a living cell
• Microdissection – can be used to remove cell parts
• Can be used to insert material in a living cell
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Cell CulturesCell Cultures
• Used to produce large numbers of cells
• Cell is grown in a dish with nutrients
• Overtime many cells develop
• Used to produce large numbers of cells
• Cell is grown in a dish with nutrients
• Overtime many cells develop
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The EndThe End