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Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Why do plants need both chloroplasts and mitochondria? 0 Chloroplasts needed to produce glucose from light energy; mitochondria needed to break down glucose to produce ATP Slide 5 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What is the major energy-containing product made in glycolysis that continues to be oxidized (broken down)? 0 Pyruvate (2 for each glucose!) Slide 6 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 After glycolysis, most cells will continue to break down glucose using which biochemical pathway? 0 Aerobic respiration Slide 7 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the two most common types of fermentation? 0 Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation Slide 8 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What kinds of organisms would an anaerobic pathway provide enough energy for? 0 Some unicellular organisms (like bacteria or yeast); they have lower energy needs Slide 9 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? 0 Anaerobic no oxygen is needed! Slide 10 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What gas is released in the process of converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA? 0 Carbon dioxide Slide 11 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Describe the mitochondrial matrix. 0 Its the area inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria that contains enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle. Slide 12 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the three steps of the transition reaction? 0 1.Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A 2.CO 2 is released 3.NAD + is reduced to NADH + H + Slide 13 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Whats the first major product made in the Krebs Cycle? 0 Citric acid (The Krebs is also called The Citric Acid Cycle for this reason!) Slide 14 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What molecule temporarily stores the energy from food molecules for cells to use? 0 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Slide 15 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What kinds of organisms carry out cellular respiration? 0 Both autotrophs and heterotrophs Slide 16 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What happens to the electrons when they reach the end of the ETC? 0 They combine with oxygen and protons to form water. Slide 17 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What is cellular respiration? 0 Process in which cells break down organic molecules to make ATP Slide 18 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Explain how water is a product of the ETC. 0 Electrons from the ETC combine with protons flowing back into the matrix and oxygen. O 2 + 4 e - + 4 H + 2 H 2 O Slide 19 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What happens in muscles that are exercised extensively in the absence of enough oxygen? 0 Cells switch to lactic acid fermentation; lactic acid builds up in cells causing muscle soreness Slide 20 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 How does the efficiency of cellular respiration compare to glycolysis alone? 0 Cell respiration is 20 times more efficient. Slide 21 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What enzyme is necessary for chemiosmosis and ATP production to occur? 0 ATP synthase Slide 22 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 How many NADH are made in glycolysis? What are they used for in aerobic respiration? 0 2; they will donate electrons to the ETC Slide 23 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 For every glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle must happen ______. 0 twice Slide 24 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Where do the ATP molecule that are formed go? 0 Diffuse out of the mitochondria into the cytosol for the cell to use. Slide 25 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the 3 steps of the Krebs cycle? 0 1.Acetyl CoA (2C) + oxaloacetic acid (4C) citric acid (6C) 2.Citric acid converted into 5C compound: 1 CO 2 is lost and 1 ATP is made 3.5C compound regenerates 4C oxaloacetic acid; 1 CO 2 is lost, 3 NADH and 1 FADH 2 are made Slide 26 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 For every glucose molecule, the products of the Krebs are: 0 4 CO 2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH 2 Slide 27 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What is the importance of fermentation? 0 Regenerates NAD + to keep glycolysis going Slide 28 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 How many total NADH molecules are made in cellular respiration? Where are they made? 0 10! 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the transition reactions, and 6 from the Krebs Slide 29 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Where does the Krebs cycle take place in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes? 0 Prokaryotes cytosol Eukaryotes mitochondrial matrix Slide 30 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What is the total efficiency of cellular respiration? 0 39% Slide 31 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 0 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 + ADP + PO 4 - 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP Slide 32 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 For every NADH that is made, how many ATPs will be generated in the ETC? 0 3 Slide 33 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Why is oxygen important in the ETC? 0 Its the final electron acceptor. Slide 34 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Describe how citric acid forms in the Krebs cycle. 0 Acetyl-CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetic acid (4C) to yield citric acid (6C) Slide 35 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis? 0 2 Slide 36 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? 0 Anaerobic Slide 37 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Of the 38 ATPS, state where the ATPs are made in the process of cellular respiration and the numbers that are made in each process. 0 Glycolysis = 2; Krebs cycle = 2; ETC = 34 Slide 38 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the two main stages of cellular respiration? 0 Glycolysis and aerobic respiration Slide 39 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What is glycolysis? 0 Process in which glucose is converted into pyruvate producing a small amount of ATP and NADH Slide 40 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the major products of the Krebs and the ETC together? 0 Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP Slide 41 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the products of ONE turn of the Krebs? 0 2 CO 2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH 2 Slide 42 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 How many ATPs are produced in cellular respiration? 0 38 ATPs Slide 43 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What gas produced during photosynthesis is necessary for the completion of cellular respiration in the ETC? 0 oxygen Slide 44 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What molecules from the Krebs cycle donate electrons to the ETC? Is this oxidation or reduction? 0 The 10 NADH and 2 FADH 2 ; its oxidation (theyre losing electrons) Slide 45 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 How many total ATPs are made in the ETC from all of the NADH produced in cellular respiration? 0 30 Slide 46 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 In which part of cellular respiration is most energy transferred to ATP? 0 ETC Slide 47 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the steps of glycolysis? 0 1.Phosphorylation of glucose to yield new 6C compound; 2 ATPS required 2.Splitting of 6C compound to form 2 3C PGALS 3.Oxidation of PGALS; phosphorylation of PGALS using 2 PO 4 - from cytosol to form 2 new 3C compounds; reduction of 2NAD + to form 2 NADH and 2 H + 4.Removal of 4 PO 4 - from 2 3C compounds in step 3 to make pyruvate; 4 PO 4 - used to phosphorylate 4 ADPS making 4 ATPS Slide 48 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Does fermentation produce any ATP? 0 No! Slide 49 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 For every FADH 2 that is made, how many ATPs will be generated in the ETC? 0 2 Slide 50 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Where does glycolysis take place? 0 In the cytosol Slide 51 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 How many ATPs are made in the ETC from the FADH 2 produced in cellular respiration? 0 4 Slide 52 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 What are the 5 steps of the ETC? 0 1.NADH and FADH 2 donate e - to ETC 2.e - move along ETC and lose energy 3.Energy lost is used to pump H + from matrix to space between inner and outer membranes 4.Chemiosmosis back into the matrix provides energy for phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP 5.O 2 combines with e - coming from ETC and H + flowing back into the matrix to make 2H 2 O Slide 53 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 When living things break down food molecules for energy, that energy is either stored in _____ or __________? 0 ATP; released as heat Slide 54 2 01 91 81 71 61 51 41 31 21 0 91 00 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 Is glycolysis efficient? Why or why not? 0 No! Only 2 ATPs are produced. Each stores 7 kcal of energy from the 686 kcal available in glucose. That makes it 2% efficient!