1.Wilmot Provisio 2.Compromise of Free Soil Party 4.Fugitive Slave Law 5.Kansas and Nebraska Act 6.Bleeding Kansas 7.Stephen Douglas 8.Republican Party 9.Abraham Lincoln 10.James Buchanan Do questions from pgs. 394: 2, 3, 4 and 5 400: 3, 4 and 5 11.Dred Scott Decision 12.John Brown 13.Election of South Carolina 15.Secession 16.Confederacy 17.Jefferson Davis 18.Union 19.Jefferson Davis 20.Fort Sumter Trends in Antebellum America: New intellectual and religious movements. 2.Social reforms. 3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4.Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions. 6.Increase in American nationalism. 7.Further westward expansion. 1.New intellectual and religious movements. 2.Social reforms. 3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4.Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions. 6.Increase in American nationalism. 7.Further westward expansion. Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! Barnburners discontented northern Democrats. Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! Barnburners discontented northern Democrats. Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! WHY? The 1848 Presidential Election Results Results of the Mexican War? 1.The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3.These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.Manifest Destiny partially realized. 1.The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3.These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.Manifest Destiny partially realized. Map expansion Wilmot Provision Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA) Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot, an abolitionist, US Representative from PA Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war Passed House but defeated in Senate in 1846 Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot, an abolitionist, US Representative from PA Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war Passed House but defeated in Senate in 1846 Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California resumes slavery question fire-eaters Southern fire-eaters threatening secession if California becomes a free state. Abolitionists and several political parties support California as a free state. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: Fugitive Slave Law South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced. California resumes slavery question fire-eaters Southern fire-eaters threatening secession if California becomes a free state. Abolitionists and several political parties support California as a free state. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: Fugitive Slave Law South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced. Map 8 of 45 Most intense debate in U.S. History John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law South wanted California threatened to secede from U.S. U.S. should have two Presidents---one from the North and one for the South Comp of 1850 Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster Secession is impractical & impossible How would we split the land? The military? Compromise at all cost Preserve the Union Henry ClayHenry Clay The Great Compromiser, with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, propose this compromise. Popular SovereigntySolve the slavery issue through Popular Sovereignty Let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not. Popular SovereigntySolve the slavery issue through Popular Sovereignty Let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not. Picture/S.Douglas U.S. Senator from Illinois, a Democrat and author of Popular Sovereignty. Compromise of 1850 Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850 Stephen Douglas Map Comp of 1850 Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state. Compromise of 1850 California enters as a free state Create two new territories with Popular Sovereignty Utah and New Mexico Territory End slave trade in Washington, DC. Enforce the Fugitive Slave Law ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND Denounced by Abolitionists Harriet Beecher Stowes, Uncle Toms Cabin is published Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law Underground Railroad becomes more active RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS Ralph Waldo Emerson An immoral law makes it a mans duty to break it, at every hazard. For virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A mans right to liberty is as inalienable as his right to life Ralph Waldo Emerson Fugitive Slave Law RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS William Lloyd Garrison 3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, No Union with Slaveholders.We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood.and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world! William Lloyd Garrison Fugitive Slave Law SOUTHERNERS RESPOND Southerners threatened secession and war Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law. 5 th Amendment Supremacy Clause Expansionist Young America in the 1850s Americas Attempted Raids into Latin America. This is called filibustering when private citizens carry out wars against countries. If won, they would become slave territories for the South. Americas Attempted Raids into Latin America. This is called filibustering when private citizens carry out wars against countries. If won, they would become slave territories for the South. Map 8 of 45 Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or NorthBuild a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise.Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. Proposed a plan to create two new territories: Kansas and NebraskaProposed a plan to create two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska Territories were allowed to decide the slavery issue, Popular SovereigntyTerritories were allowed to decide the slavery issue, Popular Sovereignty In return for building the railroad in the North.In return for building the railroad in the North. Kan. & Neb Act Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Kansas Nebraska Act Create two new territories Open it up to popular sovereignty Bleeding Kansas Border Ruffians (pro-slavery Missourians) vs. Radical Abolitionists who want to keep Kansas free Map Bleeding Kan Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states Led by Abolitionist John Brown who kills 5 pro-slavery settlers. Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. First violent outbreaks between north/south. First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in Over 200 killed Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. First violent outbreaks between north/south. First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in Over 200 killed Picture taken in 1859, shows a gang of armed antislavery men who had just broken an accomplice out of jail in neighboring St. Joseph, Missouri. Like proslavery "Border Ruffians," many of these men also served in guerrilla bands during the Civil War and some went on to careers as famous outlaws after the war was over. Bleeding Kansas Armed Antislavery Men Though no one would deny that their cause was noble, many of the men who flocked to Kansas to resist the expansion of slavery were no less violent than their proslavery adversaries. "Bleeding Kansas.""Free-staters" traveled through Iowa instead, often bringing arms with them. This small cannon, left over from the Mexican War, helped create "Bleeding Kansas." Bleeding Kansas Free State Battery, 1856 The slave state of Missouri opposed the entry of antislavery advocates for years and, by the 1850s, actively tried to prevent their passage through Missouri on the way to Kansas. Bleeding Kan Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery vs. antislavery supporters Bitterly divided the nation Led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas. Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery vs. antislavery supporters Bitterly divided the nation Led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas. The Crime Against Kansas Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) The Crime Against Kansas Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) Preston BrooksSenator Charles Sumner Congressman Preston Brooks beats Senator Charles Sumner over the speech he gave about Kansas Territory being part of a larger Slave Power ConspiracyOutraged by the speech, Brooks nearly clubs Sumner to death. BIRTH OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, 1854 Formed to stop the expansion of slavery and opposition to the Kansas Nebraska Act National Republican which become the Whigs. Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery Northern Democrats opposed the expansion of slavery Abolitionists Chart/Rep. Party Know Nothing Party against immigration and expansion of slavery. Abraham Lincoln re- enters politics and gives over 125 speeches against the expansion of slavery by 1860. Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states.Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states. His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave.His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. He sued his masters widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time.He sued his masters widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issueCourt case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue Can a slave sue for his freedom?Can a slave sue for his freedom? Is a slave property?Is a slave property? Is slavery legal?Is slavery legal? Picture/Dred Scott Chart/Effect of Scott Supreme Courts decision: Slaves cannot sue the for their freedom because they are property. They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution. Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional Chart/Effect of Scott National fallout from the Courts decision: Republicans claim the decision is not bindingRepublicans claim the decision is not binding Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union.Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union. North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave LawNorth refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law Free states pass personal liberty laws.Free states pass personal liberty laws. Reading/Scott decision They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race. Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted. Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the Presidency in 1860.The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the Presidency in Slavery was the national issue Lincoln stated:Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other. was against the expansion of slaverywas against the expansion of slavery Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people. Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty Chart/L&D Debates Southerners would not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860 Picture/ L&D Debates Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could work against the expansion of slavery.. Freeport DoctrineThis was called the Freeport Doctrine Reading/Lincoln on slavery Lincolns compares the black and white races during the 1858 debates. expressedin the DOI, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong, having the superior position. I have never said anything to the contrary, but I hold that not with standing all this, there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated (expressed) in the DOI, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitled to those rights as the white man. I agree with Judge Douglas he is not my equal in many respects---certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to eat the bread, without leave or anybody else, which his own hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas and the equal of every living man. Kansas/Nebraska Act and Dred Scott Decision slavery has grown Under the operation of that policy (Kansas/Nebraska Act and Dred Scott Decision), that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented (slavery has grown). In my opinion, it will not cease, until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South. Abraham Lincoln, 1858 during the Lincoln/Douglas Debates Violent abolitionist Involved in the Bleeding Kansas Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South. Violent abolitionist Involved in the Bleeding Kansas Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South. Picture/J.Brown On the night of October 16 tth, 1859, Brown and 21 men, including 5 blacks raided the government armory and arsenal at Harpers Ferry to begin his slave revolt. Brown became trapped inside the fire-engine house and on the 18th the building was stormed by US Marines.Brown became trapped inside the fire-engine house and on the 18th the building was stormed by US Marines. The fighting ended with 10 of Brown's people killed and 7 captured, Brown among them. Picture/J.Brown John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry, 1859 Brown is captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee Put on trial for treason. Brown is captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee Put on trial for treason. Picture/J.Brown He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. His last words were to this effect: I, John Brown, am now quite sure that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood!!! Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery. Souths outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country. Picture/J.Brown Hanging Reading/Tubman on Brown Upon hearing of John Browns execution, escaped slave and abolitionist Harriet Tubman paid him the highest tribute for his self-sacrifice. clar clar Ive been studying, and studying upon it and its clar to me, it wasnt John Brown that died on that gallows. When I think how he gave up his life for our people and how he never flinched but was so brave to the end; its clar to me it wasnt mortal man, it was God in Him. Reading/Lincoln on Brown Not all opponents of slavery, however, shared Tubmans reverence for Brown. Republican presidential candidate Abe Lincoln dismissed Brown as deluded: The Brown affair, in its philosophy, corresponds with the many attempts, related in history, at the assassination of kings and emperors. An enthusiast broods over the oppression of a people till he fancies himself commissioned by Heaven to liberate them. He ventures the attempt, which ends in little else than his own execution. 1860 Presidential Election Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat Republican Party Platform in Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. 2.Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. 3.No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the Know-Nothings]. 4.Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. 5.Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. 6.Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]. 1.Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. 2.Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. 3.No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the Know-Nothings]. 4.Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. 5.Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. 6.Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]. 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart? Election of 1860 Country is polarized (divided) over the issue of slavery. Once Lincoln is elected as president, South Carolina will secede from the U.S. along with several other Southern States. They will form the Confederate States of America- --CSA 303 total electoral votes and 152 to win. Secession: SC Dec. 20, 1860 Secession Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity and preserve the Union from a Civil War Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Extend the Missouri Compromise 36, 30 line out to California. Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Extend the Missouri Compromise 36, 30 line out to California. Map 8 of 45 1848 Presidential Election Results The Know-Nothings [The American Party] Nativists. Anti-Catholics. Anti-immigrants. Nativists. Anti-Catholics. Anti-immigrants. 1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC. 1852 Presidential Election Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil 1852 Election Results 1856 Presidential Election James Buchanan John C. Frmont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig 1856 Election Results Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California resumes slavery question Southern fire-eaters threatening secession if California becomes a free state. Abolitionists and several political parties support a California as a free state. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) California resumes slavery question Southern fire-eaters threatening secession if California becomes a free state. Abolitionists and several political parties support a California as a free state. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)