1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
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Transcript of 1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
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What is Life?
Biology, Science, and How we Study Things.
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What is Science
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What is Life?
• Biology is the scientific study of life
• Define life by listing basic components– Cell is basic unit of life– Every organism is one or
more cells– DNA used to produce
proteins
Figure 1.1 Informational Molecule of Life.
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Properties of Life
1. Organized2. Uses energy3. Maintains internal environment4. Reproduces5. Responds to the Environment6. Grows, and develops7. Evolves
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Properties of Life
1) Order 2) Reproduction 3) Growth & Development
4) Energy Processing 5) Response to the Environment 6) Regulation
7) Evolutionary Adaptation
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Properties of Life: Order
• Life has order and energy is required to maintain this order
1) Order
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Properties of Life: Reproduction
• Life Reproduces Itself, Grows, and Develops– Asexual reproduction
• All offspring identical
– Sexual reproduction• Offspring have new combination of traits
– Growth and development
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Figure 1.5 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction.
Properties of Life: Reproduction
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Properties of Life: Growth and Development
• Grow and Develop – cell division and specialization until maturity
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Properties of Life: Energy
• Every living thing needs energy to live– Metabolism – sum of the chemical reactions in an organisms
that produce and use energy• Living things classified by how get energy
– Producers – Autotrophs, make own food from nutrients and non-living sources (sun)
– Consumer – Heterotroph, get energy by consuming other organisms (dead or alive)
– Decomposer – Heterotroph, get energy from dead organisms or wastes
• All types of organisms live together in ecosystem and make a food web
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Properties of Life: Energy
ProducerConsumer
Decomposer
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Simple Food Web
Producers extract energyand nutrients from thenonliving environment
Consumers obtainenergy and nutrients byeating other organisms.
Decomposers are consumersthat obtain nutrients from deadorganisms and organic wastes.
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Properties of Life: Energy
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Properties of Life Energy
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Properties of Life: Respond to Environment
• Life can sense and react to stimuli• To do this, cells have to be in constant
environment (relatively!)
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Properties of Life: Regulation/Homeostasis
• Homeostasis – Process by which cell or organisms maintains a state of internal constancy or EQUILIBRIUM
• Ex. Your internal temperature is 37⁰C or 98.6⁰F
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Properties of Life/Adaptation
• How life changes over time to become best suited to its environment– Adaptation – Inherited trait that make organisms
better suited to environment • Better survival• More successful reproduction
– Natural Selection – Through adaptation, a set of traits that make one organism more successful than another
• Enhanced reproductive success leading to more individuals
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Properties of Life/Adaptation
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Properties of Life: Natural Selection in Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. b.SEM (false color) 10 µm
Staphylococcus aureusbefore mutation
Generation1 Generation2 Multiple generations later
Antibiotic-resistant bacteriaare most successful
Mutationoccurs (red)
Time
Antibiotic present
Time
Reproductionand
Selection
a (left): © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.; a (inset): © Ron Occalea/ The Medical File/Peter Arnold/Photolibrary
Hair
Bacterialcell
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Properties of Life: Natural Selection in Bacteria
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Life is Organized• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organisms• Population • Community• Ecosystem• Biosphere
• Emergent Properties– Interacting properties
that give an organisms a complex function
– Change the structure, change the function
– Interrupt the function too much, structure breaks down
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ATOM: The smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance (element).Example: Lithium atom
MOLECULE: A group of joined atoms.Example: DNA
ORGANELLE: A membrane-bounded structure that has a specific function within a cell.Example: Chloroplast
CELL: The fundamental unit of life. Example: Leaf cell
TISSUE: A collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion.Example: Epidermis of leaf
ORGAN: A structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions.Example: Leaf
COMMUNITY: All populations that occupy the same region.Example: All populations in a savanna
ECOSYSTEM: The living and nonliving components of an area.Example: The savanna
BIOSPHERE: The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible.
ORGANISM: A single living individual.Example: One tree
ORGAN SYSTEM: Organs connected physically or chemically that function together.Example: Aboveground part of a plant
POPULATION: A group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time.Example: Multiple acacia trees
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Organization of Life
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Tree of Life - Bacteria
• Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)• Unicellular
DOMAIN BACTERIA
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Tree of Life ArchaeaCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)• Unicellular
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
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Tree of Life Eukarya
• Cells contain nuclei (eukaryotic)• Unicellular or multicellular
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular• Heterotrophs (by ingestion)
LM 200 µm
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae
• Most are multicellular• Heterotrophs (by external digestion)
• Multicellular• Autotrophs
Protista (multiple kingdoms)
• Unicellular or multicellular• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
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Scientific Method
• Sir Frances Bacon: the 1st to document the scientific method
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Scientific Method
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Experimental Design
• Used to test hypotheses– Can be controlled (in a lab) or in the natural environment
• What you need to consider– Sample size – How many individuals or observations do you
have to make– Variables – What can change in your experiment
• Independent Variable – The thing you change• Dependent Variable – The response• Standardized Variable – Constant
– Control – Provides basis for comparison– Statistical Analysis – Math using your data to prove or or
disprove your hypotheses
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Sample Experiment
Observations – Fish community looks different when you change the shoreline
Hypothesis – A change in shoreline structure will change the fish community
Data Collection – Seine sampling to collect fish at sites
Sample Size – Measure 10 fish per species, total count, total biomass of all fish in each haul
Control –Control Sites – those with no change in shorelineImpact Sites – those with shoreline change
Data Analysis – Metrics (diversity, species richness, biomass), Statistical analysis
Theory – Based on data, the fish community is different at control sites than impact sites
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Case Study on the Scientific Method
Question: Why do baby coots have ornamental plumage during the first three weeks of life?
Hypothesis: Bright ornamental plumage makes the chicks more attractive to the parents and increases survival
Prediction: If the hypothesis is supported, then removing the ornamental plumage will decrease survival (and body weight) of the chicks.
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Case Study on the Scientific Method
Experimental Design: removed colorful plumage
None trimmed (control) All trimmed (control)
½ trimmed (experimental)
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Case Study on the Scientific Method
Data: Measured weight and survival of the chicks
CONCLUSIONS?
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Basic vs. Applied Science
• Basic: “pure science,” gain knowledge• Applied: “technology,” solve real-world
problems