A) importance of trade with western EuropeB) ability of humans to adapt the environmentC) influence of cultural diversityD) complexity of indigenous belief systems

1. The location of the Inca civilization of South Americademonstrates the

A) Small groups of nomadic clans competed for food.B) Various ethnic groups had representation in a

legislative body.C) Absence of a social class structure created unsettled

living conditions.D) Advanced agricultural practices supported large

urban centers.

2. Which statement best describes Aztec civilization at thetime of the Encounter?

A) Why did the Mayas abandon their cities?B) What was the structure of the Maya governments?C) How did religious beliefs affect the Maya

economy?D) Which neighboring city-state conquered the Mayas?

3. Base your answer to the following question on thepassage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

...In the 1930s, Slyvanus G. Morley of Harvard,probably the most celebrated Mayanist of his day,espoused [argued for] what is still the best-knowntheory: The Maya collapsed because they overshotthe carrying capacity of their environment. Theyexhausted their resource base, began to die ofstarvation and thirst, and fled their cities en masse,leaving them as silent warnings of the perils ofecological hubris [overconfidence]...

-Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the

Americas Before Columbus

According to this passage, what was a major questionMorley was trying to answer about the Mayas in the1930s?

A) disruption of overseas trade networksB) conquest by foreignersC) a series of crop failuresD) a lack of military training

4. Which situation was an immediate cause for the collapseof the Aztec civilization?

A) developed coastal portsB) adapted mountainous terrainsC) designed ships to conduct global tradeD) introduced camel caravans as their primary form of

transportation

5. One way in which the people of the Tibetan kingdomand the people of the Inca Empire are similar is that they

A) building a network of roads through the mountainsB) growing rice as a major agricultural productC) establishing an encomienda systemD) creating floating gardens

6. One way the Incas adapted their environment was by

A) trade agreementsB) geographic featuresC) imported religious ideasD) peasant revolts

7. Which factor most influenced the development ofdiverse cultures in pre-Columbian South America?

A) sustained dense populations through intensiveagriculture

B) engaged in an extensive exploration of the PacificOcean

C) built vehicles with wheels to transport goodsD) developed rice paper and wood-block printing

8. A study of the achievements of pre-ColumbianMesoamerican cultures would show that they

9. Base your answer to the following question on thegraphic organizer below and your knowledge of SocialStudies.

A) Characteristics of the Inca Golden AgeB) Reasons for the ReconquistaC) Results of Lenin's New Economic PlanD) Features of the Marshall Plan

Which title best completes this graphic organizer?

10. Base your answer to the following question on theillustration below and on your knowledge of socialstudies.

A) urbanizationB) a system of educationC) a code of lawsD) social classes

Which element of civilization is most clearly shown inthis Maya artwork?

A) domestication of cattleB) use of a steel plowC) terracing of mountains for farmingD) development of floating gardens

11. A major agricultural advancement of the Incas was the

A) Cast bronze statuesB) Created a system of terrace farmingC) Invented a foot stirrupD) Developed chariots

12. Which phrase best completes the partial outline below?I. Achievements of the Incas

A. ______________________B. Kept records using quipusC. Built stone structures without using mortar

A) developing terrace farming on hillsidesB) building chariots to protect their open plains

against invadersC) becoming maritime tradersD) constructing harbors to encourage exploration

13. The ancient cultures of both the Incas and the Chineseadapted to the physical geography of their region by

A) traded extensively with AfricaB) flourished prior to European contactC) declined because of invasion and diseaseD) converted others to Islam

14. The Aztec use of the calendar and the Maya writingsystem both illustrate that pre-Columbian cultures inthe Americas

15. Base your answer to the following question on the mapbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

A) Religious activities were prohibited in this city.B) The city was a ceremonial site, not a place of

permanent settlement.C) Community planning and an organized way of life

are not evident in this city.D) The city had a government with laws, leadership,

and a military force.

Which conclusion about the Inca city of Machu Picchucan be drawn from the map?

A) Portugal's claims to southern Africa wereestablished.

B) His ship was the first to land in the Americas.C) One of his ships was the first to circumnavigate

Earth.D) Britain's control of the seas ended.

16. Why is Ferdinand Magellan's voyage considered aturning point in world history?

A) Atlantic Ocean B) Sahara DesertC) Andes Mountains D) Mediterranean Sea

17. The Encounter occurred as a result of Europeanexplorers crossing the

A) find a more direct trade route to AsiaB) obtain military technologyC) make contact with the Empire of BeninD) trade in established ports in the Americas

18. One reason Spain sponsored the first voyage ofColumbus to the west was to

A) The Spanish established an exchange betweenEurope and the Americas.

B) The Ming dynasty launched expeditions to the eastcoast of Africa.

C) Muslim Arab armies succeeded in conqueringEgypt and Syria.

D) The British established control over new territoriesin India.

19. Why is the year 1492 considered a turning point inhistory?

A) Spanish rule in Latin AmericaB) pre-Columbian practices of Native AmericansC) attempts to halt the drug trade in South AmericaD) reduction of trade barriers in the Western

Hemisphere

20. The encomienda system, the latifundia form of landownership, and the office of viceroy are all closelyassociated with

A) The importance of Mediterranean trade routes wasestablished.

B) The modem concept of universal human rightswas promoted.

C) The European view of the physical world wastransformed.

D) An understanding of the benefits of culturaldiversity was encouraged.

21. What was a result of the efforts of Prince Henry ofPortugal, Christopher Columbus, and FerdinandMagellan?

A) observation and experimentationB) church law and faithC) superstition and ancient practicesD) geometric formulas and astrology

22. New scientific knowledge and understandings thatdeveloped during the Scientific Revolution were mostoften based on

A) rise of feudalismB) Agricultural RevolutionC) Age of ExplorationD) Age of Reason

23. Advances in navigation technology and the desire ofEuropeans to obtain goods from Asia are most closelyassociated with the

A) migration of the BantuB) exploration of the AmericasC) introduction of Buddhism to East AsiaD) voyages of Zheng He

24. The combined usage of the caravel, compass, andastrolabe in the late 1400s helped bring about the

25. Base your answer to the following question on the mapbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

A) Dutch B) PortugueseC) English D) French

The letter C indicates an area of Latin America that wascolonized mostly by the

A) benefits of the exploration of Asia by EuropeansB) effects of the Middle Passage on the AmericasC) introduction of South American products into

North AmericaD) interaction of cultures between the Western and

Eastern hemisphere

26. Base your answer to question on the chart below and onyour knowledge of social studies.

This chart of the Columbian exchange shows the

27. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

A) development of trade routes in North AfricaB) expansion of African kingdoms involved in the slave tradeC) forced migration of African peoples from their homelandD) dependence by Africans on imports for economic development

The arrows on this map, "The African Diaspora," represent the

A) a route through the Swiss AlpsB) a narrow body of water connecting two larger

bodies of waterC) the forced journey of enslaved Africans to the

AmericasD) the expulsion of Muslims from Spain

28. The Middle Passage is best defined as

A) The Aztec conquered a vast empire.B) Potatoes were introduced into the diet of some

Europeans.C) Prince Henry the Navigator established a school

for sailors.D) China closed its borders to foreigners.

29. What was a significant effect of the Columbianexchange?

A) Native societies experienced rapid populationgrowth.

B) European nations lost power and prestige in theNew World.

C) Large numbers of natives migrated to Europe for abetter life.

D) Plantations in the New World used enslavedAfricans to replace native populations.

30. Which statement best describes a result of the encounterbetween Europeans and native populations of LatinAmerica?

Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the images below and on your knowledge of social studies.

A) opening of the Silk Road trade B) Columbian exchangeC) formation of the Hanseatic League D) establishment of trans-Saharan trade

31. Which historical event connects the activitv shmvn in hnage A to the activitv shown in Image B?

A) Potatoes have been a key source of food for diverse populations at various times.B) The Inca produced more potatoes than any other civilization in history.C) The only crop Irish women and children produced was potatoes.D) Potatoes could only be grown in mountainous region

32. Which generalization is best supported by these images?

A) glorify the power and aggressiveness of themilitary

B) create laws which guaranteed individual freedomsC) teach the natives Christianity and offer them

protection in exchange for laborD) increase their supply of gold and silver through a

favorable balance of trade

33. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the primary goal ofmercantilism as practiced by European countries was to

A) mercantilism B) humanismC) mass production D) scientific socialism

34. The Columbian exchange is most closely associatedwith the beginnings of

A) Colonies exist to provide raw materials andmarkets for a colonial power.

B) Wealth and power are based on land exchangedbetween nobles.

C) Goods and services are traded without governmentinterference.

D) Property is owned collectively and administeredby the state.

35. Which idea is most closely associated with theeconomic concept of mercantilism?

A) creoles B) peninsularesC) indigenous people D) mestizos

36. Which social class controlled most of the political,economic, and social power in colonial Latin America?

A) England B) FranceC) the Netherlands D) Spain

37. Which country is responsible for the extensive colonialuse of the encomienda labor system?

A) Spain conquered and colonized much of LatinAmerica.

B) Disputes over international boundaries withinLatin America were settled by the pope.

C) The traditional beliefs of Africans wereincorporated into the cultures of Latin America.

D) The Church provided Latin America with a strongcentral government.

38. Why is Catholicism a major religion practiced in LatinAmerica?

39. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.

A) The fewest people in the population had thegreatest power.

B) Africans and Native Americans were politicallypowerful.

C) The peninsulares made up the majority of thepopulation.

D) Mestizos and mulattoes controlled the most land inthe colonies.

Which conclusion about Spanish colonialism in theAmericas can be drawn from this diagram?

A) use of forced laborB) establishment of trade unionsC) increase in landownership by Native AmericansD) weakening of the power of peninsulares

40. The encomienda system in colonial Latin America ledto the

A) new foods, which the native peoples could notdigest

B) religious persecution resulting from the SpanishInquisition

C) new diseases to which the native peoples had nonatural immunity

D) slavery and the terrible conditions on their seajourney to Europe

41. After contact with Europeans in the 1500s, millions ofnative peoples in the Americas died as a result of