A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

1. The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C.

Which row in the chart best identifies each event in the graph?

A) are independent and do not interact with eachother or with the physical environment.

B) do not interact with other living organisms, butdo interact with the physical environment

C) interact with each other, but do not interact withthe physical environment

D) interact with other living organisms andinteract with the physical environment

2. A fundamental concept of ecology is that livingorganisms

3. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram represents a food web in an ecosystem.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Which row in the chart below best identifies the relationships between the mice and the wheat?

A) B)

C) D)

4. The chart below shows three ecological terms used to describe levels of organization on Earth.

Which diagram best represents the relationship of these ecological terms?

A) predators that outnumber their preyB) a continual input of energyC) limited autotrophic nutritionD) no competition between species

5. A stable ecosystem is characterized by having

A) a population B) a communityC) a biome D) the biosphere

6. All of Earth's water, land, and atmosphere withinwhich life exists is known as A) a change in the environment always results in

diseaseB) humans are the cause of the breakdown of this

ecosystemC) the stability of this ecosystem is limited by the

amount of water availableD) every population in an ecosystem is linked

with other populations

7. Populations of aspen trees in the western UnitedStates are being destroyed by an unexplained illness.The altered landscape is affecting the animals thatlive there. Populations of deer mice are increasinggreatly in these areas. Unfortunately, these mice oftencarry a virus that is deadly to humans. This scenariobest illustrates that

A) A fierce predator is removed from theecosystem.

B) The number of producers remains constant in theecosystem.

C) Organisms frequently interact within theecosystem.

D) The energy in the ecosystem flows from the Sun.

8. Which statement describes a situation that wouldreduce the stability of a forest ecosystem?

A) a population B) an ecosystemC) a biosphere D) a food chain

9. The organisms in a pond and the physical factorsinfluencing them best describe

A) an increase in the stability of the oceansB) an increase in the salt content of the oceansC) a decrease in the stability of the oceansD) a decrease in the oxygen available in the oceans

10. Due to overfishing, the number of fish in the oceancould drastically decrease. This will cause

A) a population B) a communityC) an ecosystem D) the biosphere

11. The diagram below represents many species ofplants and animals and their surroundings.

What does the diagram best represent?

A) The water temperature would rapidly decrease.B) The process of respiration in the snail would

decrease.C) The rate of reproduction of the fish would be

affected.D) The organisms would probably survive

because materials would cycle.

12. Which statement most accurately predicts whatwould happen in the aquarium shown below if itwere tightly covered and maintained in natural lightfor one month?

A) community B) ecosystemC) population D) species

13. Which ecological term includes everythingrepresented in the illustration below?

A) a constant source of energyB) living systems that incorporate energy into

organic moleculesC) a cycling of materials between organisms and

their environmentD) an equal number of producers and

consumers

14. Which factor is not necessary for an ecosystem to beself-sustaining?

A) an increase in a biotic factors that would causeorganisms to develop new adaptations

B) the development of an ecosystem that willprevent invasive species from settling there

C) an increase in the carrying capacity of theecosystem for wetland organisms

D) to prevent the organisms that live in thisecosystem from competing for food and shelter

15. The Mississippi River Delta wetlands ecosystem ishome to a large number of fish, birds, and otheraquatic organisms. During the last century, thisecosystem has seen a decrease in wetland areas andspecies diversity due to land development,agriculture, and flooding. Conservation groups havebeen working to reconnect the Mississippi Riverwith its flood plain and restore lost wetlands. Oneresult of restoring wetland areas in this ecosystemwould be

A) water, minerals, bacteriaB) sunlight, oxygen, plant receptorsC) minerals, water, plant enzymesD) water, sunlight, carbon dioxide

16. As it grows from a seed to a mature plant, a plantwill grow taller and thicker. Which are abioticfactors most responsible for the increase in the massof the plant?

A) dynamic equilibriumB) a limiting factorC) a reproductive enzymeD) ecological successsion

17. A finite resource in the environment that keeps apopulation from steadily increasing is known as

18. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology. The graph below shows the growth of Paramecium aurelia in the same culture dish for 14days.

A) The population numbers of Paramecium aurelia would be lower than 250, since the newspecies is competing with it for resources.

B) The population of Paramecium aurelia would increase above 250, since they would mate withthe new species.

C) The population of Paramecium aurelia would increase above 250, since the two species occupythe same niche.

D) The population of Paramecium aurelia would remain at 250, since the species compete witheach other for the same resources.

In another experiment, a second species of paramecium was introduced into a culture dish with Paramecium aurelia. Which statement describes a possible result as the populations interact over thenext 14 days?

A) environmental stability B) genetic varietyC) behavioral change D) overproduction

19. The graph below shows the size of a population of foxes over a period of years.

If the line did not stay around the carrying capacity, but continued to rise, which concept would thisgraph best illustrate?

Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. Thegraph shows the growth of a population of rabbits in a specific ecosystem.

A) the birthrate of the rabbit population was equal to the death rate of the rabbit populationB) there was a decrease in the number of rabbit predators and an increase in the availability of

plantsC) there was a decrease in the availability of minerals, water, and shelterD) the entire rabbit population rnigrated to a new ecosystem containing more autotrophs

20. Over a period of time, the location of the dashed line would move from location B to location C onthis graph if

A) increased predation by herbivores B) increased availability of foodC) increased number of decomposers D) increased competition among carnivores

21. Which environmental factor could have caused the change indicated at A?

A) biotic factorsB) abiotic factorsC) organic factorsD) endangered factors

22. The increase of certain types of gases in theatmosphere has contributed to the problem of globalwarming. All these gases are

A) photosynthesis in algae cellsB) digestion in hummingbirdsC) ATP synthesis in fungiD) respiration in maple tree cells

23. Which process will result in a gain of energy in anecosystem?

A) limiting factorB) hereditary factorC) source of ATPD) source of solar energy

24. A study was done on three different fish speciesliving in a pond in New York State. The influence oftemperature on the growth rates of the fishpopulations is shown in the graph below.

In this pond where these fish live, temperature is a

A) stopped reproducingB) reached carrying capacityC) mutated into a different speciesD) run out of food and migrated to a different pond

25. A scientist was studying a population of fish in apond over a period of 10 years. He observed that thepopulation increased each year for 3 years, and thenremained nearly constant for the rest of the study.The best explanation for this observation is that thepopulation had

A) They are held in check by environmentalfactors.

B) They are producers that rely indirectly on otherproducers.

C) They are not limited by natural predators.D) They are not dependent on other species.

26. Which statement best describes bat populations in astable ecosystem?

A) heat energy released by carnivoresB) carbon dioxide in the atmosphereC) photosynthetic organismsD) decomposers in the soil

27. What is the carrying capacity for herbivores in ahabitat most directly affected by?

A) hurricanes, packs of wolves, and temperatureB) blizzards, heat waves, and swarms of

grasshoppersC) droughts, floods, and heat wavesD) species of fish, number of decomposers, and

supply of algae

28. Abiotic factors that could affect the stability of anecosystem could include

A) number of autotrophsB) temperature variationC) salt contentD) pH of water

29. One biotic factor that affects consumers in an oceanecosystem is

A) The interactions between other organismswould stop immediately.

B) The functions carried out by these organismswould no longer be necessary.

C) The ecosystem would remain stable.D) The ecosystem would become less stable.

30. The chart below shows the environmental functionsthat some organisms perform in a stable ecosystem.

How would a decrease in the number of organismsthat perform these functions most likely affect theecosystem?

A) X—biotic factors; Y—abiotic factorsB) X—ecological relationships; Y—biotic relationshipsC) X—abiotic factors; Y—interacting populationsD) X—energy flow; Y—biotic factors

31. Information relating to an ecosystem is contained in the diagram shown below.

Which information belongs in areas X and Y?

A) type of shrub species presentB) amount of annual rainfallC) number of predatory animals presentD) availability of autotrophic organisms

32. An important abiotic factor affecting a shrubcommunity is the

A) the abiotic factorB) the biotic factorC) the growth factorD) the limiting factor

33. Requirements of some submerged aquatic plants in apond include oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolvedin the water as well as nitrates and magnesium in themud where the plants grow. What term would beused to describe the resource which is in shortestsupply?

A) The community within this ecosystem consistsof seven guppies and one catfish.

B) The energy source for this ecosystem is the gasfrom the air stone.

C) A population within this ecosystem is thethree snails.

D) Cycling of materials is not necessary in thisself-sustaining ecosystem.

34. Which statement regarding the ecosystem shown inthe diagram below is correct?

A) a populationB) an ecosystemC) an abiotic conditionD) an aquatic biome

35. A particular species of freshwater mussel (a smallclam-like animal) inhabits the shallow water of alarge lake, where it lives and breeds. These musselsare referred to as

A) members of a single species in the biosphereB) members of a given genus inhabiting a given

areaC) members of a single species inhabiting a

given areaD) abiotic and biotic factors in a given location

36. In ecology, a population is defined as all the

A) drastic modifications to the environmentB) interrelationships and interdependencies

among organismsC) limited biodiversityD) gradual changes in the climate

37. In order for an ecosystem to remain stable there mustbe

A) plants and gravelB) fish, water, and snailsC) fish, plants, and snailsD) water and gravel

38. An aquarium ecosystem is shown below.

A community in this aquarium consists of the

A) They are all of the same species.B) They all require the same type of food.C) They are part of a community.D) They are abiotic factors in a forest.

39. A moss-covered log is overturned by a hungry bearlooking for insects to eat. The bear disturbs an antcolony, and some chipmunks leave the hollow log tosearch for another home in the forest. Whichrelationship do these organisms have with eachother?

A) community B) populationC) biosphere D) species

40. All the plants and animals interacting in a given areamake up a

A) biosphere, ecosystem, communityB) biosphere, community, ecosystemC) community, ecosystem, biosphereD) ecosystem, biosphere, community

41. Which sequence shows increasing complexity oflevels of ecological organization?

A) hiding from predatorsB) greater reproductive successC) locating new sources of foodD) reduced population growth

42. A male frigatebird displays to the female by inflatingits large red throat sac, throwing its head back,vibrating its wings, and producing a "drumming"sound with its throat sac. For the frigatebird, thisbehavior has most likely resulted in

A) A deer outruns an attacking wolf.B) A deer, during the winter, consumes tree bark.C) A deer and rabbit consume grass in a field.D) A deer and a rabbit are both startled by a hawk

flying overhead.

43. Which statement best describes a situation wherecompetition occurs in an ecosystem?

A) Organisms that feed on different foods in thesame area of an ecosystem fill the same niche.

B) Organisms that live in the same ecosystemcan occupy different niches in the ecosystem.

C) Different species feeding in the sameecosystem will eventually compete with eachother, eliminating all the species except one.

D) Different species living in the same area of anecosystem usually have the same physicalcharacteristics.

44. Members of a bird-watching club observed theactivities of three species of birds for an entirespring and summer. They noticed that the differentspecies fed at different heights in the same pine tree.Which ecological concept is supported by thisobservation?

A) nichesB) ecosystemsC) methods of asexual reproductionD) methods of selective breeding

45. In a pine forest, there are different species of birdsknown as warblers that are able to coexist on thesame pine trees. The Cape May warblers feed oninsects located on the tips of the highest pinebranches. The yellow-rumped warblers feed oninsects on lower branches of the same trees. Thedifferent feeding locations for these two species ofwarblers indicate that they have different

A) successfully compete with native herbivores forfood

B) serve as an excellent food source for nativeherbivores

C) successfully compete with native plants forspace

D) prevent the migration of native plants

46. The wetland plant purple loosestrife was imported toNorth America from Europe. Since its introduction,the loosestrife has spread, which has resulted in adramatic decline in the biological diversity of nativewetland plants. A likely reason for the spread of thepurple loosestrife is that it can

A) change their nesting behaviorsB) not affect one anotherC) interbreed to form a new speciesD) compete with one another

47. When two different bird species temporarily occupythe same niche, they would most likely

A) They will usually develop differentrequirements.

B) One species may adapt to a differentenvironment.

C) One species may be eliminated from thatecosystem.

D) They will alter the environment so that they canboth survive in that ecosystem.

48. What will most likely occur if two different plantspecies compete for the same requirements in anecosystem?

A) were able to prey on native herbivoresB) reproduced more slowly than the native animalsC) successfully competed with native herbivores

for foodD) could interbreed with the native animals

49. Rabbits are herbivores that are not native toAustralia. Their numbers have increased steadilysince being introduced into Australia by Europeansettlers. One likely reason the rabbit population wasable to grow so large is that the rabbits

A) Certain organisms may compete for vitalresources.

B) All these organisms rely on energy fromdecomposers.

C) Organisms synthesize energy.D) All organisms occupy the same niche

50. Some interactions in a desert community are shownin the diagram below.

Which statement is a valid inference based on thediagram?

A) They most likely do not compete for nestingsites because they occupy different niches.

B) They do not compete for nesting sites becausethey have the same reproductive behavior.

C) They compete for nesting sites because theybuild the same type of nest.

D) They compete for nesting sites because theynest in the same tree at the same time.

51. Information concerning nests built in the same treeby two different bird species over a ten-year periodis shown in the table below.

What inference best describes these two birdspecies?

A) Both species evolved through the process of ecological succession.B) Each species occupies a different niche.C) The two species can interbreed.D) Species A is a scavenger and species B is a carnivore.

52. A scientist studied iguanas inhabiting a chain of small ocean islands. He discovered two species thatlive in different habitats and display different behaviors. His observations are listed in the tablebelow.

Which statement best describes these two species of iguanas?

A) biodiversityB) competitionC) interaction between speciesD) solar radiation reaching the area

53. When habitats are destroyed, there are usually fewerniches for animals and plants. This action wouldmost likely not lead to a change in the amount of

A) each occupies a different nicheB) they interbreedC) they use different methods of reproductionD) birds compete for food

54. Two closely related species of birds live in the sametree. Species A feeds on ants and termites, whilespecies B feeds on caterpillars. The two speciescoexist successfully because

A) less competition for foodB) fewer abiotic resources for each bird speciesC) fewer biotic resources for each bird speciesD) less energy available as the birds feed higher in

the tree

55. The feeding niches of three bird species are shown inthe diagram below.

What is the advantage of these different feedingniches for the birds?

A) As the birds feed higher in the tree, availableenergy increases.

B) More abiotic resources are available for eachbird.

C) Predators are less likely to feed on birds in avariety of locations.

D) There is less competition for food.

56. The ecological niches of three bird species areshown in the diagram below.

What is the advantage of each bird species having adifferent niche?

A) variations within a speciesB) dynamic equilibriumC) random recombinationD) competition between species

57. Cattail plants in freshwater swamps in New YorkState are being replaced by purple loosestrife plants.The two species have very similar environmentalrequirements. This observation best illustrates

A) recycling B) equilibriumC) competition D) decomposition

58. The graph below shows the growth of twopopulations of paramecia grown in the same culturedish for 14 days.

Which ecological concept is best represented by thegraph?

A) the same habitat, but different nichesB) the same niche, but different habitatsC) the same niche and the same habitatD) different habitats and different niches

59. In a forest community, a shelf fungus and a slug liveon the side of a decaying tree trunk. The fungusdigests and absorbs materials from the tree, whilethe slug eats algae growing on the outside of thetrunk. These organisms do not compete with oneanother because they occupy

A) a biosphere B) an ecosystemC) a habitat D) a niche

60. Male grizzly bears can maintain territorial controlover many square miles. What is this role as a toppredator in the territory known as?

A) nesting site B) territorial rangeC) biomass D) niche

61. Knowing the type of food consumed by an organismhelps to identify the role of the organism in thecommunity. This role is known as its

A) an epidemic of rabies among squirrelsB) an increase in the number of squirrels killed on

the highwaysC) an increase in the number of hawks that prey on

squirrelsD) a temporary increase in the squirrel

reproduction rate

62. Which change would usually increase competitionamong the squirrel population in a certain area?

A) isolation B) successionC) competition D) segregation

63. In a given habitat, different species use the samelimited resources. This situation usually leads to

A) an increase in the owl populationB) an increase in the mouse populationC) a decrease in the hawk populationD) a decrease in the owl population

64. Hawks and owls living in the same area compete forthe same type of mouse for food. Which situationwould lead to the greatest problem in food supply?

A) plentiful resources within the environmentoccupied by the species

B) increased genetic variation within the speciesC) changes in the environment of the speciesD) the ability of the species to increase its numbers

by sexual reproduction

65. Which factor would be least likely to contribute tothe development of a new species?

A) increase the destruction of environmentsB) continue the deforestation of world ecosystemsC) decrease the dependence on plants for foodD) preserve the diversity of plant species

66. Some scientists have collected and stored seeds formany types of food-producing plants. The purposeof this is to

A) crabgrass and horseweed B) oak and hickory treesC) broomsedge and pine seedlings D) mature pine and young deciduous trees

67. The diagram below represents a process that occurs in nature.

If the oak and hickory trees were burned in a forest fire, leaving bare soil, which group of plantswould most likely be the first to grow back?

A) direct harvestingB) genetic engineeringC) evolutionary changeD) ecological succession

68. Shawangunk Grasslands National Wildlife Refugehas been developed from an abandoned airport torestore habitat for six species of birds that require anarea rich in tall grasses. Workers must continuallyremove trees that are beginning to invade the area asa result of

A) a decrease in the amount of organic materialpresent

B) decreased levels of carbon dioxide in the areaC) the lack of abiotic factors in the areaD) the process of ecological succession

69. A new island formed by volcanic action mayeventually become populated with bioticcommunities as a result of

A) a climax communityB) a dominant speciesC) secondary consumersD) pioneer organisms

70. A slab of bare rock is covered with lichens. In time,mosses cover the rock, followed by grasses, andfinally by small shrubs and tree saplings. In thisexample, the lichens represent

71. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology

A) a pioneer communityB) abiotic factorsC) a climax communityD) a population

The lichens and mosses can be classified as

72. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Years after the lava from an erupting volcanodestroyed an area, lichens started to grow in thatarea. These were gradually replaced by grasses,shrubs, conifers, and finally, by a deciduousforest.

A) primary consumersB) climax organismsC) abiotic factorsD) pioneer organisms

In this sequence of events, the lichens functioned as

A) stable ecosystem that can last for many yearsB) loss of heterotrophs that cannot be recoveredC) long-term rise in environmental temperaturesD) forest consisting of only producers and

decomposers

73. Changes in an ecosystem over a long period of timeare shown in the diagram below.

These changes will most likely lead to a

A) species interdependence is absentB) there is a lack of variety in the speciesC) no competition exists between the speciesD) there are natural checks on species

74. An established ecosystem may remain stable overhundreds of years because

A) It usually contains only one type of producer.B) It usually contains a great diversity of

species.C) It contains simple food chains that have more

consumers than producers.D) It contains complex food webs that have more

heterotrophs than autotrophs.

75. What is a characteristic of a stable environment?

A) climatic limitations of the geographic area ofthe pond

B) number of carnivores present within thegeographic area of the pond

C) concentration of nitrogen dissolved in the pondwater

D) rate of photosynthesis in autotrophs growing inthe pond water

76. A pond ecosystem may be replaced by a terrestrialecosystem over a period of time. The type ofterrestrial ecosystem that will be established dependson the

A) heterotroph communityB) pioneer stageC) biotic stageD) climax community

77. The stable stage that is established in an area as aresult of the process of ecological succession isknown as the

A) populations B) decomposersC) ecosystems D) communities

78. The mass of plants shown in the graph refers to themass of a number of

79. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology.The graph shows the masses of different types of plants found in an area of the AdirondackMountains after a forest fire occurred.

A) ecological succession B) biological evolutionC) selective breeding D) genetic engineering

Based on the information provided in the graph, the process that is occurring is

A) evolution B) feedbackC) ecological succession D) direct harvesting

80. The diagram represents the changes in an area over time.

This series of changes in the area over hundreds of years is known as

A) random mutations B) ecological successionC) genetic engineering D) direct harvesting

81. Which concept is best represented in the diagram below?

A) circulation and coordinationB) respiration and coordinationC) respiration and photosynthesisD) photosynthesis and circulation

82. Which two processes are responsible for keeping thepercentage of atmospheric oxygen at relativelyconstant levels?

A) respiration and photosynthesisB) the ozone shieldC) synthesis and digestionD) energy recycling in ecosystems

83. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1 percent ofEarth's atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 20percent. These percentages are maintained mostdirectly by

A) a decrease in the amount of nitrogen releasedinto the atmosphere

B) an increase in the amount of oxygen present inthe lake

C) an increase in the amount of water vaporpresent in the atmosphere

D) a decrease in the amount of oxygen releasedinto the lake

84. A five-year study was carried out on a population ofalgae in a lake. The study found that the algaepopulation was steadily decreasing in size. Over thefive-year period this decrease most likely led to

A) succession and transpirationB) photosynthesis and cellular respirationC) artificial selection and deaminationD) enzymatic hydrolysis and regeneration

85. The diagram below shows some pathways in the cycling of materials in the environment.

Which two processes are involved in the cycling shown in the diagram?

A) carbon B) nitrogenC) oxygen D) hydrogen

86. Respiration and photosynthesis have the least effecton the cycling of

A) A-deamination; B-transpiration; C-condensation; D evaporation

B) A-transpiration; B-evaporation; C-condensation; D-precipitation

C) A-condensation; B-precipitation; C-transpiration; D evaporation

D) A-transpiration; B-deamination; C-condensation; D-precipitation

87. Processes involved in the water cycle are representedby letters in the diagram below.

In which group are these processes correctlyidentified?

A) digestion and regulationB) synthesis and locomotionC) respiration and excretionD) reproduction and growth

88. Which two life functions of animals help maintainthe water cycle by recycling water back into theenvironment?

A) the food web would be disrupted becausethere would be little recycling of nutrients

B) fewer animals would suffer from disease suchas cancer

C) there would be more energy available forinsects and worms that live in the soil

D) the diversity of plants and animals presentwould increase

89. Researchers have discovered a chemical thatsterilizes soil by killing all of the bacteria that arenormally present. If this chemical were released in aforest ecosystem, the most likely result would be that

A) predators B) decomposersC) pathogens D) parasites

90. An ecosystem is self-sustaining as long as organismshave sufficient quantities of energy, oxygen,minerals, and water. When organisms die, some ofthese materials are recycled back to plants in theecosystem primarily through the activity of

A) plant parasitesB) autotrophsC) bacteria and fungiD) scavengers and viruses

91. Many families now use compost to make the soil intheir gardens more fertile. They collect vegetablescraps and yard trimmings, place them in a compostpile or special container, and let them decompose.The organisms primarily responsible fordecomposing the vegetable scraps and yardtrimmings are

A) herbivore B) decomposerC) producer D) carnivore

92. Which type of organism can obtain energy directlyfrom any of the other organisms in an ecosystem?

93. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram of the nitrogen cycle below and on your thekey below.

A) It is converted to atmospheric nitrogen.B) It is used by animals for carbohydrate synthesis.C) It is used by plants for protein synthesis.D) It is used by bacteria to synthesize ammonia.

What is the role of NO3 in the cycle?

94. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of the nitrogen cycle below and on yourknowledge of biology. In the diagram, letters A through E represent organism carrying on a process atthat particular point in the cycle.

A) A B) E C) C D) D

Nitrifying bacteria are represented by letter

95. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) denitrifying bacteriaB) nitrifying bacteriaC) nitrogen-fixing bacteriaD) decomposers

Nitrogen in the cells of plants and animals is first released to other organisms with the help of

96. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) as the wolf population decreases, the moose population increasesB) as the wolf population decreases, the moose population decreasesC) the numbers of wolves and moose are relatively constantD) the numbers of wolves and moose appear to be unrelated

An observable trend in the wolf and moose data between 1980 and 1995 is

A) Species A is a producer and species B is its consumer.B) Species A is a host and species B is its parasite.C) Species A is a predator and species B is its prey.D) Species A is a scavenger and species B is its decomposer.

97. The graph below shows changes in the populations of two species that interact only with each otherover a period of time.

Which statement best describes these two species?

A) predator — preyB) producer — consumerC) parasite — hostD) decomposer — scavenger

98. Which relationship best describes the interactionsbetween lettuce and a rabbit?

A) parasite and hostB) predator and preyC) producer and decomposerD) consumer and scavenger

99. Dodder, a plant with no chlorophyll, grows on aliving plant of a different species from which itobtains nutrients. Which pair of terms describes thisrelationship?

Base your answers to questions 100 through 102 onthe diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) nitrogen-fixing bacteriaB) nitrifying bacteriaC) denitrifying bacteriaD) autotrophic bacteria

100. Bacteria responsible for process X are known as

A) NO3 B) NH3 C) N2 D) O2

101. Which gas is released when the tissues of deadplants and animals are broken down by bacteria?

A) commensalism B) mutualismC) parasitism D) saprophytism

102. The American dogwood, a flowering tree of NewYork State's woodlands, has been attacked by afungal disease specific to this tree species. Manydogwoods have died because fungicides have notproven effective in fighting the spread of thisdisease. Which term best describes the relationshipbetween the dogwood trees and the fungus?

A) a parasite B) a producerC) an herbivore D) a saprophyte

103. An organism that feeds on the blood of a live rabbitis known as

A) parasitism B) commensalismC) saprophytism D) mutualism

104. Which type of relationship is illustrated by aprotozoan causing the disease malaria in a humanhost?

A) birds B) wormsC) mammals D) algae

105. The diagram below represents an energy pyramid.

Which organisms would most likely be found atlevel A?

106. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

An aquarium container is filled with water andcolonies of aquatic plants and animals. Variousprotists are added and the aquarium is thensealed and placed on a window ledge. After aperiod of time the aquarium appears to reach astate of balance

A) primary consumersB) secondary consumersC) producersD) herbivores

Which group of organisms in the aquarium containsthe largest amount of energy?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

107. Which row in the chart below best describes decomposers?

108. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below which describes an ecosystem inNew York State and on your knowledge of biology.

The Pine Bush ecosystem near Albany, New York, is one of the last known habitats of the nearlyextinct Karner Blue butterfly. The butterfly's larvae feed on the wild green plant, lupine. The larvaeare in turn consumed by predatory wasps. The four groups below represent other organisms living inthis ecosystem.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

The Karner Blue larvae belong in which group?

A) biotic factorsB) abiotic factorsC) inorganic compoundsD) finite resources

109. Which group would most likely be represented in afood chain?

A) an increase in the number of deerB) a decrease in the amount of grassesC) an increase in the number of snakesD) a decrease in the amount of trees

110. The diagram below represents interactions thatoccur between some organisms in an ecosystem.

Which factor would most likely cause an increasein the number of frogs?

A) ecosystems are shaped by nonliving factorsB) autotrophs convert solar energy into foodC) grasshoppers are producers that are essential

for ecosystem stabilityD) populations are linked with many others in

the ecosystem

111. The diagram below represents relationships in acommunity. After a pathogen reduced thepopulation of grasshoppers, the number of miceincreased, while the numbers of toads and rabbitsdecreased.

These changes in the community demonstrate that

A) There would be more snakes than pocketgophers.

B) There would be more coyotes than rabbits.C) There would be more insects than insect

eating birds.D) There would be more hawks than seed eating

birds.

112. The diagram below represents a food web.

Which statement regarding organisms in this foodweb is correct?

113. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology. The diagram represents various levels of interaction between organisms in a prairieecosystem.

A) hawks B) wheat C) locusts D) molds

If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere were to decrease, which organism in the diagramwould be one of the first affected by this change?

A) Sun green plants herbivores carnivores

B) Sun herbivores producers consumersC) green plants carnivores consumers

herbivoresD) consumers carnivores herbivores

producers

114. Which sequence best represents the flow of energythrough an ecosystem?

A) recycle energyB) recycle nutrientsC) maintain atmospheric pHD) reduce biodiversity

115. The overuse of chemical fertilizers has resulted inthe growth of some lawns in which decomposerscannot live. This would interfere most directly withthe ability of the lawn ecosystem to

116. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A small village was heavily infested withmosquitoes. The village was sprayed weekly withan insecticide for a period of several months. Theresults of daily counts of the mosquito populationare shown in the graph below.

A) The insecticide caused mutations that resultedin immunity in the mosquito.

B) Mosquitoes resistant to the insecticide livedand produced offspring.

C) The insecticide reacted chemically with theDNA of the mosquitoes and was destroyed.

D) All of the mosquitoes produced antibodies thatactivated the insecticide.

Which statement best explains the decreasedeffectiveness of the insecticide?

A) draining the swamps where mosquitoes breedB) spraying swamps with chemical pesticides to

kill mosquitoesC) spraying oil over swamps to suffocate

mosquito larvaeD) increasing populations of native fish that

feed on mosquito larvae in the swamps

117. Communities have attempted to control the size ofmosquito populations to prevent the spread ofcertain diseases such as malaria and encephalitis.Which control method is most likely to cause the least ecological damage?

A) using pesticides to decrease populations ofbirds of prey

B) increasing emissions into the atmosphere todecrease the pH of lakes

C) using parasites for biological control ofpests to increase crop yields

D) engaging in uncontrolled hunting and trappingto reduce populations of carnivores

118. Which human activity would most likely have apositive impact on the environment?

A) using reforestation and cover cropping tocontrol soil erosion

B) using insecticides to kill insects thatcompete with humans for food

C) developing research aimed toward thepreservation of endangered species

D) investigating the use of biological controls forpests

119. Which human activity would be more likely to havea negative impact on the environment than the otherthree?

A) saprophytic relationshipsB) biocidesC) biological controlsD) herbicides

120. Many people place bat boxes on their property toprovide housing that attracts insect-eating bats.This activity has a positive effect on theenvironment because it represents an increased useof

A) an increase in the numbers and kinds oforganisms worldwide

B) a decrease in the availability of naturalresources

C) a decrease in deforestation due totechnological improvements

D) an increase in biosphere stability

121. The graph below shows changes in humanpopulation numbers over time.

A consequence of these changes is

A)

B)

C)

D)

122. Which graph best illustrates the change in thehuman population over the past 2000 years?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

123. In which row in the chart below is a human action correctly paired with its environmental impact?

A) increased fossil fuel consumptionB) destruction of the ozone shieldC) increased industrializationD) destruction of natural habitats

124. Which change is a cause of the other three?

A) an increase in global warmingB) destruction of the ozone shieldC) a decrease in the average temperature of the

atmosphereD) an increase in biodiversity of the deforested

areas

125. In some parts of the world, forests are being cutdown and burned to clear land for new homes andnew farmland. A negative effect of these activitiesmight be

A) recycle more nutrientsB) reduce biodiversityC) reduce global warmingD) increase the growth rates of forests

126. In New York State, cars are inspected to be surethey are not releasing excessive amounts of severalgases into the atmosphere. This is done in an effortto A) a decrease in rainfall in the area

B) a decrease in available carbon dioxideC) an increase in air pollution in the areaD) an increase in the supply of fossil fuels

127. The diagram below represents factors that affectNew York State ecosystems.

An increase in human activity at X would mostlikely result in

A) the chemical composition of the upperatmosphere

B) emissions from vehicles and industrialprocesses

C) the extinction of certain animal speciesD) a greater use of nuclear fuel

128. The release of products of combustion into the airoften causes the formation of ozone near thesurface of Earth. This ground-level ozone damagesplants and affects their ability to absorb carbondioxide. The doubling of ground-level ozone since1850 is most likely due to

Answer KeyEcology

1. D2. D3. D4. A5. B6. D7. D8. A9. B10. C11. C12. D13. B14. D15. C16. D17. B18. A19. D20. C21. B22. B23. A24. A25. B26. A27. C28. C29. A30. D31. A32. B33. D34. C35. A36. C

37. B38. C39. C40. A41. C42. B43. C44. B45. A46. C47. D48. C49. C50. A51. A52. B53. D54. A55. A56. D57. D58. C59. A60. D61. D62. D63. C64. A65. A66. D67. A68. D69. D70. D71. A72. D

73. A74. D75. B76. A77. D78. A79. A80. C81. B82. C83. A84. D85. B86. B87. B88. C89. A90. B91. C92. B93. C94. C95. D96. A97. C98. B99. A100. A101. C102. C103. A104. A105. D106. C107. B108. B

109. A110. C111. D112. C113. B114. A115. B116. B117. D118. C119. B120. C121. B122. A123. C124. C125. A126. C127. C128. B