1)The AMMA programme 2) The PIRATA programme 3) in situ … Bourles.pdf · Cape...

Cape Verde Observatory Workshop, January 8-10, 2007

1) The AMMA programme

2) The PIRATA programme

3) in situ observations in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic : status and prospectives

Bernard BOURLES (IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement -, France)

Member of the AMMA ISSC / Coordinator of EGEE (ocean and climate studies in the Gulf of Guinea in the framework of AMMA)

Co-Chair of the PIRATA ISSC & member of the CLIVAR-Atlantic Panel

Centre IRD de Bretagne,

Technopole Pointe du Diable,

B.P. 70, 29280 PLOUZANE, FRANCE

Tél.: 02 98 22 46 65 ; from abroad: 33 2 98 22 46 65

Fax: 02 98 22 45 14 ; from abroad: 33 2 98 22 45 14

Tél. portable: 06 09 44 09 90

courriel: [email protected] ou [email protected]

African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses

Afrikanske Monsun: Multidisiplinære Analyser

Afrikaanse Moesson Multidisciplinaire Analyse

Analisi Multidisciplinare per il Monsone Africano

Afrikanischer Monsun: Multidisziplinäre Analysen

Analisis Multidiciplinar de los Monzones Africanos

Analyses Multidisciplinaires de la Mousson Africaine


1:

Niger at Malanville: 2.106 km²Factor 2

Annual rainfall & runoff deficitWhy AMMA?


African Monsoon not well

reproduced & predicted

by the atmospheric numerical models

Observed and modeled rainfall (with labels for onset and retreat) for Niamey based on area-average of 50 gauges and model simulated rainfall ( Lebel et al, 2000).

Numerical model

Observations

=> model failure :

– the land surface conditions (e.g., Taylor and Lebel 1998)

– the atmospheric circulation (e.g., Roca et al. 2005)

- SST variability (ocean) (e.g., Okumura and Xie 2004)

- Air sea fluxes (e.g., Okumura and Xie 2004)

Why AMMA?


GCMs tend to have an early rainfall onset

+ higher precipitation than really observed

How well do GCMs simulate the annual cycle?

What is AMMA?

AMMA is a coordinated international project to improve our knowledge and understanding of the

West African monsoon (WAM) and its variability with an emphasis on daily-to-interanual

timescales

AMMAAfrican Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses

1. Context:


2. A coordinated international effort:

�Scientists from more than 25 agencies/institutions in more than 20 countries in Africa,

Europe and US (Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Denmark, France, Germany,

Ghana, Italy, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, Togo, UK, US…)

�Endorsements received from CLIVAR & GEWEX, GCOS, …

� Funding by France, European Union, USA and United Kingdom (>10M€ each)

What is AMMA?

3. A multidisciplinary and multiscale approach:

Global: 2-way interactions between the WAM & the rest of the globe

(e.g. role of SST patterns on WAM variability; impact of WAM on tropical

Atlantic, export of aerosols/chemical species). Variability from seasonal to decadal scales

Regional: Monsoon Dynamics and Scale Interactions, Continental Water Cycle, Land and Ocean Processes, Aerosols and Chemistry Variability from intraseasonal to interannualscales

Mesoscale: Mesoscale Convective Systems, Vertical transports (Aerosols, Water, chemical

species), Tropical Cyclones, Catchments and Vegetation Intraseasonal variability

Sub-meso (<10km): Hydrological Cycle, Vegetation Convective rain scale=>Coupling

scale with hydrology (Sahel)=>Main scale of interest for agriculture, …

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Impact studies :

Water resources

Health impacts

Land productivity

Human processes and food security


4. Human dimension:

What is AMMA?


EnhancedObs. Period

Long term Observation Period

2002

Supra-regional

(WA + Ocean)

Mesoscale

Regional(WA)

Local

SPACE (km)

2005 2006 2007 2008

103

101

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104

TIME ( Years)

Catch, Idaf, AeronetImpetus, Pirata, ….

SOP0: Dry phase

SOP1: Monsoon Onset

SOP2: Monsoon Max

SOP3: Late Monsoon1

IOPs

2

IOPs

3

IOPs

SO P

00

What is AMMA? International Field Program : 2002-2010


AMMA: Observation network in West Africa (key period, June-August 2006)

: « operationnal » radars [ + IDAF, AERONET networks]

Djougou

NiameyDakar

Transects by instrumented aircrafts

Informations :

- AMMA international Web site : http://www.amma-international.org/

- AMMA Africa Web site: http://www.ird.ne/ammanet/

- AMMA international Data Base (limited access at now) :

ftp site through http://www.amma-international.org/



Main International Contacts:

Co-chairs of AMMA International Scientific Steering Committee:

- Jean-Luc Redelsperger: [email protected]

- Chris Thorncroft: [email protected]

In Africa:

Cherif Diop : [email protected]

Abou Amani : [email protected]

Leykan Oyebande : [email protected]

Arona Diedhou : [email protected]

In Europe:

Jean-Luc Redelsperger : [email protected]

Doug Parker: [email protected]

Thierry Lebel : [email protected]

Andreas Fink : [email protected]

In USA:

Chris Thorncroft : [email protected]

Peter Lamb: [email protected]


2: PIRATA2: PIRATA(Pilot Research moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic)

(1997 - 200??)

Tripartite Programme

as a contribution to CLIVAR, GCOS and GOOS :

- FRANCE (IRD & Météo-France)

- BRAZIL (INPE & DHN)

- USA (NOAA/PMEL & AOML)

* 1997-2001 : « Pilote » period

* 2001-2006 : Consolidation period

• 2006-2008 : continuation… and after!? (PIRATA has actually been under review process

(positive…) by CLIVAR and Ocean Observations Panel for Climate -OOPC-) in 2006

Photo: A.Kartavtseff


PIRATA PIRATA evolutionevolution untiluntil nownow

PIRATA ATLAS buoys network in October 2005

(Brazilian SW extension => 13 buoys)

PIRATA ATLAS buoys network from June 2006

US NorthEast extension along 23°W at 4°N and 11°N

(carried out by NOAA, R/V Ron Brown in June 2006)

BCLME & South Africa

SouthEast extension at 6°S-8°E

(carried out by IRD, R/V L’Atalante in June 2006)

⇒16 ATLAS buoys actually operationnal

⇒18 planed in 2007 (two added along 20°N by US)

First PIRATA ATLAS buoys network in 1997

(12 then 10 buoys)


PIRATA ATLAS buoys:

Measured Parameters :

Atmosphere:- wind (direction, speed)

- relative humidity

- air temperature

- precipitation

- incident radiation

Ocean:- temperature

(11 levels from surface to 500m)

- salinity(4 levels; 0,20,40,120m)

- pressure (at 300 & 500m)

- Daily averaged data transmitted in real time by Argos;

- High frequency data (10mn) available after servicing operations


Examples of PIRATA time series 1997-2006

6°S-10°W

Eq-0°E

10°S-10°W

NEW 6°S-8°E


wind

Dyn.height

T° section

4) CO2 sensor installed at 6°S-10°W in June 2006 :

PI: Nathalie Lefevre, IRD/LOCEAN

info on the web page : http://www.lodyc.jussieu.fr/CO2tropiques/

The buoy has been sending CO2 and O2 data in real-time using ARGOS transmission since the 6th of June 2006.

By the end of June, the upwelling impact was clearly visible with fCO2 going up to 400 matm.

A second one will be installed in 2007 in the west (4°N-38°W)


Main International Contacts:

Members of the PIRATA International Scientific Steering Committee (at now…):

Co-chairs:

- Bernard Bourlès (IRD, France): [email protected] (resp.PIRATA France)

- Edmo Campos (USP, Brazil): [email protected]

Vice-chair:

- Rick Lumpkin (NOAA, USA): [email protected] (resp. PIRATA US)

&

- Paulo Nobre (CPTEC, Brazil): [email protected] (resp. PIRATA Brazil)

- Mike McPhaden (NOAA, USA): [email protected]

- Fabrice Hernandez (IRD, France): [email protected]

- Serge Planton (Météo-France): [email protected]


http://www.brest.ird.fr/pirata/piratafr.html

Web sites: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pirata/

Informations and data (free access) :

OCEANIC STUDIES:

EGEE = Etude de la circulation océanique et du climat dans le Golfe de GuinEE

= French “Ocean and Air – Sea interactions” component of AMMA


Key Objectives

• Quantify the heat budget of the oceanic mixed layer (SST, air-sea fluxes, salinity)

• Gain a quantitative picture of the circulation in the tropical Atlantic

• Identify pathways within the Shallow Subtropical Cell

• Evaluate the quality of general circulation and mixed layer simulations against observations

=> improve understanding of underlying dynamics responsible for SST& mixed layer variability, air-sea exchanges…. and then numerical simulations

Framework: AMMA/EGEE, PIRATA & CLIVAR/TACE

Example: 2005 / 2006 SST comparison in the Gulf of Guinea (TMI):

June 10, 2005 June 10, 2006

=> why, how, & consequences on regional climate, environment & ressources???

(atmosphere / ocean interactions, equatorial upwelling / cold tongue…)


With strong links with African Monsoon variability…


EGEE program : => 6 cruises, 2 per year in 2005, 2006 & 2007�� variability: interannual (3 years) + seasonal (2 per year) + intra-annual (Egée 3)

Cruises already carried out:

- Egée 1 (June-July 2005)

- Egée 2 (Sept. 2005)

- Egee 3 (May-July 2006)

- Egee 4 (November-December 2006)

Scheduled cruises:

- Egee 5 & 6 in 2007 (June & September)

=> Repeated sections at 10°W and 3°E.-continuous SST, SSS, surface currents measurements, meteorological measurements

- CTD-02, turbulence and current profiles + temperature profiles (XBT) every ½ or ¼°

- water samplings (Salinity, Oxygen, CO2, O18 & C13, nutrients, + Helium)

+ ARGO profilers deployment & NOAA/GDC surface drifters deployment (SVP)


e.g. EGEE 3 cruise (Gulf of Guinea) : May 24 – July 6, 2006

5 ATLAS PIRATA deployement / replacing

72 CTD/LADCP profiles (red points)

106 ocean turbulence profiles (MSS) (red points)

180 XBT a XCTD profiles (green points)

12 ARGO profilers deployment

13 SVP drifters deployment

12 thermistance profilers

Radiosoundings (2 per day min => 101)

15oW 10oW 5oW 0o 5oE 10oE 15oE 12oS

8oS

4oS

0o

4oN XBTXCTD

Stations CTD

PIRATA

mooring



Simultaneous oceanic cruises in May-July 2006(carried out in the framework of AMMA, PIRATA & CLIVAR)

1) FRENCH ATALANTE / EGEE 3 cruise (East of the basin) : May 24 – July 6, 2006

2) GERMAN METEOR cruise (West and central basin) : May 23 – July 16, 2006

3) US RON BROWN cruise (North and central basin) : June 6 – July 9, 2006

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Oceanic cruises in May-July 2006

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During the three quasi-simultaneous cruises:

a) radiosounding profiles have been transmitted

in real time by GTS (=> ECMWF…)

b) temperature XBT profiles (0-800m) +

temperature/salinity CTD profiles (0-500 or 1000m)

have been transmitted in quasi-real time (at least daily)

(also for CORIOLIS/ARGO and MERCATOR/GODAE projects).

(radiosoudings at least

twice a day from each vessel

⇒about 250 profiles)

+ ozone profiles from RonBrown

(XBT profiles every ½° to 1°

from Atalante and Ron Brown

=> about 250 profiles)

(CTD profiles every ½°

along meridional sections at

35°W, 23°W, 10°W, 3°E and 6°E

=> about 300 profiles)

Real time data:


+ H.F. air-sea flux measurements from French and US cruises :

e.g. on board the R.V L’Atalante (EGEE 3) in the Gulf of Guinea

Net radiation sensors

classical meteorological parameters and turbulence sensors

downward long and shortwave radiation sensors

Skin SST

=>

atm. parameters

(June 4 - 14) :

changes from south

to north of the equatort1

t1

t2

t2

t3

t3

equatorial upwelling

Tair

Tsea

Tsea-Tair

Radiation

RH

Wind speed+ 6 long duration stations (24h min) => diurnal cycle


Flux measurements in the Gulf of Guinea during EGEE 3 :

Gourma

16°N -1,5°E

Bouressa 20°N

2,5°E

Niamey 13.5°N

Djougou

Cotonou 6.3°N

Parakou 9.5°N

CATCH

Aircraft horizontal track

Ground sites

2 flights over the Gulf of Guinea, along 2°50’E,

from the coast (Cotonou, 6°N) to 2°N:

June 14th & July 4th (with RS every 3h)

ATR42 => turbulence & SST + in situ measurements

F20 Léandre => 2 Lidar + dropsondes

ATR42 as seen from Atalante14/06/2006 8h GMT - 11h GMT

Vessel stopped with flux measurements on July 4

=> Both ocean & atm. boundary layers.


ARGO profilers deployment

in the Eastern Atlantic and the Gulf of Guinea :

⇒ Surface to 2000m depth T/S profiles every 10 days

⇒ Data transmission through Argos

Example of temperature profiles provided by a

PROVOR profiler over a two months period

in the Gulf of Guinea.

Mixed layer

thermocline

45 French PROVOR profilers deployed in 2004-2006

+ 6 US SOLO profilers deployed for NOAA in 2005

all data available on the CORIOLIS web site: http://www.coriolis.eu.org

AMMA/EGEE & PIRATA contribution to ARGO:


Map of the ARGO profilers

in Tropical Atlantic,

late August 2006

(CORIOLIS).

Green dots: T & S profiles / Blue dots: T profiles only.

=> Large increase of T/S(z) data in the region…


?

TACE – PIRATA – EGEE/AMMA observing network


International Contacts:

GERMANY:

- Peter Brandt (IFM-GEOMAR, co-resp. TACE): Hydrology, currents

- Marcus Dengler (IFM-GEOMAR): Ocean turbulence

- Jurgen Fischer (IFM-GEOMAR): Hydrology, currents

USA:

- Bill Johns (RSMAS, USA, resp. TACE) Hydrology, currents

- Erica Key (RSMAS, USA): Air-Sea fluxes

- Rick Lumpkin (NOAA, USA): Hydrology, currents

- Robert Molinari (NOAA, USA): Hydrology, currents

FRANCE:

- Bernard Bourlès (IRD, France): Hydrology, currents

- Guy Caniaux (Météo-France): Air-Sea fluxes

- Yves Gouriou (IRD, France): Hydrology, currents

- Frédéric Marin (IRD, France): Hydrology, currents


Web sites: http://www.clivar.org/organization/atlantic/TACE/

TACE informations :

Measurements at São Tomé Island (0°N, 6°E)

2) Tide gauge maintained by IRD since 1980s.- Pressure, Atm. pressure + SST & SSS.

- Part of GLOOS.

- GPS positioned (in December 2002)

1) Installation of a meteorological station in October 2003(data transmitted dayly by ARGOS satellite system)

- DATA TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE GTS (from October 2006)

- Autonomous thermometer ONSET installed in 2005 (=> SST)

Meteorological Station (EGEE) + Tide gauge (PIRATA)

Other measurements carried out in the framework of EGEE / AMMA:


=> Autonomous thermometers (Onset): ( three years duration, 1h period sampling)

- Installed but interrupted in Ivory Coast (2002-2004)

- Installed in Bénin (from July 2005). Responsible: CRHOB

- Installed in São Tomé -close to the meteorological station- (from September 2005)

- Installed in Togo (from October,17 2006). Responsible: CGIL/Univ. Lomé

- and some efforts will be carried out in order to extend the installations

in Nigeria, Ghana, and to proceed to re-deployment in Ivory Coast

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29,5

30

30,5SST at Cotonou

(09/18/05 – 12/28/05)

hourly data.

GOAL: coastal upwelling and waves studies

Other measurements carried out in the framework of EGEE with African laboratories:

1) Coastal Sea Surface Temperature in the Gulf of Guinea

2) Training: 12 African scientists (Benin,

Senegal, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Ghana, Togo,

Congo) contributed to the EGEE cruises (CTD,

sampling, ARGO profilers deployment, XBT…)


- One of the main goals of AMMA is to make this international program dedicated to West African

climate a way to reinforce the scientific research in African countries,

=> Implication of African teams for the AMMA observations network implementation

(training and capacity building) and servicing

=> Training, summer schools, workshops, contribution to data exploitation…

⇒ For the ocean and climate scientific community, that important international programs as

AMMA/EGEE, CLIVAR-TACE, PIRATA, ARGO + TENATSO&SOLAS are almost

simultaneous is an unique opportunity to contribute to enhance oceanographic research in

Africa and especially in Western Africa,

=> help for more implication of African teams in international ocean and climate programs

=> establish scientific links between large scale / open sea research and more local research

(coastal studies, coastal upwellings, resources, erosion, sea level, …)

Concluding remark


Thank you

1)The AMMA programme 2) The PIRATA programme 3) in situ … Bourles.pdf · Cape...

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