1st week (SUN,MON,TUSE.ppt
Transcript of 1st week (SUN,MON,TUSE.ppt
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Introduction to Radiographic Positioning(Positioning Terminology )
Lecture 1
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By the end of this Lecture the student will be able to:
Define sectional anatomy and differentiate between sagittal ,coronal
and transverse plane planes and body sections
Identify and describe terminology related to patient/part positioning.
Distinguish Between radiographic projection, position and view
Identify and describe the four types of body habitus and explain how
they may affect patient centering and positioning.
Learning Objectives
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References
Positioning in Radiography: By k.C.Clarke.Text book of radiographic positioning and related anatomy;
by Kenneth L.Bontrager, 5thedition
Websites
http://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/surface_anatomy_index.htm
http://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/surface_anatomy_index.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/anatomy/surface_anatomy_index.htmlhttp://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.e-radiography.net/ -
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Positioning Terminology
A person in the anatomical position is
standing erect with the head, eyes and
toes pointing forward, feet together with
arms by the side. The palms of the hands
are also point forward.
Anatomic Position
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A plane is a flat surface passed
through the body or a portion of the
body . Body planes are divided into:-
Longitudinal planes
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal plane (Transverse )
Positioning Terminology
Body Planes
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Body Planes
Coronal or (Frontal)
A vertical plane running from side to
side; divides the body or any of its parts
into anterior and posterior portions.
Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)
A horizontal plane; divides the body or
any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
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Directional Terms
Lateral Vs. Medial
Away from the midline of the body
(On the outer side of) e.g. the arms
are lateral to the chest.
Lateral
Medial
Near to the midline of the body
(On the Inner side of) e.g. the
chest is medial to the arms
MedialLateralLateral
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Directional Terms
Superficial Vs. Deep
Towards or at the body surface
e.g. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
Superficial
Deep
Away from the body surface ( more internal)
e.g. The skeletal muscles are deep to the skin
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anterior posterior lateral
posterior
cephalic
superior
cranial
inferior
caudal medial
lateral proximal
distal
Directional Terms
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Flexion vs. Extension
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Joints movement Terms
Flexion :
Decrease in the angle of a joint by
bending
Extension:
Increase in the angle of joint or
straightening of a joint
Note : Hyper flexion is over flexion while hyper extension is extension beyond normal limits
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Inversion vs. Eversion
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Joints movement Terms
Inversion :
Turning of foot inward at the ankle joint.
Eversion:
Turning of the foot outward at the ankle
joint.
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Pronation vs. Supination
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Joints movement Terms
Pronation :
Turning the hand so that the palm is
down or onto one's stomach
Supination:
Turning the hand so the palm is facing
upward or turning onto one's back.
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Body Position Terms
Describe the overall placement of the body in the desired
position.
Erect "upright"
Position when the Sagittal and coronal planes of the
body are perpendicular to the horizon
Recumbent "lying down"
Position when the transverse plane of the body is perpendicular to the horizon
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Decubitus vs. Recumbent
general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN"
but in radiography, decubitus has a special meaning
DECUBITUS
patient is lying down & the x-ray beam is parallel to the horizon
Body Position Terms
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Oblique (Erect or Recumbent)
Position when the body is rotated so thatthe MS plane is neither nor to the film
but at an angle
Exact position is indicated by the surface
closest to the film and the angle of rotation May be erect or recumbent
abbreviations:
RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO 45RPO
Body Position Terms
^
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Decubitus Positions
Ventral decubitus
patient is prone ,Cassette (IR) is vertical & a
horizontal beam is used
Dorsal decubitus
patient is supine ,Cassette (IR) is vertical & a
horizontal beam is used
Lateral decubitus ( Right or Left)
patient lying on the left lateral side ,Cassette
(IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used
Body Position Terms
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Erect Positions
Surface of body closest to the film used to givea more specific description
Examples:
Posterior erect -- patient is standing withthe posterior surface of the body next to the
cassette
Left lateral erect -- patient is standing withthe left side of the body next to the cassette
Unit III
Left lateral
erect position
Body Position Terms
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Sim's Position
A near lateral Left anterior oblique ( Left Sim's ) OR right anterior oblique with the top
leg in front the lower leg.
Unit III
Body Position Terms
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Projection
Refers to the path the x-ray beam takes
through part
Anteroposterior projection (AP)
Beam enters the front surface and
exits the back surface of the part
Posteroanterior projection (PA)
Beam enters the back and exits the
front of the partAP projection in supine position
Positioning Terms
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Lateral Projections
Torso (Trunk) and head
Right to left lateral projection
Left to right lateral projection
Extremities (Limbs)
Mediolateral projection
Lateromedial projection
Note:
Normally the positioning terminology is
used rather than projection.
Left lateral erect position
R to L lateral projection
Positioning Terms
X-ray
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Classification of Body Habitus
HypersthenicDeep broad thorax
Short thoracic cavity
Short wide heart
Elevated diaphragm
Stomach and GB very high
Colon high and wide
Unit III
Sthenic
Lightly longer and shallow thorax
Ribs more vertical
Heart narrow and longer
Thoracic cavity longer
Diaphragm is not as high
Colon slightly lower and more
centrally located.
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Unit III 32