Journalism

1. Penny Press: Newspaper in 1830s selling for one penny.

2. Yellow Journalism: Early 20th century journalism empahizing sesnational sex, crime, and disaster news.

3. The term muckraker:Refers to reform-minded journalists who wrote largely for popular magazines, continued a tradition ofinvestigative journalism reporting, and emerged in the United States after 1900 and continued to be influential until World War I, when through a combination of advertising boycotts, dirty tricks and patriotism, the movement, associated with the Progressive Erain the United States, came to an end.

-Simple Definition of Muckraking: A form of crusading journalism that primarily used magazines to agitate for change

4. Joseph Pulitzer:He was a Hungarian-American Jewish newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption.

In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising.

Contributed great deal to yellow journalism.

5. The Hutchins Commision: “Public has a right to information and the press has a moral duty to fulfill this responsibility.”

The Hutchins Commission was formed during WW2 when Robert recruited a commission to inquire into the proper function of the media in a modern democracy.

After deliberating for four years, the Commission came to this conclusion in 1947: the press plays an important role in the development and stability of modern society and, as such, it is imperative that a commitment of social responsibility be imposed on mass media. According to this social responsibility theory, the press has a moral obligation to consider the overall needs of society when making journalistic decisions in order to produce the greatest good. Though there had been journalism "codes of ethics" for decades, the Commission's report was considered landmark by some scholars; they believed it was a pivotal reassertion of modern media's role in a democratic society.

6. Interpretive Reporting: John Hohenberg, in The Professional Journalist (1960), called the interpretive reporting which developed after World War II a "new journalism which not only seeks to explain as well as to inform; it even dares to teach, to measure, to evaluate."

Before the war, the reader was satisfied with the presentation of bare facts of what transpired. Present day reader demands some more-tratement in depth, an explanation, or perhaps an analysis of what he believes to be significant news. Thus, the introduction of interpretive reporting.

7. Alternative Journalism: According to Atton and Hamilton, alternative journalism is a broad and comparative term that embraces not only “journalisms of politics and empowerment”, but also “those of popular culture and the everyday” (p. 4). Further, it is produced “outside mainstream media institutions and networks” and by amateurs “who typically have little or no training or professional qualifications as journalists” (p. 1). If this sounds remarkably like definitions of citizen-journalism, that’s because it is. In fact, alternative journalists may well be writing and reporting in their capacity as “citizens, as members of communities, as activists or as fans”

Marzura: Alternative Journalism: “Radical in news reporting” (MalaysiaKini, The Independent)

8. Public JournalismAKA Civic Journalism-Encourage the public to create and discuss news (Articles written by coumnists). Creates trusts amoung the public.

9. Hot Media (and Cool Media)Media scholar Marshall McLuhan created two categories: hot vs. cool media.

Hot media is that which engages one sense completely. It demands little interaction from the user because it 'spoon-feeds' the content. Typically the content of hot media is restricted to what the source offers at that specific time. Examples of hot media include radio and film because they engage one sense of the user to an extent that although the user's attention is focused on the content, their participation is minimal.

Cool media generally uses low-definition media that engages several senses less completely in that it demands a great deal of interaction on the part of the audience. Audiences then participate more because they are required to perceive the gaps in the content themselves. The user must be familiar with genre conventions in order to fully understand the medium. Examples: TV, phone conversations,comic books.

10. Slash Dot Effect:The Slashdot effect, also known as slashdotting, occurs when a popular website links to a smaller site, causing a massive increase in traffic. This overloads the smaller site, causing it to slow down or even temporarily become unavailable. The name stems from the huge influx of web traffic that would result from the technology news site Slashdotlinking to websites. Although the name is dated since, flash crowds from Slashdot have been reported as diminishing in 2005, beginning in 2004, due to competition fromsimilar sites.

Entertainment:

1. Public Service Broadcasting (PBS):The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American broadcast television network. The non-profit public broadcaster has 354 member television stations which hold collective ownership.[2] The network's headquarters are located in Arlington, Virginia.

PBS is the most prominent provider of television programs to public television stations in the United States, distributing series such as Sesame Street, PBS NewsHour, Masterpiece, Frontline and Antiques Roadshow (U.S.).

2. Stereotyping:

Definition: Stereotypes are characteristics ascribed to groups of people involving gender, race,

national origin and other factors. These characteristics tend to be oversimplifications of the

groups involved

Example: My father says that television shows such as “The Sopranos” fuel stereotypes about

Italian Americans being involved in organized crime.

3. The Warner BrosWarner Bros. Entertainment Inc., formerly known as Warner Bros. Studios, commonly referred to as Warner Bros. (spelledWarner Brothers during the company's early years), or simply WB—is an American producer of film, television, and music entertainment. One of the major film studios.

4. The French New Wave:The French New Wave was a group of trailblazing directors who exploded onto the film scene in the late 1950s; revolutionising cinemative conventions by marrying the rapid cuts of Hollywood with philosophical trends.

WIKI:The New Wave (French: La Nouvelle Vague) was a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s.

Although never a formally organized movement, the New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self-conscious rejection of the literary period pieces being made in France and written by novelists, along with their spirit of youthfuliconoclasm, the desire to shoot more current social issues on location, and their intention of experimenting with the film form. "New Wave" is an example of European art cinema. Many also engaged in their work with the social and political upheavals of the era, making their radical experiments with editing, visual style and narrative part of a general break with the conservative paradigm. Using portable equipment and requiring little or no set up time, the New Wave way of filmmaking presented a documentary style. The films exhibited direct sounds on film stock that required less light. Filming techniques included fragmented, discontinuous editing, and long takes. The combination of objective realism, subjective realism, and authorial commentary created a narrative ambiguity in the sense that questions that arise in a film are not answered in the end.

5. Akira Kurosawa:Akira Kurosawa was a Japanese film director, screenwriter, producer, and editor. Regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema, Kurosawa directed 30 films in a career spanning 57 years.

Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936, following a brief stint as a painter. After years of working on numerous films as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he made his debut as a director in 1943, during World War II, with the popular action filmSanshiro Sugata (a.k.a. Judo Saga). After the war, the critically acclaimed Drunken Angel (1948), in which Kurosawa cast then-unknown actor Toshiro Mifune in a starring role, cemented the director's reputation as one of the most important young filmmakers in Japan. The two men would go on to collaborate on another 15 films.

6. NetflixNetflix, Inc. is an American provider of on-demand Internet streaming media available to North and South America, the Caribbean, United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands, and flat rate DVD-by-mail in the United States, where mailed DVDs are sent via Permit Reply Mail.

7. Hays Code of 1930:The Hays Code (the informal name for The Motion Picture Production Code), adopted in 1930 but not seriously enforced until 1934, was a set of rules governing American filmmaking that shaped – and in many ways stifled – American cinema for over three decades. It also happened to completely overlap The Golden Age of Hollywood.

8. Viral Video: A viral video is a video that was created and becomes popular through the process of Internet sharing, typically through video sharing websites, social media and email.

Advertising:

1. Theory of Cognitive Dissonance:

Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors.This produces a feeling of discomfortleading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance etc.For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition).

Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance).

Leon Festinger (1957) proposed cognitive dissonance theory, which states that a powerful motive to maintain cognitive consistency can give rise to irrational and sometimes maladaptive behavior.

According to Festinger, we hold many cognitions about the world and ourselves; when they clash, a discrepancy is evoked, resulting in a state of tension known as cognitive dissonance. As the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it, and achieve consonance (i.e. agreement).

Cognitive dissonance was first investigated by Leon Festinger, arising out of a participant observation study of a cult which believed that the earth was going to be destroyed by a flood, and what happened to its members — particularly the really committed ones who had given up their homes and jobs to work for the cult — when the flood did not happen.

Cognitive Dissonance Example

When someone is forced to do (publicly) something they (privately) really don't want to do, dissonance is created between their cognition (I didn't want to do this) and their behavior (I did it).

2. Advertising Agency: An advertising agency or advert agency is a service business dedicated to creating, planning, and handling advertising (and sometimes other forms of promotion) for its clients. An ad agency is independent from the client and provides an outside point of view to the effort of selling the client's products or services. An agency can also handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for its clients.

3. Infomercials, also known as Direct Response TV (DRTV), are television commercials which generally include a phone number or website. There are long-form infomercials, which are typically between 15 and 30 minutes in length, and short-form infomercials, which are typically 30 seconds to 120 seconds in length. Infomercials are also known as paid programming (or teleshopping in Europe). This phenomenon started in the United States where infomercials were typically shown overnight (usually 2:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.), outside of prime time commercial broadcasting peak hours. Some television stations chose to air infomercials as an alternative to the former practice ofsigning off. By 2009, most US infomercial spending is during early morning, daytime, and evening hours. Stations in most countries around the world have instituted similar media structures. According to tapebeat.com, over $150 billion of consumer products in the US are sold through infomercials.

4. Branding:

Brand is the "name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's product distinct from those of other sellers."[1] Initially, branding was adopted to differentiate one person's cattle from another's by means of a distinctive symbol burned into the animal's skin with a hot iron stamp and was subsequently used in business,marketing, and advertising. A modern example of a brand is Coca Cola which belongs to the Coca-Cola Company.

Public Relations:

1. Press Agentry: A person employed to arrange advertising and publicity, as for a performer or business.Uses persuasion and manipulation to influence audiences to behave as the organization desires (One way communication)

2. Ivy Ledbetter Lee

(July 16, 1877 – November 9, 1934) is considered by some to be the founder of modern public relations. The term Public Relations is to be found for the first time in the preface of the 1897 Yearbook of Railway Literature.

Ivy Ledbetter Lee has long been acclaimed as an early practitioner, perhaps even as the originator, of the explanatory approach to public relations. After graduating from Princeton, he began working as a newspaper reporter in the late 1890s but turned to public relations shortly after the turn of the century and became one of the defining

figures of the fledgling profession. He not only practiced public relations, he aggressively explained its purpose and defended its actions. In doing so he helped shape the public perceptions of the field and set standards other practitioners felt compelled to meet.

3. Two-way symmterical Model (Also notes about James E. Grunig and his 4 models of PR)

In the early 1980s, James E. Grunig , a noted public relations theorist, developed the four models of public relations: press agentry, public information, two-way asymmetrical, and two-way symmetrical.[i]

Grunig first introduced these models as a way to understand and explain the behavior of public relations practitioners.[ii]Grunig conceptualized the press agentry and public information models as forms of one-way communication. He also noted that not all forms of two-way communication are the same; some are asymmetrical – “Public relations people did research and listened to publics in an effort to determine how best to change their behavior to benefit the organization”[iii]and some are symmetrical – by “serving as the organizational function that attempts to balance the interests of organizations with those of their publics.”[iv].

These models, especially the two-way symmetrical model, have been debated components of the Excellence theory(which considers managerial, strategic, symmetrical, diverse and ethical values and tactics in decision making)[v].

***Uses communication to negotiate with the public, resolve conflict and promote mutual understanding and respect between the organization and its stakeholders

4. Integreated Marketing Communication (IMC) Combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless communication campaign.