1st PKI Research Workshop, NIST, Gaithersburg 20021 A Note On SPKI’s Authorisation Syntax Olav...

1st PKI Research Workshop, NIST, Gaithersburg 2002 1

A Note On SPKI’s Authorisation Syntax

Olav Bandmann*Industrilogik L4i AB

Mads DamKTH/IMIT

*Work done while at SICS, Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

Supported by Microsoft Research, Cambridge


SPKI

• SPKI: Approach based on binding names and authorisations to keys

• SPKI authorisation certificate

(issuer, subject, propagate, tag, validity)

• Tags (= authorisation expressions) given in special S-expression (LISP-like) syntax


Tuple Reduction

• Decisions resolved by tuple reduction– Cert vs cert

– Request vs cert

• For tags, compute

Z = AIntersect(X,Y),

the most inclusive authorisation granted by both X and Y


Contributions

• Problem: AIntersect is not suitable for space/time critical applications

• In this paper: Restricted syntax which– Conforms with SPKI ”practice” (we think)– Has n log n procedure

• Other contributions:– Authorisation preorder – Sound and complete axiomatisation for

• Standard syntax• Restricted syntax


Objections

• But: – SPKI authorisation expressions (tags) are small

– Requests do not involve the set construction

• It depends...– For hand-crafted certs and standard usage, maybe so

– For e.g. macros, precomputation, richer delegation logics, maybe not

• More on this later


Authorisation Trees

Rivest S-expressions – example:x = (object person (conds (group ”admin”)

(unit ”finance”)) (op income read))

Authorisation and request in same syntax:y = (object person (conds (group ”admin”)) (op income read))

z = (object person (conds (group ”admin”) (unit ”finance”)) (op income))

Both y and z would grant x– ”Being authorised by” = lists are extended to right


Authorisation Order

Authorisation trees:

t ::= a | (a t1 ... tn)

where a is an atom, n ≥ 1

Authorisation order t1 t2, t1 authorised by t2:– a ≤ t iff t ≤ a iff t=a

– (x1 ... xn) ≤ (y1 ... ym) iff n ≥ m and xi ≤ yi (1 ≤ i ≤ m)

Can show that:

t1=AIntersection(t1,t2) iff t1 t2


Star Forms

* forms abbreviate sets of S-expressions:– (*) : The wildcard

– (* set X1 ... Xn): Union of X1,...,Xn

– (* range <order> <lower> <upper>)

– (* prefix <string>)

Example:t = (object person (conds (group ”admin”)

(* set (unit ”finance”) (type ”Managers”)))

(op income (* set read write)))


S-Expressions

Set constants b, Val(b) nonempty set of atoms

X ::= (*) | a | b | (a X1 ... Xn) | (* set X1 ... Xm)

Semantics:• || b || = Val(b)

• || (X1 ... Xn) || = {(t1 ... tk) | kn, i:1in ti|| Xi ||}

• || (* set X1 ... Xm) || = || X1 || ... || Xm ||

Obs: || X || is lower closed: t1t2|| X || t1 || X ||


S-Expression Preorder

Def. X ≤ Y iff || X || || Y ||

|| . || not suitable for algorithm

Computes all paths through a tree

Set constants (range, prefix) may give infinite sets

Task: Decide - without computing || . ||:• Given t and X is t X?• Given X and Y, is X Y?


Weak Preorder

Let X ≤w Y iff one of:1 - 4. ...

5. X=b1, Y=b2 and Val(b1) Val(b2)

6. X = (X1 ... Xm), Y = (Y1 ... Yn), m≥n, and Xi ≤w Yi, 1≤i≤m

7. X = (* set X1 ... Xm), Xi ≤w Y for all 1≤i≤m8. X = b, Y = (* set ...) and ...

9. X not b nor (* set ...) form, Y = (* set Y1 ... Yn) and X ≤wYi for some i: 1≤i≤n


Weak Preorder

Let X ≤w Y iff one of:1 - 4. ...

5. X=b1, Y=b2 and Val(b1) Val(b2)

6. X = (X1 ... Xm), Y = (Y1 ... Yn), m≥n, and Xi ≤w Yi, 1≤i≤m

7. X = (* set X1 ... Xm), Xi ≤w Y for all 1≤i≤m8. X = b, Y = (* set ...) and ...



Basic Properties

Results: w is a preorder

w is sound, i.e. X w Y implies X Y

w is incomplete

Example:

(a (* set b c)) (* set (a b) (a c)) but neither

(a (* set b c)) (a b) nor (a (* set b c)) (a c)


(9) Is Problem Case

Replace


By

ix. X not b nor (* set ...) form, Y = (* set Y1 ... Yn) and || X || || Y ||

Theorem: Preorder with ix. in place of 9. is sound and complete w.r.t.


Restricted S-Expressions

Non-atomic members of *-set expressions should have unique ”tag”

• r ::= (*) | a | b | (a r1 ... rn) | (* set ra1 ... ram)

• ra ::= a’ | b | (a r1 ... rn)

All ai must be distinct

Idea: Push ”conflicts” to the leaves:

(a (* set (b c) (b d) b)) -> (a (* set (b (* set c d)) b))


Restricted S-Expressions, 2

Result:

For the restricted syntax w is sound and complete:

r1 r2 iff r1 w r2

Result:Any S-expression can be rewritten into equivalent

restricted S-expression

By: Eliminating ”tag conflicts” and nested *-sets


AIntersect

Assume the Val(b) closed under intersections

Exploit ”tags” when computing AIntersect (details in paper)

Possible n log n algorithm: Sort *-set expressions according to tag, then use binary search

Obtain: || AIntersect(r,r’) || = || r || iff r ≤ r’


Summary

• Characterisation of SPKI authorisation relation as partial order ≤

• Weak version ≤w of ≤– Sound, incomplete, x ≤w y computable in time O(|x||y|)

• Restricted S-expression syntax– ≤w complete– Appears to reflect SPKI practice

• AIntersect is glb with respect to ≤– Running time n log n


The Objections

1. Certificates are small

2. Requests do not involve *-set expressions

Does this hold water?


The Objections, 2

1. What is SPKI practice?2. SPKI cert-cert reductions can involve *-sets in

both arg’s – are they sometimes time critical?3. Cannot application program-generated certs

become quite complex/large?– Ex: Request precomputation– Ex: Use *-set’s as macros, e.g.

MidWestLocs = (* set ... (loc Nebraska Lincoln) (loc Kansas Topeka

Centre) (loc Kansas Topeka North) ... )


Related Work: Delegation

A B

A to delegate authority to B to administer A’s security

policies


Delegation, 2

Richer models of delegationConstrained delegation:• Explicit issuance of new privileges• Delegation tree constraints (a b* c)• Stepwise refinement of constraints (requests)Forthcoming: SPKI + Kleene star

Papers: Sadighi, Sergot, Bandmann - Security protocols 01Bandmann, Dam, Sadighi - S&P 02

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