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VIII. Demographic Data

a.1 Total Population of the Barangay

1,671 Individuals

334 Families

a.2 Total Population of the Families Surveyed

364 Individuals 73 Families

b. Population Density and Urban Rural Index

1,671 (total population)

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120,000 sq (land area)

c. Household size

In this study, household size will mean family size, since families are the basis of counting, andnot households. It has its impact on allocation of resources and prioritization.

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No. of household No. of respondent Percentage

1-3 members 17 23.28%

4-6members 39 52.70%

7 and above members 17 23.28%

Total 73 100%

Table 1.Showing the Percentage Distribution of Household Size in Barangay. 475 Zone 47 District

IV Sampaloc, Manila, August 2011

Interpretation:

Out of 73 families surveyed. The highest percentage is 52.70% which household size is from 4 to 6

members. While 1 to 3 members and 7 and above household size are the same in percentage which is

23.28%

Analysis:

Based on the gathered data majority of the family that we interviewed have 4 to 6 family members

Because many of the families we interviewed is a non-acceptor of a family planning method or doesntuse any of the family planning procedures.

Health Implication:

The size of the family affects of quality of life of human beings. The quality of life does not only pertainto economic standards of living; rather it has a much wide horizon. Family size affects basic humanneeds, income and growth of the economy and savings, food and nutrition-quality and quantity, uses ofland and urban public system, health, especially that of mother and child and education, particularly thatof children.

In any society, other things being equal, the larger the size of the family, the relatively smaller will be theper capita share of basic needs for individuals and the family. Similarly, declining size and fewer

members of the family results in bigger per capita share required for existence and development.Various studies have shown higher morbidity among mothers and children in large sized families.Early marriage, followed by too early pregnancy, too many children, too frequently till the advancereproductive age of the mother, and affect the health of the mother as well as that of the child.

http://himachal.gov.in/scert/him_chetna124_135.htm

d. Age and Sex Distribution

Age group Male % Female % total Total %

00-04 12 3.29 21 5.76 33 9.06

05-09 11 3.02 10 2.74 21 5.76

10-14 17 4.64 17 4.64 34 9.34

http://himachal.gov.in/scert/him_chetna124_135.htmhttp://himachal.gov.in/scert/him_chetna124_135.htm

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15-19 28 7.69 20 5.49 48 13.18

20-24 15 4.12 28 7.69 43 11.81

25-29 13 3.57 14 3.84 27 7.35

30-34 16 4.39 11 3.02 27 7.35

35-39 4 1.09 11 3.02 15 4.12

40-44 10 2.74 15 4.12 25 6.86

45-49 14 3.84 11 3.02 25 6.86

50-54 10 2.74 12 3.29 22 6.04

55-59 5 1.37 6 1.64 11 3.02

60-64 5 1.37 9 2.47 14 3.84

65 and above 7 1.92 12 3.29 19 5.22

167 45.87 197 54.12 364 100%

Table 2. Age and Sex Distribution of Barangay 475 Zone 40, District IV Sampaloc Manila

August 2011

a. AGE PYRAMID

An age pyramid is a horizontal bar graph, usually showing the size of the male population on theleft and the female population on the right, with age groupings beginning with the youngest populationson the bottom and ending with the oldest ones at the top.

Figure 2.1 Pyramid showing the Age and Sex Distribution of Barangay. 475 Zone 40, District IV

Sampaloc, Manila, August 2011

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Interpretation:

Figure 2.1 indicates that the highest percentage of residents in the area are female in the 20-24 years old

with 7.69%, followed by male 15-19 with the percentage of 7.64%, and lastly the least percentage is male

with 35-34 years old in age with the percentage of 1.09%.

Analysis:

According to Gender the highest percentage are female this means that the community has a high

risk of having an increased population in the near future in view of a large proportion of female

population that could be producing babies of their own. It could worsen because most of the families are a

non-acceptor of family planning method. Most do not mind or bother themselves about the Family

Planning or on how they can better manage population control. It also shows that 20-24years of ages have

the highest percentage (please see Table 2.1). This age is where the young adults belong. They already

experience intimacy vs. isolation. In this stage, they form bonds with the opposite sex thus; families of

their own will be produced in the not so distant future. Having a high number of married individuals in

the community is not surprising as generally those of marriageable ages will eventually settle down and

have families of their own. Newly established family then means that they will need the support of the

barangay and health centers for their health needs. This becomes an added burden then to the loca

community in term of additional health facilities and health services that should be extended to additiona

families in the area. This could put on added strains to the already scarce resources of the community in

the near future.

Health Implication: The average life expectancy for females at birth at was 79.5. (National Vita

Statistics Reports, Vol. 51, No. 3). This shows that women generally live 5.4 years

longer than men. However, when it comes to illness, or morbidity, women often

report higher levels of illness than men. This results in women living longer live

but not necessarily in better health. A commonly used expression sums it up very

well, women get sick and men die.

World Health Organization. Gender and Health: Technical Paper. Womens Health

and Development, Family and Reproductive Health. Geneva: World Health

Organization; 1998.

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e. SELECTED VITAL INDICATORS

b. Percentage of Sex Ratio

This refers to the comparison of number of males to number of females. The number of maleswill be compared to every 100 females. The number of females plays a significant role in the capacity ofhaving a high fertility rate.

Table 3. Frequency distribution table showing the percentage of female and male population inBarangay. 475 Zone 47, District IV, Sampaloc, Manila

SEX RATIO

Interpretation:

Based on the data gathered, for every 100 females, there are 84.77 or 85 males in their

community.

Analysis:

Sex ratio is the ratio ofmales to females in apopulation. The shift toward an excess of females

has a variety of social and biological implications. Many females can cause high fertility rate. Men and

women differ with respect to the amount of schooling, age at marriage, entrance into and length of labor

force activity, type of occupations held, amount of income received and amount of social group activityThey also are purported to have different social, psychological and cultural characteristics.

Based on the given data, it was found out that there are more females (54.12%) than males

(45.87%) in Barangay 475. With this data, it could be suggested that the health programs be intensified

for both of the sexes since the only difference between them is 8.25%. Health teachings like family

planning, lifestyle, and prevention of diseases must be discussed in order to prevent death and promote

healthy living.

Health Implication:

Category No. of Respondent Percentage

Female 197 54.12%

Male 167 45.87%

Total 364 100%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population

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c. Growth Rate

-0.663 (Negative Result)

Interpretation:

The figure shows that in 2010 the population of Barangay. 475 Zone 40 District IV Sampaloc,

Manila is 1660 it increases in 2011 with 1672 populatio.

Analysis:

A positive growth ratio (or rate) indicates that the population is increasing, while a

negative growth ratio indicates the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of

zero indicates that there were the same number of people at the two times -- net

difference between births, deaths and migration is zero. However, a growth rate

may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death

rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two

times. [1] Equivalently, percent death rate = the average number of deaths in a

year for every 100 people in the total population.

A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net

reproduction rate of more than one indicates that the population of women is

increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility)

indicates that the population of women is decreasing.

[edit]

Health Implication:

d. Crude birth rate (CBR)

Interpretation:According to the surveyed families, there are 6 live births and 364 of the total population

There are 167 males and 197 females.

Analysis:

Health Implication:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_reproduction_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_growth&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_reproduction_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_growth&action=edit&section=3

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e. General fertility rate (GFR)

Age Group Female

15 19 20

20 24 28

25 29 14

30 34 11

35 39 11

40 44 15

Total: 99

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Table 4. Frequency Distribution Table Showing the number of female population 15-44 of age inBarangay. 475 Zone 47, District IV, Sampaloc, Manila, August 2011

Interpretation:

According to the data gathered, there are a total of 99 females on the families surveyed. For every

1000 females, there are 6.06 or 6 females who will be pregnant or able to bear a child.

Analysis:

Health Implication:

Box 1 | Main Points on the Implications of High Fertility

Child health: The risk of mortality in infancy and early childhood is greater for higher-order births

and closely-spaced births, and when the mother is over age 40.

Maternal health: The risk of maternal mortality is greater at higher parities, and younger and

older ages.

Moreover, fertility decline reduces the lifetime risk of maternal death simply by reducing the

average number of pregnancies each woman experiences.

Child schooling: Children from large families attain less schooling. And successively larger birth

cohortsa feature of high fertility societiesdetract from the quality of schooling by diluting the

expenditure per pupil.

Economic growth: An exogenous drop in fertility raises productive output in the long-run. And the

association between population growth and economic growth has become more negative since the

1980s.

Demographic dividend: Fertility decline assists economic growth via favorable changes in the age-

structurethe demographic dividend of a larger concentration of the population in the working

ages, thereby increasing per capita productivity. The demographic dividend contributed

substantially to economic growth in East Asia and Latin America in the period since 1960.

Natural environment: High fertility (and the resulting population growth) is a direct and proximate

cause of looming shortages of fresh water in many countries. Population growth has also

contributed to global warmingthe contribution may be as much as one-thirdand fertility

reduction via expanded family planning services is among the more cost-effective strategies for

restraining global warming.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/376374-

1278599377733/Determinant62810PRINT.pdf

f. Crude death rate

Interpretation:

According to the 73 surveyed families/ 364 males and females, there are 3 deaths from August

2010 August 2011. The CDR is 8.24.

Analysis:

The Death rate; crude (per 1;000 people) in Philippines was reported at 4.79 in 2008, according to the World Bank. Crude death rate

indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from

the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.This

page includes a historical data chart, news and forecats for Death rate; crude (per 1;000 people) in Philippines. Philippines is a newly

industrialized country in the Southeastern Asia. The nation's most important industries are food processing, textiles and garments

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/376374-1278599377733/Determinant62810PRINT.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/376374-1278599377733/Determinant62810PRINT.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/376374-1278599377733/Determinant62810PRINT.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/376374-1278599377733/Determinant62810PRINT.pdf

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electronics and automobile parts. Philippines also has significant reserves of chromite, nickel, copper, coal and recently discovered oil. In

addition, the Philippians economy relies on remittances as a source of foreign currency.

Health Implication:

As we saw on page one, the Crude Death Rate measures the rate of deaths for every one thousand people in agiven population, such as a country.

Crude Death Rates of below ten are considered low while Crude Death Rates above twenty per 1000 are consideredhigh. Crude Death Rates in 2005 ranged from 2.42 in Kuwait to 29.36 per 1000 in Botswana. Many African countrieshave very high Crude Death Rates.

The global Crude Death Rate in 2005 was 8.78 and in the United States the rate was 8.25 per 1000.

http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/cbrcdr_2.htm

g. Median age

Interpretation:

Based on the data gathered, the median age is 27.

Analysis:

The median age - meaning the midpoint of all the ages of residents

http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/cbrcdr_2.htmhttp://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/cbrcdr_2.htm

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Read more from this Tulsa World article at http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?

subjectid=11&articleid=20110526_11_A1_CUTLIN328545

Health Implication:

h. Life expectancy at birth

Interpretation:

Based on the data gathered, there are 3 pregnant women and a total population of 364.

Analysis:

Life expectancy is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years oflife remaining at a given age. It is

denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years oflife for someone now agedx, according to

a particularmortality experience. (In technical literature, this symbol means the average number ofcomplete years o

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mortality

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life remaining, excluding fractions of a year. The corresponding statistic including fractions of a year, the normameaning of life expectancy, has a symbol with a small circle over the e.) In modern times, life expectancy has

substantially changed on a yearly basis and cannot be used accurately for long-term predictions.

The term that is known as life expectancy is most often used in the context of human populations, but is also used in

plant or animalecology it is calculated by the analysis of life (also known as actuarial tables). The term life expectancy

may also be used in the context of manufactured objects[3] although the related term shelflife is used for consumer

products and the terms "mean time to breakdown" (MTTB) and "mean time before failures" (MTBF) are used in

engineering literature.

Health Implication:

In countries with high infant mortality rates, the lifeexpectancy at birth is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the

first few years oflife. Because of this sensitivity to infant mortality, simple lifeexpectancy at age zero can be subjec

to gross misinterpretation, leading one to believe that a population with a low overall lifeexpectancy will necessarily

have a small proportion of older people. For example, in a hypothetical stationary population in which half the

population dies before the age of five, but everybody else dies exactly at 70 years old, thelifeexpectancy at age

zero will be about 37 years, while about 25% of the population will be between the ages of 50 and 70. Anothe

measure such as lifeexpectancy at age 5 (e5) can be used to exclude the effect of infant mortality to provide asimple measure of overall mortality rates other than in early childhoodin the hypothetical population

above, lifeexpectancy at age 5 would be 65 years. Aggregate population measures such as the proportion of the

population in various age classes should also be used alongside individual-based measures like

formal lifeexpectancy when analyzing population structure and dynamics.

d. Population projection

Interpretation:

From the 2008 total population, there are 1495 households. This year (2010), there is a tota

population of 1660 households. So the absolute increase of population in Barangay 475, Zone 47

Sampaloc, Manila is 82.5 or 83. As of 2011, there is total population of 1671. On the year 2012 or on the

next 9 years or more, the estimated total populations will increase for about a number of 11 individuals.

Analysis:

Population projection, in the field ofdemography, is an estimate of a future population. In contrast with intercensa

estimates and censuses, which usually involve some sort of field data gathering, projections usually involve

mathematical models based only on pre-existing data. A projection may be made by a governmental organization, or

by those unaffiliated with a government.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_time_between_failureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stationary_population&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_time_between_failureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stationary_population&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography

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Health Implication:

Human development and improvement in quality of life are the ultimate objectives of all Planning. This is

to be achieved through policies and programs aimed at promotion of both equity and excellence.

Planning takes into account the resources required for human development and human resources available

for carrying out the Plan. India, the second most populous country in the world, has no more than 2.5%

of global land but is the home of 1/6th of the world's population. Living in a resource poor country with

high population density, planners perceived in the figures of 1951 census the potential threat posed by

demographic transition and consequent rapid population growth to the developmental activities, efforts to

improve per capita income, availability of food, clothing, education and employment, prevention ofenvironmental deterioration and enhancement of the quality of life.

http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp/stgp_fmlywel/sgfw_ch2.pdf

e. Family structure

This refers to the structure/the consisting members included in the family who are living togetheras to nuclear, extended type, etc. In terms of decision-making, we use matriarchal or patriarchal types.

Category No. of Respondent Percentage

Nuclear 37 50.69%

Extended 25 38.36%

Single Parent 8 10.99%

Dyad 2 2.74%

Living Alone 1 1.37%

Table 6. Frequency distribution table showing the Types of Family Structure in Barangay. 475Zone 47, District IV, Sampaloc, Manila

Interpretation:

Based on the data gathered, Most of the respondents are nuclear family having 50.69%. Second is

extended type of family having are 34.25%, Single parent are 10.99%, Dyad are 2.74% and the least is

Living alone having 1.37%.

Analysis:

Changes in family structure and poverty are closely related Single-mother families are about five

times as likely to be poor as married-parent families. Although they are less likely to be poor than they

were 50 years ago, single parent families are more common, accounting for a larger share of all poor

families. Moreover, eligibility for income support programs, including cash welfare, food stamps, and the

Earned Income Tax Credit, are tied to family composition make about marriage, divorce, and

childbearing.

http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp/stgp_fmlywel/sgfw_ch2.pdfhttp://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp/stgp_fmlywel/sgfw_ch2.pdfhttp://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp/stgp_fmlywel/sgfw_ch2.pdfhttp://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp/stgp_fmlywel/sgfw_ch2.pdf

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Health Implications:

Mothers and fathers both play important roles in the growth and development of children. Boththe number and the type of parents (i.e., biological, step) in a childs household can have strong effectson their well-being. Single-parent and cohabitating families tend to have much lower incomes than dotwo-parent families, but research indicates that the income differential only partially accounts for thenegative effects of parent absence on many areas of child and youth well-being, including healtheducational attainment and assessments, behavior problems, and psychological wellbeing.Among young children, for example, those living with no biological parents or in single-parent

households are less likely than children with two biological parents to exhibit behavioral self-controlYoung children with single parents are also more likely to be exposed to high levels of aggravatedparenting.

Among children in two-parent families, those living with both biological parents in a low-conflictmarriage tend to be doing much better than those living in stepparent families on a host of outcomesChildren in step-parent families are in many cases similar to children growing up in single-parenfamilies. Research also shows that children whose parents are divorced have lower academicperformance, social achievement, and psychological adjustment than do children with married parents

Table 7. Frequency distribution table showing the Family Type According to Authority in

Barangay. 475 Zone 47, District IV, Sampaloc, Manila

Interpretation:

The pie chart shows that out of 73 families, 42 females who are the head of their families and 31

are males.

Analysis:

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Majority of the population, 57.53% mothers are the head of the family which means that it is a

matriarchal type of authority. Mothers are the ones who mostly decide for the family. 42.47% are

patriarchal type of authority which means that the fathers are the ones making the decisions for the

family.

Health ImplicationA family that is headed by either the father or mother is said to be stable, although the former type

of family is most preferred by conservative Filipinos. If the father is the head of the family and provides

for the sustenance and other needs of the family, there is a better likelihood that the father has a job to

support his family. This can also be said to a matriarchal family wherein the mother provides the suppor

material, financial and emotional needsof the family. This means that a patriarchal and matriarcha

family is in a much better position to provide for food to address the nutritional and health needs of the

family, as well as the medical needs of the same family. This is because a family that is headed by a

father or mother is found to be more stable.

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G. Civil Status

Category

No. of respondent Percentage

Single 137 37.64%

Married 126 34.62%

Child 83 22.80%

Widowed 12 3.02%

Common Law 4 1.10%

Legally separated 2 0.55%

Total 364 100%

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Table 8. Frequency Distribution Table Showing the Civil Status in Barangay. 475 Zone 47, DistrictIV, Sampaloc, Manila, August 2011

Interpretation:

The pie chart shows that 37.64% of the total populations in Barangay 475 are single, 34.62% are married

and 22.80% child, 3.02% widowed, 1.10% common law and the least is the legally separated comprising

of 0.55% of the population.

Analysis:

Civil (marital) status is the description of a persons relationship with a significant other. In Barangay

475, most of the population is single since according to age and sex distribution, the population largely

comprises of young adolescent group. Second to the highest is the married group since the percentage of

late adolescent group and adult group is dominant in the area. Child which comprises of 22.80%

Widowed is 3.02%, 1.10% is common law and 0.55% is legally separated which means that only a smal

percentage of married couples is discontented of their relationship with significant other. The leas

percentage is the widowed group and this is due to the elderly population in the area wherein their

partners died of old age or other sickness significant to aging process.

Health programs must be intensified for those who are single since their group is comprised mostly of

those in the adolescent stage. Health teachings regarding proper hygiene, diet and healthy lifestyle mus

be discussed. Also, ways on how to manage and cope with stress must also be emphasized because they

are single and thus they do not have someone to deal their problems with except for their family. It is also

important to teach the community about safe sex, especially those singles helps to prevent the

occurrence and spread of STD and to minimize the growth of the population. Second priority in the area

is the married group wherein the health teachings must be the following: family planning, responsible

parenthood, prevention of diseases and promotion of healthy lifestyle. Third Priority in the area is the

child group where in it composes of 22.80% the parent of this child must be thought on how they can

manage their child. Some health programs about nutrition and proper immunization can also be a big

help. Although the widowed, legally separated and the common law are least in the group, they must also

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be given focus and be reminded of prioritizing their selves as well as their children if they have any

Coping with stress must be given emphasis since they lack ability to cope with it due to broken family.

Health Implications:

Civil Status is very helpful in identifying the root causes of health problems in a community.

A community with a high percentage of married people has a chance of becoming a dense-populated

community. A community with high percentage of Legally Separated, Widowed and Single status on the

other hand is most likely to have high rates of unemployment and poverty for lackof family support and

for the whole family.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_civil_status_related_in_conducting_a_community_diagnosis#ixz

z1VvcdWCxw

H. Length of residency

Category No. of respondent Percentage

Permanent 67 91.79%

Transient 6 8.21%

Total 73 100%

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Table 9. Frequency Distribution Table Showing the Length of residency in Barangay. 475 Zone 47,District IV, Sampaloc, Manila, August 2011

Interpretation:

The pie chart shows that 91.79% of the total respondents are residing for about more than 6 months or

permanently. And 8.21% of them are living less than 6 months or transient in Barangay. 475.

Analysis:

Data shows that most of the people are permanently residing in the place. This is because they

are living in the community since birth and they inherited their land and houses from their parents. This

is reflected in our data of house and land ownership. More so, the familiarity of the people about their

surroundings can increase their awareness of the different facilities area and leaders of the community

Place of work can also be considered.

Health Implication

The families staying in the community are well-adjusted to the topography, climate, and type of

environment that might affect their health.. The ways of life and health practices of the community are

not new to the residents. This includes the proper environmental sanitation, community activities, and

kinds of livelihood, the culture and tradition of the community. People in the area can verily address

whatever health problems they will encounter since they are accustomed to all the facilities and other

health care service providers in the community. (COPAR, Untala )

Women tend to have a lower mortality rate at every age. In the womb, male fetuses have a higher mortality rate

(babies are conceived in a ratio of about 124 males to 100 females, but the ratio of those surviving to birth is only

105 males to 100 females).[citation needed] Among the smallest premature babies (those under 2 pounds or 900 g) females

again have a higher survival rate. At the other extreme, about 90% of individuals aged 110 are female. The difference

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed

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in lifeexpectancy between men and women in the United States dropped from 7.8 years in 1979 to 5.3 years in

2005, with women expected to live to age 80.1 in 2005.[37]

In the past, mortality rates for females in child-bearing age groups were higher than for males at the same age. This

is no longer the case, and female human lifeexpectancy is considerably higher than those of men. The reasons for

this are not entirely certain. Traditional arguments tend to favor socio-environmental factors: historically, men have

generally consumed more tobacco, alcoholanddrugs than females in most societies, and are more likely to die from

many associated diseases such aslung cancer,tuberculosisandcirrhosis of the liver.[38]Men are also more likely to

die from injuries, whether unintentional (such ascar accidents) or intentional (suicide,violence,war).[38] Men are also

more likely to die from most of the leading causes of death (some already stated above) than women. Some of these

in the United States include: cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, suicide, cirrhosis of the liver,

emphysema, and coronary heart disease.[5]These far outweigh the female mortality rate from breast cancer and

cervical cancer etc.

Some argue that shorter male lifeexpectancy is merely another manifestation of the general rule, seen in all

mammal species, that larger individuals tend on average to have shorter lives.[39][40] This biological difference occurs

because women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases.[5]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War