HIST 1493: 020-028: U.S. Since 1865, Fall 2013Study Guide for 1st In-Class Midterm Exam

The 1st midterm exam is in our regular classroom (Nielson 0270) on Thursday, September 19. You have50 minutes for the test. Please arrive on time and bring an examination book; I will provide a Scantronform. The closed book exam is divided into two sections; you are required to complete both. Youshould have read (and hopefully re-read) all assigned readings listed for weeks 1-5 of the syllabus. Section I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (2 points each: 50 points total)There are 25 multiple-choice questions; studying the key terms below will help you prepare for them. Section II: TRIAD ESSAYS (50 points each: 100 points total)You are required to write on 2 TRIAD sets (1 of 2 in Part A, and 1 of 2 in Part B): identify each term,discuss its significance, provide historical context, and examine the connections among the three terms. TRIAD sets in Part A are drawn from Reconstruction, National Growth, and Conservatism andLiberalism. TRIAD sets in Part B are drawn from Geographic Expansion and Agrarian Revolt, War andEmpire, and Progressivism (including the readings pertinent to those topics). TRIADS are not “short answer” questions; they are short essays. Write at least 3-4 paragraphs oneach TRIAD; in fact, make 5 paragraphs your target. The more pertinent detail significance, context,and connections you provide, the stronger your answer will be. Sample TRIAD answers are on D2L. TRIAD sets will be drawn from the list below. These terms are already grouped for you by topic.However, please note that the terms are just listed below; they have not been placed into TRIAD setsyet. Study each group of items together and make the connections. Make up your own TRIAD sets fromeach group and write sample TRIAD essays; this will also help you prepare for multiple-choice questions. Consider forming a study group with people in your W/F section.

HIST 1493: U.S. Since 1865, 2nd Midterm Study Guide, Fall 2013 The 2nd midterm exam is in our regular classroom (Nielson Hall, 0270) on Thursday, October 24. Likethe 1st midterm, this is designed as a 50-minute exam, but you will have an extra 20 minutes to work onit. Please arrive on time and bring an examination book; Scantron forms will be provided. The closedbook exam is divided into two sections; you are required to complete both. You should have read all theassigned readings listed for weeks 6-10 of the syllabus. Section I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (2 points each: 50 points total)There are 25 multiple-choice questions; studying the key terms below will help you prepare for them. Section II: TRIAD ESSAYS (50 points each: 100 points total)You are required to write on 2 TRIAD sets (1 from Part A and 1 from Part B): identify each term, discussits significance, provide historical context, and examine the connections among the three terms. TheTRIAD sets in Part A are drawn from World War I, and the 1920s. The TRIAD sets in Part B are drawnfrom the Great Depression and New Deal, and World War II TRIADS are not “short answer” questions; they are short essays. Write at least 3-4 paragraphs oneach TRIAD; in fact, make 5 paragraphs your target. The more pertinent detail significance, context,and connections you provide, the stronger your answer will be. TRIAD sets will be drawn from the list of Key Terms below. These terms are already grouped for youby topic. However, please note that these terms are just listed below; they have not been placed intoTRIAD sets yet. Study each group of items together and make the connections between all the items. Make up your own TRIAD sets from each group and write sample essays; this study technique will alsohelp you prepare for the multiple-choice questions. Consider forming a study group with people in yourdiscussion section.

KEY TERMS

World War OneLusitania- May 7, 1915 Lusitania sunk by German submarine and approx. 1200+ lives lost and 250 or sowere American citizens. American citizens were outrage. German submarine attacks were covert attacks andthe world was just becoming used to this. U.S. doesn’t go to war because of the sinking the Lusitania bcthe U.S. went to the war in April of 1917. It may have been a significant factor for the U.S. givinginvolved but it wasn’t the main reason.Zimmerman Telegram- Germany sent a telegram to Mexico asking them to go to war with America tokeep them occupied so that Germany could finish the western front and go after America and that Mexicocould get their land back. This was made public. It was German’s announcement of unrestricted warfare,the Zimmerman telegram, and the Russian revolution that brought U.S. to entering the war. Russian Revolution- started in February 1917—end centuries of imperial rule & setting in motionpolitical and social changes that lead to the formation of the soviet union. Nicholas II, the last Emperor ofRussia, was abdicated. The February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacksduring the First World War (1914–18), which left much of the Russian army in a state of mutiny.John Dewey- A well-known public intellectual, he was also a major voice of progressive education andliberalism. “Above all we shall have missed the great experience of discovering the significance ofAmerican national life by seeing it reflected into a remaking of the life of the world. And without thisexperience we shall miss the contribution which the war has to make to the creation of a United America” –John DeweyDewey- would win the debate in the context of WWI.Randolph Bourne- Dewey had a student named Bourne. Bourne started to question how could you createdemocracy through war. Bourne- died at the age of 32 because of physical deformities.Espionage Act- Federal offense to obstruct the draft, incite rebellion, or make false reports about the war.Sedition Act- Forbad disloyal remarks about the government, the flag, or any language that obstructed thewar effort. 100% Americanism- Patriotism and attacked ideas viewed as foreign. Wilson’s War Declaration- April 2, 1917- asks congress to send troops into battle against Germany inWWI. The world must be made safe for democracy.

League of Nations- Developed out of the fourteenth point of Wilson’s peace plan, this agency mademembers pledge to consult on military and economic sanctions against agressors instead of force. Consisted of the Big Five (Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S) and four rotating members. Fourteen Points- Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan presented in 1918. The points included open diplomacy,freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers, armaments reduction, and the most significant, theestablishment of a “league” of nations to protect global peace. This inspired the League ofNations. Henry Cabot Lodge- A Republican senator who claimed the League of Nations covenant was unacceptableand collected signatures of senators to block ratification of the United States participation in the League.Treaty of Versailles- was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of warbetween Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919. However, the U.S. did not signit because it had to be passed by Congress to be signed and Congress didn’t pass it because WoodrowWilson went to Versailles only with Republicans to write the treaty. The United States signed a separatetreaty with Germany.

The 1920sRed Scare- Revolutions in Europe worried the American public that Soviet terrorists would begin to attackAmerica, with good reason since there were over a dozen mail bombs sent to prominent businessmen andpolitical officials in 1919. One particular bomb, exploded at Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer’s homeand nearly injured the Roosevelts. It was the first cultural conflict during the 1920s and Americanwas afraid of communism and communist-like behavior. Eugenics- pseudo-science it begins to develop early years of 1920s. Madison Grant is the key spokesperson. They were advocating the sterilization of criminals, people who were mentally challenged, etc. andseparation of whites and other races. Eugenics never became law, it never became policy in the U.S. It didhave an impact for the force sterilization of many members in facilities of those with mental disabilities.California was one of the worse states when it came to sterilization experimentation. American Eugenicscience actually helped inspired Nazi eugenic science. Clearly it was a manifestation of culturalconflict. Scopes Trial- A high school biology teacher who taught his students evolution. The revelation caused amedia frenzy to catch a glimpse of the Christian fundamentalist lawyer William Jennings Bryan fight forteaching divine creation against Scopes’s liberalist attorney Clarence Darrow. He ends up being foundguilty and fined. Leopold and Loeb Case- wealthy law students who kidnapped and killed “Bobby” Franks. Their lawyerwas Clarence Darrow and the boys received a life sentence in prison instead of the death penalty. Darrowargues for psychological inept-ness. It was temporary insanity argument.Immigration Acts, 1921 & 1924- People had been arguing for immigration restriction since1880s. 1921 during the administration of Warren Harding the emergency immigration act is created. Itmade the argument that the nature of america was changing. Something needed to be done against these“tidal waves of immigrants”. They use 1910 census that 3% of first generation immigrates that are alreadyin the U.S. could immigrate. For example, 3% of the amount of Italians already in the U.S. could come.National Origins Quota Act- they use 1890 census so that more northern europeans would be cominginstead of southern europeans.Immigration Act of 1927- restricts it even further.These acts were purposely created to prevent immigrants from countries they (congress) don’t like.They voted to keep out southern and eastern europeans and asains but allowed mexicansKKK- The Klan reformed during the 1920s and became devoted to 100% Americanism, meaning, theydiscriminated against anyone who was not white, not born in America, and notProtestant. Democratic Disarray- 18th Amendment- Manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol was illegal—the consumption of alcoholactually goes up in the 1920s even though its illegal. Prohibition was mainly because of dislike ofimmigrants; anti-immigrant prejudice 19th Amendment- Ratified in 1920. Prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to voteon the basis of sex. 1924 Election- Coolidge runs and does well. During the time democratic party was split. The KKK playeda major role in the 1924 democratic election.Republican Ascendency- Roaring Twenties- Was this idea of an “age of prosperity”. It was after WWI and even though alcohol wasprohibited, people drank even more during this age. Ideas of partying freedom—phones, cars, etc.

Great Depression & New Deal

Hawley Smoot Tariff- Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised the taxes of goods coming into the country. Manyeconomists argue it wasn’t the stock market crash that caused the depression, but it was the Hawley-Smoot

Tariff because it hindered foreign trade so much. Raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods torecord levels.Bonus Army- A group of over 20,000WWI veterans who went to Washington D.C. in the spring of 1932to quickly receive a cash bonus that congress had approved in to be payable in 1945. Early release of thesefunds were vetoed by congress. First New Deal- 1933-1935 Roosevelt’s campaign platform that focused on the “three Rs:”Recovery of the economy, Relief for individuals and business affected by the depression, and Reform ofthe current financial situation to prevent future economic crises. Included the Hundred Days were dozens ofrelief programs began. Second New Deal- Started in 1935 as a response to demands for more dramatic action to be taken toresolve the Great Depression more quickly. AAA- Agricultural Adjustment Act – Helped raise commodity prices by paying farmers to cut agriculturalproduction. TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority – A program designed to modernize the region through education,modernize farming techniques, and provide electricity NRA- National Recovery Administration – A program developed businesses by regulating wages whichwould generate more purchasing power for individuals. WPA- Works Progress Administration – employed workers for public works projects including buildingprojects and arts.Huey Long- Huey Long argued that it was okay for someone to be rich, but wasn’t there a point at whichtheir wealth in the face of other people’s poverty would be so obscene. He made the argument that ifanyone have over 500 million dollars, the government should take it and spread the wealth. Thegovernment should do more to tax the nation. A Louisiana senator who did not support the New Dealprograms. His Share-the-Wealth program proposed to confiscate large amounts of money from the rich andredistribute them to the rest of the country. He gained a lot of support, but was assassinated in 1935.Father Coughlin- controversial Roman Catholic priest. Political leader used radio to reach mass audience1930s. Supported FDR early in ND proposals but later became critic of Roosevelt being to friendly tobankers. Started what was like a populist movement with new political organization called NationalUnion for social justice. He used his program to discriminate against Jews, supporting policies of Hitlerand Mussolini. Against New Deal—supported fascist ideas. Roosevelt Admin. Cancelledprogram. Dr. Townsend- Townsend was very influential and Townsend club’s were sprung all over the country.People who were lobbying for Townsend’s Pension idea. Revolved old-age pension—influenced FDRsadministration’s social security system.EPIC- Upton Sinclair: End Poverty in California (EPIC). Sinclair- 1934 runs for governorship inCalifornia on a platform called End Poverty in California. The idea of Production for Use instead ofProduction for Profit.Wealth Tax Act- Spread the wealth among the country through heavy tax on the rich Social Security Act- 1935 care for the dependent and disabledBanking Act of 1935- created the federal deposit insurance corporation. Provides insurance for depositorsin banks and guarantees that is a bank fails the depositors will receive their money back 1937-38 Recession- economic downturn during the GD. Spring 1937 unemployment still high but by mid1937 took a bad turn. Industrial production declined almost 30% unemployment jumped from 14.3% to19% in 38. Due to federal spending response of Roosevelt’s administration—agriculture adjustment actpaid farmers not farm on land. Relief agencies—public works administration works program administrationand others. Roosevelt’s Purge- how he wanted to change the democratic party so there would be two—oneconservative and one liberalCourt Packing Plan- expand the supreme court to 15 judges to make it more efficient. Thunder on the Left- Critics on the 1st new deal. They believe the new deal wasn’t doing enough, it wasonly helping farmers, big banks and not ordinary people. The new deal should focus on people who havereal need, not just big corporations.. Sinclair- 1934 runs for governmentship in California on a platformcalled End Poverty in California. The idea of Production for Use instead of Production for Profit. Election of 1936- FDR won by a landslide—economic prosperity was being restored

World War IILudlow Amendment- At this time the U.S. is still desperately trying to stay neutral as these wardevelopments are happening.Ludlow Amendment- said that Congress and president would not have the power to declare war unlessthrough a national referendum. This would have been a massive change to the American constitution. TheU.S. was extremely isolationist. Cash and Carry- Important modification: Cash and Carry- countries could buy U.S. products as long asthey pay cash and transport it with their own transportation. It was advertised by the government to

provide assistance in the war in Europe while staying out of the war. You might be able to sell somegoods but only on a cash and carry basis. That nation comes to pick up the goods, pays in cash, and usestheir own boats to transport it back to their nationLend Lease- the U.S. government moves away from neutrality position and lends goods to Britain andlater lends goods to Soviet Union. It was the provision of goods to those allied nations that were fightingagainst the Nazi regime. U.S. naval ships would accompany boats that were ferrying the lending goods, toprotect them.Destroyers for Bases deal- made for great Britain. U.S. decided to trade 50 destroyers to the G.B. forleases of naval bases in the ocean. G.B. only had naval superiority during the war. Germany beat them onland and air.A. Philip Randolph- in 1941 Randolph proposed that African Americans organize a march onWashington D.C. (a march of 100,000) to express their frustration with being unable to get jobs. Toprotest discrimination in the “defense industry” when the U.S. claimed to be fighting against racist NaziGermany but the U.S. the military was segregated. In turn, FDR prevented the march but created FEPC.To prevent discrimination account of their race. Atlantic Charter- a declaration of war aims, joint war efforts. Made in August 1941, from the charterwhen two major world leaders what the outcome of the war should be, before one of them has joined thewar, then that nation isn’t neutral. Executive Order 9066- Pacific Theater-Second Front Issue- Tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union during WWII enough though they wereallies, tensions were high because of this issue of the second front. Why wasn’t it launched sooner? Stalinfelt he was betrayed by the allies. Yalta Conference- allies talked about aims for ending the war. It wasagreed that the Soviet Union was joining the war in the Pacific. Stalin made a promise that the countries inEastern Europe would be allowed free elections.Stalingrad- D Day Invasion- Detroit Race Riot- Detroit Race Riot, June 20-22, 1943: 34 deaths and 433 people were wounded. 1,800people, mainly African Americans, were arrested (85% were black). There was extreme racial animosity inDetroit. For total deaths 25 were black out of 34. 17 out of the 25 deaths were caused by the police. TheDetroit Race Riot was one of the lowest moments in U.S. history for racial animosity. It was a trulyterrible moment that happens while the U.S. is fully committed to this war. That deep divisions existed inAmerican society. U.S. was fighting WWII with a segregated military.

Final Exam Study Guide HistoryTRIADS: PART ONE1: Cold War: Origins and Expanding Horizons, 1945-1963 & the VietnamWarSecond Front Issue- This idea that millions of Soviets died that wouldn’t have had toif the allies came to the western front sooner. However, the allies were upset that Sovietshad a non-aggression pact with the Germans which caused the death to millions ofPoland. Therefore, it could be seen as strategically that the allies rather see the Sovietsloose more blood because of their actions.Marshall Plan- US would fund countries that would be toppled by communist forces.Using US money to prevent the spread of communism largely Truman Doctrine- the US would oppose with force any communist regime internal orexternal in Turkey or Greece or anywhere. The containment policy, idea to containcommunism and not allow it to stand “Fall” of China- 1949—China falls to a communist regime.John Foster Dulles- served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early ColdWar era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. AsSecretary of State, Dulles spent considerable time building up NATO and forming otheralliances (the "Pactomania") as part of his strategy of controlling Soviet expansion bythreatening massive retaliation in event of a war. Dulles was one of the pioneers ofmassive retaliation and brinkmanship. In an article written for Life Magazine Dullesdefined his policy of brinkmanship: "The ability to get to the verge without getting intothe war is the necessary art."Korean War- 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 was a war between the Republic of Korea(South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republicof Korea (North Korea), at one time supported by the People's Republic of China and theSoviet Union.New Look- New Look:

U.S. would be willing to go to the very brink of nuclear war to preventcommunism from making gainsIncreased reliance and use of the CIATo make greater use of allies in Europe (largely across Western Europe)

It was designed to save military spending. The second goal was to try and achieve thatnotion of liberation or rollback and actually push back the borders of communism.New look in action:Korea—the Korean War ended within months of the Eisenhower being in office,however there was no rollback. It ended up just being containmentChina—the communist Chinese were stronger by 1949, so it becomes communist.However, the off-shore islands remained non-communist nationalist chinese. In 1954the U.S. threatened China if they were to send troops to their off shore island, the U.S.will send troops there so China backed down. There is no liberation, no rollback, justcontainmentEurope—there were uprisings in the mid-1950s. The U.S. actually helped create theseuprisings through their radio programming (US radio network). They helped nurturethese democratic movements, but they were crushed by the Soviets. There was noliberation or rollback, containment once more.Vietnam—after WWII was still being controlled by France but by 1954 the French weredefeated and in the wake of France’s moving out of Vietnam, there was a series ofelections to take place in south and north Vietnam to unite the two. The US agreed tothis and it was suppose to happen in 1956, but the US knew if elections were to happen,

1)

2)3)

communists would definitely get into power. Chinese communist forces were muchmore powerful in Vietnam. US decided to not have the election process and decided topour money into South Vietnam to prevent it from becoming communist. Finally, it fellapart by early 1970s. No liberation, no rollback.Massive Retaliation/Brinkmanship- U.S. would be willing to go to the very brink ofnuclear war to prevent communism from making gains. Liberation/Rollback- Look aboveBerlin Wall-Bay of Pigs- was an unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by theCIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military, trained and funded by the United States government's CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the DemocraticRevolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the revolutionary left winggovernment of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala, the invading force was defeatedwithin three days by the Cuban armed forces, under the direct command of PrimeMinister Fidel Castro.Cuban Missile Crisis- was a 14-day confrontation in October 1962 between the SovietUnion and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side. The crisis isgenerally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into anuclear conflict and is also the first documented instance of mutual assured destruction(MAD) being discussed as a determining factor in a major international armsagreement.Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that theUnited States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of TonkinIncident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B.Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of"conventional'' military force in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the resolution authorizedthe President to do whatever necessary in order to assist "any member or protocol stateof the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty". This included involving armed forces.The Johnson administration subsequently relied upon the resolution to begin its rapidescalation of U.S. military involvement in South Vietnam and open warfare betweenNorth Vietnam and the United States.Tet Offensive- was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War,launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Armyagainst South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It was a campaign of surpriseattacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout SouthVietnam. The operations are referred to as the Tet Offensive because there was a prioragreement to "cease fire" during the Tet Lunar New Year celebrations. Both North andSouth Vietnam announced on national radio broadcasts that there would be a two-daycease-fire during the holiday. Nonetheless, the Communists launched an attack thatbegan during the early morning hours of 30 January 1968, the first day of Tet.My Lai Massacre- was the Vietnam War mass murder of between 347 and 504unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968. It was committed by the U.S.Army soldiers from the Company C. Victims included women, men, children, andinfants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated. Twenty sixsoldiers were charged with criminal offenses, but only Second Lieutenant William CalleyJr., a platoon leader in C Company, was convicted. Found guilty of killing 22 villagers, hewas originally given a life sentence, but served only three and a half years under housearrest.Invasion of Cambodia- On April 30th of 1970, President Richard Nixon declared to atelevision audience that the American military troops, accompanied by the SouthVietnamese People's Army, were to invade Cambodia. The invasion was under thepretext of disrupting the North Vietnamese supply lines. They also invaded in order tobomb and destroy the Viet Cong base camps, that were backing up the other operationsin South Vietnam. Although Nixon officially declared the invasion in April, there hadbeen air raids in Cambodia for the past year, without the American Citizens' knowledge.

Basically, Nixon had been ordering bombings Cambodia for months before actuallydeclaring an Invasion. 2: Cold War: Consensus at Home, 1945-1963Fair Deal- the term given to an ambitious set of proposals put forward by United StatesPresident Harry S. Truman to the United States Congress in his January 1949 State ofthe Union address. It marked a new stage in the history of Modern liberalism in theUnited States, but with the Conservative Coalition dominant in Congress, the majorinitiatives did not become law unless they had GOP support. As Neustadt concludes, themost important proposals were aid to education, universal health insurance, FairEmployment Practices Commission and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act. They were alldebated at length, then voted down. Nevertheless, enough smaller and less controversial(but still important) items passed that liberals could claim some success.Taft-Hartley Act- Anti-Labor Act, Truman will veto it and it will pass beyondhis vetoElection of 1948- Dixiecrats-1950 Social Security Act- K1C2- McCarthyism- Checkers Speech-Dixon-Yates Scandal- The Other America- War on Poverty- New Economics- 3: Civil Rights, 1945-1968Brown V Board of Ed.- Emmett Till- Little Rock Nine- Letter from a Birmingham Jail- Freedom Riders- Freedom Summer- 1964 Civil Rights Act- 1965 Voting Rights Act- TRIADS: PART TWO4. The Counterculture & Rights Revolution, Great Society, and 1968ElectionCounterculture- New Left- Stonewall Riot- Women’s Liberation Movement- Great Society- Medicare/Medicaid- Barry Goldwater- 1964 Election- George Wallace- 1968 Dem National Convention- 1968 Election Robert F. Kennedy-

5. Contemporary America: 1970s-PresentKent State- Oil Crisis of 1973-74- Watergate- Fall of Saigon-

Iran Hostage Crisis- “Evil Empire” Speech- 1984 Election- Iran-Contra Scandal- Reaganomics- Hour-Glass Society- “Reagan Revolution”- Willie Horton-Gulf War I (1990-1991)- Los Angeles Riots, 1992- Welfare to Workfare- Culture Wars-

Final Exam Study Guide The final is on Wednesday, December 11, 1:30-3:30PM in our regular classroom.You will have two hours for the exam. The exam counts for 20% of our course grade.Sections I: 25 multiple-choice questions (2 points each = 50 points)Section II: 2 TRIADS (50 points each = 100 points total). Section III: 1 Essay (The Things They Carried: 50 points)The final is not comprehensive; it covers only the material since the second midterm. ________________________________________________________________________

TRIADS: PART ONE1: Cold War: Origins and Expanding Horizons, 1945-1963 & the Vietnam WarSecond Front Issue: This refers to the second front that Russia requested during World War II.

Since it took longer to establish a second front than Russia would have like, this createdresentment towards the United States that continued into the Cold War era.

Marshall Plan: (Developed June 1947, implemented April 1948; lasted 4 years) Was the Americaninitiative to aid Europe, in which the U.S. gave economic support to help rebuild the Europeaneconomy after WW2 in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.

Truman Doctrine: (March 12th, 1947) International relations policy set forth by U.S. presidentHarry Truman. Stated that U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and militaryaid to prevent them from falling into Soviet Sphere. Many say this was the start of the ColdWar and the beginning of the containment policy to stop soviet expansion.

“Fall” of China: (October 1st, 1949) It was the “fall” of the mainland China to Communism underCommunist leader Mao Zedong. This created a lot of fear about the spread of Communism toseemingly strong nations. As a result, American politicians turned to a policy of containmentfor the rest of the Cold War.

John Foster Dulles: (1953-1959) U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Eisenhower.He was significant figure in the early cold war era, advocating an aggressive stance againstCommunism throughout the world. He rejected the Geneva Accords, and supported SouthVietnam as a way to implement containment policy.

Korean War: (June 1950-July 1953) War between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) supportedby the U.S. and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) which wassupported by People’s Republic of China and Soviet Union. The result of the war was thepolitical division of Korea, known as the 38th Parallel (demilitarized zone).

New Look: (October 1953) a name given to the national security policy of the U.S. duringadministration of President Eisenhower. Reflected the concern of balancing the cold warmilitary commitments of the U.S. with the nations financial concerns. Policy emphasizes useof nuclear weapons to deter potential threats.

Three parts:1. Massive Retaliation/Brinkmanship2. Increase use of CIA3. Greater reliance’s on alliesMassive Retaliation/Brinkmanship: (Part of New Look) A military doctrine and nuclear strategy in

which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.Liberation/Rollback: In the period of the Korean War, political leaders debated whether they should

take the stance of "liberation"-holding the line against further Communist expansion orattempting to roll back the extensive Soviet controls in Europe instead of simply containingCommunism.

Berlin Wall: (August 1961) A wall built by Eastern Germany that separated East and West Germany.Wall Served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and theCommunist Eastern Bloc during post World War 2 period.

Bay of Pigs: (April 1961) Unsuccessful military invasion of communist Cuba by a counter-

revolutionary military trained by U.S. government CIA fronted armed wing of DemocraticRevolutionary front and intended to over throw Fidel Castro. The Cuban Military defeated theinvading forces in 3 days. The U.S. needed more air support.

Cuban Missile Crisis: (October 1962) encounter that lasted 14 days between Cuba/Soviet Union andthe United States. Cuba received aid and military weapons from Soviets. U.S. placed missileson Turkey pointed at Moscow. Finally, a deal was made. Soviets would dismantle missilesand go back to the Soviet Union if U.S. promised to never invade Cuba again and dismantlethe missiles pointed at Moscow.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: (Enacted in August 10th, 1964) gave president Johnson authorizationwithout a formal declaration of war by Congress for the use of “conventional” military force inSoutheast Asia (Vietnam).

Tet Offensive: (January 30th, 1968) One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War byforces of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese military against South Vietnam and the UnitedStates. It was a surprise because there had been a cease-fire agreement during the holiday

My Lai Massacre: (March 16th, 1968) Vietnam War mass murder of between 347-504 unarmedcivilians in South Vietnam. The U.S. Army soldiers committed the act. Victims includewomen, men, children and infants. This remained in the minds of the American public as anexample of military corruption and the need for American troops to be withdrawn fromSoutheast Asia.

Invasion of Cambodia: Cambodia remained neutral during the Vietnam War which made it a perfectplace for the Viet Cong to establish military bases. The United States realized this and Nixonauthorized the invasion of Cambodia in an effort to contain Communist influences. However,this invasion was not supported by the American public.

2: Cold War: Consensus at Home, 1945-1963Fair Deal: term given to an ambitious set of proposals put forth by President Truman (1949). Not

ashamed to talk about poverty in America. This was all about prosperity for every social class,and helping the poor.

Taft-Hartley Act: (Labor Management Relations Act of 1947) A U.S. Federal Law that restricts theactivities and power of labor unions.

Election of 1948: Truman (Democrat)-49.6% vs. Dewey (Republican)-45.1% vs. Storm Thurmond(Dixiecrat)-2.1%

Dixiecrats: (States’ Rights Democratic Party) A Short lived segregationist party. Break away fromDemocratic Party, determined to protect what they portrayed to be as the “southern way oflife” beset by an oppressive federal government.

1950 Social Security Act: Social Security Benefits increased and regular Cost of Living Adjustments(COLAs) began to be distributed.

K1C2: One part Korea, two parts communism and corruption. (Eisenhower Administration, 1952)McCarthyism: (1950-1954) Second Red Scare. Characterized by heightened fears of communist

influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Republican SenatorJoseph McCarthy of Wisconsin was the one who coined the term McCarthyism. Thousandsof Americans were accused of being Communist or Communist sympathizers, and becomesubject to aggressive interrogation.

Checkers Speech: (September 23rd, 1952) given by the Republican VP Candidate Richard Nixon(who was the Senator in CA). Nixon had been accused of accepting gifts/donations relating toa fund bankers to reimburse him for his political expenses. The gift to Nixon was a black andwhite dog. He apologized to the nation, but he refused to return the dog, checkers, because hehad already given it to his children.

Dixon-Yates Scandal: This was a contract signed in 1954 between the Atomic Energy Commissionand the Middle South Utilities and the Southern Company to supply more power to theTennessee power plant near Memphis. This contract would replace the Tennessee ValleyAuthority (one of the initiatives of the New Deal), but would cost an additional $4-6 milliondollars. Eisenhower supported this plan, which was then used against the Republican party towin congressional seats.

The Other America: (Published in 1962) Book written by Michael Harrington was an influentialstudy of poverty in the United States. Argued that up to 25% of the nation was living in

poverty.War on Poverty: (1964) A legislation first introduced by President Lyndon Johnson during state of

the Union Address. This legislation was in response to national poverty rate that was around19%. The speech lead congress to pass three new acts: Economic Opportunity act, FoodStamp Act, and Elementary and Secondary School Act.

New Economics: This was the idea advocated by Walter Heller, and economic advisor to LBJ. Hesaid you could cut taxes and have defecit spending and still grow the economy--as long as youdidn't fight a foreign war. Johnson advocated for the tax cut which boosted the economy, buthis refusal to raise taxes to pay for Vietnam contributed to economic problems, especially inthe early 1970s.

3: Civil Rights, 1945-1968Brown V Board of Education: (1945) a landmark in U.S. Supreme Court history. A case in which

the court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white studentsunconstitutional. It was also in violation of the Equal Protection Act.

Emmett Till: (August 1955) 14 year old from Chicago IL visiting his grandfather in Mississippi. Hewent to the grocery store, where he flirted with the owner’s 21-year-old wife. Several nightslater the owner, Mr. Bryant, went to Till’s great aunts house. They took him, transported themto a barn where they beat him and gouged his eye out. He was then shot in the head and thebody was disposed in the near by river.

Little Rock Nine: (1957) Group of African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central HighSchool. A crisis began, and the students were initially prevented from entering the raciallysegregated school. When they eventually attended, the violence and hate crimes were so awfulthat U.S. soldiers were called in to escort the students.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail: (April 16th, 1963) an opening letter written by Dr. Martin LutherKing. Letter defended strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, arguing that people have amoral responsibility to break unjust law.

Freedom Riders: (1961) a group of civil rights activists who challenged equality by riding theinterstate buses from D.C. to New Orleans in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws orcustoms that enforced segregation in seating.

Freedom Summer: (June 1964) campaign in the U.S. launched in attempt to register as manyAfrican Americans voters as possible, in Mississippi, which had historically excluded mostblacks from voting.

1964 Civil Rights Act: Landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major formsof discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities and women. It endedthe unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools andin the work place. This is the piece of legislation that finally upheld the 14th Amendment.

1965 Voting Rights Act: Landmark piece of legislation in U.S. that prohibits discrimination invoting. Echoing language of 15th Amendment of U.S. Constitution. This law upheld the 15th

Amendment. TRIADS: PART TWO 4. The Counterculture & Rights Revolution, Great Society, and 1968 ElectionCounterculture: (1964-1974 Hippie counterculture) is a subculture who’s values and norms differ

substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to main stream culturemores.

New Left: (Father of New Left—Herbert Marcuse) a term used in reference to activists, educators,agitators, and others in the 1960’s and 1970’s, looking to implement reforms like gay rights,abortion, gender roles, and drugs. Mostly associated with the Hippie Movement and anti-warcollege campus protest movements.

Stonewall Riot: (June 28th, 1969) were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by membersof the gay community against a police raid that took place at the Stonewall Inn. This ignited theGay Rights movement.

Women’s Liberation Movement: Feminist political movement that occurred in the 1960’s and1970’s. It was often known as the “second-wave feminism”. Women were denied basic rights

in most aspects of society, from political rights to reproductive rights, so women began tofight vigorously for their rights.

Great Society: Set of domestic programs in the U.S. first announcement by president LyndonJohnson. There were 2 main goals: social reformation to eliminate poverty and social reforms.New spending programs were developed; they addressed education, medical care. Resembledthe New Deal.

Medicare: Federal government social insurance program that guarantees access to health insurancefor certain Americans and legal residences aged 65 years of age or older and young peoplewith disabilities. (Established by President Johnson)

Medicaid: U.S. health program for families and individuals with low incomes and resources. BothMedicare and Medicaid were parts of Johnson’s plan for the Great Society. (Established byPresident Johnson)

Barry Goldwater: Republican Party nominee for President in the 1964 election. He was an extremist,and was very supportive of the use of atomic weapons.

1964 Election: Johnson (Democrat)-61.1% vs. Goldwater (Republican)-38.5%George Wallace: Politician and 45th governor of Alabama. Ran for president four times, three times

as a democrat, and one time on the American Independent Party ticket. He earned the title of“the most influential loser”. He is remembered for his southern populist and segregationistattitudes during the desegregation period.

1968 Democratic National Convention: (August 26-29, 1968) a Democratic party convention heldin Chicago IL because President Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection. Thepurpose of this convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the DemocraticParty’s candidate.

1968 Election: Nixon (Republican)-43.4% vs. Humphrey (Democrat)-42.7% vs. Wallace(independent party)-13.5%.

Robert F. Kennedy: American politician and NY senator from 1965 until his assassination in 1968.Kennedy was leading candidate for the democratic presidential nomination in 1968 election;many thought he would have won presidential election.

5. Contemporary America: 1970s-PresentKent State: (May 4th, 1970) shooting of unarmed college students by Ohio National Guard. There

were 67 rounds fired in a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine. Thestudents that were shot had been protesting against Cambodian Campaign.

Oil Crisis of 1973-74:During the Yom Kippur War, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973. The United States, as Israel’s ally, supplied arms to Israel, which caused the Organization ofArab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) declared an oil embargo against the UnitedStates. This lasted until March 1974.

Watergate: (June 17th, 1972) U.S. political scandal as a result of the break-in at the DemocraticNational Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington D.C., and theNixon administration attempted to cover-up its involvement. As a result of the scandalPresident Richard Nixon resigned.

Fall of Saigon: (April 30th, 1975) was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by thePeople’s Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front. The event marked the end theVietnam War and the start of a transition period leading to the formal reunification of Vietnaminto a Socialist Republic governed by the Communist Party.

Iran Hostage Crisis: (November 4th, 1979-January 20th, 1981) also known as the Conquest of theAmerican Spy Den. It was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States when Carterwas in office. 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days. The hostages were releasedminutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn into office.

“Evil Empire” Speech: (1983) term was first applied to the Soviet Union by U.S. President RonaldReagan, who took an aggressive hard-line stance that favored matching and exceeding theSoviet Union’s strategic and global military capabilities (atomic weapons).

1984 Election: Reagan (Republican)-58.8% vs. Mondale (Democrat)-40.8%Iran-Contra Scandal: (November 1986) political scandal in the United States during the Reagan

administration, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, thesubject of arms embargo. Some U.S. officials hoped that the arms sales would secure the

release of several hostages and allow the U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the NicaraguanContras.

Reaganomics: (1980’s) refers to the economic policies promoted by President Ronald Reagan. Thesepolicies are commonly associated with supply-side economics, referred to as trickle-downeconomics. Four pillars of Reagan’s economic policy were to reduce the growth the ofgovernment spending, reduce federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce governmentregulation, and control the money supply in order to reduce inflation.

Hour-Glass Society: Top 1% own 42% of wealth by the end of the 1980’s while the poor increasedin numbers. Essentially when you hear the phrase “the rich get richer and the poor get poorer”this comes from this type of economy.. (More affluence and more poverty.)

“Reagan Revolution”: A term used for Reagan’s entire presidency since it marked a time of thenation’s political realignment to conservatism and his economic plan termed Reaganomics.

Willie Horton: American convicted felon who, while serving a life sentence for murder (without thepossibility of parole) was the beneficiary of the Massachusetts weekend furlough program. Hedid not return from his furlough, and ultimately he committed assault, armed robbery and rape.

Gulf War I (1990-1991): was a war waged by the U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nationsled by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

Los Angeles Riots, 1992: were race riot and the subsequent lootings, arsons and civil disturbances,following the acquittal of police officers on trial regarding a videotaped, and widely coveredpolice brutality incident. Largest riots seen in the U.S. since the 1960’s.

Welfare to Workfare: (1969) is an alternative model to conventional social welfare system. Madepopular by Richard Nixon. During workfare, recipients are required to attend job training andwork experience that would enable them to find a job and become self-sufficient.

Culture Wars: Term coined in a speech by Pat Buchanan at the Republican National Convention in1992. He claimed there was a culture war in America that featured many polarizing issues likeenvironmentalism, women’s rights, and gay rights that threatened to split the country viareligious and moral lines.

Final Exam Study Guide The final is on Wednesday, December 11, 1:30-3:30PM in our regular classroom.You will have two hours for the exam. The exam counts for 20% of our course grade.Sections I: 25 multiple-choice questions (2 points each = 50 points)Section II: 2 TRIADS (50 points each = 100 points total). Section III: 1 Essay (The Things They Carried: 50 points)The final is not comprehensive; it covers only the material since the second midterm. ________________________________________________________________________

TRIADS: PART ONE1: Cold War: Origins and Expanding Horizons, 1945-1963 & the Vietnam WarSecond Front Issue Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine “Fall” of ChinaJohn Foster Dulles Korean War New Look MassiveRetaliation/Brinkmanship Liberation/Rollback Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile CrisisGulf of Tonkin Resolution Tet Offensive My Lai Massacre Invasion ofCambodia 2: Cold War: Consensus at Home, 1945-1963Fair Deal Taft-Hartley Act Election of 1948 Dixiecrats1950 Social Security Act K1C2 McCarthyism CheckersSpeechDixon-Yates Scandal The Other America War on Poverty NewEconomics 3: Civil Rights, 1945-1968Brown V Board of Ed. Emmett Till Little Rock Nine Letter from aBirmingham Jail Freedom Riders Freedom Summer 1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act TRIADS: PART TWO4. The Counterculture & Rights Revolution, Great Society, and 1968 ElectionCounterculture New Left Stonewall Riot Women’s LiberationMovement Great Society Medicare/Medicaid Barry Goldwater 1964 Election George Wallace 1968 Dem National Convention 1968 Election Robert F.Kennedy

5. Contemporary America: 1970s-PresentKent State Oil Crisis of 1973-74 Watergate

Fall of Saigon Iran Hostage Crisis “Evil Empire” Speech 1984 Election Iran-ContraScandal Reaganomics Hour-Glass Society “ReaganRevolution” Willie HortonGulf War I (1990-1991) Los Angeles Riots, 1992 Welfare to Workfare CultureWars _______________________________________________________________

Please note that on the final there will be at least two TRIADS from the three sections that

make up Part I and at least two will be drawn from the sections that make up Part II. Studying the items above will also help prepare you for the multiple-choice portion of theexam as well as the TRIADS. The essay on The Things They Carried should be at leastthe length of a TRIAD essay.

World War I

Neutrality- When the war began in Europe in 1914, America declared a strict neutral stance. However, the United States continued to manufacture and export goods to Europe.

Unterseeboot- Also known as German U-boats, attacked enemy ships using stealth and surprise,however, this method violated international procedure of stopping enemy vessels andguaranteeing the safety of passengers and crew before sinking it.

Lusitania- A ship torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans were killed,leading to a public outcry and prompting America to enter WWI.

The Great Migration- When the war began, laborers both black and white left the South for theindustrial areas in the North and East to obtain jobs that had been made available because ofthe war.

Cost-plus contract- This guarantees contractors who manufactured goods for the war effort to recovertheir costs plus a percentage for profit.

Food Administration- Headed by Herbert Hoover (not yet president), this agency encouraged theproduction of agricultural goods and the reduction of consumption on the home front so thesegoods could go oversees to aid the war effort.

Committee on Public Information- An agency established by Woodrow Wilson in 1917 soon afterdeclaring war to influence public opinion about the war through propaganda. With executivedirector, George Creel, this agency was incredibly successful at mobilizing the Americanpublic to support the war effort.

Bolsheviks- A communist, Russian party led by Vladimir Lenin established after the overthrow of theczarist autocracy in 1917.

Red Scare- Revolutions in Europe worried the American public that Soviet terrorists would begin toattack America, with good reason since there were over a dozen mail bombs sent to prominentbusinessmen and political officials in 1919. One particular bomb, exploded at AttorneyGeneral A. Mitchell Palmer’s home and nearly injured the Roosevelts.

Fourteen Points- Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan presented in 1918. The points included opendiplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers, armaments reduction, and the mostsignificant, the establishment of a “league” of nations to protect global peace. This inspired theLeague of Nations.

League of Nations- Developed out of the fourteenth point of Wilson’s peace plan, this agency mademembers pledge to consult on military and economic sanctions against agressors instead offorce. Consisted of the Big Five (Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S) and four rotatingmembers.

Henry Cabot Lodge- A Republican senator who claimed the League of Nations covenant wasunacceptable and collected signatures of senators to block ratification of the United Statesparticipation in the League.

Influenza Epidemic of 1918- The flu epidemic rapidly expanded and infiltrated all parts of the worlddue to the movement of troops. The disease killed 290 people and led to the development ofthe World Health Organization.

The 1920’s

Warren Harding- Republican Presidential nominee in 1920 who ran under the campaign promise“return to normalcy” and seen as a “new era” politician (someone who believed in minimal

government, individualism, and isolation policies). He believed the American people neededtime to recover from the Progressive Era reforms with a period of contentment with the statusquo. He won with victory of 60.3% of the popular vote, but his campaign was plagued byfraud and corruption until his death in 1923.

Calvin Coolidge- The Vice-President under Warren Harding, remained unscathed from Harding’sscandals and restored public confidence in the presidency when he was sworn into office. Hewon the presidential election of 1924.

Teapot Dome- Albert Fall, the Secretary of the Interior, leased the oil at Teapot Dome in Wyoming toprivate companies without taking competitive bids while skimming money off the top forhimself. This created a huge scandal that displayed the corruption within Harding’sadministration.

Model T Ford/Fordism- Henry Ford developed an affordable automobile for the modern family. Tomeet the rising demand Ford utilized mass production or “Fordism” that used conveyor beltsto speed the process of production.

Herbert Hoover- The Secretary of Commerce under both Harding and Coolidge. He promoted“associationalism,” or the voluntary cooperation among business trades to make productionmore efficient. However, companies did not agree to this and cited American individualism.

Andrew Mellon- Secretary of Treasury under Hoover who attempted to demilitarize the nationthrough lower taxes (which increased stock market speculation), higher tariffs, and thecollection of foreign debt. At the onset of the depression, he advocated “purging the system”by cutting support to individuals and weak banks.

Ku Klux Klan- The Klan reformed during the 1920s and became devoted to 100% Americanism,meaning, they discriminated against anyone who was not white, not born in America, and notProtestant.

Al Capone, “Scarface”- The most celebrated organized criminal of the 1920s. He represents hundredsof crime bosses that rose to prominent positions in society during the Prohibition era.

Sigmund Freud- A psychoanalyst from Vienna who researched and theorized about sex and sexuality. His theories became popular quickly and people in the 1920s began talking about sex inscholarly analysis and in popular culture.

Nineteenth Amendment- This amendment allowed woman the right to vote. Women had beenadvocating for this opportunity since Reconstruction with increasing fervor in the earlytwentieth century. The amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920.

Margaret Sanger- A “new woman” and a nurse, Sanger advocated the use of birth control for women,a radical idea that had her arrested for handing out contraception. She established the firstbirth control clinic in 1916 and her American Birth Control League evolved into PlannedParenthood.

John Scopes- A high school biology teacher who taught his students evolution. The revelation causeda media frenzy to catch a glimpse of the Christian fundamentalist lawyer William JenningsBryan fight for teaching divine creation against Scopes’s liberalist attorney Clarence Darrow.

New Negro- A term used for African Americans in the 1920s to reflect a new sense of freedom asblacks moved from rural areas to urban centers. The “new Negro” had a deep sense of racialpride. Marcus Garvey epitomized this by founding the Universal Negro ImprovementAssociation that focused on African American pride and self-help, as well as establishing anindependent nation in Africa, while the NAACP focused on political rights.

New Woman- This is the historical term for the “flapper.” These women were independent, assertive,attended school, voted, and had careers, as well as being sexual and having desires of herown.

The Great Depression Reconstruction Finance Corporation- Created under the Hoover Administration, this organization

provided emergency loans to banks, life-insurance companies, building and loan societies,farm mortgage associations, and railroads.

Bonus Expeditionary Force- A group of over 20,000WWI veterans who went to Washington D.C. inthe spring of 1923 to quickly receive a cash bonus that congress had approved in 1924 to bepayable in 1945. Early release of these funds were vetoed by congress.

Franklin D. Roosevelt- After earning his law degree, Roosevelt became a New York State Senator,then Secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson’s two presidential terms. He ran forPresident and won in 1932. He is the only President to serve four terms.

The New Deal- Roosevelt’s campaign platform that focused on the “three Rs:” Recovery of theeconomy, Relief for individuals and business affected by the depression, and Reform of thecurrent financial situation to prevent future economic crises. Included the Hundred Days weredozens of relief programs began.

Alphabet Soup- The nickname for the many relief programs enacted to help relieve the GreatDepression

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – employed young men to build roads andtrails in the national parks.Works Progress Administration (WPA) – employed workers to for public worksprojects including building projects and arts.Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – Helped raise commodity prices by payingfarmers to cut agricultural production.Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – A program designed to modernize the regionthrough education, modernize farming techniques, and provide electricityPublic Works Administration (PWA) – Created funding for highways, bridges,tunnels, flood control, and other national infrastructure.National Recovery Administration (NRA) – A program developed businesses byregulating wages which would generate more purchasing power for individuals.

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Eleanor Roosevelt- She modernized the role of the First Lady by serving as Roosevelt’s politicalrepresentative for the New Deal as she met with hundreds of organizations.

Huey Long- A Louisiana senator who did not support the New Deal programs. His Share-the-Wealthprogram proposed to confiscate large amounts of money from the rich and redistribute them tothe rest of the country. He gained a lot of support, but was assassinated in 1935.

Second New Deal- Started in 1935 as a response to demands for more dramatic action to be taken toresolve the Great Depression more quickly.

Social Security Act- Began in 1935 as a way for states to establish their own workers’ compensation,unemployment insurance, and aid for dependent families, as well as elderly pensions.

Wagner Act- This act guaranteed workers the right to collective bargain with employers concerningunions, outlawed company unions, prohibited employers from firing workers after a strike,and established the National Labor Relations Board to enforce these provisions.

21st Amendment- This amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and ended Prohibition.Dust Bowl- An economic condition created by a perfect storm of over-farming, depleting the soil of

nutrients and a severe drought. The conditions created large migrations to other parts of thenation, particularly California, for promising work opportunities.

KEY TERMS & TOPICSReconstructionLincoln’s 10% Plan- 1863: lenient path to re-joining the Union (10% of a state’s voterspledge allegiance to U.S. & emancipation) Thirteenth Amendment, passed Senate April1864, House Jan 1865; adopted December 1865 (first new amendment in over 60 years)It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of the 1860 votecount from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide byemancipation. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions andestablish new state governments. All southerners except for high-ranking Confederatearmy officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincolnguaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property, though not theirslaves. By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioningUnionist governments.This policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. It was alsointended to further his emancipation policy by insisting that the new governmentsabolished slavery.Radical Republicans- harsh path to re-joining the Union; Rep. Thaddeus Stevens(PA) and Sen. Charles Sumner (MA) (Sumner: nearly beaten to death by Rep. PrestonBrooks (SC) in 1856) Stevens and Sumner: leaders of the Radical Republicans; Wade-Davis Bill “Ironclad Oath”; Sen. Benjamin Wade (OH) & Rep. Henry Winter Davis(MD); Majority in each southern state must pledge to have never supportedConfederacyBill passed Congress, but Lincoln pocket-vetoed it; Wade-Davis Manifesto: Expression ofCongressional power over Executive branch; Assassination of Lincoln, April 14, 1865During the war, Radical Republicans often opposed Lincoln in terms of selection ofgenerals (especially his choice of Democrat George B. McClellan for top command) andhis efforts to bring states back into the Union. The Radicals passed their ownreconstruction plan through Congress in 1864, but Lincoln vetoed it and was putting hisown policies in effect when he was assassinated in 1865. Radicals pushed for theuncompensated abolition of slavery, while Lincoln wanted to pay slave owners who wereloyal to the union. After the war, the Radicals demanded civil rights for freedmen, suchas measures ensuring suffrage. They initiated the Reconstruction Acts, and limitedpolitical and voting rights for ex-Confederates.14th and 15th Amendments- The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) to the United StatesConstitution declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States areAmerican citizens including African Americans. The Fifteenth Amendment (1870) tothe United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States fromdenying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previouscondition of servitude.Andrew Johnson- His plan for re-joining the union: rapid path to re-joining theUnion (Johnson, like Lincoln & Radical Republicans, supported ThirteenthAmendment) But, plan enabled rapid readmission of states/reestablishment of whitepower structure. He served from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as AbrahamLincoln's vice president at the time of Lincoln's assassination. Favored quick restorationof the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves,and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in hisimpeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American president to beimpeached, he was innocent in the Senate by one vote.Jourdon Anderson- A former slave of Colonel Anderson. He wrote a letter inresponse to his ex-master’s request to return and work for pay. Jourdan turns it downunless his ex-master pays him for all the years in service as a slave.

Ku Klux Klan- Founded in 1865. Although there was little organizational structureabove the local level, similar groups rose across the South and adopted the same nameand methods. Klan groups spread throughout the South as an insurgent movementduring the Reconstruction era in the United States. As a secret vigilante group, the Klantargeted freedmen and their allies; it sought to restore white supremacy by threats andviolence, including murder, against black and white Republicans.“What the Black Man Wants”- This was a speech given by Fredrick Douglass in1865. Given at the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society days beforethe end of the Civil War, Douglass argues in favor of suffrage for Blacks, as well asequality, rather than generosity. Douglass wants Blacks to be allowed to fail or succeedon their own. He also points out the irony that Blacks have been considered citizens intime of war but aliens in time of peace.Black Codes- Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, afterthe Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting Black people'sfreedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages ordebt.Since the early 1800s, many laws in both North and South discriminated systematicallyagainst free Blacks. In the South, "slave codes" placed significant restrictions on BlackAmericans who were not themselves slaves. A major purpose of these laws wasmaintenance of the system of white supremacy that made slavery possible.With legal prohibitions of slavery ordered by the Emancipation Proclamation, acts ofstate legislature, and eventually the Thirteenth Amendment, Southern states adoptednew laws to regulate Black life. Although these laws had different official titles, they were(and are) commonly known as Black Codes. National GrowthDepression of 1893-1897- Homestead Strike- June 30-July 6, 1892, Homestead Steel Works in Homestead, PA:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers goes on strike against the CarnegieSteel Company. 9 workers killed and 11 wounded. 7 Pinkerton detectives killed and 12wounded. The battle was the second largest and one of the most serious disputes in U.S.labor history. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for effortsto unionize steelworkers. Pullman Strike- Summer of 1894. Pullman Company cuts wages but does not reducecosts of company housing or other costs in the company town. American Railroad Unioncalls a massive strike: more than 250,000 workers in 27 states join the strike. GroverCleveland sends in the army to break up the strike. 30 workers were killed. Publicopinion generally favored Cleveland’s actions. In a conciliatory measure, Labor Day wasestablished that summer (signed into law by Cleveland just 6 days after the end of thePullman Strike). Lattimer Massacre- Lattimer, PA, September 10, 1897: 19 Slavic unarmed miners,peacefully marching in support of a strike, shot dead and 38 more wounded. TheLattimer Massacre was the violent deaths of 19 unarmed striking immigrant anthracitecoal miners at the Lattimer mine near Hazleton, Pennsylvania, on September 10, 1897.The miners, mostly of Polish, Slovak, Lithuanian and German ethnicity, were shot andkilled by a Luzerne County sheriff's posse. Scores more workers were wounded. TheLattimer massacre was a turning point in the history of the United Mine Workers(UMW) Conservatism and LiberalismWilliam Graham Sumner- Social (Sumner)- Rich owe nothing to the poor; the poorhave responsibility for themselves, the principle of survival of the fittest is alive insociety. Government shouldn’t do anything to help the weak, but also do nothing to helpthe rich. All you’re guaranteed by society is the freedom to use the skills you’ve beengiven. If you sink to the bottom, it’s because of yourself. Sumner believed in theapplication of the “law of nature” AKA law of survival of the fittest. Sumner on society,

“A drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought to be, according to the fitness andtendency of things. Nature has set upon him the process of decline and dissolution bywhich she removes things which have survived their usefulness. Civil liberty is thestatus of the man who is guaranteed by law and civil institutions the exclusiveemployment of all his own powers for his own welfare.”Lester Frank Ward- Ward was a professor at Brown University. He thought aboutthis notion of survival of the fittest, this “law of the jungle” and that maybe it’s right, butin the jungle. There is a different between animals and humans. That the “law of thejungle” can’t work in society. Humans have the ability to be reflective whereas animalscannot. A lion goes after a weak gazelle, the lion doesn’t think “oh, this gazelle has had adifficult day, let’s leave it alone.” that’s human thinking. Human society an evolve to ahigher level, and those who are weakest and neediest in society will be cared for to somedegree by those who have more. Ward on society, “Every implement or utensil, everymechanical device...is a triumph of mind over the physical forces of nature in ceaselessand aimless competition. All human institutions--religion, government, law, marriage,custom--together with innumerable other modes of regulating social, industrial andcommercial life are, broadly viewed, only so many ways of meeting and checkmating theprinciple of competition as it manifests itself in society.” Ward thinks Sumner is anidiot.Social Darwinism- A book called the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin started theidea of Darwinism evolution and how the majority of species that originally lived onearth but through a haphazard process, called evolution, many of them died. This causedsocial disruption because people didn’t like the idea that God had created a process sorandom but Herbert Spencer created the theory “survival of the fittest in society” and asthe divide between the rich and the poor got larger, this became more predominant.Social Darwinism are various ideologies that seek to apply biological concepts associatedwith Darwinism or other evolutionary theories to sociology, economics and politics, oftenwith the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress assuperior groups outcompete inferior ones. Reform Darwinism- Reform Darwinism recognized that the fittest could be thosewho cooperated with each other. Reform Darwinism focused on community action, suchas state planning, eugenics, and racial science and breeding programs. ReformDarwinism could be used to support colonization and Imperialist programs by justifyingthe exploitation of “lesser breeds without the law” by “superior races”.“Acres of Diamonds”- “I say that you ought to get rich, and it is your duty toget rich.... The men who get rich may be the most honest men you find in thecommunity. Let me say here clearly .. . ninety-eight out of one hundred of the rich menof America are honest. That is why they are rich. That is why they are trusted withmoney. That is why they carry on great enterprises and find plenty of people to workwith them. It is because they are honest men. ... ... I sympathize with the poor, but thenumber of poor who are to be sympathised with is very small. To sympathize with aman whom God has punished for his sins ... is to do wrong.... let us remember there isnot a poor person in the United States who was not made poor by his own shortcomings.…”(Quoted in Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1980)“The poor are poor because God has punished them for their sins.”"Acres of Diamonds" originated as a speech which Conwell delivered over 5,000 timesaround the world. It was first published in 1890 by the John Y. Huber Company ofPhiladelphia.The central idea of the work is that one need not look elsewhere for opportunity,achievement, or fortune—the resources to achieve all good things are present in one'sown community. This theme is developed by an introductory anecdote, told to Conwellby an Arab guide, about a man who wanted to find diamonds so badly that he sold hisproperty and went off in futile search for them. The new owner of his home discoveredthat a rich diamond mine was located right there on the property. Conwell elaborates onthe theme through examples of success, genius, service, or other virtues involving

ordinary Americans contemporary to his audience: "dig in your own backyard!".Popular Calvinism- Puritans that subscribed to Calvinism believed in “pre-destination”, that you were pre-destination for a life of joy or a life of suffering. Theyalso believed we as humans could not understand the mind of God. They started tobelieve that wealth was a sign of God’s favor and a life of poverty was a sign of God’swrath.Social Gospel- Applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of socialjustice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums,bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.Theologically, the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord's Prayer (Matthew6:10): "Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven." They typicallywere post-millennialist; that is, they believed the Second Coming could not happen untilhumankind rid itself of social evils by human effort. Opposite of popular Calvinism.Walter Rauschenbusch- “We must not blink at the fact that idealists alone havenever carried through any great social change. … The possessing classes rule by force andlongstanding power. They control nearly all property. The law is on their side, for theyhave made it. … For a definite historical victory a given truth must depend on the classwhich makes that truth its own and fights for it. We shall never have a perfect social life,yet we must seek it with faith. … At best there is always an approximation to a perfectsocial order. The kingdom of God is always but coming. But every approximation to it isworthwhile.” He was a Christian theologian and Baptist pastor. He was a key figure inthe Social Gospel movement which flourished in the United States during the late 19thand early 20th centuries.Legal Pragmatism- is a theory critical of more traditional pictures of law and, morespecifically, judicial decision-making. The classical view of law offers a case-based theoryof law that emphasizes the universal and foundational quality of specifically legal facts,the meticulous analysis of precedent and argument from analogy. Legal pragmatism, onthe other hand, emphasizes the need to include a more diverse set of data and claimsthat law is best thought of as a practice that is rooted in the specific context at hand,without secure foundations, instrumental, and always attached to a perspective. Apragmatic stance towards jurisprudence offers many philosophical challenges to moretraditional descriptions of the legal domain.Constitutional Conservatism- Geographic Expansion and Agrarian RevoltCuster’s Last Stand- June 25-26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in easternMontana Territory. Lakota, Arapaho and Northern Cheyenne warriors defeated Custer’sforce, killing 268 and wounding 55 more. Approximately 100 Indian warriors werekilled and close to 170 were wounded. American artists’ depictions of the battle werenumerous and widely disseminated. These images invariably underscored the heroismof Custer and his men, but they also contributed to a mythology surrounding the IndianWars, one that took the anomalous Battle of the Little Big Horn and presented it in sucha way that the public came to view it as typical of the conflict with Indian peoples, i.e., asituation in which white troops and settlers regularly faced much larger Indian forces. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West reenacted the scene over and over again in the late 19th andearly 20th centuries. In a single year, 1893, in Chicago, playing outside the grounds ofthe World’s Fair, the Wild West Show attracted 9M paying customers. Dawes Act- adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of theUnited States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individualIndians. Dawes Act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906 by the Burke Act. The Actwas named for its sponsor, Senator Henry Laurens Dawes of Massachusetts. The statedobjective of the Dawes Act was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into Americansociety. Individual ownership of land was seen as an essential step. The act also providedthat the government would purchase Indian land "excess" to that needed for allotmentand open it up for settlement by non-Indians. The Dawes Commission, set up under anIndian Office appropriation bill in 1893, was created, not to administer the Dawes Act,

but to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes, which were excluded under the DawesAct, to agree to an allotment plan. This commission registered the members of the FiveCivilized Tribes on what became known as the Dawes Rolls. The Curtis Act of 1908completed the process of destroying tribal governments by abolishing tribal jurisdictionof Indian land. After decades of seeing the disarray these acts caused, the Franklin D.Roosevelt administration supported passage on June 18, 1934 of the US IndianReorganization Act (also known as the Wheeler-Howard Law. It ended allotment andcreated a "New Deal" for Indians, including renewing their rights to reorganize andform their own governments Washita River Massacre- November 27, 1868, in western OK, near present-dayCheyenne, located on US Route 283 about 30 miles north of Interstate 40, about 20miles east of the Texas border. General George Armstrong Custer led about 700members of the 7th US Cavalry. The attack came at dawn and 30-60 Cheyenne werekilled and Custer also ordered the slaughter of more than 800 animals and burned thelodges, with the food and clothing inside them. The massacre is depicted in the movieLittle Big Man (1970), starring Dustin Hoffman, which was inspired in part by thetragic My Lai Massacre in 1968.Wounded Knee- December 29, 1890: Lakota Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Numbers of Indian dead range from 150 to 300; 250 is probably a quite accurateestimate. Approximately two-thirds of the Indian dead were women and children. TheUS 7th Cavalry lost a total of 31 men. More than 20 troopers were awarded the Medal ofHonor in the wake of the event. This was the last major engagement of the Indian Wars,but is more accurately defined as a massacre than as a battle.Populism- One of the most exciting developments in american political history.In 1892 a 3rd party forms, and during that time they believe that the Republican andDemocratic party does not serve their interests. A new political party is formed: PopulistParty (AKA People’s Party). They create a platform called the Omaha Platform whichlays out an agenda that will in the course of the next couple of decades will be completelyimplemented. Sub-treasury plan- the idea that the government owed money to farmers,so farmers wouldn’t have to sell their crop right away. They could wait for better marketconditions. “Free Silver”- 1 ounce of gold would be worth 16 ounces of silver (it increasedthe value of silver by 400% because at the time it was actually worth 1 ounce of gold to65 ounces of silver). That currency would not be based solely on gold but also silver.Government should control railroads and all comm systems. Graduated income tax, aprogressive tax. 1896 Election- William McKinley, (R)(7,102,246 votes; 271 electoral votes)William Jennings Bryan, (fusion-D & P) (6,492,559 votes; 176 electoral votes)79.3% Voter ParticipationOne of the most dramatic elections. 79.3% of the eligible public voted in that electionand we’ve never seen that kind of turn out since and we wonder if we ever will. It showshow invested the public was.Omaha Platform- Omaha Platform: Sub-treasury plan “Free Silver” at 16:1 Gov’t control of Railroads, Telegraphs & TelephonesGraduated Income TaxDirect Democracy: Direct Election of SenatorsInitiativeReferendumSecret BallotProclamation of sympathy with labor movement “Cross of Gold” Speech- The conditions in rural america has gotten worse and bothpolitical parties (Democratic and Populist) have Bryan as their candidate. Bryan and hisfamous “cross of gold speech” and the need to ensure that workers were not crucified ona cross of gold. Therefore, he is depicted almost as a christ-like figure.

War and EmpireSpanish-American War- Teller Amendment (to War Resolution, April 11, 1898): U.S.has no territorial designs on CubaWar: April 25-August 12, 1898 (31/2 months).April 30: Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila Bay (Philippines)with virtually no casualties from the U.S. sideJuly 1: U.S. troops seize San Juan Hill and TR’s “Rough Riders” (including AmericanIndians), with African-American troops, seize Kettle HillJuly 3: U.S. Fleet defeats Spanish fleet at Santiago de Cuba /July 26, Spain sues forpeace. Consequences for the war: Spain gives up sovereignty over Cuba and the U.S.essentially acquires the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain for $20M. U.S. troop losses: 5,462, vast majority from disease (379 combat deaths) Spain suffersmore than 3,500 military deaths, but a total of 60,000 fatalities because disease orwounds. Cuban Republic deaths exceed 10,000.What to do with the Philippines?Philippine Occupation- Feb 4, 1899-July 4, 1902 (3 ½ years)4,234 U.S. troop losses12,000-20,000 Filipino troop lossesFilipino civilian deaths: 200,000+(estimates range higher than 1M)Parallel: 2nd Iraq War & U.S. Occupation (March 20, 2003-December 15, 2011)?Coalition deaths, 4,805 (+ 1,554 “contractors”)Iraqi civilian deaths, 125,000-225,000 +?Filipino dead, 1899. The U.S. occupation of the Philippines lasted from 1899 to 1902. US troop losses during the occupation were 4,1655—most of these deaths resulted fromdisease. Filipino troop losses were 12,000-20,000. Estimates of Filipino civilian lossesduring the occupation range widely, from around 2000,000 to over 1,000,000. Imperialism- Social Darwinism provided a rationale for imperialism at the end of the19th century. There were clear examples of American imperialism—e.g. the Mexican-American War and the Indian Wars—prior to the Spanish-American War. Americanimperialism did not begin in the 1890s, but imperialist rhetoric was pervasive in thatdecade. Anti-Imperialism- There were people at the time like Mark Twain and Sumner whodidn’t want America to become an Imperialist power. They believe manifest destinywas enough and that we should become a strong solid nation. They didn’t think we hadany business being in the Philippines and didn’t want America to become Imperialistlike an old European power. ProgressivismPlessy V Ferguson- a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in thejurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state lawsrequiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate butequal".The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written byJustice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan."Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.After the Supreme Court ruling, the New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee ofCitizens), which had brought the suit and arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in order tochallenge Louisiana's segregation law, replied, “We, as freemen, still believe that wewere right and our cause is sacred.” Southern Progressivism- Legacy of Southern PopulismJim Crow Laws

SegregationDisenfranchisement

Poll Taxes Literacy Tests Outright Intimidation “Grandfather Clause” (Louisiana)

James K. Vardaman, Governor (1904-08) & Senator (1913-19), MS,

& supporter of Woodrow Wilson “Pitchfork” Ben Tillman, Gov. (1890-1894) & Sen (1895-1918), SCWilson segregates federal buildings in Washington, D.C.

& screens The Birth of a Nation (D. W. Griffith, 1915) The great tragedy of progressivism in the south took place because the white powerstructure was pushing an entirely different agenda than the black progressive leaders.Tom Watson tried to form the bridge between poor white farmers and poor blackfarmers because they actually had more in common with each other. Tom Watson riskedeven his own life to allow black men to vote. By the early 20th century those whitesoutherns that supported bi-racial alliance started to blame african americans because itfailed. It failed because of political corruption. Racism in the south grew in the 20thcentury. All kinds of efforts were made to segregate even more.Poll taxes- it cut out poor black and white folksLiteracy tests- couldn’t vote if you couldn’t readOutright intimidation- threatening to rape a man’s wife or lost his job or his family“Grandfather Clause”- which said basically you are only eligible to vote in Louisiana ifyour grandfather had the right to vote.James K. Vardaman argued all these progressive ideas that sounded good but hesupported to cut funding of black education and said that it was okay to lynch black folks.He was elected governor of MS and was a Senator. He was the most racist person- butcalled himself a progressivist.Booker T. Washington- When he made this speech, he told them to establish theirlife where they are. To really do well in your work and be a good citizen, so that thewhites will eventually recognize them and give them respect.April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an African-American educator, author, orator,and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington wasthe dominant leader in the African-American community.Washington was of the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery, whobecame the leading voice of the disfranchised former slaves newly oppressed by thediscriminatory laws enacted in the post reconstruction Southern states in the late 19thand early 20th centuries. In 1895 his Atlanta compromise called for avoidingconfrontation over segregation and instead putting more reliance on long-termeducational and economic advancement in the black community.His base was the Tuskegee Institute, a state college for blacks in Alabama. As the threatof lynching reached a peak in 1895, Washington gave a speech in Atlanta that made himnationally famous. The speech called for black progress through education andentrepreneurship. His message was that now was not the time to challenge Jim Crowsegregation and the disfranchisement of blacks voters in the South. Washingtonmobilized a nationwide coalition of middle class blacks, church leaders, and whitephilanthropists and politicians, with a long-term goal of building the community'seconomic strength and pride by a focus on self-help and schooling. Secretly, hesupported court challenges to segregation. Black militants in the North, led by W.E.B.DuBois, at first supported the Atlanta Compromise but after 1909 set up the NAACPand tried to challenge Washington's political machine for leadership in the blackcommunity. Decades after Washington's death in 1915, the Civil Rights movementgenerally moved away from his policies to take the more militant NAACP approach.Booker T. Washington mastered the nuances of the political arena in the late 19thcentury which enabled him to manipulate the media, raise money, strategize, network,pressure, reward friends and distribute funds while punishing those who opposed his

plans for uplifting blacks. His eventual aim was to end the disenfranchisement of themajority of African Americans living in southern statesIda B. Wells- It was truly remarkable. She provided pamphlet after pamphlet thatwere widely distributed not only in the U.S. but also Europe and the rest of the world.She spread the word that black men (specifically) were being lynched with the pretensethat they had assaulted a white woman but really they were just trying to push throughprogressive rights for their people. Was an African-American journalist, newspapereditor, suffragist, sociologist and, with her husband, newspaper owner Ferdinand L.Barnett, an early leader in the civil rights movement. She documented lynching in theUnited States, showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competedwith whites. She was active in the women's rights and the women's suffrage movement,establishing several notable women's organizations. Wells was a skilled and persuasiverhetorician, and traveled internationally on lecture toursJames K. Vardaman- One of the most racist men in history. Was an Americanpolitician from the state of Mississippi, serving as Governor of Mississippi from 1904 to1908 and in the U.S. Senate from 1913 to 1919. Vardaman, known as "The Great WhiteChief", advocated white supremacy. He said "if it is necessary every Negro in the statewill be lynched; it will be done to maintain white supremacy." Vardaman advocated apolicy of racism against African Americans, even to the point of supporting lynching inorder to maintain his vision of white supremacy.W. E. B. DuBois- Du Bois rose to national prominence as the leader of the NiagaraMovement, a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. DuBois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise, an agreement crafted byBooker T. Washington which provided that Southern blacks would work and submit towhite political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basiceducational and economic opportunities. Instead, Du Bois insisted on full civil rightsand increased political representation, which he believed would be brought about by theAfrican-American intellectual elite. He referred to this group as the talented tenth andbelieved that African Americans needed the chances for advanced education to developits leadership.Racism was the main target of Du Bois's polemics, and he strongly protested againstlynching, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination in education and employment. His causeincluded colored persons everywhere, particularly Africans and Asians in their strugglesagainst colonialism and imperialism. He was a proponent of Pan-Africanism and helpedorganize several Pan-African Congresses to free African colonies from European powers.Du Bois made several trips to Europe, Africa and Asia. After World War I, he surveyedthe experiences of American black soldiers in France and documented widespreadbigotry in the United States military.Du Bois was a prolific author. His collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk, was aseminal work in African-American literature; and his 1935 magnum opus BlackReconstruction in America challenged the prevailing orthodoxy that blacks wereresponsible for the failures of the Reconstruction era. He wrote the first scientifictreatise in the field of sociology; and he published three autobiographies, each of whichcontains insightful essays on sociology, politics and history. In his role as editor of theNAACP's journal The Crisis, he published many influential pieces. Du Bois believed thatcapitalism was a primary cause of racism, and he was generally sympathetic to socialistcauses throughout his life. He was an ardent peace activist and advocated nucleardisarmament. The United States' Civil Rights Act, embodying many of the reforms forwhich Du Bois had campaigned his entire life, was enacted a year after his death.The Shame of the Cities- Muckraking journalists, trying to see what’s wrong withAmerica and advertise it. Lincoln Steffens had gone to Europe, wander around a littlebit. He got a job with a magazine that was starting out (McClure’s Magazine). Incrediblypopular works. Best way to get the word out in the late 19th century. Lincoln Steffensstart traveling to the major American cities and finds the same thing in each one, hefinds there is a tremendous level of corruption. That many of the best known, mostrespected people, are personally and actively involved in the corruption. He said the real

problem in American society was that everybody knew about the corruption but nobodyseemed to care. He said America needed a moral democratic revolution. The Shame ofthe Cities was a collection of articles written by Steffens. He talks about how all thecorruption is in the cities and how nobody is doing anything about it.The Jungle- Upton Sinclair wrote a famous novel written in fictional form but basedon real life problems. What he wanted to do with this book to show America how terribleworking conditions were, specifically the meat packing industry. His goal was to showthe terrible conditions. Jane Addams- started the Hull House in the late 19th century. Was a pioneersettlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women'ssuffrage and world peace. In an era when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt andWoodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams wasone of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive Era. She helped turn the US toissues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health, and worldpeace. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communitiesand making them better places to live, they needed the vote to be effective in doing so.Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift theircommunities. She is increasingly being recognized as a member of the Americanpragmatist school of philosophy. In 1931 she became the first American woman to beawarded the Nobel Peace Prize and is recognized as the founder of the social workprofession in the United States.Muller V Oregon- Louis Brandeis came out of Harvard law school to become acorporate lawyer and then after a short time he realizes that the workers need theprotection instead of the corporations. Gets involved in the Muller v Oregon. Oregonpasses a law saying women cannot be forced work in any kind of job for more than 10hours a day. One of the laundry companies takes the law to the supreme court. LouisBrandeis prepares a document over 100 pages long full of statics why women shouldwork less than 10 hours. Brandeis Brief was upheld by the supreme court.Eugene Debs- was an American union leader, one of the founding members of theIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and several times thecandidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Throughhis presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventuallybecame one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.In the early part of his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. Hewas elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884. After working withseveral smaller unions, including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs wasinstrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), one of the nation'sfirst industrial unions. After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized awildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. Hecalled a boycott of the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars, in what becamethe nationwide Pullman Strike, affecting most lines west of Detroit, and more than250,000 workers in 27 states. To keep the mail running, President Grover Clevelandused the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs wasconvicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and servedsix months in prison.Debs read the works of Karl Marx and learned about socialism in prison, emerging tolaunch his career as the nation's most prominent Socialist in the first decades of the20th century. He ran as the Socialist Party's candidate for the presidency in 1900, 1904,1908, 1912, and 1920, the last time from a prison cell.Debs was noted for his oratory, and his speech denouncing American participation inWorld War I led to his second arrest in 1918. He was convicted under the Espionage Actof 1917 and sentenced to a term of 10 years. President Warren G. Harding commuted hissentence in December 1921. Debs died in 1926, not long after being admitted to asanatorium 1912 Election- FOUR platforms! Craycray. Democratic Candidate: Woodrow Wilson,Platform: New Freedom

Architect: Louis Brandeis Republican Candidate: William Howard TaftProgressive (Bull Moose) Party Candidate: Theodore Roosevelt, Platform: NewNationalismArchitects: Jane Addams/Herbert CrolySocialist Party Candidate: Eugene DebsFour distinct points of view were presented as platforms in a political election. Rooseveltforms a new party, the progressive party AKA bull moose because Roosevelt said he feltas strong as a “bull moose”. He runs as a progressive republican. He has to develop aplatform to distinguish himself from other candidates. Jane Addams helped designRoosevelt’s platform. Short working days, minimum wages, etc. There is one that is stillin the news today he campaigned for healthcare coverage. He was the first americanpolitician to really articulate that. A range of social reforms, but Roosevelt was influencedby a man named Herbert Croly. Croly wrote a book called the promise of american life.In that book he argued 3 things. The country needs a strong president, you need anamerican public that is prepared to put national interest ahead of self interest, you can’tachieve the promise of america by attacking big business all the time. It’s a modernworld and big business is not going away. You can make it work in the interest of thenation and regulate big business in the public’s interest. In response the democraticparty candidate, Woodrow Wilson, argued you can’t control big business and he arguedhe is more progressive than Roosevelt. He say that big business would control thegovernment and he said you needed to ensure all big businesses need to be broken up soyou ensure freedom to small businesses. Louis Bradeis actually wrote Wilson’s campaignplatform.William Howard Taft has to appeal to the main republican base, as a big businesssupporter even though he was progressive.Eugene Debs who presents a platform that is even more progressive. This is as well as asocialist party candidate has ever done in US history.Northern Securities Case- He wanted to break up big business that worked againstpublic interest, he supported those that worked for public interest.In 1902 he did the most shocking thing- he brought a case against the NorthernSecurities company (comprised of the 3 largest railroads in the company, 2nd biggestcompany in America). He said because it was so big it needed to be broken up. 1902-1904 Roosevelt and Brandeis worked together to break up these big businesses. Square Deal- Trust Buster? Someone who wanted to break up big businessNorthern Securities Company/Northern Securities Case (1902-04):

Louis Brandeis V. Nation’s 3 largest railroads (James E. Hill, E. H. Harriman, and J. P. Morgan)

(Sherman Anti-Trust Act [1890]: outlaws “combinations in restraint of trade”)United Mineworkers Strike (1902): John L. Mitchell V. George BaerElkins Act (1903): increased federal regulation of railroads. Election of 1904: TR (57.4%) V Parker (37.6%)Voter Participation: 65.2% UMW Strike- a North American labor union best known for representing coal minersand coal technicians. the union was initially established as a three-pronged labor tool: todevelop mine safety; to improve mine workers' independence from the mine ownersand the company store; and to provide miners with collective bargaining power. It was astrike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of easternPennsylvania. Miners were on strike asking for higher wages, shorter workdays and therecognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply toall major cities (homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coalbecause it had higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal).President Theodore Roosevelt became involved and set up a fact-finding commissionthat suspended the strike. The strike never resumed, as the miners received more payfor fewer hours; the owners got a higher price for coal, and did not recognize the tradeunion as a bargaining agent. It was the first labor episode in which the federal

government intervened as a neutral arbitratorMother Jones- Ballinger-Pinchot Affair- During Roosevelt’s terms nature resources were beingconserved (forests, etc.). Early in the Taft administration a controversy evolved becauseCunningham Claims had claim to these coal fields in Alaska and it was verified to bereal by the administration but then it was discovered to have been fraud. It was thenthought that the administration received a bribe. Roosevelt views Taft as an enemy ofconservation. was a dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U.S.Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split of theRepublican Party before the 1912 Presidential Election and helped to define the U.S.conservation movement in the early 20th century.Payne-Aldrich Tariff- 1909- early 20th century. Issue of the Tariff, very hard intoday’s term to get across how important tariffs were. It was basically viewed by a lot ofagriculture areas that it was a tax on the agricultural people. It didn’t affect businessmen. There had been a big push to reduce the tariff level across the board duringRoosevelt’s term. However, 800 amendments were made to the bill. How manycategories of goods were left? No very many since those making the amendments wereconservative republicans who supported big business. Then Taft said this was the besttariff bill ever, and then became identified as a supporter of big business.New Freedom- Happily taking advantage of the split within the Republican Party, theDemocrats found a new leader to nominate for. Woodrow Wilson was a southerner whohad served as president of Princeton University. He had earned an impressive recordas a progressive leader in his two years as governor of New Jersey. Wilson ran on aplatform he called the New Freedom, which was strongly influenced by lawyer (andfuture Supreme Court Justice) Louis D. Brandeis. This plan advocated three reforms: Lowering the protective tariffCreating a better banking systemStrengthening antitrust lawsNew Nationalism- Roosevelt returned to the United States in the summer of 1910 andbegan a speechmaking tour across the nation. He touted a new wide-ranging programof progressive reform called The New Nationalism. This broad plan called for reform inevery area of American life, with the notable exception of race relations. The ideasbehind The New Nationalism required involvement by the national government inmany areas of American life. This was a total rejection of laissez-faire government. Roosevelt argued that the nation needed change and that it was going to take the federalgovernment to get it done.