1Physics 1100 – Spring 2012 Chapter 10 – Projectile and Satellite Motion Projectile...
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Transcript of 1Physics 1100 – Spring 2012 Chapter 10 – Projectile and Satellite Motion Projectile...
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- 1Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Chapter 10 Projectile and Satellite Motion Projectile MotionProjectile Motion Projectiles Launched Horizontally Upwardly Launched Projectiles Fast Moving Projectiles SatellitesFast Moving Projectiles Satellites Circular Satellite OrbitsCircular Satellite Orbits Elliptical OrbitsElliptical Orbits Keplers Laws of Planetary MotionKeplers Laws of Planetary Motion Energy Conservation and Satellite MotionEnergy Conservation and Satellite Motion Escape VelocityEscape Velocity
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- 2Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Gravitational Force is Acting All the Time! Consider a tossed ball.... Does gravity ever switch off? As a ball travels in an arc, does the gravitational force change?
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- 3Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Components of Motion Break the motion into 2 aspects, componentsBreak the motion into 2 aspects, components Horizontal Vertical Is there a acting in the horizontal direction?Is there a force acting in the horizontal direction? Is there a force acting in the vertical direction?Is there a force acting in the vertical direction? Does the ball accelerate in the horizontal direction?Does the ball accelerate in the horizontal direction? Does its horizontal velocity change? Does the ball accelerate in the vertical direction?Does the ball accelerate in the vertical direction? Does its vertical velocity change?
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- 4Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Analyzing Projectile Motion By breaking the motion into independent parts, analysis is simplified! The horizontal and vertical motions are independent
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- 5Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Projectiles
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- 6 Projectile Motion All objects released at the same time (with no vertical initial velocity) will hit the ground at the same time, regardless of their horizontal velocity The horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the motion (since there is no horizontal force)
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- 7Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Vectors
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- 8 Projectile Motion
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- 9Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Class Problem When the ball at the end of the string swings to its lowest point, the string is cut by a sharp razor. Which path will the ball then follow? (1) (2) (3)
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- 10Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Class Problem When the string is cut, the ball is moving horizontally. After the string is cut there are no forces horizontally, so the ball continues horizontally at constant speed. But there is the force of gravity which causes the ball to accelerate downward, so the ball gains speed in the downward direction. The combination of a constant horizontal speed and a downward gain in speed produces the curved path called a parabola. The ball continues along path b a parabolic path.
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- 11Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Going into Orbit Launch sideways from a mountaintop If you achieve a speed v such that the force of gravity provides the exact centripetal acceleration need to keep the projectile moving in a circle, the projectile would orbit the Earth at the surface! How fast is this? v 8000 m/s = 8 km/s = 28,800 km/hr ~ 18,000 mph
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- 12Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Newtons classic picture of orbits Low-earth-orbit takes 88 minutes to come around full circle Geosynchronous satellites take 24 hours The moon takes a month Can figure out circular orbit velocity by setting F gravity = F centripetal http://ww2.unime.it/dipart/i_fismed/wbt/mirror/ntnujava/projectileOrbit/projectileOrbit.htmlww2.unime.it/dipart/i_fismed/wbt/mirror/ntnujava/projectileOrbit/projectileOrbit.html
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- 13Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Space Shuttle Orbit Example of LEO, Low Earth Orbit ~200 km altitude above surface Period of ~90 minutes, v = 7,800 m/s Decays fairly rapidly due to drag from small residual gases in upper atmosphere Not a good long-term parking option!
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- 14Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Geo-synchronous Orbit Altitude chosen so that period of orbit = 24 hrsAltitude chosen so that period of orbit = 24 hrs Altitude = 36,000 km (~ 6 R ), v = 3,000 m/s Stays above the same spot on the Earth!Stays above the same spot on the Earth! Only equatorial orbits workOnly equatorial orbits work Thats the direction of earth rotation Cluttered!Cluttered! 2,200 in orbit
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- 15Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Kepler(1600's) Described the shape of planetary orbits as well as their orbital speeds
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- 16Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Keplers Laws These are three laws of physics that relate to planetary orbits.These are three laws of physics that relate to planetary orbits. These were empirical laws.These were empirical laws. Kepler could not explain them.Kepler could not explain them.
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- 17Physics 1100 Spring 2012 1. Law of Ellipses The orbits of planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus
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- 18Physics 1100 Spring 2012 2. Law of Equal Areas A line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time
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- 19Physics 1100 Spring 2012 3. Keplers 3 rd Law The ratio of the square of a planet's orbital period to the cube of its average orbital radius is constant
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- 20Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Elliptical Orbits
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- 21Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Newtonian Mechanics Newton introduced the concept of a force, something that acts to change the motion of matterNewton introduced the concept of a force, something that acts to change the motion of matter Newtons gravitational force explained the motions of the planets, and agreed completely with Keplers laws
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- 22Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Class Problem The boy on the tower throws a ball 20 meters downrange as shown. What is his pitching speed?The boy on the tower throws a ball 20 meters downrange as shown. What is his pitching speed? 1) 10 m/s 2) 20 m/s 3) 40 m/s 4) 80 m/s 5) 100m/s
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- 23Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Class Problem The boy on the tower throws a ball 20 meters downrange as shown. What is his pitching speed?The boy on the tower throws a ball 20 meters downrange as shown. What is his pitching speed? Use the equation for speed as a "guide to thinking. v = d/t d is 20m; but we don't know t the time the ball takes to go 20m. But while the ball moves horizontally 20m, it falls a vertical distance of 4.9m, which takes 1 second so t = 1s.
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- 24Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Class Problem Consider the various positions of the satellite as it orbits the planet as shown. With respect to the planet, in which position does the satellite have the maximum a) speed? b) velocity? c) kinetic energy? d) gravitational potential energy? e) total energy?
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- 25Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Class Problem Consider two satellites in orbit about a star (like our sun). If one satellite is twice as far from the star as the other, but both satellites are attracted to the star with the same gravitational force, how do the masses of the satellites compare?Consider two satellites in orbit about a star (like our sun). If one satellite is twice as far from the star as the other, but both satellites are attracted to the star with the same gravitational force, how do the masses of the satellites compare?
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- 26Physics 1100 Spring 2012 Class Problem Consider two satellites in orbit about a star (like our sun). If one satellite is twice as far from the star as the other, but both satellites are attracted to the star with the same gravitational force, how do the masses of the satellites compare?Consider two satellites in orbit about a star (like our sun). If one satellite is twice as far from the star as the other, but both satellites are attracted to the star with the same gravitational force, how do the masses of the satellites compare? If both satellites had the same mass, then the one twice as far would be attracted to the star with only one-fourth the force (inverse-square law). Since the force is the same for both, the mass of the farthermost satellite must be four times as great as the mass of the closer satellite.