1. Monarchs of Europe – 1500 -18002. Enlightenment and Revolution – 1550 -18003. The French Revolution and Napoleon – 1770 -

1820

Changes in European Society 1500 - 1820

1500 - 1820

The French Revolution and Napoleon

1789 – 1815•1. The Revolution Begins•2. The Republic•3. Napoleon’s Europe•4. Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

•Beginning in 1789, a revolution threw France into chaos. Thousands of people, including king and queen, died violently during that revolution. •Eventually, France became a republic.•After Napoleon Bonaparte took control, it became a powerful empire.•Napoleon went onto dominate Europe for years.

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1. The Revolution Begins

•Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy.

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Causes of the Revolution

•Inequalities in Society•Enlightenment Ideas

•A Financial Crisis

•In the 1780’s, long-standing resentments against the French monarchy fueled anger throughout the country.•The source – unequal structure of French government and society.

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Inequalities of Society•Old Order – ancient regime, created inequalities in French society.•King at the top, and three social groups called estates under him•King – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette•First Estate – Roman Catholic clergy (1%)•Second Estate – Nobility (2%) government•Third Estate – Everyone else (97%)•Bourgeoisie – city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals (no government)•Sans Culottes – artisans and workers of the cities•Peasants who farmed the noble’s fields

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Enlightenment Ideas•New Ideas from the Enlightenment inspired the French Revolution.•Philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, and Rosseau

•The American Revolution also encouraged the French to revolt against their king as well.•Should the United States help France with their revolution?

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A Financial Crisis•Severe economic problems affected France in the late 1700’s.•France was in a huge debt. The king was desperate for money and decided to raise taxes on the Second Estate.

•The Country was broke and the people were hungry and angry.

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The First events of the Revolution

•1789 – All members of the Estates were unhappy and resented the power of the monarchy.•Hunger and Unemployment plagued the country of France.

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Meeting of the Estates-General

•One of the first events – meeting that nobility asked King Louis to call – Meeting of the Estates General•First meeting in 175 years•Took notes – cahiers – to document grievances

•Each estate had only one vote in the Estates-General•Third estate set out to change voting process and refused to follow the old rules of the Estates-General•On June 17, 1789 – they formed the National Assembly, with the right to make laws for France.•King rejected the meeting and the Third Estate met in an indoor Tennis Court Oath – would not leave the court until they had a written constitution for France.

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The storming of the Bastille

•Next major event – Storming of the Bastille – a mob of Parisians went to the Bastille, an ancient prison, looking for weapons to arm themselves against troops that King Louis XVI summoned to Paris and Versailles.

•The mob tried to negotiate with the Prison commander but after shots were fired, the mob killed the commander and stuck his head on a long stick and paraded through the streets.

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The Spread of Fear

•The Great Fear spread through France.•The members of the Third Estate feared that King Louis XVI would find them and execute them.

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Creating a New Nation•The violence that marked the beginning of the Revolutions eventually lessened.•The National Assembly began forming a new government and France’s monarchy eventually crumbled.

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Legislating New Rights•August 1789, the National Assembly had eliminated all the feudal dues and services peasants owed the landowners.•Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

•Laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution – liberty, equality, fraternity [brotherhood]•All men are born equal and remain equal before the law.•Did not extend to women.

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Restrictions on Power•Alarmed by the National Assembly’s actions, King Louis XVI made the same mistake and ordered troops to Versailles to protect the throne.•This angered the common people of Paris, who feared the king would crush the revolution.

•In October, 7,000 women marched from Paris to Versailles demanding bread and broke into the palace.•To make peace, King Louis XVI agreed to return to his the Tuileries Palace in Paris with his family.

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Formation of a New Government

•1971 –National Assembly completed its constitution.•Legislative Assembly – gained broad voting rights, but only taxpayers men at least 25 years old had the right to vote.•Keep the monarchy, but restricted the king’s power.

•King Louis and Marie Antoinette disguised themselves and tried to escape, but got caught.

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The Intervention of Foreign Powers

•Austria and Prussia issued a declaration warning against any harm of the French monarch, hinting that it may cause a war.•Austria sent 50,000 to the French border and seriously defeated the revolutionaries.

•Many people blamed the army’s defeats on the king.•Many decided to take action.

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The End of the Monarchy•August 10, 1792 – a mob marched on the palace on slaughtered the guards.•Louis, Marie and the children were thrown into prison.•The Legislative Assembly called for a new legislature, the National Convention.

•First action – abolish the monarchy and declared France a Republic.•Same day – the French defeated foreign invaders and the Republic had held its ground against Europe’s Old Order.

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2. The Republic•An extreme government that changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France.

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A Radical Government•September 20, 1792, radicals at the National Convention decided that France would no longer be a constitutional monarchy, it would be a republic.•Three factions at the Convention

•The Mountain - most radical (Jacobins)•Girondins - Moderates•Plain - Swing voters (originally supported Girodins, but later supported the Mountain)

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Radical Leaders•Jean Paul Marat - an advocate of violence and a leader of the Paris sans culottes•Georges-Jacques Danton - a violent agitator and popular with the masses

•Maximilien Robespierre - intense dedication to the Revolution and led the convention during its most blood-thirsty time.

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The Execution of the king

•Powerful Jacobins were eager to try and execute the king in order to prevent the return of the monarchy and to defend the Revolution from its enemies.

•January 21, 1793 - King Louis was beheaded using a guillotine, a device that dropped a sharp blade through the victim’s neck.

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Tightening Control•National Convention began to tightened its control after the execution of the king.

•Committee of Public Safety - manage the countries military defense•Created an unprecedented draft•Revolutionary Tribunal - court set up to root out and eliminate people who threatened the revolution within.

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Transforming Society•The French Revolution transformed French society.•Robespierre created the cult of the Supreme to replace the traditional Roman Catholicism. Metric system replaced the old system of weights and measurements.

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The Reign of Terror

•In the middle of 1793, many people were concerned about the course of the Revolution.

•Counter Revolution developed - revolution against a government that was established by a revolution.•Reign of Terror - a series of accusations, trials, and executions that created a wave of fear throughout the country.

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An outbreak of Civil War

•Once peasants were rid of their feudal dues, they returned to their essentially conservative views - remained Roman Catholic and opposed the revolutions anticlerical moves.

•Western France - Vendee - era of civil war - Catholic and Royal Army fought government forces, and eventually the government forces destroyed everyone and everything it could.

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Accusations and Trials•Back in Paris, the Mountain, leaders of the resistance, used the Revolutionary Tribunal to rid the country of dissent.•Robespierre declared the need to use Terror to defend the Republic from its many enemies. - targeted Girondists and the Old Order.

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Death by Guillotine•Most common death sentence - guillotine

•So efficient that the executioner could execute more than one person per minute.•The blood overflowed the city’s drainage ditches.

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The Terror’s Victims

•The Reign of Terror spared no one, including common people, nobles, and women.•Even members who launched the Reign of Terror. Robespierre even became a victim

•How many victims? During the 10 months of the Terror some 300,000 people were arrested and about 17,000 were executed. •The Reign of Terror, intended to strengthen the Revolution, had the opposite effect weakened the Revolution.

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After the Terror•Finally, when the Terror ended, France had to start over with a new government.•1795 - the National Convention wrote yet another constitution.•Restricted voting rights to men with property.•Directory - run by an executive branch of five

directors•Not an effective government - weak - ended in 1799 when Napoleon seized power.

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3. Napoleon’s Europe

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Napoleon’s Rise to Power

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Briefly describe Napoleon’s rise to power.

Admiral Horatio Nelson

•Who was Admiral Horatio Nelson?

•What did Napoleon do as a result?

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Opportunities for Glory

•Napoleon sought political power as a result of his status of a national hero.•Armed supporters of Napoleon surrounded the Directory legislature and forced members to turn the government over to Napoleon in 1799.

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Napoleon Seizes Power

•Coup detat -

•What replaced the Directory of France?

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Emperor Napoleon•Plebiscite -•1804 - Did they want to declare France an empire?•Who crowned Napoleon emperor of Europe?

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Desire for an empire•What financed the Napoleonic Wars?

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The Napoleonic Wars•What were the Napoleonic Wars?

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The Continental System

•Briefly describe the Continental System.

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The Peninsular War•What was the Peninsular War?

•Was Napoleon successful?

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Napoleon dominates Europe

•What countries were not under control of Napoleon?

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Napoleon’s Policies–Expanded the power of France’s central government

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Reform of Church-State Relations

•What was the Concordat?

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Economic Reform

•Established the Bank of France to regulate the economy.•Set up efficient tax collection system.

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Legal and Educational Reform

•Napoleonic Code -

•He established a network of high schools, universities, and technical schools to educate young men.

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Napoleon’s Legacy

•An age of Napoleon - legacy that spread through France and the rest of Europe.•He made some basic revolutionary ideas part of the French government - equality before the law, and a representative system of government.

•Age of Napoleon helped spark an age of Nationalism throughout Europe. A sense of identity and unity as a people.

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4. Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction•After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him to exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability in Europe.

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Disaster and Defeat• While some of Napoleon’s officers believed that invading Russia was a bad idea, Napoleon himself did not see the sign and decided to invade Russia.

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The Russian Campaign• Describe the Russian Campaign.

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Defeat and Exile to Elba

•Napoleon’s defeat in Russia gave his enemies new hope. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain attacked Napoleon’s new inexperienced troops near the German city Leipzig.This battle was a clear defeat for Napoleon.

•As one of the terms of surrender, Napoleon had to give up his throne.•He was allowed to keep the title of emperor – of a small Mediterranean island named Elba, off the coast of Italy.•Napoleon was sent to exile with a small pension and about 400 guards. He would not go quietly.

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The Last Campaigns•Once in exile, Napoleon waited for an opportunity to rise and regain control of France.

•Who came to power after Napoleon?

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The Hundred Days•After about one year in exile, Napoleon managed to hire a ship that took him and many supporters back to France.

•What were the Hundred Days?

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The Battle of Waterloo•Across Europe, countries were gathering their troops for another showdown against Napoleon.

•Describe the Battle of Waterloo. What were the results?

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Napoleon’s Final Days•Describe Napoleon’s last days.

•Napoleon never escaped from his remote prison. He Died six years later; his death was unknown.

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The Congress of Vienna

•What was the Congress of Vienna?

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The Negotiators•Crucial Players•Lord Castlereagh – Great Britain•Czar Alexander I - Russia•King Frederick William III – Prussia•Prince Klemens von Metternich – Austria•Charles Maurice de Talleyrand – represented Louis XVIII of France

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Redrawing the Map•Briefly describe how the map of Europe changed.

•What was France responsible to pay for?

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Restoring Monarchies

•Which countries had the monarchies restored?

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Metternich’s Influence

•Describe Metternich’s policies.

•His influence – Austria, German states, and Italy – liberalism was suppressed.

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The Revolution’s Legacy

•Even though the Old Order and conservatism was restored in Europe, monarchs never again were secure in their privileged positions.

•Although the Revolution was over within 10 years, the ideals influenced people around the world for the next 200 years. •Only after a few years after the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars – revolutions sparked up everywhere throughout the world.•Eventually, the same ideals reached Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

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