1.Materials and Preparation. 2.Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling Aleksandra Różek Maria...

1.Materials and Preparation.

2.Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling

Aleksandra Różek

Maria Zator

MEMBRANE SEPARATION

MATERIALS

MATERIALS

B IO LO G IC A L

P O L Y M E RS

O R G A N IC

G L A S S E S C E R A M IC S

Z E O L IT IC M E T A L L IC

IN O R G A N IC

S Y N T H E T IC

M E M B R A N E S

HO M O PO LYM ER

...AAABBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAA...

R A N D O M

...AABABBABAABABBABAABBAB...

B L O C K

...AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... B B B B B

G R A F T

CO PO LYM ERS

P O L Y M E R S

L IN E A R

B R A N C H E D

C R O S S L IN K E D

STRUCTURE OF POLYMERSSTRUCTURE OF POLYMERS

CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS

• STEREOISOMERISM• MOLECULAR WEIGHT• CHAIN INTERACTIONS• STATE OF THE POLYMERS• EFECT OF POLIMERIC STRUCTURE ON Tg• THERMAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES


-H-H22C=CHR C=CHR

• STEREOISOMERISM

IS O T A C T IC

A T A C T IC

S Y N D IO T A C T IC


• MOLECULAR WEIGHT

nnii

MMii

Histogram demonstrating a possible Histogram demonstrating a possible molecular weight distribution in a polymermolecular weight distribution in a polymer

ii

iii

n n

MnM

ii

iii

w w

MwM

Number average molecular weightNumber average molecular weight

WeightWeight average molecular weight average molecular weight


• CHAIN INTERACTIONS

type of force kJ/mol covalent ~ 400

ionic ~ 400 hydrogen bonding ~ 40

dipole ~ 20 dispersion ~ 2

Average values of strenght of primary and secondary forces


• STATE OF THE POLYMERS

glassystate

rubberystate

Log E

Tg T

Tensile modulus E as a function

of the temperature for an amorphous polymer

TENSILS MODULUS E

THE FORCE APPLIED

ACROSS AN AREA A

NECESSARY TO OBTAIN

A GIVEN DEFORMATION

E [N/m2]

THE GLASS TRANSITION

TEMPERATURE Tg

THE TEMPERATURE

AT WHICH TRANSITION

FROM THE GLASSY TO

THE RUBBERY STATE OCCURS


• STATE OF THE POLYMERS

glassystate

rubberystate

Vs

Tg T

Freevolume

Specific volume and free

volume as a function of temperature

FREE VOLUME

THE VOLUME

UNOCCUPIED

BY THE

MACROMOLECULES

Free

volume

CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS• EFECT OF POLIMERIC STRUCTURE ON Tg

CHAIN FLEXIBILITYo THE CHARACTER OF MAIN CHAIN

o THE PRESENCE AND NATURE OF THE SIDE CHAINS OR SIDE GROUP

CHAIN INTERACTION

a

b

c

Tg Tm T

log E

glassystate

rubberystate

Tensile modulus of a semi-crystalline

polymers as a function of temperature


THERMAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY

FACTORS WHICH LEAD TO INCREASE TERMAL

STABILITY ALSO INCREASE THE CHEMICAL STABILITY

THOSE THAT INCREASE Tg AND Tm

THOSE THAT INCREASE THE CRYSTALLINITY


• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

STR: 44 I 45

dd

E

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS

SOFT BLOCK FLEXIBLE AMORPHOUS LOW Tg

HARD BLOCK RIGIN CRYSTALLINE/GLASSY HIGH Tg

SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF SO-CALLED-(AB) n-BLOCK COPOLYMER

POLYELECTROLYTES

+

+

+

+

- -

- -

COUNTER ION

FIXED ION

-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-

R+A- R+A-

-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-

R-A+ R-A+

POLYMERIC SUPPORT

R= -NR3+

R= -SO3-

-COO-

CATION-EXCHANGE

ANION-EXCHANGE

MEMBRANE POLYMERS

S Y M E T R ICA S Y M E T R IC

P O R O U S M E M B R A N E S

N O N P O R O U S M E M B R A N E

M E M B R A N E P O L Y M E R S

DEFINICJA

THIN LAYER SUPPORT

POROUS

C E R A M IC S G LA S S Z E O L ITE

IN O R G A N IC M E M B R A N E S

METAL: ALUMINIUM

TITANIUM

SILICIUM

ZIRCONIUM

NON-METAL: OXIDE

NITRIDE

CARBIDE

γ-Al2O3 , ZrO2 SiO2

PROPERTIES

• TERMAL STABILITY

• CHEMICAL STABILITY

• MECHANICAL STABILITY

AlO4,SiO4

IN O R G A N IC O R G A N IC

M A T E R IA L

• Mainly made of metal oxides

(ceramics)such a silica, alumina

or oxides of Titanium, Zirconium

or Magnesium

• As well in glass, carbon or metal

• Expensive (5 to 10 times)

• High chemical resistance

• Withstand high temperatures

• Low selectivity

• Fragile

• Made of polymers or polymer blends

• Low cost

• Problems with their mechanical,

chemical resistance

Temperature

pH, Solvents

Pressure

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANES

P O R O U S M E M B R A N E S C O M P O S IT E M E M B R A N E S

N O N P O R O U S M E M B R A N E S(D E N S E M E M B R A N E S )

R E IN F O R C E D M E M B R A N E S

D Y N A M IC M E M B R A N E S IO N -E C H A N G E M E M B R A N E S

B IP O L A R M E M B R A N E S IO N M U L T IL A Y E R M E M B R A N E S

R E A C T IV E M E M B R A N E S L IQ U ID M E M B R A N E S

M E M B R AN E S

PREPARATION

S IN T E R IN G

S T R E C H IN G

T R A C K -E T C H IN G

T E M P A L A T E L E A T C H IN G

P H A S E IN V E R S IO N

C O A T IN G

PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC M EM BRANES

MEMEBRANES PREPARATON

P R E C IP ITA T IO N B YS O L V E N T E V A P O R A T IO N

P R E C IP IT A T IO N F R O MT H E V A P O U R P H A S E

P R E C IP ITA T IO N B YC O N T R O L E D E V A P O R A T IO N

T H E R M A LP R E C IP IT A T IO N

IM M E R S IO NP R E C IP IT A T IO N

PHASE INVERSIO N M EMBRANES

P R E C IP ITA T IO N B YS O L V E N T E V A P O R A T IO N


1.THE POLYMER IS DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT

2.THE POLYMER SOLUTION IS CAST ON A SUITABLE SUPPORT

(POROUS OR NONPOROUS)

3.SOLVENT IS ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE IN AN INTER ATMOSPHERE

4. ALLOWING THE DENSE MEMBRANES TO BE OBTINED

P R E C IP IT A T IO N F R O MT H E V A P O U R P H A S E


1. A CAST FILM (POLYMER AND SOLVENT) IS PLACED IN

A VAPOUR ATMOSPHERE OF A NONSOLVENT

SATURATED IN THE SAME SOLVENT

3.NONSOLVENT START PENETRATE THE CAST FILM

4.THE CAST FILM IS ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE

2. THE HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION IN THE VAPOUR

PHASE PREVENTS THE EVAPORATION OF SOLVENT

FROM THE CAST FILM

P R E C IP ITA T IO N B YC O N T R O L E D E V A P O R A T IO N


1.THE POLYMER IS DISSOLVED IN A MIXTURE

OF SOLVENT AND NONSOLVENT

2.SINCE THE SOLVENT IS MORE VOLATILE THAN

NONSOLVENT,THE COMPOSITION SHIFTS DURING

EVAPORATION TO HIGHER

NONSOLVENT AND POLYMER CONTENT

T H E R M A LP R E C IP IT A T IO N


1. A SOLUTION OF POLYMER INA MIXED OR SINGLE SOLVENT

IS COOLED TO ENABLE PHASE SEPARATION TO OCCURE

2. THE SOLVENT EVAPORATE FROM MEMBRANE

AND POROUS OCCUR

IM M E R S IO NP R E C IP IT A T IO N


1. POLYMER SOLUTION

IS CAST ON THE SUITABLE

SUPPORT

2. POLYMER SOLUTION

IS IMMERSED IN A

COAGULATION BATH

CONTAINING

NONSOLVENT

F L A T M E M B R A N E S

T A B U L A R M E M B R A N E S

PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FORIM M ERSION PRECIPITATION

IN T E R F A C IA LP O L IM E R IS A T IO N

D IP -C O A T IN G

P L A S M AP O L IM E R IS A T IO N

M O D IF IC A T IO N O F H O M O G E N E O U SD E N S E M E M B R A N E S

PREPARATIO N TECHNIQ UES FORCO M PO SITE M EMBRANES

top layerporous support

(polyester) non- woven

permeate channel

Interfaced polymerisation1.Polymerisation reaction occurs between two very reactive monomers

at the interface of two immiscible solvents

2.The support layer is immersed in an aqueous solution

containing a reactive monomer

3.Then film is immersed in the second bath containing a water-immiscible solvent

In which another reactive monomer has been dissolved

4.The two reactive monomers , react with each other

to form a dense polymeric toplayer

Dip-coating

1. An asymmetric membrane , is immersed in the coating solution,

Containing the polymer and monomer

2.The concentration of the solute in the solution being low

3.When the asymmetric membrane is removed from the bath

containing the coating material and the solvent , a thin layer

of solution adheres to it

4.The film is then put in an oven ,where the solvent evaporates

and where crosslinking also occurs

Plasma polymerisation1.The plasma being obtained by the ionisation of a gas by means

of an electrical discharge at high frequencies up to 10 MHz

2.On entering the reactor the gas is ionised

3.The reactants are supplied separately to the reactor

4.All kinds of radicals will be formed through colisions with

the ionised gas , which are capable of reeacting with each other

5.the resulting products will precipitate when

their molecular weight becomes to high

Modification of homogeneous dense membranes

Modification can drastically change intrinsic

properties of materials ,

Especially when the ionic groups are introduced

1.Materials and Preparation. 2.Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling Aleksandra Różek Maria...

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