1.gramatica engleza

Personal Pronouns and the VerbTo BeThe verb 'to be' NamePe aceast pagin, vom nva s conjugm verbulto be - a fila persoaneleI-a, a II-a i a II-a, singular i plural, afirmativ, interogativ i negativ.ncepem cu afirmativul.AffirmativeSingularPlural

1stpersonIamJeremy.WeareJeremy and Clara.

2ndpersonYouareRuby.YouareRuby and Brian.

3rdpersonHeisFreddie.SheisMary.ItisJinxy.TheyareFreddie, Mary and Jinxy.

Continum cu interogativul.InterrogativeSingularPlural

1stpersonAmI Jeremy?Arewe Jeremy and Clara?

2ndpersonAreyou Ruby?Areyou Ruby and Brian?

3rdpersonIshe Freddie?Isshe Mary?Isit Jinxy?Arethey Freddie, Mary and Jinxy?

i ncheiem cu negativul.NegativeSingularPlural

1stpersonIam notJeremy.Weare notJeremy and Clara.

2ndpersonYouare notRuby.Youare notRuby and Brian.

3rdpersonHeis notFreddie.Sheis notMary.Itis notJinxy.Theyare notFreddie, Mary and Jinxy.

The verb 'to be' Nationality

Acum vom afirma, solicita i nega naionalitatea.AffirmativeInterrogativeNegative

1stperson SingularI am Romanian.Am I Romanian?I am not Romanian.

2ndperson SingularYou are Austrian.Are you Austrian?You are not Austrian.

3rdperson SingularHe is French.She is German.It is Spanish.Is he French?Is she German?Is it Spanish?He is not French.She is not German.It is not Spanish.

1stperson PluralWe are English.Are we English?We are not English.

2ndperson PluralYou are American.Are you American?You are not American.

3rdperson PluralThey are Japanese.Are they Japanese?They are not Japanese.

Observm c:La afirmativ, ordinea elementelor n propoziie este:Subiect(I)+ Verb Copulativ(am)+ Nume Predicativ(Jeremy / Romanian).

La interogativ,Subiectul i Verbul se inverseaz.Am I Jeremy? / Am I Romanian?

La negativ, dup Subiect i Verb, aparenot.I am not Jeremy. / I am not Romanian.Schematic:Afirmativ: Subiect + Verb + (...)Interogativ: Verb + Subiect + (...) + ?Negativ: Subiect + Verb + not + (...)

Atenie!n limba englez, propoziiile nu sunt niciodat eliptice de subiect. Cu alte cuvinte, nu putem omite subiectul, aa cum facem n limba romn. Vom spune ntotdeaunaIam Romanian, chiar dac n limba romn putem spune doarSunt romn(frEu).2.Ruby and Brian are dancersArticles and Plurals

Pluralsn limba englez, pluralul substantivelor se formeaz de obicei prin adugarea terminaiei-sla sfritul formei de singular.(1) one boy-(2) two boys(1) one girl- (2)two girls(1) one dog-(2) two dogsUneori, vom avea nevoie de-esn loc de-s. Asculttutorialul audiodin aceast lecie.one watch-two watchesAtunci cnd substantivul se termin nyi penultima liter este o consoan, la pluraly-ul va deveniii vom aduga terminaia-es.one secretary-two secretaries

Marea majoritate a substantivelor sunt regulate, adic respect regulile de mai sus pentru formarea pluralului.

Exist, totui, excepii. Iat cteva exemple de substantive cu plural neregulat:one man-two menone woman-two womenone child-two childrenSubstantivulpeoplenu are forma de singular.Indefinite articlesSingularArticolul nehotrt pentru substantivele la numrul singular estea.e.g.: Freddie is a doctor. Freddie este (un) doctor.e.g.: Ruby is a dancer. Ruby este (o) dansatoare.Atenie!Folosimann loc deaatunci cnd substantivul precedat de articol ncepe cu o vocal.e.g.: Jeremy is an engineer. Jeremy este (un) inginer.PluralPentru forma de plural, nu avem un articol nehotrt. Vom spune simpludoctors, dancers, engineers.e.g.: Brian and Ruby are dancers. Brian i Ruby sunt dansatori.e.g.: Jeremy and Clara are engineers. Jeremy i Clara sunt ingineri.

n urmtoarele trei tabele, vom folosi articolul nehotrt pentru a afirma, solicita i nega ocupaia celor trei persoane, la singular i plural.

AffirmativeSingularPlural

1stpersonI am a teacher.We are writers.

2ndpersonYou are a lawyer.You are editors.

3rdpersonHe is an architect.She is an actress.It is a dog.They are drivers.

InterrogativeSingularPlural

1stpersonAm I a teacher?Are we writers?

2ndpersonAre you a lawyer?Are you editors?

3rdpersonIs he an architect?Is she an actress?Is it a dog?Are they drivers?

NegativeSingularPlural

1stpersonI am not a teacher.We are not writers.

2ndpersonYou are not a lawyer.You are not editors.

3rdpersonHe is not an architect.She is not an actress.It is not a dog.They are not drivers.

Definite articlesArticolul hotrt are aceeai form pentru singular i plural:the.the doctor - mediculthe doctors - mediciithe engineer - inginerulthe engineers - ingineriiAtenie!De obicei, atunci cnd articolul hotrtthepreced un substantiv care ncepe cu o vocal, l vom pronuna[di], n loc de[d](e.g.:the engineer).

Parcurge urmtoarele trei tabele i citete apoisurprizade la sfritul leciei.AffirmativeSingularPlural

1stpersonI am the teacher.We are the writers.

2ndpersonYou are the lawyer.You are the editors.

3rdpersonHe is the architect.She is the actress.It is the dog.They are the drivers.


1stpersonAm I the teacher?Are we the writers?

2ndpersonAre you the lawyer?Are you the editors?

3rdpersonIs he the architect?Is she the actress?Is it the dog?Are they the drivers?


1stpersonI am not the teacher.We are not the writers.

2ndpersonYou are not the lawyer.You are not the editors.

3rdpersonHe is not the architect.She is not the actress.It is not the dog.They are not the drivers.

Surprise!Ne amintim c diferena dintre articolul hotrt i cel nehotrt este urmtoarea:He is a doctor(articol nehotrt) nseamnEl este (un) medic. Ne referim aici la faptul c profesia sa este cea de medic.

He is the doctor(articol hotrt) nsemnEl este medicul. Aadar, atunci cnd folosim articolul hotrt, propoziia se situeaz ntr-un context definit anterior sau urmeaz s fac o precizare despre substantiv:El este medicul care.. (He is the doctor that..)S vedem un alt exemplu.Jinxy is a catnseamnJinxy este (o) pisic.

Jinxy is the catnsemnJinxy este pisicai urmeaz, probabil, s fac o precizare despre ea.3. My dress is redPossessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectivesDenumirea complet a acestei structuri morfologice esteadjectiv pronominal posesiv. Vom utiliza denumireaadjectiv posesivpentru a pstra lucrurile ct mai simple.

Structura morfologic poart denumirea deadjectiv posesivdeoarece st ntotdeauna lng un substantiv (caracteristic proprie adjectivelor) i desemneaz posesia.Adjectivele posesive:au form identic, indiferent de numrul substantivului pe care l determin(my dress,my dresses);

preced substantivul.

SingularPlural

1stpersonI myshirtwe ourshirts

2ndpersonyou yourshirtyou yourshirts

3rdpersonhe hisshirtshe hershirtit itscollarthey theirshirts

Remarcm c adjectivul posesivyoureste identic pentru persoana a II-a singular (yourshirt - cmaata) i persoana a II-a plural (yourshirts - cmilevoastre). Dup cum vom vedea n leciile urmtoare (i dup cum ai aflat deja nprima lecie), la persoana a II-a vom regsi multe elemente identice pentru singular i plural.De asemenea, notm cgenurilesubstantivului n limba englez nu se aseamn cu cele din limba romn. Ele sunt mult mai simple i nu influeneaz structurile care determin substantivul. Aadar, adjectivul posesiv rmne neschimbat, indiferent de substantiv.(Citete, ca fapt divers, clasificarea genurilor din limba englez la finalulSurprizeidin aceast lecie.)ColorsCulorile au form identic, indiferent de cuvintele pe care le determin. Cu alte cuvinte, sunt invariabile, la fel ca adjectivele posesive.

My suit is blue. Costumul meu estealbastru.My dress is blue. Rochia mea estealbastr.My shoes are blue. Pantofii mei suntalbatri.My gloves are blue. Mnuile mele suntalbastre.

n tabelul de mai jos, vom afirma, solicita i nega culoarea unor obiecte de mbrcminte aparinnd celor trei persoane, singular i plural.

AffirmativeInterrogativeNegative

1stpersonSingularMy dress is red.Is my dress red?My dress is not red.

2ndpersonSingularYour jacket is blue.Is your jacket blue?Your jacket is not blue.

3rdpersonSingularHis suit is black.Her dress is white.Its collar is yellow.Is his suit black?Is her dress white?Is its collar yellow?His suit is not black.Her dress is not white.Its collar is not yellow.

1stpersonPluralOur coats are brown.Are our coats brown?Our coats are not brown.

2ndpersonPluralYour T-shirts are pink.Are your T-shirts pink?Your T-shirts are not pink.

3rdpersonPluralTheir caps are purple.Are their caps purple?Their caps are not purple.

Dup cum ai nvat deja nLecia 1i nLecia 2, topica propoziiei este cea de mai jos.(Gramatical vorbind, n urmtoarele trei exemple,dresseste subiect, iarmyeste atribut. Consider, totui,my dressca fiind subiectul propoziiei.)Afirmativ: S + V + (...) My dress is red.Interogativ: V + S + (...) + ? Is my dress red?Negativ: S + V + not + (...) My dress is not red.Observm c, n fiecare caz, adjectivul posesiv st imediat naintea substantivului pe care l determin.Surprise!Amintete-i formarea pluralului dinlecia precedent. Substantivele care desemneaz obiecte de mbrcminte se formeaz, desigur, respectnd aceleai reguli:one coat-two coats,one dress-two dressesetc.Vom puncta n continuare trei aspecte particulare legate de substantivele din aceast lecie.

1. Cteva dintre substantive sunt defective de numrul singular. Asta nseamn c ele nu au o form de singular i se folosesc ntotdeauna la plural. De altfel, aceste substantive sunt defective de singular i n limba romn.Este vorba despre:trousers,pants,jeans,blue jeans,shorts,underwear. Vom spune:my pants pantalonii mei (ne referim la o singur pereche)our pants pantalonii notri (ne referim la mai multe perechi).i substantivulclotheseste defectiv de singular.

2. Substantivele din urmtoarea list au att form de plural, ct i form de singular. Totui, le folosim mereu la plural, deoarece desemneaz obiecte de mbrcminte pe care le purtm n perechi. i acest aspect se regsete n limba romn.one shoe-two shoesone boot-two bootsone slipper-two slippersone sandal-two sandalsone sock-two socksone glove-two glovesone mitten-two mittens

Myshoesare brown. Pantofii mei sunt maro.Where is myshoe? Unde mi-e pantoful?

3. Toate substantivele din aceast lecie sunt regulate, adic adugam-s/-esla forma de singular pentru a forma pluralul.one T-shirt-two T-shirtsone dress-two dressesAvem un singur substantiv neregulat:scarf.one scarf-two scarvesVom ntlni aceast form de plural i la alte substantive: one wife (soie) - two wives, one knife (cuit) - two knives, one leaf (frunz) - two leaves.

Mai notm c este necesar s facem acordul ntre subiect i predicat. Astfel:My dressisred. Rochia meaesteroie. (is- singular)My dressesarered. Rochiile melesuntroii. (are- plural)

Genurile substantivului n limba englez:Substantivele de genmasculinsunt cele care desemneaz reprezentani de sex masculin ai unei specii. e.g.:man - brbatSubstantivele de genfemininsunt cele care desemneaz reprezentani de sex feminin ai unei specii. e.g.:woman - femeieSubstantivele de gencomunsunt cele care desemneaz reprezentani ai unei specii care pot fi att de sex masculin, ct i de sex feminin. e.g.:child - copilSubstantivele de genneutrusunt cele care desemneaz orice alte concepte (obiecte, fenomene, stri etc.). Marea majoritate a substantivelor sunt, deci, neutre. e.g.:watch - ceas de mn4. This is my fatherDemonstratives

DemonstrativesStructura morfologic la care ne referim n aceast lecie estepronumele demonstrativ.Thisis my father. Acestaeste tatl meu.Atunci cnd elementul demonstrativ determin un substantiv, el devineadjectiv pronominal demonstrativ.Thisman is my father. Acestbrbat este tatl meu.n limba englez, pronumele demonstrative i adjectivele pronominale demonstrative au aceeai form. Le vom numi, simplu,demonstratives.inem minte c demonstrativele nu depind de genul substantivului. Vom spuneThis is my father (Acesta este tatl meu), respectivThis is my mother (Aceasta este mama mea).

Demonstrativele variaz n funcie de dou criterii:apropiere / deprtare:Thisis my father. Acestaeste tatl meu.Thatis my father. Acelaeste tatl meu.numr:Thisis my brother. Acestaeste fratele meu.Theseare my brothers. Acetiasunt fraii mei.

Privete tabelul de mai jos. Dup cum ai vzut n seciuneaVocabulara acestei lecii,herenseamnaici, iartherenseamnacolo.Dac ne referim la cineva care estehere, vom folosi un demonstrativ de apropiere (this- singular,these- plural).Dac ne referim la cineva care estethere, vom folosi un demonstrativ de deprtare (that- singular,those- plural).

HereThere

Singularthisthat

Pluralthesethose

n tabelul de mai jos, vom folosi cele patru demonstrative n propoziii afirmative, interogative i negative.


thisThis is my father.Is this my father?This is not my father.

thatThat is my mother.Is that my mother?That is not my mother.

theseThese are my parents.Are these my parents?These are not my parents.

thoseThose are my grandparents.Are those my grandparents?Those are not my grandparents.

Bineneles, vom face acordul ntre subiect i predicat.Thisithatsunt la numrul singular, deci vom spuneThis is, respectivThat is.Theseithosesunt la numrul plural, deci vom spuneThese are, respectivThose are.

Surprise!

n leciaPersonal Pronouns and the Verb 'To Be', vedeam c putem prescurta rspunsul scurt negativ, pentru o exprimare mai natural. S continum acum cu alte posibiliti de prescurtare.Urmtoarele prescurtri nu se refer la structurile demonstrative, dar este un moment bun s te familiarizezi cu ele.

Affirmative

I am Jeremy.I'm Jeremy.You are Clara.You're Clara.He is Brian.He's Brian.She is Ruby.She's Ruby.It is Jinxy.It's Jinxy.We are Jeremy and Clara.We're Jeremy and Clara.You are Brian and Ruby.You're Brian and Ruby.They are George and Freddie.They're George and Freddie

Prescurtm n acelai mod i la forma negativ, unde vom avea unnotn plus i nc o variant de prescurtare.

NegativeI am not Jeremy.I'm not Jeremy.You are not Clara.You're not Clara.sauYou aren't Clara.He is not Brian.He's not Brian.sauHe isn't Brian.She is not Ruby.She's not Ruby.sauShe isn't Ruby.It is not Jinxy.It's not Jinxy.sauIt isn't Jinxy.We are not Jeremy and Clara.We're not Jeremy and Clara.sauWe aren't Jeremy and Clara.You are not Brian and Ruby.You're not Brian and Ruby.sauYou aren't Brian and Ruby.They are not George and Freddie.They're not George and Freddie.sauThey aren't George and Freddie.

n ceea ce privete demonstrativele, putem prescurta structurile care conin demonstrativul singular de deprtare -that.That is my uncle.That's my uncle.That is not my father.That's not my father.sauThat isn't my father.5. Clara's number is 0123 456 789The Genitive

The genitiveCazul genitiv desemneaz relaii de posesiune / apartenen. n limba englez, genitivul se poate construi n dou moduri:Adugm'sdup substantiv, fie el propriu sau comun. (Nu uita s citetisurprizade la finalul leciei.)e.g.:Mary's dog cinele lui Mary;the boy's cat pisica biatului;my father's uncle unchiul tatlui meu

Folosim prepoziiaof, pe care ai ntlnit-o nlecia precedent.e.g.:the door of the house ua casei;the member of the family membrul familiei;the name of the country numele riiObservaii:Cele dou modaliti pot fi interschimbabile, dup cum vei vedea n seciuneaExerciiia acestei lecii. Totui, utilizarea primeia sau celei de a doua variante depinde de natura entitilor care se afl n relaie i de natura relaiei. Exist o serie extins de criterii de difereniere. Deocamdat, inem minte doar c, atunci cnd posesorul este o persoan, folosim prima variant ('s). Cnd relaia este impersonal, recurgem la prepoziiaof.

Atunci cnd posesorul este o persoan (desemnat printr-un substantiv propriu sau comun), folosim prima variant. e.g.:Mary's dog;the girl's dogAtunci cnd elementele aflate n relaie sunt obiecte, folosim ndeosebi a doua variant. e.g.:the door of the housen situaiile de mijloc, putem folosi oricare dintre cele dou variante. e.g.:the dog's leash;the leash of the dog

n aceast lecie, ne ocupm de cele dou structuri descrise mai sus. i adjectivele posesive pe care le-ai nvat n leciaPossessive Adjectivessunt structuri genitivale.

Iat dou propoziii simple n care folosim substantive proprii n cazul genitiv:Clara's phone number is 0123 456 789. Numrul de telefon al Clarei e 0123 456 789.Brian's car number is TM23WRC. Numrul de main al lui Brian e TM23WRC.i un exemplu mai complex, n care folosim i prepoziiaof:The number of Brian's car is TM23WRC. Numrul mainii lui Brian e TM23WRC.

Cum folosim genitivul format prin's?n general, foarte simplu, aa cum ai vzut mai sus. S punctm n continuare cteva cazuri speciale.La formele regulate de plural (care se termin ns) adugm doar'(apostrof), fr s mai punem nc uns. Nu se schimb nimic n pronunie genitivul pluralului se pronun la fel ca pluralul.

My parents' house is in Bucharest.

Totui, n cazul substantivelor neregulate care nu se termin ns, adugm's:

The children's uncle is Tom.

Atunci cnd posesorul este multiplu (doi sau mai muli posesori), adugm'sla sfritul ultimului nume:

Clara and Jeremy's phone number. Brian and Ruby's car number.Nu uita s citetisurprizade la sfritul leciei!

S vedem acum cteva propoziii afirmative, interogative i negative n care apar substantive n cazul genitiv.


Clara's phone number is 0123 456 789.Is Clara's phone number 0123 456 789?Clara's phone number is not 0123 456 789.

He is Brian's friend.Is he Brian's friend?He is not Brian's friend.

The dog's leash is brown.Is the dog's leash brown?The dog's leash is not brown.

The leash of the dog is brown.Is the leash of the dog brown?The leash of the dog is not brown.

NumbersDup ce ai cititvocabularulreferitor la numere, consult indicaiile de mai jos:nva pe de rost numerele de la 1 la 12.

ntre 13 i 19, numerele se termin n-teen:thirteen(13),fourteen(14),fifteen(15),sixteen(16),seventeen(17),eighteen(18),nineteen(19).

Numerele care exprim zeci se termin n-ty:twenty(20),thrity(30),forty(40),fifty(50),sixty(60),seventy(70),eighty(80),ninety(90).

Toate numerele ntre 21 i 99 (care nu sunt zeci fixe) se formeaz adugnd cifra unitilor (one, two, three etc.) dup exprimarea zecilor (twenty, thirty etc.). Zecile i unitile se leag, n scris, prin cratim.

e.g.:twenty-one(21),thirty-two(32),forty-three(43),fifty-four(54),sixty-five(65),seventy-six(76),eighty-seven(87),ninety-eight(98)

Dup cum precizam i n seciuneaVocabular, pentru exprimarea sutelor i a miilor, nu avem plural. Nu spunemtwo hundredssautwo thousands, citwo hundreditwo thousand.

e.g.:one hundred / one thousand(100 / 1,000),two hundred / two thousand(200 / 2,000),three hundred / three thousand(300 / 3,000) (...)nine hundred / nine thousand(900 / 9,000),ten hundred / ten thousand(1,000 / 10,000)

Folosim conjunciaand (i)atunci cnd exprimm: un numr de ordinul sutelor (four hundredandfifty); numerele ntre 1001 i 1099 (de ordinul miilor i cu cifra sutelor 0:one thousandandeighty-seven); pentru anii peste 2000, n special n engleza britanic (two thousandandnine).Surprise!1. Genitivul format prin'spoart denumirea deSaxon genitive(genitiv saxon). l mai putem numi igenitiv sintetic. Genitivul format cu prepoziiaofestegenitivul analitic.2. Atunci cnd ntlnim un substantiv propriu care se termin cu literas(e.g.:Bangles), putem forma genitivul fie aa:Bangles's leash, fie aa:Bangles' leash(lesa lui Bangles). Aspectul este teoretizat n mod diferit n surse diferite. Pronunia este, de obicei,Bangles's [benglsiz](asculttutorialul audiodin aceast lecie). Aceleai indicaii se aplic i n cazul substantivelor comune (e.g.:boss's wife / boss' wife - soia efului).Mai multe detalii..3. Dup cum menionam i n seciuneaVocabulara acestei lecii, cnd avem un an de tipul1997, putem spuneone thousand nine hundred ninety-seven, ns varianta mai scurt i mai des ntlnit estenineteen ninety-seven. Cu alte cuvinte, grupm cele patru cifre dou cte dou, obinem19 97i citim19 (nineteen) 97 (ninety-seven). Aceast tehnic se aplic la anii din 4 cifre mai mici de 2000.Mai multe detalii..4. tim citeste pronume personal neutru. El este adesea folosit pentru a nlocui structuri mai complexe. Spre exemplu:Is Clara's phone number 0123 456 788? No,itis not.Clara's phone number = itCum putem prescurta mai departeNo, it is not?No, it is not. = No, it's not. = No, it isn't.

Iat dou exemple simple de perechi ntrebare / rspuns n care folosimitca substitut al structuriiClara's phone number:Question: What is Clara's phone number?Answer: It's 0123 456 789Question: Is Clara's phone number 0123 456 788?Answer: No, it's not. It's 0123 456 789.Atunci cnd folosimit-ul n acest mod, propoziiile sunt mai concise i mai naturale.6. The kitchen is next to the living roomPrepositions of place

Prepositions of placeImaginile de mai jos te vor ajuta s reii mai uor prepoziiile de loc din limba englez.

AffirmativeMai jos, gseti un set de propoziii n care folosim fiecare prepoziie de loc nvate n aceast lecie.The car isinthe garage.The lamp isonthe desk.The cat isunderthe bed.The bookshelf isbehindthe couch.The TV isin front ofthe couch.The attic isabovethe second floor.The kitchen isbelowthe bedroom.The shelves arebetweenthe armchair and the couch.The kitchen isnext tothe living room.The house isnearthe school.The fence isaroundthe house.

Negative & Interrogative

Formm interogativul i negativul aa cum am nvat deja s o facem.Lanegativ, adugm adverbulnotimediat dup verb.e.g.: The caris notinthe garage. / The carisn'tinthe garage.e.g.: The lampis notonthe desk. / The lampisn'tonthe desk.Lainterogativ, verbul apare pe prima poziie n propoziie.e.g.:Isthe carinthe garage?e.g.:Isthe lamponthe desk?7. Brian can draw, but he can't paintModal verbCan

Can

Caneste un verb modal care exprim abilitatea/capacitatea.Verbele modale stau lng verbele principale din propoziie i le modific sensul.Dup verbul modal - n cazul nostru,can- verbul de conjugat (adic verbul principal din propoziie) apare ntotdeauna la forma de infinitiv.Verbele modale - n cazul nostru,can- nu i schimb forma n funcie de persoan sau de numr. La toate persoanele i numerele, structuracan + verb de conjugateste identic.Afirmativ: Subiect + Can + Verb de conjugat (+ continuarea propoziiei)Icanrunfast. Eu pot s alerg repede.Youcanjumphigh. Tu poi s sari sus.Hecanswimwell. El poate s noate bine.

Can'tCan'teste forma negativ a modaluluican.De fapt,can'teste prescurtarea luican not.Negativ: Subiect + Can't (Can not) + Verbul de conjugat (+ continuarea propoziiei)Ican'teatpeanuts. Eu nu pot s mnnc alune.Shecan'tdrinkalcohol. Ea nu poate s bea alcool.Wecan'tdraw. Noi nu putem s desenm.

Can you.. ?Atunci cnd solicitm informaii cu privire la abilitatea cuiva de a face ceva, ncepem cu modalulcan, continum cu subiectul i apoi cu verbul de conjugat.Interogativ: Can + Subiect + Verbul de conjugat (+ continuarea propoziiei) ?Canyoupaint? Poi s pictezi?Canhesing? Poate (el) s cnte?Cantheydance? Pot (ei) s danseze?

Other examplesAffirmativeInterrogativeNegative

1stperson SingularI can play football.Can I play football?I can't play football.

2ndperson SingularYou can cook an omelette.Can you cook an omelette?You can't cook an omelette.

3rdperson SingularHe/She can drive the car.Can he/she drive the car?He/She can't drive the car.

1stperson PluralWe can read English texts.Can we read English texts?We can't read English texts.

2ndperson PluralYou can write in English.Can you write in English?You can't write in English.

3rdperson PluralThey can speak English.Can they speak English?They can't speak English.

8. I love chocolate!Likes & Dislikes

n aceast lecie, vei nva s conjugi un prim verb n limba englez to like. Pn acum, am nvatverbulto be, care este un verb atipic. n general, n limba englez, verbele respect reguli de conjugare mult mai simple, ca n cazul verbuluito like.Vom conjuga verbulto likela toate persoanele, afirmativ/interogativ/negativ. Ne intereseaz doar prima form a verbului. Vei nva, la nivelulIntermediate, celelalte forme ale verbului.Toeste, dup cum i-ai dat deja seama, marca de infinitiv a verbului.

To like Affirmative

S ncepem prin a conjuga verbuluito likela afirmativ:


1stpersonI like chocolate.We like chocolate.

2ndpersonYou like chocolate.You like chocolate.

3rdpersonHe likeschocolate.She likeschocolate.It likeschocolate.They like chocolate.

Spre marea noastr bucurie, singura modificare apare la persoana a III-a singular, unde adugam unsla sfritul verbului.Vom continua cu interogativul i negativul. Formarea interogativului i a negativului vor fi prezentate n detaliu n prima lecie de la nivelulIntermediate,Present Simple. Pentru moment, este important doar s te familiarizezi cu aceste structuri.

To like Interrogative


1stpersonDoI like chocolate?Dowe like chocolate?

2ndpersonDoyou like chocolate?Doyou like chocolate?

3rdpersonDoeshe like chocolate?Doesshe like chocolate?Doesit like chocolate?Dothey like chocolate?

Propoziia interogativ ncepe cudosaudoes(persoana a III-a singular).Verbul de conjugat (like) are aceeai form (cea de infinitiv) la toate persoanele, inclusiv la a III-a singular.

To like Negative


1stpersonIdo notlike chocolate.Wedo notlike chocolate.

2ndpersonYoudo notlike chocolate.Youdo notlike chocolate.

3rdpersonHedoes notlike chocolate.Shedoes notlike chocolate.Itdoes notlike chocolate.Theydo notlike chocolate.

Exprimm negaia prindo notsaudoes not(persoana a III-a singular).Verbul de conjugat (like) are aceeai form (cea de infinitiv) la toate persoanele, inclusiv la a III-a singular.Do notse poate prescurta cadon't, iardoes notcadoesn't.e.g.: Ido not likechocolate. = Idon't likechocolate.e.g.: Shedoes not likechocolate. = Shedoesn't likechocolate.9. Many eggs and much sugarCountable & Uncountable Nouns

n limba englez, substantivele pot fi numrabile sau nenumrabile. Dup cum ai aflat n seciuneaVocabulary, substantivele numrabile se pot numra n felul urmtor:one egg - two eggs. Pentru substantivele nenumrabile nu putem face acelai lucru.Countable Nouns

Examples:one egg-two eggs,one plate-two plates,one spoon-two spoonsFor this recipe, I need onlyone egg.For the other recipe, I needfive eggs.

Uncountable Nouns

Examples:sugar,flour,butterFor this recipe, I needsugar,flourandbutter.Majoritatea substantivelor nenumrabile din limba englez sunt defective de plural i n limba romn.

Quantifiers

Vom nva n continuare cuantificatorii folosii pentru cele dou tipuri de substantive.

QuantifiersCountable nounsQuantifiersUncountable nounsTranslation

many(eggs)much(sugar)mult / mult / muli / multe

(a) few(eggs)(a) little(sugar)puin / puin / puini / puine

some(eggs)some(sugar)nite

several(eggs)ctva / ctva / civa / cteva

a couple of(eggs)vreo doi / vreo dou

a bit of(sugar)un pic de

enough(eggs)enough(sugar)suficient / suficient / suficieni / suficiente

plenty of(eggs)plenty of(sugar)destul / destul / destui / destule

a lot of / lots of(eggs)a lot of / lots of(sugar)o grmad de

all of the(eggs)all of the(sugar)tot / toat / toi / toate

any(eggs)any(sugar)(vezi exemplele de mai jos)

Peanyl folosim (deocamdat) atunci cnd ntrebm:Are there any eggs? Sunt (ceva) ou?Is there any sugar? Este (ceva) zahr?

Surprise!Substantivele nenumrabile pot fi cuantificate i prin alte structuri ajuttoare (care sunt, de fapt, substantive numrabile)..a cup of teaa glass of winea spoon of sugara tea spoon of honeya bottle of watera carton of milka pack of buttera bowl of ricea slice of breada loaf of bread10. Live & Work & Study~ Focus on Verbs ~

Obiectivul acestei lecii este cel de a ne obinui s conjugm verbul n limba englez, la forma nti, afirmativ, interogativ i negativ.n leciaI love chocolate! - Likes and Dislikes, am nvat s conjugm verbulto like. Continum acum cuto live,to workito study.Parcurge urmtoarele tabele, iar apoi mergi la seciuneaExercisespentru a fixa prin exerciii structurile nvate.

To live


1stperson SingularIlivein a town.DoIlivein a town?Ido not(don't)livein a town.

2ndperson SingularYoulivein a city.Doyoulivein a city?Youdo not(don't)livein a city.

3rdperson SingularHelivesin a village.Doeshelivein a village?Hedoesnot(doesn't)livein a village.

1stperson PluralWelivein Timioara.Dowelivein Timioara?Wedo not(don't)livein Timioara.

2ndperson PluralYoulivein Cluj.Doyoulivein Cluj?Youdo not(don't)livein Cluj.

3rdperson PluralTheylivein Bucharest.Dotheylivein Bucharest?Theydo not(don't)livein Bucharest

To work


1stperson SingularIworkat the post-office.DoIworkat the post-office?Ido not(don't)workat the post-office.

2ndperson SingularYouworkin a bank.Doyouworkin a bank?Youdo not(don't)workin a bank.

3rdperson SingularHeworksin a shop.Doesheworkin a shop?Hedoesnot(doesn't)workin a shop.

1stperson PluralWeworkat the city hall.Doweworkat the city hall?Wedo not(don't)workat the city hall.

2ndperson PluralYouworkin this school.Doyouworkin this school?Youdo not(don't)workin this school.

3rdperson PluralTheyworkin an office.Dotheyworkin an office?Theydo not(don't)workin an office.

To studyAffirmativeInterrogativeNegative

1stperson SingularIstudyLiterature.DoIstudyLiterature?Ido not(don't)studyLiterature.

2ndperson SingularYoustudyEnglish.DoyoustudyEnglish?Youdo not(don't)studyEnglish.

3rdperson SingularHestudiesMaths.DoeshestudyMaths?Hedoesnot(doesn't)studyMaths.

1stperson PluralWestudyPhysics.DowestudyPhysics?Wedo not(don't)studyPhysics.

2ndperson PluralYoustudyChemistry.DoyoustudyChemistry?Youdo not(don't)studyChemistry.

3rdperson PluralTheystudyBiology.DotheystudyBiology?Theydo not(don't)studyBiology.

Dup cum putem observa mai sus, n unele cazuri, adugmes(nu doars) la persoana a III-a singular, afirmativ, ca n:I study. He studies. (Aici, o alt modificare este schimbarea litereiyni.)I watch. (Eu privesc.) He watches. (El privete.)Vom discuta despre aceste aspecte lanivelul intermediar.

Surprise!Imperativulse formeaz foarte uor n limba englez. Pur i simplu eliminm particulatodin forma de infinitiv a verbului i adugm un semn al exclamrii la sfrit.e.g.: Work! Lucreaz!e.g.: Study! nva!Vom insista pe imperativ lanivelul intermediar11. Ruby is a beautiful girlAdjectives

Adjectives

1. Adjectivul poate fi de sine stttor, ca n exemplul urmtor:e.g.: Ruby is beautiful. Ruby este frumoas.2. n limba englez, atunci cnd adjectivul st lng un substantiv, el se poziioneaznainteasubstantivului.e.g.: Ruby is a beautiful girl. Ruby este o fat frumoas.3. Adjectivul n limba englez esteinvariabil. El nu se modific n funcie de numrul sau de genul substantivului.e.g.: Ruby is young. Ruby e tnr.e.g.: Brian is young. Brian e tnr.e.g.: Ruby and Clara are young. Ruby i Clara sunt tinere.e.g.: Brian and Jeremy are young. Brian and Jeremy sunt tineri.4. Dac vrem s spunem c ceva estefoarte (adjectiv), punem adverbulveryn faa adjectivului.e.g.: Ruby is very beautiful. Ruby e foarte frumoas.e.g.: Ruby is a very beautiful girl. Ruby e o fat foarte frumoas.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Clara issmart.Is Clarasmart?Clara is not (isn't)smart.Clara is asmartgirl.Is Clarasmartgirl?Clara is not (isn't) asmartgirl.Jeremy isrich.Is Jeremyrich?Jeremy is not (isn't)rich.Jeremy is arichman.Is Jeremy arichman?Jeremy is not (isn't) arichman.12. Margarine is cheaper than butterComparatives & Superlatives

Adjectivul are trei grade de comparaie:pozitiv,comparativisuperlativ. n lecia precedent,Ruby is a beautiful girl, ai nvat gradul pozitiv adjectivului. Acum vom nva gradele comparativ i superlativ.Este foarte important s tii c adjectivele sunt de dou tipuri:scurte (short adjectives)ilungi (long adjectives). n funcie de acest criteriu, formm comparativul i superlativul adjectivului.

Short & long adjectivesAdjectivele scurtesunt cele formate din una sau dou silabe.e.g.: cheap, young, smartAdjectivele lungisunt cele compuse din dou sau mai multe silabe.e.g.: expensive, beautiful, intelligent

The comparative & the superlativen tabelul de mai jos, vezi cum se formeaz comparativul i superlativul pentru adjectivele scurte i pentru cele lungi. Dup tabel, gseti explicaii referitoare la formarea lor.

PositiveComparativeSuperlative

Short adjectivescheapyoungsmartcheaperyoungersmarterthecheapesttheyoungestthesmartest

Longadjectivesexpensivebeautifulintelligentmoreexpensivemorebeautifulmoreintelligentthe mostexpensivethe mostbeautifulthe mostintelligent

The comparativeShort adjectives: Adugm terminaiaer.Bananas are cheap.Apples are cheaper.

Long adjectives: Adugm adverbulmorenaintea adjectivului.Margarine is expensive.Butter ismoreexpensive.Cuvntulthannseamndecti se folosete pentru a pune n relaie cele dou elemente.Apples are cheaperthanbananas.Butter is more expensivethanmargarine.

The superlativeShort adjectives: Adugm terminaiaest.Pears are the cheapest./Pears are the cheapestfruit.

Long adjectives: Adugmthe mostnaintea adjectivului.Cheese isthe mostexpensive./Cheese isthe mostexpensive dairy product.

Irregular adjectives

Unele adjective nu respect regulile de mai sus pentru formarea gradelor de comparaie.

goodbetterthe bestbadworsethe worstmanymorethe most(for countable nouns)muchmorethe most(for uncountable nouns)littlesmallerthe smallest(mrime)littlelessthe least(cantitate)oldelderthe eldestOld este adjectiv neregulat doar atunci cnd ne referim la membrii familiei.e.g.:My brother is elder than my sister.n rest, l folosim ca old older the oldest.

Alte adjective neregulate

farfartherthe farthestfar further the furthest

Spunemfarther - the farthestdoar atunci cnd ne referim la distan.Folosimfurther - the furthestfie atunci cnd ne referim la distan, fie atunci cnd ne referim la caracterul adiional a ceva, e.g.: further information mai multe informaii.

Surprise!1.Comparativul de inferioritate. Pe lng comparativul discutat mai sus (care este cel de superioritate), exist i comparativul de inferioritate.Att n cazul adjectivelor scurte, ct i n cel al adjectivelor lungi, formm comparativul de inferioritate adugnd adverbullessnaintea adjectivului.cheapless cheapexpensiveless expensive

Bananas arelesscheap thanapples.Margarine islessexpensive thanbutter.2.Comparativul de egalitate. Exist i un comparativ de egalitate, care ne arat c cele dou elemente suntla fel de (adjectiv) ca. l exprimm folosind structuraas (adjective) as.Oranges areascheapasbananas.Milk isasexpensiveascheese.

Mai multe surprize

3. Unele adjective de dou silabe se pot comporta i ca adjective scurte, i ca adjective lungi.

stupidstupiderthe stupideststupidmore stupidthe most stupid

4. Pentru unele adjective scurte, apar particulariti de scriere: dublarea consoanei de final, schimbarea litereiyni.

hothotterthe hottesthappyhappierthe happiest13. The 1stof MarchOrdinal numbers

Ordinal numbers

Numeralele ordinale indic poziia unui element ntr-un ir. Spre exemplu:1stprize (Firstprize) Premiul nti2ndprize (Secondprize) Premiul al doilea3rdprize (Thirdprize) Premiul al treileaFormm numeralele ordinale adugnd una dintre cele patru terminaii posibile (st,nd,rdsauth) numeralelor cardinale. Atunci cnd folosim scrierea numeric, ele apar imediat dup ultima cifr, pe o poziie grafic superioar, ca n exemplele de mai sus.Datele calendaristicese exprim prin numerale ordinale.e.g.: 1 martie the 1stof March the first of Marche.g.: 2 iulie the 2ndof July the second of Julye.g.: 3 decembrie the 3rdof December the third of DecemberTabelul din seciuneaVocabularya acestei lecii i-a artat cum se formeaznumeralele ordinale de la 1 la 100 n limba englez.ntutorialul audio, te vei familiariza cupronunia numeralelor ordinale.

Reguli pentru formarea numeralelor ordinale:Numerele care se termin n cifra 1 primesc terminaiast:1 (one) 1st(first), 21 (twenty-one) 21st(twenty-first)

Numerele care se termin n cifra 2 primesc terminaiand:2 (two) 2nd(second), 22 (twenty-two) 22nd(twenty-second)

Numerele care se termin n cifra 3 primesc terminaiard:3 (three) 3rd(third), 23 (twenty-three) 23rd(twenty-third)

Numerele care se termin n orice alt cifr primesc terminaiath:4 (four) 4th(fourth), 24 (twenty-four) 24th(twenty-fourth)

Numerele 11, 12, 13 sunt singurele excepii. Chiar dac se termin n 1, 2 i 3, ele primesc terminaiath:11 (eleven) 11th(eleventh), 12 (twelve) 12th(twelfth), 13 (thirteen) 13th(thirteenth)14. Clara is meeting Ruby tomorrowPlanned activities

Planned activities

Exprimm activitile i evenimentele planificate n felul urmtor:


1stpersonIam meetingClara tomorrow.Weare meetingClara tomorrow.

2ndpersonYouare meetingClara tomorrow.Youare meetingClara tomorrow.

3rdpersonHeis meetingClara tomorrow.Theyare meetingClara tomorrow.

Verbul de conjugat primete terminaia-ingi este precedat de verbul auxiliarto be, la persoana corespunztoare.Subject + To Be + [Verb + ING] + (...)Vom studia acest timp verbal la nivelulIntermediate(caPresent Continuous), unde vom afla i care sunt celelalte utilizri ale sale.Pentru moment, ine doar minte c folosim aceast structur verbal pentru activitile programate, care urmeaz s se ntmple ntr-un viitor apropiat.

Lainterogativ, verbul auxiliarto betrece la nceputul propoziiei.To Be + Subject + [Verb + ING] + (...) ?


1stpersonAmImeetingClara tomorrow?ArewemeetingClara tomorrow?

2ndpersonAreyoumeetingClara tomorrow?AreyoumeetingClara tomorrow?

3rdpersonIshemeetingClara tomorrow?AretheymeetingClara tomorrow?

Lanegativ, adugm adverbulnotimediat dup verbul auxiliarto be.Subject + To Be + Not + [Verb + ING] + (...)


1stpersonIam not meetingClara tomorrow.Weare not meetingClara tomorrow.

2ndpersonYouare not meetingClara tomorrow.Youare not meetingClara tomorrow.

3rdpersonHeis not meetingClara tomorrow.Theyare not meetingClara tomorrow.

15. Whose pen is this?Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns

Parcurge tabelul de mai jos i citete apoi explicaiile referitoare la pronumele posesive.

1stperson SingularThis is my book.This book ismine.

2ndperson SingularThis is your book.This book isyours.

3rdperson SingularThis is his book.This book ishis.This is her book.This book ishers.This is its bowl.This bowl isits.

1stperson PluralThis is our book.This book isours.

2ndperson PluralThis is your book.This book isyours.

3rdperson PluralThis is their book.This book istheirs.

Pronumele posesive din limba englez sunt (dup cum putem vedea mai sus):mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs.Spre deosebire deadjectivele posesive(care stau lng substantiv), pronumele posesivenlocuiesc substantivuli, n acelai timp,exprim posesia.Pronumele posesive suntinvariabile. Ele nu i modific forma n funcie de numrul sau de genul substantivului.This pen ismine.These pens aremine.n exemplele de mai sus, putem nlocuithis pencuitithese penscuthey:It is mine. They are mine.

Interrogative & Negative

.AffirmativeInterrogativeNegative

1stperson SingularThis book is mine.Is this book mine?This book is not mine.

2ndperson SingularThis book is yours.Is this book yours?This book is not yours.

3rdperson SingularThis book is his/hers.Is this book his/hers?This book is not his/hers.

1stperson PluralThis book is ours.Is this book ours?This book is not ours.

2ndperson PluralThis book is yours.Is this book yours?This book is not yours.

3rdperson PluralThis book is theirs.Is this book theirs?This book is not theirs.

Whose?Whoseeste pronumele interogativ pe care l folosim pentru a ntreba: al cui / a cui / ai cui / ale cui.Whose esteinvariabil.Whose pen is this? Al cui este stiloul acesta?Whose pens are these? Ale cui sunt stilourile acestea?Whose is the suitcase? A cui este servieta?Whose are the glasses? Ai cui sunt ochelarii?

Surprise!Independent de pronumele posesive, nvm acum dou structuri foarte utile n limba englez:there isithere are.Ele nu au un echivalent precis n limba roman. Le folosim atunci cnd spunem c este / exist / se afl.There isse folosete la singular, iarthere are- la plural.There is a lighter on the table. (E o brichet pe mas.)In my bag, there are: a wallet, a keychain and a ballpoint pen. (n geanta mea, se afl: un portofel, un breloc i un pix.)16. The sun shines brightlyAdverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner

Adverbul de mod descrie o aciune. Spre deosebire de adjective (care determin substantive), adverbele determin verbe (sau adjective).Majoritatea adverbelor de mod din limba englez se formeaz prin adugarea terminaieilyla adjectivul din care este derivat adverbul.

AdjectiveAdverbExample

brightbrightlyThe sun shinesbrightly.

gentlegentlyThe wind blowsgently.

gradualgraduallyThe sun risesgradually.

happyhappilyThe monkey playshappily.

heavyheavilyThe rain fallsheavily.

loudloudlyThe lion roarsloudly.

patientpatientlyThe tiger waitspatientlyfor its prey.

quickquicklyThe horse runsquickly.

quietquietlyThe butterfly fliesquietly.

slowslowlyThe snail movesslowly.

softsoftlyThe snow fallssoftly.

Exist iadverbe de mod neregulate:

goodwellHe is a good driver.He drives well.fastfastShe drives a fast car.She drives fast.hardhardThis is a hard job.I work hard.highhighThe mountain is high.I can jump very high.Adverbulhighare i formahighly, dar aceasta nseamnextrem de,foartei se folosete n structuri precum: I value himhighly. (l preuiesc foarte mult.)

Surprise!Lista adjectivelor care devin adverbe de mod prin adugarea terminaieilyeste mult mai lung dect lista exemplelor din aceast lecie.Enumerm, n continuare, toate adjectivele din leciaRuby is a beautiful girl Adjectivescare devin cu uurin adverbe de mod prin adugarea terminaieily.bad - badlybeautiful - beautifullybright - brightlycheap - cheaplyeasy - easilyhappy - happilyheavy - heavilyloud - loudlynew - newlynice - nicelypoor - poorlyquick - quicklyquiet - quietlyrough - roughlysad - sadlyslow - slowlysmooth - smoothlysoft - softlystrong - stronglyweak - weakly

Adjectivesgoodbunbadru

happyvesel, fericitsadtrist

bigmaresmallmic

youngtnroldbtrn

beautifulfrumosuglyurt

tallnaltshortscund

fatgrasslimslab, subire

longlungshortscurt

thickgrosthinsubire

heavygreulightuor

hardtaresoftmoale

smoothfinroughaspru

fullplinemptygol

hotfierbintecoldrece

brightluminosdarkntunecat

cheapieftinexpensivescump

newnouoldvechi

cleancuratdirtymurdar

easyuordifficultdificil

quickrapidslowlent

loudzgomotosquietsilenios

strongputernicweakslab

richbogatpoorsrac

smartistestupidprost

intelligentinteligent

prettydrgu (aspectul fizic)

nicedrgu (obiecte, aciuni, idei etc.)

kind (to)binevoitor (cu

17. The present is for himObject pronouns

Object pronouns

Atunci cnd ndeplinesc funcia sintactic de complement (direct sau indirect), pronumele urmeaz dup verbe, pe care le determin. n limba englez, echivalentul termenuluicomplementesteobject.Denumim pronumele cu funcie de complementobject pronouns. Ele au forme specifice, diferite de cele ale pronumelor nvate pn acum (personale i posesive).Object pronouns:me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them.Pronumele care ndeplinesc funcia de subiect (adic pronumele personale) suntsubject pronouns.

Subject pronounObject pronoun

1stpersonSingularISendmean e-mail.

2ndpersonSingularyouI can cookyoudinner.

3rdpersonSingularhesheitClara likeshim.Jeremy doesn't likeher.Giveitthe bone.

1stpersonPluralweBuyussome sweets.

2ndpersonPluralyouHe is meetingyoutomorrow.

3rdpersonPluraltheyInvitethemto the party.

Cnd pronumele apar dup una dintre prepoziiilefor,from,to,with, tim c avem de a face cuobject pronouns.

This letter isforRuby.This letter isforher.This letter isfromBrian.This letter isfromhim.I am writing a lettertomy grandparents this evening.I am writing a lettertothemthis evening.I am playing video gameswithJeremy and Clara on Friday.I am playing video gameswiththemon Friday.

Surprise!1. Scurtm propoziiile prin nlocuirea structurilor completive mai complexe cuobject pronouns.(Desigur, facem asta atunci cnd avem suficiente informaii contextuale pentru a ti despre cine sau despre ce este vorba.)I am meetingmy best friendtomorrow. I am meetinghim/hertomorrow.2. n propoziia de mai jos, avem un complement direct (the present) i un complement indirect (him). Complementul indirect este poziionatnainteacelui direct.Give him the present. (D-i lui cadoul.)Dac plasm complementul indirectdupcel direct, propoziia devine:Give the presenttohim.Un alt exemplu:Jeremy brings her flowers every week. Jeremy brings flowerstoher every week.

1.gramatica engleza

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