Formulation of Aquafeeds

Mae R. Catacutan Nutrition and Feed Development Section

SEAFDEC/AQD

Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines

September 1, 2014

Lecture Outline

I. Factors to Consider in Feed

Formulation

II. Feed Formulation Methods

a) Pearson’s Square

b) Trial & Error Method

Feed Formulation

- is combining of feed ingredients or feedstuffs with

the aim of making a feed with adequate amounts of

different nutrients required by a specific aquaculture

species

- no single feed ingredient has the adequate

quantities of the required nutrients, so different feed

ingredients are mixed to have the desirable adequate

product.

- a mathematical process that requires information on

nutrients required by the species for culture.

Types of formulated feeds

Supplementary feed

extensive culture, low stocking density,

other source of food in the pond/culture area

Complete feed intensive culture, high density stocking,

the only source of nutrients, for larvae and fry

I. Factors to Consider in Feed Formulation

1. Feed ingredients

2. Feeding habits of fish species to culture

3. Growth stages of fish species to culture

4. Nutrients required

1. Feed ingredients

Contain:

different amounts of moisture, protein,

carbohydrate, lipid, ash and crude fiber

Considerations when choosing feed ingredients:

Cost & quality

Nutrient composition & availability

or digestibility

Commercial availability

Acceptability or palatability

ANFs or presence of toxic substances

Common Feed Ingredients in Aquafeed

Ingredients Crude

Protein

Crude Fat Digestible

Carbohydrate

Ash

Fish meal

(Peruvian) 68.3 5.9 7.7 17.3

Fish meal

(Danish) 73.9 9.4 2.4 14

Squid meal 78.5 5.5 6.7 8

Soybean meal

(full-fat) 35.8 19.8 33.9 5.6

Soybean meal

(defatted) 43.6 1.5 41.7 7.7

Wheat Pollard 15.4 4.5 64 5.8

Nutrients in two plant feed ingredients

(% Dry Matter)

Nutrients Corn Rice Bran

Protein 7.8

Crude Fat 4.7

Carbohydrate 83

Crude Fiber 2.6

Crude Ash 1.8

13

14.2

62

3.1

7.4

2. Feeding Habits

fish - swallow feed

crustaceans - nibbles feed

3. Growth Stages of fish

larval stage

juvenile stage

breeder

Feed Formulation

4. Nutrients Required by Fish

protein

lipid

carbohydrate

vitamins & minerals

II. Feed Formulation Methods

1. Pearson’s Square Method (for supplementary feed with few ingredients)

Pearson’s Square Method

• Example 1: Make a supplementary feed for carp. Combine fish

meal (FM) and rice bran (RB) ot make a 25% protein feed. FM

has 50% protein while Rice Bran contains 8% protein.

• Step 1. Draw a square

• Step 2. Write target protein at the center

• Step 3. Write FM protein level at the upper left side of the

square; RB protein level at the bottom left.

25

Pearson’s Square Method

Step 4. Get the difference between FM protein level & the target protein

and write the value at the bottom right side of the square. For rice bran,

write the difference at the upper right side of the square. Ignore positive

and negative sign.

Step 5. Get the percentages of FM and RB in the mix.

So, to make a 25% protein diet, combine 17 parts fish meal and 25 parts

rice bran or 40.48% FM & 59.52 RB.

Step 6. Check for total protein in a 100 g feed:

FM = 40.48g X 50% protein = 20.24 g protein

RB = 59.52g X 8% protein = 4.76 g protein

100.00 g feed = 25.00 g protein

25

Fish Meal 50%

Rice bran 8%

17 parts Fish Meal

25 Rice bran 8%

Sum 42

Percentage

17 42 X 100 =40.48%

25 42 X 100 =59.52%

+

Diet with two ingredients

Balance a 30 %protein diet with the following ingredients :

Example 2

1. fish meal (60%crude protein)

2. rice bran (8%crude protein)

(by N.V. Golez)

Pearson’s Square

1. Draw a square and place the desired protein level

of the diet at the middle.

30

Pearson’s Square

2. At the left side of the square, place the two ingredients

and their protein content.

30

Rice bran 8 %

Fish meal 60 %

3. Subtract the protein content of each ingredient from the

desired protein level of the feed. Place the difference at the

right corner of the square diagonally opposite the ingredient.

Take the absolute values only, ignore positive and negative

signs.

Pearson’s Square

30

Rice bran 8 %

Fish meal 60 %

30 parts

22 parts

Pearson’s square technique

30

Rice bran 8 %

Fish meal 60 %

30 parts

22 parts

4. Take the sum of the numbers at the right of the square

Pearson’s square technique

30

Rice bran 8 %

Fish meal 60 %

30 parts

22 parts

52

5. Take the percentage of the numbers on the right (by using

the sum obtained in step 4).

(22 / 52 ) x 100 = 42.31 %

(30 / 52 ) x 100 = 57.69 %

To check if the desired level of the protein was met,

multiply the weight by protein content of each feed

ingredient and sum up :

Fish meal 42.31 x 0.60 = 25.39 g

Rice bran 57.69 x 0.08 = 4.61 g

30.0 g protein

100.00 grams diet

The diet formula is :

Fish meal 42.31 grams

Rice bran 57.69 grams

II. Feed Formulation Methods

2. Trial & Error Method

(using a Worksheet)

Work Sheet

Ingredients g/100 g Crude Protein Crude Fat NFE

P. Fish meal 25 25 X 0.68 =17 25 X 0.059 =1.48 25 X 0.077=1.9

Meat & Bone M 12 12 X 0.47 = 5.64 12 X0.096 = 1.15 12 X 0.075=0.9

DSoybean meal 15 15 X 0.44= 6.6 15 X 0.015 = 0.22 15 X 0.42 = 6.3

Copra meal 15 15 X 0.22 = 3.3 15 X .067 = 1.0 15 X 0.44 = 6.6

Fish Oil 4 4 X 1=4

Flour 5 5 X 0.13=0.65 5 X 0.012 = 0.06 5 X 0.85 = 4.25

Vit & Min mixes 3

Rice bran 21 21 X 0.075 = 1.58 21 X 0.053 = 1.11 21 X 0.47 = 9.9

Total 100 34.77 9.02 29.85

Feed ingredients proximate nutrient content

Feedstuff Moisture Amount(% dry matter)

CProtein CFat CFiber NFE Ash

Peruvian Fish meal 8.3 68.3 5.9 0.8 7.7 17.3

Alaskan Fish meal 8.5 72.5 9.3 0.5 0.4 17.3

Shrimp meal 8.2 68.6 3.9 3.6 7.6 16.3

Meat and bone meal 5.6 46.8 9.6 2 7.5 34.1

Copra meal 7.9 22 6.7 17.3 44.3 9.7

Corn meal 8.4 7.8 4.7 2.6 83.1 1.8

Soy bean meal,

defatted 8.4 43.6 1.5 5.5 41.7 7.7

Yeast, Brewer's 7.2 49.4 1.6 2.4 34.5 12.1

Bread flour 12.1 12.9 1.2 0.3 84.9 0.7

Wheat pollard 9.5 15.4 4.5 10.3 64 5.8

Rice bran 8.1 7.5 5.3 22.5 46.8 17.9

Milkfish grow-out diet (supplemental diet)

Composition %

Fish Meal 11

Defatted soya meal 30.8

Breadflour 5

Soybean oil 2

Cod liver oil 2

Rice bran 49.2

Total 100

Sumagaysay, 1998 (as fed basis)

Estimated nutrients:

Crude Protein = 26.7%

Crude Fat = 10.9%

Dig. Carbohydrate = 45.1 %

Gross Energy = 385.3

(kcal/100g diet)

Catfish feed (C. macrocephalus) with average weight of 3.6g

Composition %

Chilean Fish Meal 20

Defatted soya meal 30

Breadflour 9

Soybean oil 5

Mineral Mix 1

Vitamin Mix 1

Dicalcium phosphate 3

Rice bran 31

Total 100

Catacutan, 2000

Feed Composition

Estimated nutrients:

Crude Protein = 44%

Crude Fat = 10%

Dig. Carbohydrate = 27%

Gross Energy = 374

(kcal/100g diet)

Composition %

Fish Meal (tuna) 45

Soybean meal 10

Acetes (Alamang) 10

Breadflour 12

Fish Oil 4

Vitamin Mix 2

Mineral MIx 2

Rice bran 15

Total 100

Aim to make a feed that is :

low cost

acceptable or palatable

meet required nutrient levels

ease of preparation

promote good growth & survival

Thank you!