1dbc3module i Health Psychology

8/11/2019 1dbc3module i Health Psychology

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DR. ANURADHA SHARMAMODULE I

SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY


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The Emergence of HealthPsychology

The Biopsychosocial Model

Methodology

Systems of the BodyNervous SystemEndocrine SystemCardiovascular SystemRespiratory System


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Foundations for Contemporary Health Psychology

In ancient times and the middle ages there was abelief that spiritual disturbances caused disease.

The development of early Greek Medicine and theadvent of the Renaissance brought about afocus on physical causes for disease.

Scientific advances in microscopy and humananatomy further advanced medicine.

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Name of InstitutionFoundations for Contemporary

Health PsychologyPsychoanalytic case studies revealed how anxiety

and unconscious personality conflicts canmanifest as physical symptoms.

The study of psychosomatic medicine focused ondisease- prone personality types.

The contemporary view focuses on the balancebetween physical and mental well-being in thecontext of the social environment.

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Cause of Death

Deaths

Percent of Total Deaths

Diseases of the heart

710,760

29.6

Malignant Neoplasms

553,091

23.0

Cerebrovascular Diseases 5


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Alzheimers Disease

49,558

2.1

Kidney Disease

37,251

1.5 Septicemia

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31,224

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Total

2,403,351

100.0

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Name of InstitutionThe Emergence of Health

PsychologyThe Emergence of Health

Psychology

The Modern Problem

Patterns of illness are changing.

People are less likely to die from acute disorders and communicable

disease (with the exception of AIDS).

People are living longer with chronic diseases

Chronic diseases:

Generally can be managed, not cured

Related to health behaviors and compliance with medical regimen

Living with chronic diseases has social and psychologicalconsequences

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Technological Advances

Genetic counseling

Coping with potential health risks

Patient counseling regarding life-sustaining

measures

Research in health psychology identifies

risk-factors

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Name of InstitutionEMERGENCE OF HEALTH SERVICES

Health Care Services

Health care is the largest service industry in theUnited States.

Prevention can reduce health care costs. Most people in the U.S. are recipients of health care

services. Research on satisfaction with health care

Health psychologists are becoming more integratedinto the medical context.

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Name of InstitutionBIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL

Health and illness are consequences of theinterplay of biological, psychological, andsocial factors.

Systems Theory

All levels of organization in any entity arelinked hierarchically.

Change at one level influences change inother levels

Changes on the microlevel can have

macrolevel effects and vice versa. 11


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Name of InstitutionBiomedical Model

Dominant model for the past 300 years

Allillness can be explained on the basis ofaberrant somatic processes.

Liabilities of the Biomedical Model

ReductionismIllness is reduced to microlevelprocesses i.e. chemical imbalances.

Single-factor modelIllness is due to one factor:a biological malfunction.

Mind-body dualismThe mind and the body areseparate entities.

Emphasis on illness over health 12


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Health is determined by both microlevel andmacrolevel processes (psychological andsocial factors).

Multiple factorsa variety of factors areinvolved in health and illness.

The mind and body are not separated whenconsidering matters of health and illness.

Emphasis on both health and illness.

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The process of diagnosis must consider the

interaction of biological, psychological, and

social factors.

Treatment recommendations must take these factorsinto account.

The relationship between the patient and the

health care practitioner has an impact on theeffectiveness of care.

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Health Promotion and Maintenance

Prevention and Treatment of Illness

Etiology (causes) and Correlates of Healthand Illness

Health Policy and Health Care ServiceDelivery

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Short-term behavioral interventions have been

effective in helping patients to: Manage pain

Modify bad health habits (such as smoking)

Manage side effects and treatment effects when coping with chronic

illness.

Psychologists help ease the adjustment process for

patients

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Experiments

Randomized Clinical Trials

Correlational Studies

Comparing changes in variables

Prospective Designs

Looking forward, longitudinal research Retrospective Research

Looking backward17


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ExperimentA study where there is random assignment to treatment

groups in an intervention focused on exercise and weightloss

Correlation

A study of the relationship between cultural identity andphysical symptoms

Prospective

A study following the physical and mental health indicatorsoutcomes of cancer patients 6 months, 1 year, and 2

years after chemotherapy 18


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Epidemiology

The study of the frequency, distribution, andcauses of infectious and noninfectious

disease in a population based on aninvestigation of the physical and socialenvironment

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Morbidity refers to the number of cases of adisease that exist at some given point intime.

Incidence: the number of new cases Prevalence: the total number of existing cases

Mortality refers to the number of deaths due

to a particular cause.

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Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord The brain is the command center

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares the body to respond to emergencies

Plays an important role in reactions to stress

Is concerned with the mobilization of energy. A catabolic system Parasympathetic Nervous System

Acts antagonistically with the sympathetic nervous system.

Restores the body to a normal state.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that regulate nervous systemfunctioning.

Catecholamines - the neurotransmitters,epinephrine and norepinephrine, thatpromote sympathetic nervous system

activity. The catecholamines are released in

substantial quantities during stressfultimes.

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Disorders of the Nervous System

Affect 25 million Americans

12% of deaths are from nervous systemdisorders.

Epilepsy

Cerebral Palsy

Parkinson's Disease

Multiple Sclerosis Huntingtons disease

Polio

Paraplegia, quadriplegia

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Complements the nervous system incontrolling bodily activities.

Make up of ductless glands which secrete

hormones into the blood. Governs slow-acting responses of long

duration

Regulated by the hypothalamus and thepituitary gland

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Disorders

Diabetes

Third most common chronic disorder in the U.S.

Body cannot manufacture and properly use insulin. Primary forms of diabetes:

Type I juvenile diabetes) insulin dependent, partly genetic

Type II lifestyle, especially obesity and stress, plays a major role,

onset after age 40.

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Diabetes is associated with:

Thickening of the arteries, leading to high

rates of coronary heart disease.

Blindness, and is the leading cause ofblindness in adults.

Kidney failure

Nervous system damage leading to pain andloss of sensation.

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System consists of the heart, blood

vessels and blood.

Arteries carry blood from the heart to other

organs and tissues.

Veins return the blood to the heart after

the oxygen has been used up.

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Disorders

Atherosclerosisdeposits of plaque in the

arteries

Angina Pectoris (chest pain)

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Hypertensionchronically high blood

pressure

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Disorders Related to White Cell

Production

Leukemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis

Disorders Related to Red Cell Production

Anemia, erythrocytosis, sickle-cell anemia

Clotting Disorders

Hemophilia, Clots (Thromboses) in blood

vessels

Coronary thromboses, cerebral thromboses

Embolus (A clot that becomes detached) 29


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Functions of Respiration

1. To take in oxygen

2. To excrete carbon dioxide3. To regulate the composition of the blood

Organs Involved

Nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea,diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and

lungs.

Inspiration is active; expiration is passive.30


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Disorders

Asphyxialack of O2, excess of CO2 Anoxialack of O2

Hyperventilationexcess of O2, lack ofexcess of CO2

Hay Feverseasonal allergic reaction in

which irritants enter the lungs promptingthe body to produce histamines.

Asthmamore severe allergic reaction

that may produce bronchial spasms and31


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Disorders

Viral InfectionsCommon cold, influenza

Bacterial InfectionsStrep throat,whooping cough, diphtheria.

Pneumonia and Emphysema

Tuberculosis and Pleurisy Lung Cancer

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An interdisciplinaryfield

Concerned with development and integration ofbehavioral and biomedical science

Knowledge and techniques relevant to theunderstanding of physical health and illness

The application of this knowledge and thesetechniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment,

and rehabilitation Designing, implementing, and evaluating the

effectiveness of prevention and treatmentprograms

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Name of InstitutionWork Settings of Health

Psychologists Hospitals

Pain clinics

Hospices

Primary care centers

Private practice settings

Colleges and universities

Corporations

Non-profit organizations & governmentalagencies

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Clinical Health Psychologists

Research & Health Education

Psychologists Provide direct services to clients and

patients in a variety of settings such asprimary care & rehabilitation centers

Perform cognitive, behavioral, andpsychophysiological assessments

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Utilize clinical and cognitive-behavioraltechniques in illness

& pain management, promotion of healthy

life style, stress management, etc.,

Deliver psychoeducation about coping with

disease, addiction and preventive healthbehaviors

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Focus on bio-psychosocial model of healthand illness

Investigate effects of psychological, social,and cultural factors on health and disease

Investigate psychosocial mechanism ofhealth attitudes and behavior change

Design & evaluate effectiveness ofprevention and treatment programs

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Examples of research areas:psychosomatic illness, addiction, obesity &eating disorders, pain management, HIV,oncology, patient-provider communication,

treatment compliance, evaluation ofwellness/prevention programs

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1dbc3module i Health Psychology

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