Name ________________________ Class ______

Answer Key- Biology Review for Fall Benchmark

DefinitionsYou should know what every word on this page means. Look through the entire review sheet and highlight any words you do not recognize. Be sure to learn the meaning of the terms you highlighted.

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes If you need help with this topic- click here1. Put a “P” next to the structures that are found in prokaryotic cells and an “E” next to the

structures that are found in eukaryotic cells. a. Cell membrane P, E

b. Cytoplasm P, E

c. Chromosome P, E

d. Mitochondrion E

e. Genetic material P, E

f. Ribosomes P, E

g. Chlorophyll P (in cyanobacteria), E (in plant cells)

h. Chloroplast E

2. List three ways you can recognize a cell is a eukaryote.

Size- eukaryotes are bigger than prokaryotes

Presence of nucleus

Presence of other membrane-bound organelles

3. Do eukaryotic cells ever have a cell wall? Yes

● If yes, what kind of eukaryotic cell has a cell wall? Plant (and fungi)

4. Do prokaryotic cells have a cell wall? Yes, bacteria have a cell wall composed of a protective substance called peptidoglycan.

Biomolecules If you need help with this topic- click here5. List the elements present in each biomolecule

a. Carbohydrate: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)

b. Lipid: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)c. Protein: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHONS)d. Nucleic Acid: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONPS)

6. Identify each monomer and what it builds.

Monomer amino acid

Builds protein

Monomer monosaccharide

Builds carbohydrate

Monomer nucleotide

Builds nucleic acid

Monomer fatty acid

Builds lipid

7. What did the Urey-Miller experiment demonstrate?

The Urey-Miller experiment demonstrated that organic molecules could form from inorganic substances. In other words, they showed a possible way for the first biomolecules on the earth to be synthesized.

Levels of Organization8. Number the levels or organization from simplest to most complex:

__3____ __1____ ___2___ ___4____

9. Cells combine to form __tissues__, which make up __organs____.

10. Connective tissue includes blood, bone, fat. These tissues all serve to protect and

support organs of the body. The level of organization that is more complex than

connective tissue is the ____organ________ level, while the ___cellular_____ level is

less complex.

11. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are examples of these and work together in an

_____organ system______ to maintain homeostasis for the

____organism_______________.

Cell Theory, Endosymbiotic Theory, and Characteristics of Life If you need help with the endosymbiotic theory- click here

If you need help with the cell theory - click here

12. What are the three tenets of the cell theory?

● The cell is the basic structural unit of all organisms

● All living things are made of cells (unicellular or multicellular)

● Cells come from preexisting cells (cells are the basic unit of reproduction)

13. Use the cell theory to give 3 reasons why viruses are not considered alive. 1)Viruses are

not organized into the structural unit of all organisms, the cell, 2)Viruses are neither unicellular nor

multicellular , 3) and viruses cannot reproduce unless in a host cell.

14. Describe what is shown in the figure:

A small aerobic prokaryote (mitochondrion) forms a symbiotic relationship with a large prokaryote

and is engulfed by the large prokaryote by endocytosis. The large prokaryote also forms a

symbiotic relationship with a small photosynthetic prokaryote (chloroplast) and, again, engulfs the

small prokaryote. This results in the formation of a complex eukaryotic cell containing smaller

structures that work together to perform cell functions.

15. Summarize the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory. Mitochondria and

chloroplasts contain their own DNA, similar to that found in prokaryotic cells. They also have

their own double membranes, their own ribosomes, and can divide on their own.

Systems, Homeostasis, and Cell Transport If you need help with this topic- click here

16. What is the function of the structure shown

below: The cell membrane regulates entry and exit

into the cell, to maintain homeostasis.

17. Dialysis tubing is semipermeable, just like the cell membrane, so it makes a good model

for what will happen to the cell when placed in different environments. A student makes

a model of a cell using dialysis tubing,

as shown below.

What will happen to the cell model over time? Explain. The cell model will swell as water

moves from high concentration (the hypotonic environment in the beaker) to low concentration (the

inside of the cell).

18. Matching:

A)Active transport iii i) Movement from high to low concentration, no energy required

B) Passive transport i ii) Diffusion of water

C) Osmosis ii iii) Movement from low to high concentration involving a protein pump, endocytosis, or exocytosis

19. Identify two other systems that the immune system works with to protect the body.

Circulatory system and the integumentary system (skin) because the white blood cells travel in the

circulatory system and the skin protects organisms from invaders.

20. What is the function of the circulatory system? To deliver nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and

remove wastes such as carbon dioxide.

21. What is the function of the excretory system? To maintain fluid balance, filter the blood,

reabsorb nutrients, and excrete wastes.

22. Explain the process illustrated below. What purpose does it

serve?

A simple feedback loop for the regulation of body temperature is shown. When

the body is too warm, a signal is sent to increase sweat production which cools

the body back down.

23. Explain the peaks and valleys in the graph: The

peaks show the rise in blood sugar that occurs after

eating a meal (breakfast is the first peak, a snack is the

second peak, and lunch is the third peak). The slope

decreases as glucose is transported from the blood and

into the cells. This occurs after the pancreas produces

insulin, which allows the transport of glucose across the

cell membrane.