19th Century Nation-Building in Europe and the Americas

19th Century Nation-Building in Europe and the Americas

AP World History

Presentation Outline

1) Definition of nationalism

2) The Unification of Italy

3) The Unification of Germany

4) The US and Manifest Destiny

5) The Mexican Revolution

6) Canadian Territorial Expansion

1) NATIONALISM

• Nationalism is the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. When the nation also had its own independent government, it became a nation-state.

BONDS THAT CREATE A NATION-BONDS THAT CREATE A NATION-STATESTATE

• NATIONALITY: A belief in a common ethnic ancestry – real or imagined.

• LANGUAGE: Different dialects (forms) of one language; one dialect chosen as the “national language”.

• CULTURE: A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals).

• HISTORY: A common past, common experiences (real or imagined).

• RELIGION: A religion shared by all or most of the people.

• TERRITORY: A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic groups; its “land”.

2) NATIONALISM, A FORCE FOR UNITY: ITALY

ITALY

• After the Congress of Vienna (1815), the land of Italy was still divided:

• - Austria ruled the Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy.

• The Spanish Bourbon family ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

• Pope controlled the Papal States (under French protection since 1848).

ITALY: LEADERS OF UNIFICATION

Mazzini Garibaldi Cavour


• Mazzini:– Formed a nationalist group

known as “Young Italy” in 1832.

– He called for an end to foreign rule and the unification of Italy based on the common language and culture of the people. The Italian nationalist movement was called the Risorgimento (“resurgence”)

– 1848: rebels failed and former rulers of Italian states drove Mazzini and other nationalist leaders into exile.


• Cavour:– Prime Minister of the

Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.

– Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinian power.

– Would unify the North


• Garibaldi:– Leader of the Red

Shirts (Italian nationalist group that gained control of Sicily in 1860).

– Would unify the South and merge with North (under pressure)

ITALIAN UNIFICATION - 1859• Agreement between Italy (Cavour)

and France (Napoleon III) at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

• Spring of 1859, Cavour provoked a war with Austria. A combined French-Saridinian army won two quick victories against Austria. Major battles were fought at Magenta (June 4, 1859) and Solferino (June 24, 1859) .

• They drove Austria out of Lombardia but failed to drive them out of Venetia.

• France was given Savoy and Nice in exchange for their help.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Victory over Austria awoke nationalist feelings among the states of Central Italy.

A plebiscite held in 1860, determined the incorporation into the kingdom of Sardinia of the states of Parma, Modena and Tuscany.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION - 1860• Secretly, Cavour was helping

nationalist rebels in southern Italy. However, he would not send the Piedmontese army.

• In May 1860, a small army of Italian nationalists (the 1000 Red Shirts), led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, sailed from Genoa and aided the Sicilian revolts, forcing the Bourbon army out of Sicily.

• From Sicily, Garibaldi crossed to the Italian mainland and successfully marched north to Naples.

• After Garibaldi took complete control and became leader of Southern Italy the people voted in a second plebiscite to unite with the north. (because Garibaldi received an ultimatum from King Victor Emmanuel II – unify or go to war against us.)

ITALIAN UNIFICATION - 1861

• In March 1861, a parliament of all of Italy except Rome and Venetia, agreed on unifying Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king.

• Turin was the first capital,1861

• Three months later Cavour died. Before dying, Cavour purportedly said: "Italy is made. All is safe."

But what about the Papal States in the middle? (oh, and Venetia and Rome?)

1862 – Garibaldi sails for Rome intending to defeat it – he loses and is imprisoned briefly.

1864 – Victor Emmanuel II meets with Napoleon III and negotiates the withdrawl of French troops within 2 years.

Florence became capital in 1864 -1865

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• In 1866, Italy joined Prussia in a war against Austria. When the Prussians won, Italy’s reward was Venetia.

• When, in 1870, French troops withdrew from Rome so they could fight in the Franco-Prussian War; Italian forces seized Rome

• Rome was declared Capital of

Italy, in 1871, after final unification.

• However, Pope Pius IX refused to acknowledge the Italian State and it was not until Mussolini came to power that Rome/Vatican finally “accepted” Italy.

CHALLENGES AFTER UNIFICATION

• Tension between the industrial north and agricultural south.

• Different ways of life.• Different dialects of Italian.• Disorganized political parties caused an

unstable parliament.• Strikes and riots in the south.

Italy entered the 20th century as a poor country.

3) NATIONALISM, A FORCE FOR UNITY: GERMANY

GERMANY• Following the Congress of Vienna, 39 German States

formed the German Confederation. Austria and Prussia dominated the Confederation.

GERMANY

• Prussian advantages:– Mainly German population– Most powerful army in Europe (emerging)– Industrialized faster than other German states– Rich resources in the Rhineland

Friendship between the two German states would turn to conflict in an attempt to unify Germany.

GERMANY

• 1848: Democratic revolutions broke out all over Europe.

• As a result, Prussia created a liberal constitution to limit the power of the King.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FWIV.jpg

GERMANY: LEADERS OF THE UNIFICATION

• King Wilhem I (King of Prussia)– Succeeded Frederick William

to the throne in 1861.– Supported by the Junkers:

» Wealthy landowning class» Strongly conservative and

opposed liberal ideas.

LEADERS OF GERMAN UNIFICATION

Wilhem I– Wanted to increase the size and strength of

the military (Parliament refused to give him the money)

– Decided to pick a new Prime Minister in order to get what he wanted.


• Bismarck:– Realpolitik (“the politics

of reality”): politics than leave no room for idealism.

– Known as the “Iron Chancellor” for his realpolitik and his powerful rule.


• Bismarck. First speech as prime minister to the members of the Parliament:“Not by speeches and votes of the majority, are the great questions of the time decided — that was the error of 1848 and 1849 — but by iron and blood.”

Other quotes:– Hit the Poles so hard that they despair of their life; I

have full sympathy with their condition, but if we want to survive, we can only exterminate them; the wolf, too, cannot help having been created by God as he is, but people shoot him for it if they can.

– A conquering army on the border will not be stopped by eloquence.

– Politics is not an exact science. – Politics is the art of the possible.

http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/File:Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG

STEPS TO GERMAN UNIFICATION

• 1864– Alliance between Prussia and

Austria.– War against Denmark to win

two border provinces: Shleswig and Holstein.

– Quick victory. Prussia governed Schleswig and Austria, Holstein.


• 1866: Seven Weeks War

Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein. (Bismarck had negotiated a secret agreement between Italy and Prussia to help each other and agreements of neutrality from France and Russia)

The tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866.


• 1866: Seven Weeks WarThe war was over quickly. Prussia humiliated Austria.The Austrians lost the region of Venetia (given to Italy).

STEPS TO GERMAN UNIFICATION• 1866: Seven Weeks

War

Prussia took control of northern Germany. In 1867, the remaining states of the north, fueled by nationalist pride, joined a North German Confederation (dominated by Prussia)


• 1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War


• 1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War.– By 1867, a few southern German states remained

independent of Prussia. Bismarck felt he could win the support of Southerners if they faced a threat from outside: a war with France would rally the South.

– He published an altered version of a diplomatic telegram he had received from France (Ems telegram). Wilhelm seemed to insult the French. Reacting to the insult, France declared war on Prussia on July 19, 1870.


• 1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War.

The Prussian army poured into northern France, and in September, they surrounded the main French force in Sedan. They took 80,000 French prisoners (even Napoleon III)


• 1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War.

The Franco-Prussian War was the final stage in German unification. Now the nationalistic fever also seized people in southern Germany. They finally accepted Prussian leadership.


Over a six-year period, Bismarck created a united Germany. He made skillful use of diplomacy and warfare to accomplish this task.


JANUARY 18, 1871- Wilhem I is crowned Kaiser (Emperor) at the Palace of Versailles (Picture)

- Second Reich: name given to the new German Empire

THE BALANCE OF POWER SHIFTS

• The Congress of Vienna established five Great Powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia.

• By 1871, however, Britain and Germany were clearly the most powerful. The European balance of power had broken down.

4) The US and Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny= Belief that the US should expand its territory from coast to coast

• As the US expanded from coast to coast the issue of slavery would come to divide the country as pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups argued over whether the new territories would be free or slave states

• This argument was only ended after the U.S. Civil war and the abolition of slavery in 1865

39

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1776

•Great Britain

•US declared independence from Great Britain

A - 13 Original Colonies

40


A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1783

•Great Britain

•Part of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War)

B

B - Western Lands

41


A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1803

•France

•Napoleon needed $

•Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans

•He got all of this instead!

B

C - Louisiana Purchase

C

42


A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1819

•Spain

•Andrew Jackson invaded

•Spain then sold it to us for $5 million

B

D - Florida

D

C

43


A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1845

•Republic of Texas (Independent Country)

•Texas independent from Mexico in 1836

•Gained independence to become part of US

B

E - Texas

D

C

E

44


A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1846

•Great Britain

•Claimed by four countries (Britain, Russia, Spain, & US)

•Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!”

•Britain compromised 49° & US accepted

B

F - Oregon Territory

D

C

E

F

45


A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1848

•Mexico

•Polk offers to buy G from Mexico & they refuse

•War!

•US wins

•In Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, US offers $15 million for G

B

G - Mexican Cession

D

C

E

F

G

5) The Mexican RevolutionCauses of the Mexican Revolution

• Reign of Porfirio Díaz– Ruled as a dictator

(caudillio)• “New Creoles”

– Modernized Mexico

– Masses suppressed• Working class

wages declined

– 95% of rural population did not own any land

• Mestizo population grew rapidly after 1850

Porfirio Díaz (1876-1910)

Start of the Revolution

• Election of 1910– Francisco Madero ran

against Díaz

– Díaz had Madero arrested on election day

• Madero called for Díaz to be overthrown– Movement supported by

peasants and the middle class

• Díaz forced to resign in May 1911 Francisco Madero (1911-1913)

The Revolution Spreads

• Madero was unprepared• Lack of land reforms led to

open rebellion– Emiliano Zapata

• “Land and Liberty”

– Pancho Villa

• Madero was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913– Madero was eventually

assassinated

Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata

Mural to Zapata in Cuba

Aftermath of Revolution

• Over one million people died

• Revolution lacked a plan, a philosophy, intellectual leadership, or political parties

• Farming, ranching, and mining economies were destroyed– Oil industry improved during revolution

• No major bank or newspaper survived

Constitution of 1917• Conferred strong powers to the president

• Created an elected Senate and Legislature

• Laid basis for land reform

• Government ownership of mineral and water resources

• New labor laws

• Placed restrictions on the church and clergy

7) CANADIAN TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

1867 – Confederation: Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia1870 – Canada purchases Rupert’s Land (NWT)

Manitoba enters Confederation1871 – British Columbia enters Confederation1873 – Prince Edward Island enters Confederation1905 – Alberta &Saskatchewan join Confederation

BUILDING A RAILWAY ACROSS CANADA

In order to help convince British Columbia to join Ottawa promised to build a transcontinental highway. The project began in 1872. The railway was a cornerstone of John A. McDonald’s desire to create a Canadian Nation. Chinese immigrants were brought in to help complete the job. The last spike was entered on November 7, 1885.

CANADA’S POPULATION1867 – 3.3 million1911 – 7.2 millionIn order to populate Western Canada, the government made it attractive to immigrants by offering cheap land.In 1896, PM Wilfred Laurier created an “Open Door” policy for immigrants from certain countries and offered them land.

19th Century Nation-Building in Europe and the Americas

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