The yews and taxol: a bibliography (1970-1991)

Pacific and Yukon Region -Information Report BC-X·338

A.K. Mitchell

••• ForestryCanada

ForiHsCanada Canada

The Padnc FOre5lry Centre Is one of six regional and two national establishments of ForestryCanada. Situated In Victoria with a dishlct ofllce In Prince George, the Pacific Forestry Centrecooperates with other government agencies, the forest Industry, and educaUonallnstitulions topromote the wise management of the lorest resources of BrHish Columbia and the Yukon.

The Pacific Forestry Centre undertakes research In response to the needs 01 the variousmanagers 01 the lorest resource. The results 01 this rese<lrch are dIstributed In the form ofscientific and technical reports and other publlcatlnns.

About the Author

Alan Mitchell. a rese,Hch scientIst at the P<lclflc Forestry Centre, Is a treephysiologist with extensive experience In the biology of Douglas-lirecosystems. He Is currently assigned to a team studying forest ecosystemdynamics, particularly, the ecological conservation of Pacific yew, fromwhich the anli-cancer agent. taxol, Is extracted.

Dr. Mitchell received his B.Se. and M.Sc. from the UnIversity of Victoria in1974 and 19S6. respectively, and his Ph.D. In forest resources from theUniversity 01 Washin,brton.ln Se<lule.ln 19&1.

Cover. The taxol molecule superimposed 011 a silhouette or Pacific yew

(Taxus brel.'ifolia).

The yews and taxol: a bibliography (1970-1991)

A.K. Mitchell

Forestry CmmdaPacific and Yukoll Rl:gioll

Pacilk Forestry Centre

BC-X-338

19CJ2

Forestry Canad:J.Pacific amI Yukon RegionPacific Forestry Centre506 W. Burnside RoadVictoria, British ColumbiaV8Z IM5Phone (6().t) 363-00X>

li:l Minister Supply and Services Canada. 1992ISSN 0830·0453ISBN 0-662-19896-4Cat. No. Fo 46-17/338E

Addilional copics of this pllblicatjOIl are availablc in limited quantitiesat no charge from the Pacific Forestry Centre

Microfiches of thi1> flUblicmionlllay be purchaSt.'t1 fmm:MicroMcdia Inc.Place du PorL.1gc165,II61el-de-VilielIull. QuebecJ3X 3X2

Canadian Cat;lluguing in Jluhlil:ation Data

Mitchell. Alan Kcnneth, 1950-

The yews ,Old taxol; a bibliography (1970-1991)

(Information report, ISSN 0830-0453 : BC-X-338)Includes an abstract in French.ISBN 0-662-19896-4DSS cat. no. Fo-I6-17/338E

I. Yew - Bibliography. 2. Ta.'\us - Bibliography. 3. Taxal - bibliography. 4. Yew - lberapeutic usc­Bibliography. 5.Taxu... - -'lJerarcutic ll.'oe - Bibliography. I. Pacific Forestry CenlJ'e. II. Title. III. Series:Inromlalion report (Pacific Forestry Centre) ; DC·X·338.

Z5356. Y4M48 1992 016.585'2 0J2-OO97724

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Contents

Acknowlcdgcmenls IV

AbstractIR~sum~ . ,_ vInlrOductioli .

1. Cultivation (55 references)

\.1 Cuttings (18 references) . 21.2 Ilcrbicidcs (8 references) . 31.31loniculture (9 references)........................................................... 31.4 Nursery culture (6 references) 41.5 Nursery propagation costs (3 references) 41.6 Patents (4 references)................................................................... 51.7 Taxonomy (7 references) 5

2. Ecology (47 references)

2.1 Community ecology (II references). 52.2 Conservation (3 references) 62.3 Distribution (Europe) (12 references)............................ 72.4 Distribution (North America) (3 refcrences) 72.5 Old trees (6 references).................................................. 82.6 Reserves (conservation) (9 references).......................... 82.7 Paleobolmly (3 references)............ 9

3. Genetics (30 references)

3.1 Population genetics (3 references).... 93.2 Reproductive biology (15 references).......................................... 93.3 Seed dispersal (2 references) II3.4 Seed production and donnancy (10 references).... II

4. Morphology (18 references)

4.1 Cell ultrastructure (4 references). 124.2 Growth and development (5 references)...................................... 124.3 Wood and foliar anatomy (9 references) 12

5. Pathology (35 references)

5.1 Fungi and invenebralcs (4 references)......................................... 135.2 Host response (5 refcrences)........................................................ 135.3 Insects (20 references) 145.4 Planl defense mechanisms (2 references) 155.5 Wounding (4 references)...................................... 16

6. Plant physiology (43 references)

6.1 Air pollution (9 references) ..6.2 General physiology (3 references) ..6.3 Mineral nutrition (7 references) ..

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161717

6.4 Nuuilion ant.! pholupcrioo (3 references)..................................... 176.5 Regeneration (9 references) 186.6 Roots (7 refercnce~) 186.7 Water relations ant.! photo!o.ymhesis (5 reference.~) 19

7. Taxal (46 references)

7.1 Issue analysis (7 references) 197.2 SUSlainable developmelll (3 references) 207.3 Taxol :lnalogs (8 references) 207.4 $U1Icture and mocJc of aclion (II referencc.~) 217.5 Tissue cui lure and biotechnology (6 references) 217.6 El1mobotany (4 relcrcnce...) 227.7 Popular lileralurc (7 references) 22

8. Toxicology (41 references)

8.1 Biochemistry (3 referenccs) 238.2 Phytochemi~lry (23 references) 238.3 Veterinary toxicity (15 references) 25

Aprendix I. Species am.l varielies of TlilUS .. 26Appendix II. Index of refen:nces penincnl WIlle P,tdlk Northwesl 28Appendix 111. AUlhor index 29

AcknowledgementsThe author acknowledges the contributions of Mr. T. Bown, Pacinc Forc!o.tryCenlfe. and Mr. G. Davidsnn. University of Vil.'1I)ria. for popular articles andClhnoholankal references, and IhanKs Dr. D.F.W. Pollart.! and Dr. D.G.Edwards, Pacific Foreury Centre, and Mr. B.G. Dunsworth. MacMillanBloedel, Woudlands Services. Naniamo, for their helpful review comments.Thanks also 10 Mr. S. Glover for editorial commellL~ and indexing amI to Ms. A.Solyma and Ms. L Jone..~ for a.-.sistaJl(:e in L"OfTl;:cling difficult ciL1.lioIlS.

PrintNIOII rt'l')"dn/ paper*

AbstractCurrcllI interest in taxol, lhe promising un[i·canccragent isolated from yew bark, h.'lS focused altcllliollon yew trees. The demand for raw material hasraised questions about me sustainable developmentof the resource and threatens the survival of natura]slands of yew in lhe Pacilie northwest. Referencescollected here provide a basis for new studies oflaxo1 production, and the genetic and ecologicalconservation and regeneration of yews.

Studies 011 yew during the 1970s addressed threediverse problems: I) toxicology ami diagnosis ofyew poisoning in livestock 2) cultivation andhorticultural use of Taxus species and 3) ecology andthe dislfibutioll of Taxu.~ species in nature. Thesestudies were the foundation of our knowledge of thephytochemistry, sil viculturc, and biology of yews.

In lhe 1980s, wllcern over the <.Iamaging effectsof air pollution on ecosystems hrought thc thrceresearch initiatives together. The ycw was stu<.liedbecause its longevity makes it all excellent long-termindicator of change. The previous phytochemicalwork enabled the characterization of toxic substancesin the plants, horticultural studies provide<.linformation on the silvics of the species, andinventories enablc<.l an assessment of poilu tauteffects on plant survival allddistrihution.

This bibliography lists over 300 referencespublishe<.l between 1970 and 1991 and inclu<.lesmany foreign language articles. 1l is divided intoeight sections, each of which i.~ suhdivide<.l inlosubject arcas. Citations arc arnmged chronologicallyto prcseIlt a historical perspective, Keywords arcinc1u<.led where possible, The bibliography isfollowed by a list of Taxus species anti varieties illldan index of articles pertinent to the Patinc northwestand the taxol issue. This bibliography will providereaders with a ready reference to two decades ofresearch that will assist new investigations on thesustainable development of natural sources of taxol.the biology of this relatively little-known genus, theissue of TaXU.f species a" all clement of hiodiversity,or other concems,

ResumeL'interct slluleve actuellemenl par Ie taxol, un agentprometlcur tic lulle contre Ie cancer isole !l. partir tieI'ecorcc d'if, a fait convcrgcr I'attention vcrs celiees."ellce. La demillide pour celle matiere premiere,qui a 1:1.it naitrc des questions sur Ie devcloppementdurable de celie rcssource, constitue une menacepour la survie des peupLements naturels d'ifs dallS laregion nor<.l-ouest du Pacifique. La bibliographiepresentee ci-apres prepare Ie terrain ell vue de latenue t.Ic nouvelles ttudes sur la protluction du t..1:<01de meme que sur la conservation des res sourcesgenctiques et ccologiques ct la regeneralion des ifs.

Pend11lt les annees 70, les etudes sur les ifs ontaborde trois types <.Ie problemes, soit I) latoxicologie el 1c diagnostic If une illloxication dubetail par l'if, 2) la culture ct les utilisationshorticolcs des essences de Taxu.'i et 3) I'ecologie etla rcp,Ulilion des essences tic Tuxl/.'i dans la nature.Ccs eludes sont a la b,L~e de 1I0S l,;ol1oaisS<lIlces sur laphYlochimie. la sylviculture et la biologic des ifs.

Pendant les annees 80. les preoccupationssou levees par Ies eUets domm<lgcables de lapollution aUllospherique sur Ies ecosystemes Olltentraine la fusion de ces trois initiatives derel.:herche. L'if a etc etudie car sa longcvilc en faitun excellent indicateur <'t 10llg tenne du ch,mgement.Les travaux phytochimiques antcrieurs ont permis decaractcriser les Subsllulces toxiques de celie especevegCtale, des eludes horticnles ont fourni desdOllnces sur I' ecologic fOfCsliere de I' essence, et lesinvent.aires effeclues ont pcnnis d'cvaluer les effelSdes pollu,mts sur son l.1.UX de survie et sa repartition.

Celie bibliographie enumcre plus de 300documenl" publits entre 1970 et 1991 et comportede Ilomhrcux ankles en lilllgUC etrilllgerc. Elle estdivisee en huit sections qui sont elles-memessubtlivisees par domaine. Les tit res cites son Ipresellles par ordre chrolltJlogique afin de donnerune perspective historique. Des mots eles sontprescntcs lorsque c'est possible. La bibliographiccst sui vie d'une lisle des eS.~ences et des varieles deTllxl/s et d'un index des articles sur Ie taxol et laregion nord-ouest du Pacifique. Celle bibliographicfournira aux lecteurs Ull guide de reference rapidesur deux dccellnies de recherches qui confribucra ala tenue de nouvelles etudes sur Ie <.Icveloppememdurable des ressources naturelles en taxol, sur lahiologie de ce genre relativelllent peu eonnu, sur lacotllribulion des essences de Tams a 1'1 biodiversiteet sur d'autres sujcts.

IntroductionClinical testing of laxol. the promising anti-cancer agent isolated from yew bark. has stimulated massiveresearch and development programs in the Unitetl Slates, France anti elsewhere that arc aimed aI the aquisilionof the raw material from yew trees and the exltaction, purilic.1lioo. aOll synthesis of taxal and its analogues.

1llc search for effective life-prolonging drugs is not new. Among 35 000 plant s['ICCics tested by the UnitedStates National Cancer Ill.'aitule. many extracts have revealed anticancer aL1ivity but nonc proved 10 be safe forroutine use. with me possible exception of one. In 1966, Monroe Wall, a chemist in North Carolina, tried 10interest the National Cancer Institute in a new substance called taJlol. extracted from the bark of Pacific yew(Taxu.r buvifotia NUll.). Taxal had lhe mosl promising suppression of tumour cells be had ever seen. Wallc\ocn described the molecular SlrUClure in a 1971 paper, but the National Cancer Institute wasn't imeresled andWall gave up without palenting taXo!.

In 1977 there was a breakthrough. The ami-tumor activity so eleganlly demonsuated in the laboratory byWall was conftrmed by results from a study in which taxol W3!> found (0 dram.."l.tically suppress tumours inJiving mice. In 1979. its unique mcxJe of action was published by a team of New York phannarologists andtaxol was finally noticed by the National Cancer Institute. Human lrials began in 1983. and despite a fewdeaths caused by unforseen allergic reactions thai resulted from the fonn in which the drug was administered.testing continued. In 1989, a landmark study conducti.."(] at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore showedgreat promise in women wiUl prevously incumble ovarian cancer. This let! to the National Cancer Instituteissuing a contract with Bristol Meyers-Squibb, a pharmaceutical company b.'tset! in the United States, forclinical development of laXol.

Although taxol is found in all species and varieties of yew. current illlcrc.<;t has been focused on the Pacificyew because natural stand.. in the Pacific nonhwest may represent mc I..'tfgc.,t cUITCntJy available source of bark.Bristol-Meyers Squibb plal\~ 10 obtain somc 158 000 kg of dried b."I.I'k from Britil\h Columbia. This has raL<;edconcerns that an imporL."l.1ll source of the raw malcrial will be ilTcp.'tfably damaged through unsustainableexploitation.

Pacific. or western, yew is widely distribuled in coa'tal and inlerior Britiw Columbia, but scl<.lom fannspure SL.'tllds and is usually found scallercd through tJIC ullderstorcy. Trees are eimer male or female (dioecious),and the seed is characterized by a red nc....hy aril that gives it the appcanUlcc of a beITY. Foliage is usually darkgrccn and the nCi.."dle-like leaves are nat. sharp-pointet! and 2-3 cm long. The shoOL~ arc also green. The bark isthin. scaly and d..'tfk reddish or purplish. The foliagc and tlle secds. in particular. are poisonous.

This survey of the literature on Taxus ;Ulll taxol shows thaI therc have hI.:cn three major research areassince 1970: phylochemistry anll toxicily of yew foliage, inclUding taxol: horticulture. cult ivaI ion anllpropagation by clillings. including pathology; ;Ulll species dislribution and biol(lgy. inclUding physiology anllecology, and seCt! produclion and llonnancy. Liltle is known about nativc North American yews. Of the over300 articles surveyed, II werc on Pacific yew anll lIon Ea..tem yew (TaxlIs cllllwll:nsis). The majority ofrc!ercnces pert.ain to lhe English yew (TlI.X!I,I' Im(;("{/w) and it... hybrills.

This bibliography lists ovcr :\00 rcferelH.:es relaled to taxol, Pacific yew. and the genus Tans. A fewpublications prior to 1970 have been included 10 provide a historical perspective.

To highlight major research initialives. cit.ations atc divided into eighl major subject areas. Within eachsubjcct area, refeTCnces arc further broken into spedlif.: topics that show the scope of the previous work. Thenumber of citations in each major and sfll.·dlic subjecl area is found in the L.'lble of COlllenL~ am.! provilles anindication of the extenl of the research in each. Rcfercnt.'es within the specific subject area<; are arranged inchronological order to highlight CUITCnl rcsearch initiative.~. Alw includi.."d is a list of species and varieties ofTaxils and their hybrids and an index of articles pertaining 10 native North American yews. the PacificNonhwest, and the taxol is:.ue.

l. CULTIVATION

1.1 Cuttings

t ,1,1 Eccher, T. 1988. Response of cUlIings of 16 Tlllu! cultivars to rooling treatments. Acta Hartie. 227:251­253. (English)Keywords: Taxu! !mccma, TtUU! m~dia. Taxu! CUSpidllUl, cultivars. cuttings. position. shoots. rootingcapacity. cUILings lreauncnt, IBA, vegclmive propagation.

1.1.2 Bassulk. N.; Maynar(j, B. 1988. Banded CUHings: excluding light stimulates foot formalion. FineG~ning I: 43-45. (English)

1.1.3 Richey. M. 1986. Slicking Taxus as unstrippcd cUlIings, <Ul ujllL1tC. Comb. Proc. Inl. Plant PropagatorsSoc. 36:597-599. (English)Keywords: Ta:cus, cUllings, plant propagation, rooting.

1.1.4 Gouveia, R.J. 1984. Rooting cUllings in outdoor mist beds. Comb. Proc. Inl. Planl Propagators Soc.34:537-539. (English)KeywonJs: Thuja. TtlXuS, Juniperus, cUllings, rooting. misting.

1.1.5 Shugen. R. 1982. Coll1lreatmenl of Teau.\" cUltings. Comb. Proc. Int. Plant PropagalOrs Soc. 32:609-612.(Englil.h)

1.1.6 Lazar, M.: Toodnreanu. E. 1980. Inl1ucnce of auxin (IAA) allli alar (B9) on rhizngenesis in cuttings ofTaxu.~ bllcc{/f{l L. Conlrih. Boc. Univ. Babes Bnlyai Gradina. Om. 1980:273-276. (Romanian; Frenchsummary)

1.1.7 Rickslins,1. 1980. Propagation of 7(IXUJ bm:clItl/ by cUlIings. Latvijas RcpubJikaniskais zinalniskilehnj,..ka... illformacijas un propagam.la... illStitut... 1:35-40. (Latvian: Russian summary)

1.1.8 Ahrens, J.r. 1979. CUlIings from hcrhicide-trealcc.J nurscry stock-what can we expect? Cultivars ofTaxu.\". Juniperu.\", Rhododendron, Leucothoe mil! Piuis. Comb. Proc. Int Plant Propag. Soc. 29:348­357. (English)

1.1.9 Kausch von Schmeling, W. 1978. Furthering the propagation of Sorbu.\" torminllfis and yews (TaxU.f).Mitt. DL'ich. Delll.lroi. Gcs. 70: 177-181. (German)

1.1 10 Van !lofr. E. 1978. Rooting 1lU:IIJ cUlIings WiUl no heat. Comh. Proc. Int. P!<ml Propag. Soc. 28:514­516. (English)

1.1.11 Hull, RJ.: McGuire. JJ.: Wyman, R.D. 1977. Rooting capacity of hcrbicide-tremct.l woody ommnentalplanLS (lfex crenatl/, Rhododellllron, Tcuus mediCI). WeL'd Sci. 25(5):452-455. (English)

1.1 12 Mitchell, C.O.; Smith, E.M. 1977. Effect of stock pL'lnt nitrogen fertilization on the rooting response ofTaxllscu.\"pidala 'Thayer'. Ohio Agric. Res. Dev. CellI. Res. Cire. 226:47. (EngliJ-h)

1.1.13 Scheer, C. 1976. TaxllS propagation oy cUlIings. Comb. Proc. InL Plant Propag. Soc. 26: 173-174.(English)

1.1 14 Sabo, lE. 1976. Prop.1gatjon of TaxlI.f in llorthem Ohio. Comh. Prnc. Int. PL1nt Propag. Soc. 26:174­176. (English)

1.1.15 Verkadc, G. 1976. Propagalioll of T/lxu.~ by cUllings. Comb. Proc. Inl. Plant Propag. Soc. 26:177.(English)

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1.1.16 Von Kornya. J.P. 1976. Prop.1gation of TaxU,f cUllings. Comb. Proc. Int. Plant Propag. Soc. 26:178-179.(English)

l.l.17 Ruppert, D.C. 1974. Hormone concentrations for propagating from softwood cuttings (Euonymus.Taxlls). Comb. Proc. Inl. Plant Propag. Soc. 24:349-350. (English)

1.1.18 Snyder, W.E.; Hess, C.E. 1956. Low temperature storage of rooted cuttings of nursery crops. Proc. Am.Soc. Hortic. Sci. 67:545-548. (English)Keywords: Teucriu!I1 chamne(lry.f. Taxus cu.rpid(l/a, Jrmiperus coflullunis, Thuja occidentalis, rooting,cUllings, cold storage, survival, growth.

1.2 Herbicides

1.2.1 Ahrens, J.F. 1986. Fall vs. spring applied herbicides in Taxus. Proc. Annu. Meet. Northeast Weed Sci.Soc. 40:249-252. (English)Keywords: ]tUUJ media, oxadiazon, oxytluorfcn, herbicide sequences.

1.2.2 Davis, G.; Minton, R. 1982. Herbicide eflicacy mlu phytotoxicity on thirteen selections from Euonylllll.r,Juniperus, Taxu.f, Thuja, Viburnum. MagnolilJ anu /lex. Proc. Res. Conf. Annu. Rep. SouthNurserymen's Assoc. 27th:272·277. (English)

1.2.3 Ahrens, J.F. 1980. Effects of surfactmlt or preemergCIll..:c herbicides on l1le selectivity of asulam midglyphosate for control of Panicum didwlomiflorum and Chenopodium a/bUill in woody planL... Proc.Annu. Meet. Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. 34:330-333. (English)Keywords: Juniperus spp., Taxus spp., phytotoxicity.

1.2.4 Frank. J.R.; King, J.A. 1979. Metolachlor and alachlor for weeu conlIol in cstablishing wocx..ly nurserystock Tuxu.r cuspiliu/a compacta, RllOdolilmtlron spp., !lex eren(//(J. Juniperus horiwn/alis plwnosa.Proc. Annu. Meet. Northea... t Weed Sci. Soc. 33:228-231. (English)

1.2.5 Raker, R.J. 1978. Evaluation of herhicides for cOlltrol of yellow nutseuge (Cyperus eseu/emus) onnursery fields (TtJX1H media). Ohio Agric. Res. Dcv. Cellt. Res. eire. 236:51-52. (English)

l.2.6 Ahrens, J.F. 1974. Fall applications of herbicides for conlrol of quackgra...s and yellow nutsedge in Taxuscuspitl(Jf{j capilata. Proc. Annu. Meet. Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. 28:379-385. (English)Keywords: Agropyron repens, Cyperus eseu/emus.

1.2.7 Carpenter, P.L. 1972. Djcmnba injury to Taxus cu.rpil/(Jf(J. lIorl~cicnce 7(6):573. (English)

1.2.8 Danielson, L.L.; May, C. 1969. Effccl~ of severa] herhiciul.:s on yews and Japanese maples. Weed Sci.17(2): 142-144. (English)Keywords: Taws media, Acer pull/ull1l1ll, bihliography.

1.3 Horticulture

1.3.1 Creech, J.L. 1984. Japanese yew is essential to ganlen design. Am. Nurseryman. 160(2):51-52. (English)Keywords: TaxuJ cuspidata, naturall1ora, cultivar.", gL"'Ographical distribution, Japan.

1.3.2 Davis. R.H. 1984. Pruning evergreen shruhs (Juniperus species, Taxu.f species, nuga species).Horticulture 62(11): 18-19. (English)

3

1.3.3 Goddard. II.S.W. 1978. Three ways to prune yews (TlU-US). Rower and Gard. Wesl Ed. 22(8):18-19.(English)

1.3.4 Busca-Isusi, J.M. 1975. The yew (TlU-US), another forgotten omamental tree. Parqucs Jard. 15:11-13.(Spanish)

1.3.5 Lewis. e.E. 1975. Using Taxus ill the lam.lscape. Am. Nurseryman 143(2):8-9. (English)

1.3.6 Lewis. e.E. 1975. Using Taxus in the landscape. Am. NurserymaJI 143(2):69-72. (English)

1.3.7 Buscher, F.K. 1971. Pruning Taxus and Juniper. Ohio Agric. R~. Develop. Cenl. Res. Swn. 56:49-50.(Engl~h)

1.3.8 Smith, E.M. 1971. TtUus in the landscape. Ohio Agric. Res. Dcv. Celli. Res. Summ. 56:45-46. (English)

1.3.9 EverclI, 1'.11. (cd.). 1960. 7llXus: thc yews. New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gardening. Volume 12.Grcystone prc..;s. N.Y. Pr. 2249-2256. (English)

Keyword..: Specie..;, Varieties, gmwth hahit.

1.4 Nursery culture

1.4.1 Lumis, G.P.; Johnson, A.G. 1983. Responsc of cUlllaincr-gmwlI 'lIick...;' yew 10 preplant chilling ,U1dpastplant night lighting (TlUUS X media). Hortsdence 18(4):438-439. (English)

1.4.2 Smith, E.M.; Trea~tcr, S.A. 1982. Growth of Taxu,\' cu.~pid{/f(/ "'11layeri" pmduced in cOll1ainers. OhioAgric. Res. Dev. Cent Res. Cire. 268:3-5. (English)

1.4.3 FrelZ. T.A.; Gilliam, e.1I.; Sheppard, W.J.; Poole. II.A. 1981. Fly a.....h as a medium amendment rorcontainer grown omament.1.ls CotOIlt!ll.ffer dlmulleri. TlU-US X 11Il'l/i". Ohio Agric. Res. Dev. Cent. Res.Cire. 263:7-10. (English)

1.4.4 Ped::nold, P.e. 1977. Controlling yew (Taxu.f) dieh<ll.:k UlrIlUgh prevclllivtl and com.'Ctive measures. Am.Nurseryman 146(9): II. (English)

1.4.5 Pecknold, P.C. 1977. Controlling yew (7IUlH) diehack tJJnmgh preventive lind corrective me:l..urcs. Am.Nurseryman 146(9): 121-122. (English)

1.4.6 Smith, E.M.; Theil. G.A.: Mitchell. CD. 1978. An investigation iOlO the cause of L'(lOircr (Taxus media,Thuja occidenlulis) damage in nur..cry slOrage: Injury due 10 plant spacing. Ohio Agrie. Res. Dev.Cenl. Res. Cire. 236:21-23. (English)

I.S Nursery propagation cost

1.5.1 Kncen, 11.11.: Taylor. R.D.; Smilh. E.M.; lIahn. D.E.; Uchida, S. 1987. ClJst.~ ofprouucing slow-growingevergreens (1llXUJ) in the lidd by size of linn ill Ohio. Ohin Agric. Res. Dcv. Cent. Rtls. Circ. 291 :37­44. (English)

1.5.2 Kncen, II.H.: Taylor, R.D.; Hahn. DE; Smilh. E.M. 1984. Annual costs of producing slow-growingevergreens (Taxus) dilTerentialcd by size of linn ill Ohio. Ohiu Agric. Rc.... Dev. Cent. Res. Circ.279:4549. (Englbh)

4

1.5.3 Kncen, 11.11.; Taylor. R.D.: Hahn, DE; Smith, E.M. 1983. Annual costs of producing slow growingcvcrgrecns (Taxus) differentiated by sizc of firm in Ohio. Ohio State Uni\'. Oep. Agric. Ecol1. RuralSoc. 1045: 1-11. (English)

1.6 Patents

1.6.1 Franz, L.W. 1988. Yew named Gwen. Plant Pal. US Pal. Tradcmark Off. 6217: 1-2 (English)Keywords: TlUUS media, cultivars. patents, planting stock. cuttings, winter hardincss. USA.

1,6.2 Van Heiningen, D, 1983, Wilton Pyramidal Hybrid yew tree Ttuus cuspidlltll, male plant, slow rate ofgrowth, varieties, USA. Plant Pal. US Pat. Trademark orf. 5075:1-3 (English)

1.6.3 Doren, R.E 1976. 'Richard Horsey' T(lXu.~ hunneweffiana, a new cultivar. HorL~cience 11(5):518-519.(English)

1.6.4 Youdath, 1.A. 1975. Yew tree (TlIxus media hicksi. patents, cultivar Springold). Plant Pal. US PaLTrademark Off. 3697: I (English)

1.7 Taxonomy

1.7.1 Khan, N. ud din: Parvcen. N. 1987. The c(JIl.~tiluents of tlle gcnus TlUW·. J. Sd. Ind. Res. 46(1):512-516.(English)Keywords: Literaturc review, Ttu'us spedes, chemical constituents of plants. chcmotaxollomy.

1.7.2 Nelson, E.c. 1981. The Irish yew 1'lIXll.I". The Garden 106(10):429-431. (English)

1.7.3 Baldwin, I.; Stanley, J. 1978. TliXIU production in tilt: LISA Varieties. Gardners' Chronicle (thehorticultural trade jOWllal) 184(22): 13-14. (English)

1.7.4 lIekc1e. S. 1977. Yews (TlUlIS sr.) in the Bila Lhota arl.xlrctum (LituvcJ). Ziva 25(6):205-206. (Czech)

1.7.5 Chadwick, L.c.; Keen. R.A. 1977. The hcst of the yews (Ttuus). DrooklYII Do!. Gard. Rec. Plants.32(4):39-43. (English)

1.7.6 Bugala. W. 1975. The ycw (TllXUS L.): syslclOatics and variahilily. Nasze. Drzcwa. Lesn. 3:18-38.(Polish; English summary)

1.7.7 Schncider, J. 1973. Subf.unily TaxoiJeae, trihc TaxC<1c. genera Taxl/s. 1'orreya; tribe CephalOiaxeac, cle.Rev. 11011. Suissc 46(4):80-83. (French)Keywords: Culture.

2. ECOLOGY

2.1 Community ecology

2.U Bolsinger, C.L.; Jaramillo. A.E. 1990. 7'a:(II.\· brel'i/olill (Nutl.) Pacinc Yew. in R.M. Dums and B.H.lIonkala (tcch. words.) Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers. U.S.D.A. For. Servo Agric. Handbk.654. Washington, D.C. pp. 573-579. (English)

5

2.1.2 Mitchell, FJ.G. 1990. lbe history and vegetation dynamics of a yew wood (TllXUS IN/ceara L.) in S.W.Ireland. Ncw Phytol. 115(3):573-577. (Engli.-.h)Keywords: TaxuJ baccUla. fore!'>t types. palynology, paleoecology. radiocarbon dating. habitatdestruction, regeneralion. woodl.1ntJs. Irel..1.nd, Killarney National Park, Rccnadinna woOO,

2.1.3 Sobko, V.G.; Chuprina. P.I.A. 1985. Ac.tlptauon range of TtU"uJ baccaUl in nature am..! undcr cullivation.Introd. Akklim. Rasl. 4:36-37. (Russian)Keywords: Taxus /)acca/(J, plan! ecology. illtrodUcel1 specics, adapt::uion.

2.1.4 Crawforl1. RC.; Johnson, F.D. 1985. Pacific ycw dominance in tall fofCsts. a d'l~silicalion dilemma. Can.J. Bot. 63(3):592-602. (English; French sununary)Keywords: Ttuus. h.1bitats, dominant species, forest ecology, syneCOlogy, da"·'silication, tcnninology,Idaho, forests, mountain areas, Taxus brevifaha. mcky mOUlltains, Nczperce National Forest

2.1.5 Crawford. R.C. 1983. Pacific yew conununity ecology ill north~"ClIlr.J..I Idaho with implications 10 forcstland management. Unpubl. Ph.D. disscnation. University of Idaho. Moscow, 10. 109 pp.

2.1.6 Krnjina. VJ.; KJinlm, K.; Worrall, J. 1982. DblJ'ihutioll and ecological charm:lcri:-tic~ of trees and shrubsof British Columbia. Dept of Sotnny anti Faculty of Fore:-U)', TIle Univcn;ity of British Columbia.2075 Wcsbrook Mall, Vancouver, D.C. V6T IW5. J & M Publishing, Vancouver, B.C. pp. 74-75.(English)

2.1.7 Leuthold, C. 1980. The ecological and phytosociological SilUalioll of the yew-tree (TllXUS baccatlJ.) inSwitzerland. Eidgcnos!'>ische Tcchni.~chc lIochschulc. Gcohotanischcs In~lilul. VemffenUichungen.no. 67. 217 p. (Gcnnan: Englixh summa.ry)Keywords: Monograph, hibliography.

2.1.8 Tittensor, R.M. 1980. Ecological history of yew Ttuu.f hllC('{IU/ L. ill SOl.lltJcm Engl.'llld. BioI. COIISCrv.17(4):243-265. (Engli~)

2.1.9 Prioton, J. 1979. Biologkal and ecologica.1 stul1y of yew (TllXU,f bt,cmw L.) in Western Eum('lC. ForetPrivee 128:19-34. (French)

2.1 10 PriOlon, J. 1979. Biological and ecological stul1y of yew trees (7i.LW,f baccalll L.) ill Western Europe. II.France. Foret Privee 129: 19-36. (French)

2.1.11 Krol, S. 1975. An ecological outline of Ule yew. TII.W.I· 1)(l(.·clI/a. N;L~ze. Drl.ewa. LcMl. 3:78- I03. (Polish;English summary)

2.2 Conservation

2.2.1 Kral. R. 1974. A repon on some rare, tJucalened, or elll!::ulgcred forest-related va..;cular planL<; in theSouth. Volume I: hoetaceac through Euphorbiaceac. USDA For. Servo Southern Region Tech. Pub.R8-TP 2; pages 24-27. (English)

2.2.2 Czartoryski, A. 1975. Protection :md conservation of the yew (Taxu,f l}{lcc{l/a). Nasze. DrL.ewa. Lesll.3:141-166. (Puti.<;h: English summary)Keywords: Bihliography.

2.2.3 Bialobok. S. 1975. Possihilities of yew (1i.uus haCC/IIll) l;ultiv;l1itlll in all envirollment modificd by man.Nasze. Drzewa. LeSll. 3: 177-180. (Puli:-h; English sununary)Keywords: Bihliography.

6

2.3 Distribution (Europe)

2.3.1 Stypinski. P.; Krawczyk. I.: Gielwanowska, I.: KLarowski, R. 1984. Dislribution and conditions of !heoccurrence of Ta.lUS lx/craw L. in Warmia and Mazury. Folia For. Polon. Ser. A. Lesn. 27:75-99.(Polish: English a.nd Rus",<;ian summarie....)Keywords: Ttuus baccum, planl ecology. plant conununitie.s, Poland.

2.3.2 Jurhar, F. 1982. TlllUS lxlccata (Slovenia). Gowar. VC.\IIl. Slov. J. For. 30(10):442-+13. (Slovenian)Keywords: Yugosl:lVia.

2.3.3 Roslin, 0.1980. New location of TtUu.rlJllccclta :ll Barwaltl Srctlni. Chron. PrLYr. Oje-L.ysla. 36(4):59-62.(Polish)

2.3.4 Galoult, D. 1979.111C ycw Taxus in Belgium. Na!. Belg. 60(4/5):113-132. (French)

2.3.5 Olaczek. R. 1978. A new locality of the yew Taxu,\' bi/eel/til in :l forest ncar Sicradz. ehron. Prqr.OjczySla 34(5):74·77. (Polish)

2.3.6 Kral, S. 1976. Yews (Tcuu.t Ix/cellia) in Ci~owa Gora Fore~t Distril:l. ('hmn. Prl.yr. Ojczyst:t :\2(5):53­57. (Polish)

2.3.7 Karpel'. S.; Paule. L. 1976. Occurrence uf yew Ircc~ (TtUus) in the vidllilY uf lIannancc, Slovakia.Arch. Nalurschutz. Landschathfnrsch 16(2): 123-1::19. (German; English ~wnmary)

2.3.8 Arushanian, R.1. 1976. Taxu! haCC(lf" in foresls of the Nagnmyi Karabakh (USSR). Lcsovcdenic 5:92­95. (Russian: English summary)

2.3.9 Anon. 1975. Thc English yew. Tcuus IXICCClta L. in Pulantl. Na.-.ze. Drzewa. Lc~Jl. 3: 181. (Polish. Englishsummary)

2.3.10 Milchell, J. 1974. The Yew tn.-es (TCUU.f Imcctl/a) uf Inchlunaig, Dunhartnmhirc. Trans. Proc. Bot. Soc.Edinb. 2: 163-166. (Engli~h)

2.3.11 Hofman, J.; Vackuva. M. 1973. A new yew locality ill <.XIcrskc vrclly in Muravia. (':t'i. Slezskeho. Muz.Ser. C Dcndrol. 2: 117-122. (Czech; Gennan ~ullllllary)

2.3.12 Fries, M. 1970. To OsL.'lna and NorrpwJa, For. Delldrnl. Parkv<lrd. Luslgartl Ar.'iskr. 50/51:175-181.(Swedish; English summary)Keywords: Fagus .fylwl/ica, Betula puht'scen.\·, 7'cUUJ hacc(/w. Swetlen.

2.4 Distribution (North America)

2.4.1 Taylor. R.L.; Taylor. S. 1981. Ta.rus hre\'iJolia III Brilish Culumbi.1. David.,onia 12(4):89-94. (English)Keywords: We,"ICnl yew, family Taxoccac.

2.4.2 Manell, A.M. 1974. Canad.1 yew, TQluS CllllluletlJl.f Marsh. Pagcs 158·160 In Juhn G. Gill and WilliamM. lIealy, compilefl'. Shruhs amI vinc., for non1'lc,1.,lem wildlife. USDA Fur. Servo Northeastern For.Exp. Sin Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. 180 p. (Engli:-h)

2.4.3 Mazzeo, P.M. 1971. TtU·U.f catllldetl.ri.r rcOiscovcrcd in t!ll: Virginia Piedmunt (';l,':mC:l 36(3):164-165.(English)

7

2.5 Old Irees

2.5.1 Kilpalrick. C.S. 1978. The oldest tree in Northern Ircl:Uld Taxus. yew. Forester. Bclfa.\( For. Servo Dept.Agric. 16(2): 1-7. (English)

2.5.2 Bel'dii, K. 1978. Long-living TlUU.ftrcCS. Les. i Chdovck 1978:146-147. (Russian)

2.5.3 SchUH, P. 1977. Is there a lhree 10 four UlnusamJ ycar-old yew ncar Daldcr.;chwang'! Mill. DlsCh. Dcnc.Jrol.Ge,. 69: 193-195. (Gennan)

2.5.4 Gonsoulin, G. 1975. Taxus canadensis ManJI.: a new state rcoon! for Tconc$.o;ee. Ca.\lanea 23(1):253·255.(Engl~h)

2.5.5 Hofman, J. 1975. On the age of a yew tree (TlUUS) at Kmmpach. CtL... Slezskcho Muz. Ser. C. Dcndrol.24(1):69-78. (C7.cch: English summary)

2.5.6 Hofman, J. 1973. lllC age of !.he remarkable yew-tree at Vhrino\,. Ca.... Slczskeho Muz. Ser. C. Dendral.22(1):29·35. (Czech: English sUllunary)

2.6 Reserves (Conservation)

2.6.1 Zareba. R. 19&4. Possibilities of reinlrolJuctiOll and preservation of common ycw (Tcuus baccaw L.) inreservations. Sylwan 128( II ):31·34. (Polish; English, and Russian sUJnrn..vics)Keywords: Tcuus baeeow, nature conscrvation, Poland.

2.6.2 Pridnya, M.V. 1984. PhYloccnolic status ami structure of the Khosla COll1llloll-yew population in theCaucasus biosphere reserve. Sov. J. Ecnl. 15( I): 1-6. (Russian; Ellgli~h summary)Keywords: Taxu!i haecaw, forc...t ccology, plant (,.wrununitics.

2.6.3 BJums, K. 1981. Plaming common yew in the "SJileres" reserve. Mcz."aimn. Mezrupllieciba 3:27-28.(Latvian; Russian SUI1lllUltY)Keyword..: Taxus l](lcc{l/Q. ecology studies. Lalvian SSR.

2.6.4 Riehtin.s, J. 1981. ReM:rvation lerritnrics and the im(lOrt.1ncc in prescrving the gcnc pool of common yew(Tcau!i baceaw). Mcz...aimn. Mezrupnicciba 3:24-27. (Latvian; Rus~ian summary)

2.6.5 Riekstills. I. 1975. English yew (Taxus bacema) allli its possible reproduction in Latvia. Mczsaimn.Mezrupnicciba 2:49-51. (Lmvian; Rus."ian sWllmary)

2.6.6 Szczep..lrI.'>ki. H. 1973. The health of lhe y(W trees, Tcuus ooccma. in U1C nature reserve of Wicrzcl11as.Chron. Przyr. OjCZYSL1 19(2):60-63. (Poli.<;h)Keywords: Insect pc.<;ls.

2.6.7 Sokolowski, A.W. 1973. The natUfC reserve of "Cisy n:l Gone Jawor" (yew trees on the Jawor Hill) in theprovince of Rzeszow. Chron. Przyr. Ojczysta 19(2):63-64. (Polbh)Keywords: TtU"lI!i Imccaw.

2.6.8 Dziewol~ki, J. 1973. The yew trees in the Pieniny N:llillual Park. ehron. Pr.lYr. Ojczysta 39(5):47-52.(poli...b)

Keyw{W"l1s: TCUUJ Imecuw, Poland.

2.6.9 Mos....adegb. A. 1971. Contributiun to the study til' TlulLr OOCC(l/ll pl:ulI:ltions in Iran. Rev. Fore.\l. Franc.6:645·647. (French)

,

2.7 Paleobotany

2.7.1 Wainman, N.; Malhewes, R.W. 1987. Forest history of the Ia,.;t 12,000 years ba...ct1 on plant macrofossilanalysis of sediment from Marion L'lke, southwestem British Columbia. Can. 1. Bot. 65(11):2179·2187. (English; French summary)Keywords: Thuja, Taxus, pollen analysis, sediments, lakcs, paleoecology, history, forest ecology,British Columbia, Tans brevi/olia.

2.7.2 Richard, P. 1985. Aeropalynological contribution to the study of the effect of climatic factors onnowering of elm (U{mu.~ call1pesrri.~) and yew (Tarus baccala). Pollen Spores 27(1):53·93. (French;English sununary)Keywords: Ulmus, T(Uu.~ baccata, nowering, climatic factors.

2.7.3 Czartoryski, A. 1975. Yew (T(Uus baccalll) in the past. Nas.z. Drzewa Lesn. 3:134·140. (Polish; Englishsummary)

3. GENETICS

3. t Population genetics

3.1 1 Chadwick, L.c.; Keen. R.A. 1976. A stuuy of the genus ]lUlU (Cultivars). Ohio Agrie. Res. Dev. Cenl.Res. Bull. 1086. 57 p. (English)

3.1.2 Yamakawa, K.; Sekiguchi. F. 1968. Radiation·inuuceu internal disIJudding as a tool for enlargingmutation sectors (T(uus media). Pages 19-36 in Proceedings of the seventh grmuna field symposium.Institute of Radiation Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Japan), OhmiylmachL IbaraJd·ken." (English)Keywords: Taxus media, bibliography.

3.1.3 Keen, R.A 1956. A study of the genus TlUUS. Unpuhlished Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State University, Wooster,Ohio. 204 p. (English)

3.2 Reproductive biology

3.2.1 Allison, T.D. 1990. The inlluence of dcer browsing Oil U1C reproductive biology of Canada yew (Taxuscanadensis marsh.). I. Direct effect on pollcn, ovulc, and secd production. Occologia. (Berl.)83(4):523·529. (English)Keywords: Ttuus ClInadensis, Odocuileus virginianus, defoliation, reproduction. pollen, ovules,seeds, Wisconsin.

3.2.2 Allison, T.D. 1990. The influence of deer browsing on the reproductive biology of C<Ulada yew (Taruscanadensis mar:-h). II. Pollcnlimitation: an indirect effect. Occologia (Berl.) 83(4):530·534. (English)Keywords: Taxus canadensis, Odocoifells virginil/nus, uefoliation. pollen, secds. pollination,Wisconsin.

3.2.3 Allison, T.D. 1990. Pollen productioll ,UlU plalll dcnsity affect pollination and seed production ill Taxuscanadensis. Ecol. 71 (2):516-522. (English)Keywords: Taxus c(llladensis, plant density, pollen, pollinalion, seed production, seed set, sexexpression, spacing, ishmds, Minnesota. Wisconsin.

9

3.2.4 Pennell. R.I.; BeU. P.R. 1988. Insemination of the archegoniwn and fertilization in Taws baccara L. J.Cell Sci. 89(4):551-559. (English)KeywonJs: Taxus baccma. fertiIi7.alion. genn cells. inscminalion. spcnnatozo..... ultmslructure. elcclrOn

microscopy.

3.2.5 Pennell, R.I.: Dell. P.R. 1987. Megasporogenesis and tllC subscqucnt ccl1lincage within the ovule ofTaxus baccara L. Ann. Bol. 59(6):693-704. (English)Keywords: Taxus baccala, spores, ovules, plastids, ova, cytoplasm. cytology.

3.2.6 Pennell. R.I.; Bell. P.R. 1987. Intracellular RNA during mciosis in microsporangia of Taxus boccma. Am.J. Bol. 74(3):444450. (English)Keywords: Taxus boccara. meiosis, RNA, cytopla.'\f11, nuclei. nuorimcuy, England.

3.2.7 Pennell, R.I.: Bell. P.R. 1986. MiLTosporogenesis in Tcuus bt,ccaW L.: the fonnalion of the tetrad anddevelopment of the microspores. Ann. Dol. 57(4):545-555. (English)Keywords: TiUUS bilccara. spores, meiosis, plant development. cell ultrastructure, cell-walls,cytochemistry.

3.2.8 Pennell, R.I.: Bell. P.R. 1986. The l1cvelopment of the male g:unclophyte and spcm\atogcllcsis in TcuusbaCCatCl L. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. SI,.'1. D. BioI. Sci. 228(1250):85·96. (English)Keywords: Taxus boccma, gametogcnc.'i..., gamele..., ullfa.<;;tructurc, plant development.

3.2.9 Surova. T.D.; Gumb..'lIOv, z.l. 1986. Ultrastructure of pollen grain cell walls of Cauc.'lsian representativesof Taxlls baccaw (Taxaceae). Dul. Zh. 71(7):886-888. (Russian)Keywords: T(UIH I/(/cc(/(a. mountain areas, pollen, cell.walls, ultr::l~!fucture, la.xonomy. AzerbaijanSSR.

3.2.10 Pennell, R.I.; Bell, P.R. 1986. Intracellular RNA during microspomgcncsis in plants: Taxus baccOla a... amoc.lel system. Acta. Sue. Bol. Pol. 55( I): 11·16. (English: Polish summary)Keywords: Taxus boccow, RNA. fficlllcls, meio.,i.... at.Titiine orange, Jluore.'icell(,:e microscopy.

3.2.11 Pennell. R.I.; Bell, P.R. 1985. Fertilization in Taxu.f bacc(lfa L. Pages 131-133 in M.TM. Willcmse andJ.l. van Went (compilers). Sexual rcpmtluctioo in seed pL1nl<;;, ferns and mos.ses: proceedings of the8th international symposium on sexual rcprotlUCtiOll ill sectl plants, rems, and mosses. 20-24 August,1984, Wageningell, thc Netherlands. Podoc. (English)Keywords: TtWl.f Imcxaw, fertilization, gmneles, cell S!fucturc.

3.2.12 Pellnell, R.I.; Bell, P.R. 1985. Microspnrugenesis in TllxUJ hacc(/fll L.: the development of thearchacsporium. Ann. Bol. 56(J):415-427. (English)KeywonJs: TaxuJ bt'CC(/lCl. plmn organs, morphology, ullfa.'ilrullurc, repnllluction. reproouctivephysiology.

3.2.13 Rohr, R. 1977. Comrxmuive slooy of !he formation or exine during microsporogene.<;;i.<;; in a gymnospenn(Taxus baccllfa) and a prcphanemgam (Ginkgo bi/oha). CYlolngia 42(1):157·167. (French; Englishsummary)

3.2.14 Hejuowicz, A. 1975. An.'ltomy, embryology and karyology of the yew, Taxus bllcco/(l. Na~ze. Dr.t,ewa.Lc.'in. 3:39-65. (Polish; English summary)

3.2.15 Suszka, B. 1975. Generative and vegetative reproduclion of the yew (Tcuus l)(Icclltll). Na..ze. Dr.rewa.Le.'in. 3:1<»-124. (Pulish)

10

3.3 Seed dispersal

3.3.1 Shaw, G. 1977. TIu: breeding bird community in a Scollish yew (7iuus bacc(/(a) plantation. SCOll. For.31 (2):74·82. (English)Keywords: Review aniele.

3.3.2 Bartkowiak, S. 1975. Seed dispersal of TlUUS baccafa by birds. Nasze. Drzewa. Lesn. 3:167-176.(Polish; English summary)Keywords: Bibliography.

3.4 Seed production and dormancy

3.4.1 AJlison. T.D. 1990. Pollen production rUld planl densily affect pollination and seed production in TamsclJnadensis. Ecology 71 (2):516-522. (English)Keywords: Taxus canadensis. plant density, pollen, pollination, seed produclion, seed SCI, sexexpression, spacing, islands, Minnesota, Wisconsin.

3.4.2 Nikla.~, K.1. 1985. Wind pOllination of 7(UIl.\· cll.lpid{/fll. Am. J. Bot. 72( I): 1- 13. (English)Keywords: 7(mlS cllspidaw, pollination, wind.

3.4.3 Le Page Degivry, M.T. 1977. Non-acidic inhibitors and emhryo donnancy ill T1UlIS })acc(/(a L. Physiol.Plant. 41(1):85-88. (French; English summary)

3.4.4 Rohr, R.; Kilhcrtus. G. 1977. Degradation of TII.HI.\' blicClitli L. pollcn by soil microorgauisms. Nat. Can.104(4):377-3R2. (French; English summary)

3.4.5 Kanaujia, R.S. 1976. Fungi nn decomposing COIICS of TlI.w.I' /}(/ccaw L. Food Fanning Agric. 7( II): 19-21.(English)

3.4.6 Rudolf, P.o. 1974. 1iuus L. yew. Pages 7lJ9-802. in C.S. SdlOpmeyer, technical coordin<'l.tor. Seeds ofwoody plants in the United States. U.S.D.A. For. Scrv. Agric. I-Iamlbk. 450. Washington, D.C.(English).

3.4.7 Lc Page Degivry, M.T. 1973.1\ study of the embryo dormancy of Trrxus !Jacc(l/l/ L. BioI. Plant.15(4):264-26(j. (French; English sUnilltary)

3.4.8 Le Page Degivry, M.T. 19T1lntervenlion of:m inhihitor cOllnecled in the embryonic donnancy of nUllsbllCClila L. C.R. Hehd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. D Sci. Nat. 277(2): 177-180. (French)

3.4.9 Le Page Dcgivry, MT.; Gardlo, G. 1(j73. Embryonic donnancy of 1'axus /}{lcC{/fa: influence of l1tenutritive medium Oil the induction of germination. Physiol. PI,U1t. 29(2):204-207. (French; Englishsummary)

3.4.10 Le Page Degivry, M.T.; Ausscn, II. 1970. Abscissic acid and dormancy in l1te TlUU.~ hlJcCllla L.embryos. Acad. Sci. Paris C.R. Ser. D 271(5);482-484. (Frcm:h)

II

4. MORPHOLOGY

4.1 Cell ultrastructure

4.1.1 Rivera, E.R. 1990. Sea.wnal variation in Goigi c.lictyosomes in mesopbyll cells of Taxus sp. Pages 756­757 in M. Is.'l3.cson. editor. SelecLCd contributions from a symposium held during the 47th annualmeeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America. San Antonio, Texas, August 1989. NorthHolland. AmslCnJ.:lffi. (English)Keywords: Taxus clInadensis, Taxu." cuspidma, leaves, cell growth, cell walls, diclyosomcs, golgiapparatus, mesophyll, sca.wnal variation, ultrastructure.

4.1.2 Rivera. E.R. 1982. Ultrastructure of the pl:l\lidJi in the overwintering green leaves of TCUllS caruuJensis.Pages 156·157 in G.W. Bailey, editor. Pmccedings of the 40th annual meeting of the ElcclJ'onMicroscopy Society of America, WashinglOlI, D.C.. AugusI9·13. 1982. Claitor's Publishing Division,Baton Rouge. LA. (English)

4.1.3 Rohr, R. 1973. 1IitraslruCiure of the srcm1.110zoid.. of TCUlLf buccala L. oblainel1 from a.'iC(ltic cultures ofmicrospores on an artificial mL'tliulO. C. R. Hebel Seance... Acat.l. Sci., Ser. D. Sci. Nal. 277(18): 1869­1871. (French)

4.1.4 Jauffrel, F. 1972. Ultm.\tructural transformation of apical IIlcristem in young tissucs of Taxus baccaw L.under the effect of 7iuomyill ttui Inch. AC:ll1. Sci. Paris C.R. Scr. D 274(2):226-229. (T-rcllch)

4,2 Growth and development

4.2.1 Lendzian, KJ.; Nak,tiim:l, A; Zieglcr. II. 1986. IsoL'uioll of cuticular membrnnc... from various coniferneedles. Tree... SIIUCI. Funct. 1(1):47-53. (Engli:-.h)Keywords: P'Ctll a/nt.f, Piaa pungt!ns, Pinu.f mugo, Ab,t!S {llba, Tcuus /mccaw, needles, cuticles,membranes, isolation IL'chniquc. L1bnratory methocJs. leaf-analysis. I'Jel1llcability, oxygen, water. cellullraStructure. age.

4.2.2 Cunninghame. M.E.: Bowes, B.G.; Hillman, J.R. 1979. All ultr:.tstructural study of foliar senescence inTtuus buccalll L. Ann. Bot. 43(4):527-528. (Engli:-.h)

4.2.3 Orlova, S.LA. 1978. Slruclure of vegctutivc organs of 7'a;ul,f baceata, analUmic:11 change of leaves(needles) of diffcrcnt age and the c.1istrihminn of phenolic cnmpounds in them. Izv. Akac.1. Nauk. Az.SSR. 6: 14-19. (Russian: Azerhaij.mi summary)

4.2.4 Kufner, R.; Czygan, F.e.; Schneider, L. 1978. Olanges of pigmelll content and uhmslIUc(ure of pla"lidsin the leavc... of Ttu:u,f lx,cculll (L.) c.1uring their devek)pmenl. Ber. Disch. BOI. Gcs. 91(213):325·337.(Gennan; EngJi:-.h sununary)

4.2.5 Kawase. M. 1974. Effects of gibberellin on yew gmwth: preliminary siullies. Ohio Agric. Re.... Dev. Cent.Res. Summ. 79:35-36. (English)

4.3 Wood and foliar anatomy

4.3.1 Deriugina, T.E: NCl'lcrovkh, N.D. 11Jf(1. Peculiarilies uf mnrphological-anatomical structurc of theneedlcs uf .~(lme species (If genus 7ilJ:us L. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. BSSR. 25(5):652-655. (Russian;English sununary)

12

4.3.2 Timell, T.E. 1978. Helical thickenings amI helical cavities in normal ,Uld compression woods of T(/Xusbaccala and Pseudot.mga menzie,\·ii. Wood Sci. Technol. 12(1): I-IS. (English)

4.3.3 Kucera, L.J. 1978. V;l<;cular nodules in the pith of yew (TaxuJ Imcctlw L.). IllL As.~oc Wood Anal. Bull.4:81-85. (English)

4.3.4 Miler, Z. Krol, S. 1977. Some technical properties of yew wood (T(/Xus baccufa L.) from three yewreservations in Poland. Pr. Poznan. Tow. Pr.lyj. Nauk. Wytlz. Nauk. Roln. Lesn 44:125-140. (Polish;English sununary)

4.3.5 Kucera, L.J. 1977. Tracheoid~ in the pith of yew (Ta"l."Us I}(/cca/ll L.). Int. Assoc. Wood Anal. Bull. 4:67­70. (English)

4.3.6 Mandl, A. 1976. Conifer branches under UlC microscope. II. Scotch pine (Pinus syleslris), yew (Taxus),juniper (Juniperu.~). Mikrokosmos 6S( 12):378-381. (German)

4.3.7 Eremin, Y.M. 1975. Anatomic slructure of the hark of English yew {Taxlls /)(/CC(//(/) and Japancse yew(Taxus cuspit/mo). Dial. Nauki. II :6lJ-73. (RussilUl)

4.3.8 JUlie. S.M.; Levy, J.F. 1973. Helical thickelling.~ in the tracheids of 1{UIH .md f'seul!o{suga as reve.tled hythe scanning rellection electron microscope. Acta. Bol. Ncer. 22(2): IOO-lOS. (English)

4.3.9 Chang, Y.·P. IlJ54. Bark structure of North American Conifers. USDA Tech. Bull. 1095.86 p.Washington. (English)

5. PATHOLOGY

5.1 Fungi and invertebrates

5.1.1 Bowman, c.E.; Southgate, OJ. 1980. Penf(/JIlui.l'/!/u.l' /(ui (Ilallcr) (Acari: Tenuipalpil1ae) infesting yewnuus bacca/ll in England. Planl PaulOL 29(3); 144-145. (English)

5,1.2 Lambe, RC. 1983. Comrol of Phytophlhorll root rnt with Suhdue: PhY/(lplllllOm cinnllllwmi on T(uu.~

cuspidm(/. Fungic. Nematic. Test.; 38:185. (English)

5.l.3 Lambe, R.C.; Wills, W.H. 1980. Control of PllyloplullOm root rot of yew with fungicide drenches.Fungic. Nemalic. Test.; 35 :145. (English)Keywords: 7{uus cu.~pidllla •Hicksii', Pliytophlhom root nil. PllyloplllflOl"lI cillllllllUJlIli.

5.1.4 Lambe, R.C.; Wills, W.H.; Bower, L.A. 1979. Control of PhyfllplllllOrll cinn(//Ilol/li root rot of yew Ta.wscuspidllla with fungicides. Prot::. SNA Res. Conf. AnllU. Rep. South Nurscrym. Assoc. 24: 113-114.(English)

5.2 I-Iost response

5.2.1 Lovell, TJ.; Chappell, H.G. IlJ77. Some mOJT!hogenelic studie.~ on the artichoke gall of yew (TllXUSbllccata L.) caused hy Tlu"OlIl)'ia taxi. Marcellia 40(1/4):217-224. (English)

5.2.2 Chappell. II.G.; LOVCll, TJ. 1977. Leaf production .md morphology in the artichoke gall of yew (T(lxusbllCCalll L.) caused by T(u"OlIlyi(/ /(Ixi. Anll. Bot 41 (171 ):211.218. (English)

13

5.2.3 Perusse, F.; Duval, A.; Chawla. 5.S.; Person, J.M. 1977. Effects of 7axus canadensis on two insects(Homoptcra: Aphididae; Coleoptera: Tenebrionid.1c). Can. Entomol. 109(2):267-268. (English)Keywords: Macrosiphum l'uphorbiae, Tribo/iulfl con!u.fum.

5.2.4 Siwecki. R. 1975. Diseases and para"itic insccts of the yew (T(uu.f IJllcClIta). Nasze. Dnewa Lesn. 3:125­133. (Polish: English summary)

5.2.5 De Souza. N.J.; Ghisalberli. E.L.; Recs. 11.11.; Goodwin. T.W. 196tJ. Studies on insect moultingoonnones: biosynthesis of portasterone A and l'Cdysteronc from (2-I4C) mevalonate in Taxus baccata.Biochem. J. 114(4):895-896. (English)

5.3 Insects

5.3.1 Hanula, J.L. 1990. Monitoring aduU emergence, ovary maturation. and control of lbe black vine weevil(Coleoptera: CurculionirJac). J. Entomol. Sci. 25( I): 1).4-142. (Englil>h)Keywords: Taxus cu.fpidara. Oriorh)'nchuJ ,fu/emu.f, inscct tmps. ~urveys, sexual maturilY. inseCIcOlltrol. insecticides-, Connecticut, fcnvalcfatc. esfcnvalcratc. l1uvaJinate.

5.3.2 Wright. R.J.: Vill:Uli, M.G.; Agudelo-Silva, F. 1988. Sicincmcmmid :Uld hctcmrhahdilid nematodes forcOlll1"ol of Larval Eumpean chafer.; and Japan~c beetles (Coll."uptcra: Scarahaeidae) in POlled yew. J.&on. Entomol. 81(1): 152-157. (Englbh)Keywortls: Taxus cuspidow, pot plilllt:., Coleoptcra-. PoplffitJ japonJea, larvae. hiologicaJ control,chemical 001111"01, chlorpyrifos, isofenphos, inscl·lnemallldc:..NI.Ollplecwna ClIrpocapsae, Rhi:.otrogusIflaja/is, hcterorhal:x.litis.

5.3.3 Shanks, C.H. Jr.: Ch:unherlain, J.D. 198ft Effcct of Taxus fuliage :Uld extract (Ill UIC toxicity of somepyrethmid inSCClicides to adult black vine wcevil (Coleuptcra: Curculionidae). J. £Con. Entomol.81 (I ):98-10 I. (English)Keywords: Taxus media, Vacc;ni/llll macroCl/rpon, Fragaria anana.ua, Culeoptera, inseci pest,pyrethroids, plant eXl11lct:.. toxicilY, WashinglOn.

5.3.4 lIanula, J.L. 1988. OvipusitioJl prefercncc anll hn:.t rccngnitiun hy thc blat:k vine weevil, Oriorhynchu.f.mlca/us (Colcoptera: CurculioJlidae). Environ. Enltlllloi. 17(4):694,61)8. (English)Keywords: Ttu/IS cllspidall/, Frag(lria llnanll.\·.\·{/, Oriorhync!lu.\· .wlcmuslIl, Ilviposilioll, insect pests.

5.3.5 Sol, R. 1985. Dilluhcnzurnn (Dimilin 25 WP) for the control uf the hlack vine weevil (OriorhyncllusSU/CtlfIiS F. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae». Medell. F:u.:. Lanllhuuwwet Rijksuniv. 50(2):457-461.(GenmUl; English sununary)Keywords: Oliorhynclllls .w/calll.f, insl.."Ct pests, TaXl/s /XICCt/tII, lIilluhcnzumn, inscct control.

5.3.6 Nielscn, D.G.; Rolh, l.R. It.JR5. InlluCllcc uf potting lIleliia till ltlxicity Ill' bcnlliocarb and carbofuran 10fin;t-inslar hlack vine weevil (Coleoplera: C"urculiollillae). J. Ecun. Entmnol. 78(4):742-747. (Engli."h)Keywords: TllXU.f, Rhm/odenllron. Oriorh)'nclw.f XI/fctl/us, growing media, hcm.liocarh, carhofuran,toxicity.

5.3.7 Parrella. M.P.: Keil, ca. 1984. Black vine weevil: an incrc..'1:.ing pmhlclll for Califnmia nurseries. Calif.Agric. Calif. Agric. Exp. SUI. 38(314): 12-14. (Engli:.h)Keywortls: Griorhynelius .fulcmus, TlUU.f, plant JlC~ts, ill:.cCl pc:.t:., inscct control, insccticidcs,CaJifornia.

5.3.8 Nielsen, D.G.: Dunlap, MJ. 1981. Black vine weevil Oriorllyn('/IJI.\ sulel/lus: repruductive JlOtentiai onsclectcl.1 pL'Ults. Anll. Entomnl. SOl'. Am. 74(1):60-65. (Englbh)Keywords: Rhododendron .ftllirnowii, R/wdrH/endron clI((lII/nt-n.ft'. 7(UU.f. fIC.'iL\.

14

5.3.9 Moore, R.E.B. 1980. Reicher sC..1.le cOl1l1Ol on TaxuJ. Insectic. Acaricidl.: Te.sls. 5: 186~ 187. (English)Keywords: Lecaniumfletclieri.

5.3.10 Ahrens, J.F. 1979. Conlrol of yellow nul sedge Cyperus escu{enluJ in nursery plalHings of Tanscuspidllla densifonna'i, injuries. Proc. Anllu. Meet. Northeast Wl"ed Sci. Soc. 33:223-227. (English)

5.3.11 Zepp,~D.B.; Zoebisch-Dicrks,-A.; SamJers,-DJ. 1979. Effects of ditlubcnzunJn on black vine weevilOtiorhynchus sulcatus oviposilion, egg viability, and adulliongevity (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) onthe foliage of yews, Taxus media. J. Kans. EnlOmol. Soc. 52(4):662-666. (English)

5.3.12 Fischer, F. 1978. D,unages caused by Clellirionomy.f glllreo/us Schreber 10 yew (Ttuus Imccata L.). J.For. Suisse Schwciz Z. Forstwes. 129(9):772-775. (Gennan)

5.3.13 Nielsen, D.G.; Montgomery, M.E. 1977. Toxicity and persislence of foliar in,>;cctiddc sprays againstblack vine weevil adults (OliorhyncJllIs sulcll/us, TaxU.f media). 1. Econ. ElltomoJ. 70(4):510-512.(English)

5.3.14 Madej, T. 1977. BorryO.fpJUlerill !oliorllm, a lillie known weak p;IUlOgen of 1iuus species. Rocz. Nauk.Roln. Ser. E. 6(2): 137-141. (Polish; English summary)

5.3.15 Redfern, M. 1976. The identity of mesopolobus species (llymenoptera, Pternmalidac) parasilizingTaxomyia ({ui (Inchbald) (Diplera, Cecidomyiidae) on yew 1iIXlIS /Jan:1l1a L. Elliomol. Mon. Mag.111(133711339):201-204. (English)

5.3.16 Nielsen, D.G.: Niemczyk, 11.0.: Balderston. C.P.; Purrington. F.F. 1975. Black vine weevil(Otiorhynchus .~lIlc{/flH): resistance to dieh.lrin ami .~ensilivily 10 Ilrgallllphnsplwte and carbamateinsecticides J. Econ. Entnmol. 68(:1):291-292. (English)Keywords: TaxlIs, RJlOdodemlron.

5.3.17 Svotxxla. A.M. 1975. Originalily of the Canadian yew tree (Taxl/.I· l}(!ccala L.) and tile occurrence of !.heyew gall midge (Taxofllyia /lui Inch b.). Cas. Slczskeho Muz. Ser. C. Dcndrol. 2: 147~152. (Czech;Gennan summary)

5.3.18 Nielsen, D.G.; BalderslQlI, c.P. 1973. Black vine weevil in Ohio: the pmhlem. Ohio. Agric. Res. Dev.Cenl. Res. Sunun. 71:33-34.Keywords: OtiorhyncJllIs sulcatus, Taxl/s, Rhollodentlron.

5.3.19 Campbell. R.L.; Balderston, c.P. 1971. Insecticidal control of grape mealyhug nn TaJ.II.\" nursery stock inOhio. J. Econ. ElIlomol. 64(4):91-\5.Keywords: PseuL!ococClls lIU1ririlllus.

5.3.20 Lovett, TJ.; Chappell. H.G. 1970. A note on Ult: life cycle of the gall midgl.: Taxomyia taxi (Inch.) onTaxu,~ baccala L. Marcellia 36(4):257-260. (English)

5.4 Plant defense mechanisms

5.4.1 Robbins, c.T.; Mole, S.; Hagerman, A.E.: H,Ulley, T.I\.. 1987. Role of tannins in dcfenuing planl.~ againstruminants: rWUClinll of dry II\:lller digeslion '! Ecology 68: 1606-1615. (Engli.~h)

5.4.2 Coley, P.O.; Bryant, J.P.; Chapin, F.S. Ill. 1985. Resource availahilily anJ planl anliherhivofC defense.Science 230:89.s~899. (E~glish)

IS

5.5 Wounding

5.5.1 JauffreL F.; Le-Rct, M. 1975. A comparative study on the evolution of lipids and starch reserves atlhe theapex of Taxus baccaza L. ffOOl healthy plants and plants panlSitized by Taxomyia taxi loch. Marccllia38(4):311-318. (English)

5.5.2 Kucera, L. 1973. Chemical study of injured tissue of Taxus baccala L. Vicneljahrsschr. Nmurforsch. Gcs.118(2): 193-200. (Gennan)Keywords: Woodpeckers, pests.

5.5.3 Kucera, L. 1971. Injured tissues of yew trees (Taxus baccara L.). Vieneljahrsschr. Naturforsch. Ges.116(4):445-470. (German)

5.5.4 Jauffrel, F.; Rohfritseh, 0.; Wasser, C. 1970. Observations 011 the gall-making action of Taxom)'ia laxiInch. on buds of Taxus baccata L. and the transformation of the apical meriSlem inlo life-giving tissue.Acad. Sci. Paris C.R. Scr. D. 271(20): 1767-1770. (French)

6. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

6.1 Air pollution

6.1.1 Ilo11warth, M.: Ilarres, II.P.: Friedrich, II. 1985. Relations of heavy metal contents in soils and needles ofTaxus baccala L. in urban habitats. Aora Morphol. Gcobol. Ockophysiol. 177(3/4):227-235. (Gennan;English summary)Keywords: Taxus baccaw, heavy metals, soil contamination, urban areas.

6.1.2 Hollwarth, M. 1984. lllc developmcOI of heavy metal contents in needles of yews in urban habitats from1975 to 1982. Vcreinigung fur Angewandtc Botmik.. 58(1):21-30. (German; English summary)Keywords: Taxus baccaw, heavy metals, indicator plants.

6.1.3 Lotschert, W.; Grosch, S. 1984. Lead accumulation in needles of Taxus baccara L. in polluted area ofFrankfun am Main (West Germany). Acta Occol. Oecol. Plant 5(1):39-47. (Gennan; English andFrench summary)

6.1.4 Forunann, R.C.; Johnson, DL 1984. Effect of simulated rainfall 011 removal and in situ formation ofpanicles on Taxus needles (Taxus media). Environ. Pollul. SeT. B. Chcm. Phys. 7(4):297-316.(English)

6.1.5 Fortmann, R.C.; Johnson. D.L. 1984. Characterisation of individual ambient aerosol particles retained onTaxus needles washed with water. Environ. Pollul Scr. B. Chern. Phys. 8(1):1· 16. (English)

6.1.6 Hollwanh. M.; Kull, U. 1979. Fatty acid composition of saponifiable lipids in needles of Taxus ooccaJaL. from places with different pollution stresses. Z. Pflan7.cnphysiol. 91(4):325-331. (German; Englishsummary)

6.1.7 Lotsehen. W.; Kohm, IIJ. 1978. Characteristics of tree bark as an indicator in high-immission areas. II.Contents of heavy metals in Fraxinus excelsior. Taxus bacca/Q, Bryum argemeum. Oecologia (Bert.)37(1):121-132. (EngHsh)

6. 1.8 Bauer, '.; Grill, D. 1977. Problems of the pigment analysis for diagnosing smoke damages (Picea abies,Taxus baccala). Angew. Bol. 51(5/6):241·250. (German; English summary)

16

6.1.9 lIollwanh. M. 1977. Behaviour of some C'dfbohYWlltcs from neelllcs of TllXUS bucculu L. in urbanhabitats exposell to lIifferent conllitions of pollUlion. Angew. Bot. 51(5/6):277·285. (Gennan; English,ummary)

6.2 General physiology

6.2.1 Szaniawski, R.K. 1975. Some problems on physillingy of the yew (Teuus ~pp.). Nasze. Drzewa_ Lesn.3:66-77. (Polish: Engli ....h summary)

6.2.2 Olney, AJ. 1969. Physiological aspects of root regeneration in Tams. Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan St.'lIeUniversity. Eo"st Lansing, MI. 92 p. (Englbh)

6.2.3 Distelbarth, II.; Kull, U. 1985. Physiological invesliga(iolls of leaf mucilages. II. 'Ille mucilage of 1axusbaccata L. and of Thujll occidentalis L. Isr. J. Bot. 34(214): 113-128. (Engli.~h)

Keywords: Taxus buccala, 11wja occidentalis, mucilages, plant physiology. seasonal variatioll.sugars, plant analysis. peptides, waler relalions. fm.~t resislance. Germ,U1 Fl;.'ueral Republic.

6,3 Mineral nutrition

6.3.1 Gilliam. C.II.; Eason. J.T.: Evans. C.E. 1985. Effects of soil pH un four neill-grown nursery crops. J.Environ. Iionie. 3(3): 136-139. (Engli"h)Keywords: lIe:A crenaw. Teuus (·u_fpic/a/ll. ~nil pll, nutrielll lIefi(,'iencics, indexes of nutrieillavailability.

6.3.2 Khatamian. II.; Lumis. G.P. 1982. Influence of ~halle, mooia amI fertility on grnwth of nuus laJX1~capc

plants. J. Arboric. 8(9):247-249. (Englbh)

6.3.3 Gilliam, C.II.; Watson, M.E.; Smith. E.M. 1982. Boron toxicity - symp«lm~ anu ~uspcctcu causesRhododeIv.Iron anll TlUUS. Am. Nun.cryman 155(11):53-55,58-59. (English)

6.3.4 Gilliam. C.II.: Watson. M.E. 1981. Boron ac<:ulIlulaliun in T/lxu,~ lIledlll ornamelllal nursery crop.lIortscienee 16(3):340-341. (English)

6.3.5 Si!.h, E.M. 1974. Fertilizing Taxlls (media) amI juniper (chinensis) in the Ilunicry. Ohio Agric. Res. Dev.Ccnl. Res. Summ. 79:33-34. (English)

6.3.6 Anon. 1971. Bibliogmphy on sui Is. nutrilion amI rertilizing of coniferous species: l. Cl'drus; 11. Juniperusspp. and Taxu.f spp.; III. Crypromnia japoniclI, Clul1Iwecypari.f ~pp. allll Cupressus spp.; IV. Thujaspp. anll Thujopsis spp. (1971-1956). Cmmnnllw. Bur. Soils AnnO!. Bibliugr. 1052. 13 p. (English)

6.3.7 Sutcu, S. Anurciea, A. 1970. Annual varialion in conlelll of free :unmoniale {If nitrngen in severalconifers (Abies. Piau. Pinus, TelxuJ). Cluj. Univ. Babes. Bolyai. Stull. Scr. Diu!. 15(2):77-83.(Romanian: French summary)

6.4 Nutrition and photoperiod

6.4.1 Fiedler. H.1.; 1I0hne. 11.: Haupt, R. 1986. The inlluence nf biological anll ecolugic;ll fnewTS 00 !.heoUlricn! status of yew (Tenus ooccaw L.). Aura. Morphol. GL'obul. Ock{)phy~inl. 178(3):14)4)55.(Gennan; English summary)Keywords: Ttuus Imcc(/(lI, nutrient WIIlCllt, nUlrient uplake. ~nil fertililY. cnvironmenlal faclors,internctions.

17

6.4.2 Whitcomb. C.E. 1984. Effccis of phOlopcriod on growth of non.llcm confiers. Oklahoma Selle Vni ....Agric. Exp. Sin. Res. Pap. P-855. pr. 3Q.33. Stillwater. OK. (English)Keywords: Pinus nigra. Piau glauco, Piau abies. Taxu.r media. Tuxu.f cU.fpldara, phOlOperiod,growth.

6.4.3 Still. S.M.; Gilliam. CII.; Watson. M.E. 1984. Effccb of rate ami timing of fcn.ilizer application 011

growlh of four wOOlly species (Viburnum p/icmum ...ar. tomelllosum, Spmltll mpponica, Juniperuschin~rlXj.f, Ttuus lTU'dlU). Ohio Agric. Re.\. Dc.... Cenl. Re.... Cire. 279:5·8. (English)

6.5 Regeneration

6.5.1 Swihart, R.K.; Conover, M.R. 1990. Reducing deer damage tu yews and apple tree....: testing big gamerepellclII. Ro--pcl. alld soap as repellenl", Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18(2): 156-162. (English)Keywords: MalliS pumila, Taxus bacca/ll. planting stock. plant damage, repellellls. soaps, Odocoi/eusvirginian us. COlllle<:licut.

6.5.2 Singh, V.; Singh, R.V. 1984. Seed dispersal. M:ed gcrmination and seedling estahJishmelll in natu".1forests of silvcr fir and spruce. I. Sl'Cd di:-.pcrsal pallenJ. Indi:U1 For. 110(6):529-539. (English: Hindisummary)Keywords: Ttuu.f bU(,CClf(I, AIJie.f ,)indroll', Picell.fmithwna. M.'Cd di.,pcrsal. Pmu.f 1I'1I11ichi1l1lll. Cedrusdem./om, IIimxhai Pradesh, mountain forcsL'.

6.5.3 Semagina, R.N. 1983. Condition of nalurnl regcncratiun of TlllU.f Imc('lllll in the Black Sea area fore."l" ofthc Caucasian relooCrvt:. Biul. Mo;,kov;,k O. Va. bpyt. Prir. Otd. Biul. 88(4): 146-1-l9. (Russian: Engli!JIsummary)Keywords: TlU"U.!" Imccata. natural regt.·ucr.uinn. reserve..., pL.'l.Il1lxlmmunitie." lISSR. Europe. rorcsl~.

vegclatioo types.

6.5.4 Krol, 5.; Cichocki, W.; Mizt".fa, T. 1980. Enduzonchoria:l.' main faClOr in naluml regenertltion of ycw(Taxu.!" mlcc/lta L.) in Goleniow;,ka Virgin Fore;,l. Pr. Poznan. Tow. Przyj. Nauk. Wyd7_ Nauk. Roln.Le.'\n. Poznan. 50:31-39. (rolish; Engli:oJl :-.ummary)

6.5.5 King, D.R. 1975. E,'limatioll of yew (T/U"u.\· clIl1adl'l1sIS) ,uHI cellar (TlUlJ/I ol:6del1wfis) a...ailahility alldulilization for wuody browse. J. WildJ. 31)( I): 10 I-I 07. (Ellgli;,h)

6.5.6 Bartkowiak, S.: Zielinski, J. 1973. The role of syllzoochnria in U1C natural rcnew:.l of yew (TIU'lIJ bacclllaL.). Arbor. KOOlick. 18:265-272. (Polish: English summary)

6.5.7 Jackowski, J. 1972. Natural regeneration of yew in Ihe Slcllin POJ1\cr:Ulia. Sylwan 116( I 1):47-52. (Poli;,h;English summary)

6.5.8 Kosciclny, 5.; Krnl, S. 1970. Allemp(;, of fiXing l.'Culogic faclnes dClcnnining the natural reproduction ofthe yew trcc in nature re.-.erve., (TtU:II.f l}{IulI/a). Puznall. Tow. Pnyjacinl. Nauk. 30:79-105. (Poli...b;Engli...h :-.ummary)

6.5.9 Krol. S. 1969. Siullie... on the natuml regcllcrnlioll of yew in its prc.'ot:!vc:-, in Pol:Ultl. Sylwan 113(2):23-27.(PoI~h)

6.6 Roots

6.6.1 Strullu, D.G.; Gourret. J.P.; Garrec, J.r. 1982. Analysis of mycorrhiza of TtIXlU IJII('(:llfll (L.) by electronicmicrowave. Re.... For. Fr. 34(6):392·398. (French)

18

6.6.2 Strullu, D.G.; Gourre!' J.P.; Garrec. J.P.; Fourcy, A. 1981. Ultrastructure am! electron-probemicroanalysis of the metachromatic vacuolar granules occurring in TllXUS mycorrhiz.c'ls. New Phytol.87(3):537-545. (English)

6.6.3 Sirullu. D.G. 1978. Histology and cytology of endomycorrhizas of 1euus baccat(/. Physiol. Veg.16(4):657·669. (French; English summary)

6.6.4 Harrington. L.D.; Pellett, N.E.; Bec, D.E. 1977. Influence of the growUl regulator iliunirlOzide 011 growthand cold acclimation of Taxus roots. Honscience 12(3):257·258. (English)

6.6.5 Hordiienko, 1.1.; Sapozhnykova, N.F. 1974. Rooting of some species of conifers relative to theirphysiological activity (Juniperus, 1axus lxJCCaUl). Ukr. Bol. Zh. 31(5):618-623. (Ukranian; Englishsummary)

6.6.6 Mityga, H.G.; Lanphear, F.O. 1971. Factors inl1uencing the cold hardiness of Ta.ms cuspidm(/ rooLS.Amer. Soc. Hart. Sci. J. 96(1):83-87. (English)

6.6.7 Lathrop, J.K.; Mochlcllhurg. R.A. 1971. Root rcgeneration and root dormancy in 1ilJ:llS .'ipp. Amcr. Soc.Hort. Sci. J. 96(1):111.114. (English)

6.7 Water relations and photosynthesis

6.7.1 Kartusch, B.; Richter, H. 1984. Anatomical reactions of yew needles to all impairmelll. of water tra.nsportin the plant body. Phytoll. Ann. Rei. Bol. 24(2):295-303. (German: Engli...h .'iulrunary)Keywords: Tluus hoccma, conifer needle, water transpol1, plant analOmy.

6.7.2 2ajaczkowska, J.; Lotocki, A.: Morteczka, 1-1. 1984. Gas exchange in plants of common yew (TaxusbaccoUl L.) from trees of different age. Sylwall 128( II ):25-29. (Polish; English. Russian summary)Keywords: Taxus baccalll, conifer ncedles, gas-exchange. age.

6.7.3 Bengan, H.W. 1979. Biological indication of cxposcd experimental plants (PimH .flrobu.l', Picea abiesand TllXUS baccafll) of air pollution hy the mcans of phutosynthc.'iis in a moderately pollutcd area.Angew. Bot. 55(3/4):187-194. (Gcnmm; English summary)

6.7.4 Tutaiuk, V.Kh.; Mustafaevn, M.G.: Alieva, Kh.Z. 1973. Structurc uf thc stomata in some conifers(Juniperus. TtUIlJ). Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Az. SSR. 29(10):44-47. (Russian; English summary)

6.7.5 Bm/is, C.P.; Briggs, a.E. 1969. Salt relaliuns of woody tissues. II. Expcrimcllls wilh lenglhs of wood andcut leafy shoot". Proc. Roy. Sci. Soc. Lund. Ser. B BioI. Sci. 17I(1025):401.4t:1. (English)Keywords: TaxuJ.

7. TAXOL

7.1 Issue analysis

7.1.1 Hartzell, II., Jr. 1991. 'Inc yew tree: a thousand whi."pcrs: thc hiography of a species. Jlulogosi, Eugene,Oregon. 319 p. (English)

7.1.2 Joyce. L. 1991. Scientists take wide variety of approaches to laxol studies. SciClllist 5:24. (English)

7.1.3 Chabner, B.A. 1991. Taxol. a IcSt for technology tnms!Cr. Bio-Technology 9( 10): 1012. (Ellglish)

19

7.1.4 EdginglOn, S.P. 1991. Taxol: out of the woods. Bioffechnology 9:933-938. (Englis.h)

7.1.5 Krucoff. C. 1991. Unlocking the secrets of t..'lXol. TIle Saturday Evening Post, SeJll.lOcl. 1991 pp.46-49.(Engl~h)

7.1.6 Reed S.; Balamaci. M.: Ferrell.J.; Hauser. S. 1991. Trceofhore-andconnicl. People. December 12.pp. 61-63. (English)

7.1.7 Robson. P.A. 1991. The Pacific Yew. The West Coast Logger October. pp. 17-25.

7.2 Sustainable development

7.2.1 Witherup, K.M.; Look, S.A.; Stasko. M.W.; Ghiorzi. 1'.1.; Muschik, G.M. 1990. Taxus spp. needlescontain amounl'\ of taxol comparable 10 the bark of Taxus brel'ifolia: Analysis ,Old isolation. 1. Nat.IlrO<l. 53(3): 1249-1255. (English)

7.2.2 Blume, E. 1989. Invesligators seck to increase taxal supply. J. Nat. Cancer Insl. 8(15):1122-1133.(English)

7.2.3 Lcdig, T.E 1988. Conscrvation of diversity in fore.'\t trees. Bioscience 38(1):471-479. (English)

7.3 Taxol analogs

7.3.1 'Zhao, Z.Y.; Kingston. D.GJ.: Crosswell. A.R. 1991. MO<lified taxols 6. Preparation of water-solubleprodrugs of taxol. J. Nat. Prod. (LLoydia) 54(6): 1607-161 I. (Engli.<.h)

7.3.2 BaIza, F.; Tachibana. S.: Barrios. H.; Towers. G.lI.N. 1991. Brevifoliol. a taxane from Taxus brew/alw.Phytochemistry 30(5): 1613-1614.Keywords.: analogs, synthons, DriLish Colwnhia. (English)

7.3.3 Huang. C.lI.O.; Kingslon, D.G.I.: Magri. N.r.; Samaranayake. G. 1986. New taxanes from Ta.nHbrevi/oUa, 2. J. Nm. PrO<l. 49(4):665-669. (English)Keywords: 7(UU.f brevifo/ia, chemical conslituents, t..'lXillles.

7.3.4 Yeh, M.K.; Wang, J.S.; Liu. L.P.; Chen, F.C. 1988. A new laxane derivative from lhe heanwoot.l of Taxusmairei. Phytochemistry 27(5): 1534-1536. (English)Keywords: Ttuus, hcanwood, chemicaJ COllstitucllIS, derivatives, ~lJUClurc. stcrcochcmislI)'.

7.3.5 Senilh, Y.: Bh:chen. $.: Colin. M.; Guenanl. D.: Picot. F. 1984. Ilroof of new taxol anaJogs extraclC41from Taxus IJaCC{l/ll. J. Nat. Prod. 47(1): 131-137. (French; Engli~h ~uffiJnary)

Keywords: Yew. bark.

7.3.6 Kingston. D.G.I.: lIawl;,ins. D.R.; Ovington. L. 1982. New L.uanes from Ttuus brerifolia. J. Nat. Prod.45(4):466-470. (English)

7.3.7 Mclaughlin, J.L.; Miller, R.W.; Powell, R.G.; Smith, C.R. Jr. 1981. 19-hydroxybaccalin 111, 10­deacelylcephalo-manninc. and IQ-<1eOCClylt..'lxol: new anLilUmor taxanc... from Taxus waJ/ichiana. J.Nat. Prod. 44(3):312-319. (English)

7.3.8 Miller, R.W.; Powell. R.G.: Smith, C.R. Jr.: Amold, E.: Clardy, J. 1981. Amilcukcmic alkaloids fromTtuus II'tl1fichillnll Zucco J. Org. Chcm. 46(7): 1469-1474. (Eng1i~h)

20

7.4 Structure and mode of action

7.4.1 Bartolo, M.E.; Carter, J.V. 1991. Effect of microtubule stabilization nil the freezing IOlerance ofmesophyll cells of spinach. Plmll Physiol. 97: 182·187. (English)Keywords: Taxol, mode of action.

7.4.2 Daub, A.M.; Hauser. M. 1988. Taxol affects meiotic spindle function in locust spermatocytes.Protoplao;ma. 142(213): 147-155. (English)Keywords: LocuJW migrlJlOria. meim;is, spindles. cell division, spermatocytt:s, Taxlls, kinetics.

7.4.3 Horwitz, S.B.; Lothstcin, L.; Manfredi. J.1.; MeIJado, W.; Pamt:ss, 1.; Roy, S.N.: Schiff, P.B.: Sorbara. L.;Zeheb, R. 1986. Taxol: mechanisms of action and resistancc. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 466:733-744.(English)Keywords: T(UllS brevifolia, bark, alkaloids, antineoplastic agents, phannacology, drug resistmlce,taxo!.

7.4.4 Tekol, Y. 1985. Negative chronotropic and atrioventricular blocking effects of taxinc 011 isolated froghe..'lrt mld its acute toxicity in mice. J. Med. Plmu Res. 5::\57-360. (English)Keywords: ]lU"US hucctl/a, alkaloids, cardiovascular agents. heart, frogs. mice. toxicity.

7.4.5 Albertini, D.E; Hennan, B.; Shcrline, P. 1984. In vim and in vitro studies Oil the role of BMW-MAPs(high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins) in taxol-induced microtutmlc bundling. Eur.J. Cell BioI. 33(1): n4-143. (English)Keywords: Antitumor agent. bark, Ta.:ms lJr/!vi{olia.

7.4.6 Baum, S.O.; Willller, M.; Nadler, J.P.; Horwitz, S.B.; Dennis, J.E.; Schiff. P.B.; T,Ulowitz, H.B. 1981.Taxol, an experimental mllitumor drug isolated from Ttu"u,~ lJfevijo!ia, alllicrotuhulc ~tabilizing agent,blocks the replication of Trypllno.wlIllJ cruzi (Chagas disease). Proe. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.78(7):4571-4575. (Engli~h)

7.4.7 Vohora, S.B.; Kumar. I.; Shah. S.A.; Kh..1.Il. M.S.Y. 1980. Effect of billavolloids of Ta);us haccara on thecentral nervous system of mls and mice. Indian J. Mcd. Res. 71 :815-820. (English)

7.4.8 Schiff, P.B.; Fmll, J.; Horwitz, S.B. 1979. Promotion of mkmtuhulc ,l~semhly in vitro hy LaxoL Nature277:665-«57. (English)Keywords: First report of mode of action.

7.4.9 Vohora, S.B. 1972. Studies 011 Taxu.~ hacc(l1l1. II. Pharmacologic,d inve~ligation of the Intal extract ofleaves. Plmlta Med. 22(1):59-65. (English)

7.4. IO Marcano, D.P.; Halsall, 1'.0. 1970. The structure of the diterpcnoid haccatin. I. tile 4-hcl.a 20-epoxide of2-alpha, 5-alpha, 7-heta, 9-alpha, IO-hela. D-alpha hexa.."lcewxytaxa, II-diene. Chem. Commun.21:1381-1382. (English)Keywords: 7tUllS hacca/(l L.. analogs. SyntilOllS.

7.4.11 Marcano, D.P.; Ha.ls.l.ll, TO. 1970. Crystallographic structure detenninatioll of the dilerpenoid baccalin.V. a naturaJly occurring oxel.<1.ne witil a tax,Ule skeleton. Chem. Commun. 21:1382- 1383. (English)Keywords: TlV:UJ !WCC{jfl/ L.. analogs, syntholls.

7.S Tissue culture and biotechnology

7.5.1 Rohr, R. 1982. Activation and proliferation of cells of the megagmnelOphyte of TaXIIS cultured in vitro.Can. 1. Bol. 60(9): 1583-1589. (French; English sUllunary)

21

7.5.2 David, A. 1977. Tissue cullure of IWO gymnospcnns, Pmus pinasur Sol. anti Tcuus baccata L. Pages 93­99 in R.J. Gauthcrct. edilor. La Culture ties til>SUS et des cellules des vcgcl.1.ux: re... ultats generaul( e(realisations pratiques. Ma.~son. Paris. (French)

7.5.3 David. A.; Plastira. V. 1976. Behaviour of i<;olated cells from two gymnospenns, cultured in vitro: Taxusbaccata L. and Pmus pmaster Sol. C.R. lIebd. Seances Acad. Sci.• Ser. D. Sci. Nat. 282(12):1159­1162. (French: English summary)

7.5.4 Brown. CoL.: Sonuner. II.E. 1975. An atlas of gymnospenns cultured In \'Ilro: 1924-1974. Georgia ForestResearch Council. Macon. Georgia. 271 p. (English)

7.5.5 David, A.: Plm.tim, V. 1974. Realizatioll of yew (TarJ,l.~ ImccaUl L.) tissue cullurcs from one year oldshoot fragmellls: obtainment of an indefinite culture. CoR. Hcbd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D. Sci. N3I.279(23): 1757-1759. (French)

7.5.6 Le Page Dcgivry, M.T. 1973. Innuellce of llbsdsic acid on lIle germination of the embryos of Tarusbaccara L. cuhurcd in vitro. Z. Pnanzenphysiol. 70(5):406-413. (French: English summruy)

7.6 Ethnobotany

7.6.1 Hamburger, M.: lIostellmann. K. 1991. BioactivilY in plants: Ihe link between phytochemistry amimedicine. Phytochemisll)' 30(12):3864-3874. (Engli....h)

7.6.2 McAllisler, D.E.: Haber. E. 1991. WcMcm yew - precious medicine. Can. Biodiversity 1(2):2-4.(English)

7.6.3 Turner, NJ. 1979. Plants in Dritish Columhia Indinn technology. D.C. Provincial Museum. Handbookno. 38. pp. 116-120. (English)

7.6.4 Gumer, E. 1973. ElhnohOlany of We.~tern Wa...hinglOn. The knowledge roll! usc of indigenou." plants bynative Amcric..1.lls, Revi~ed Edition. Ulliver~ilY of Washinglon Press, Sc:mle. pp. 16. (English)

7.7 Popular literature

7.7.1 Manes, C. 1992. In praise of yew. Orioll I I(J):30-W. (English)

7.7.2 Anon. 1989. Getting 10 know yew. Grounds Maim. 24(8):90-91. (English)Keywords: TClXU.~, cultural method~. ornamental value.

7.7.3 Voliotis, D. 1986. IIistorical and envirnnmenlal ~igllificance of lhe yew (1iu'uJ IJ/lccara L.). 1St. J. Bot35(1):47-52. (English)Keywords: TcU"us Imccafa. taxonomy. sync(,.'ology, forc...t ccology. hi:.lOry. furest proclucl".

7.7.4 Rothenberger. R. 1979. The lfouhles with yew (7iUUJ). J. Arhuric. 5(8):9. (Engli<Jl)

7.7.5 Plai.!illnce, G. 1979. The yew tree Tcuu$ bClccata. general de...cripliun, u:.es. Foret Privee 126:34-47.(French)

7.7.6 Srodon. A. 1975. The history of the yew (TaxuJ bacccltll) in Poland. Na.\ze. Drz.ewa. Lesn. 3:7-17.(Polish: English summary)

7.7.7 Silber, M.; DeWolf, G.P. 1970. Yews in fiction and f;lCI. Amnldia 30(4): 139-147. (English)

22

8. TOXICOLOGY

8.1 Biochemistry

8.1.1 Ripa, P.Y.; Marlin. E.A.; Cocdolone. S.M,; Allier, J.H. 1990. Auctualion of phytoecdysleroitls indeveloping shoocs of Taxus cuspidma. Phytochemistry 29(2):425-427. (English)KeywonJs: Taxus cuspidata. shoots, leaves, chemical conslituenL<i. phyto::.tcrols. plum deve!opmcm.quantitative analysis. phenology, ecdysterone, poo3Slcrone.

8.1.2 Carpenter. J.R.; Mitchell, C.A. 1980. Rood-induced shift of electron now between cyanide-sensitiverespiratory palhways in Tools of lolerant and inlolcranl tree species. J. Am. Soc. Hartie. Sci.105(5):688-690. (English)Keywon.Js: Acer saccharum. Taxus cuspidllta, Acer rubrum. Taxodium distichutll. stress.

8.1.3 Chauar, M.S.; M(lmti. I. 1976. Seasonal ChilllgCS in total content of soluhlc carbohydrales in ever-greenpla.nts (Taxus bllcCata, ulUrocerasu.f officinlJfi,~, HetJera helix). Acta. BioI. 22( 1/4):3-5. (English)

8.2 Phytochemistry

8.2.1 Zhang, Z.; Jia, Z. 19<)0. Taltane.~ from TtllUS )'unnllnt'n.~ls.Phytochemistry 29(1 ):3673-3675. (English)Keywords: Ttuus, Icaves.l>Iern.~.chemical com[Xlsilion, diterpenes, speclr.l1 an..1.lysis. Yunnan, China.

8.2.2 lIeilemann. J.: Wray. V.: Strack. D. 19<>0. Synthesi" of 2-(}'(4·coumaroyl)·myo·inositol by a proteinpreparalion from ncctlle.~ of Taxw haCClttll. Phy!('lCbcmistry 29(1):3487-3489. (English)Keywords: Taxus bm:cata, conifer needles. coumaric acids. ~sters. biosynlhesis. myo-inositol,chemical composition, spectral analysis. enzyme activity. plant dcvelopmellt. quantitative analysis.transf~~. cat:llytic :1I.1ivity. Gennml Ft."deral Repuhli(.·. molecular structure.

8.2.3 Lian, J.Y.; Min. Z.D.; Mizuno. M.; Tanaka. T.: Iinuma. M. 1988. Two laxanc dilcrpenes from TaxusnUJirei. Phytochemistry 27(11):3674·3675. (English)Keywords: Tw:us, Mern.~. hark. chemical com;[ituel\t~, chcmit-al analysis.

8.2.4 Nakano, K.; Nohara. T.: Tomimatsu. T.; Nishik:lwa, M. 1982. A phytoccdyslernid, tax.isterone, fromTaxllS cU.~fJida/(i. Phytochemistry 21(11):2749-2751. (English)

8.2.5 Miller, R.W.: McLaughlin, J.L.; Powell. R.G.: Plattner, R.D.; Wei.dcder, D.: Smith, C.R. Jr. 1982.Lignans from TlUlIS wallichiana. J. Nat. Prnd. 45( I):78-82. (English)

8.2.6 Miller. R.W. 1980. A brief survey of Ttl.wot alkaloids anll other taX:lnc derivatives (Includesnomenclature). J. Nat. Proo. 43(4):425-437. (English)Keywords: Literature review.

8.2.7 Nieh, JL. 1979. The isolation of the ecllystemne fmm TUXU.f c1IimmslS Yar. mairci. Acta. Bot. Sinica.21(1):82. (Chinese)

8.2.8 Kholooova. Y.D. ttJ77. Application of the Chugaev reaction for lhe quanlilative determination ofectJysollC.'i isolatoo from Podocllrpus lImbnu.f. Pot.!oCllrpus HUlcrophyllus, Tcuu.r bllcclIta. Chern. Nat.Compd. 13(2): IY4·1 %. (English translation)

8.2.9 Dittrich. P.: Danbuck. T. 1977. )solalion :Old charncterizatiun of a novel p-coumaric acid ester of rnyo­inosilol from Jlt.ocdlcs of Ttu·us IJlICClIlll. PI:Ul1 Physiul. 59(2):279-281. (English)

23

8.2.10 Kholodova. 1.0.: Paslcmak. L.P.; Arostolov. A.I. 1976. Isolation and identification of ecdysones fromplants of the Ukraine. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh. 48(4):533-535. (Ukranian; EngliMi ~ununary)Keywords: SuratufaxuanlhemoiJes. Ttuus bacCCJtCJ.

8.2.11 Khan, M.S.Y.: Kumar. I.; Prasad. J.S.; Nagarnjan. G.R.; Parthasarathy, M.R.; Krishnamurty, H.G. 1976.Phcnolic constituc!llS of Taxus baceallJ leaves. Plant Moo. 30( 1):82-85. (English)

8.2.12 Morelli. I. 1976. Constituents of Taxu.f baccallJ L. Fitoterapia 47(i):31-38. (Italian: English sununary)Keywords: Biochemistry.

8.2.13 Lee, c.L.; Hirose. Y.; Nakat.'iuka. T. 1975. The inhibitory effcct of Ttuus /ltaire; (S. Y. Hu) beartwoodextractives 011 the curing of the uns<'l.lumtt.'tl polyester resin. J. Jap. Wood Res. Soc. 21(4):249-256.(Jaflane..~e; English summary)

8.2.14 Madrigal, R.V.; Smith, C.R. Jr. 1975. Taxus baccata seed oil: a new source of cis-5,cis-9­oct.'ldccadiclloic acid. Lipids 10(8):502-504. (English)

8.2.15 Rosen. M.A.; Farndcn. K.J.F.; Conn. E.E.; Iialmlll. K.R. 1975. Slcrnchemical aspects of thebiosynUlcsis of cpimcric cyanogcnic glucu~idcs dhurrin ;Uld taxiphyllin. J. BioI. Chern. 250(21):8302­8308. (Engli~h)Keywords: Sorghum. Taxu.f cu.fpidma.

8.2.16 Lloyd-Jone.~. J.G.; Rce.\. 1-1.1-1.: Goodwin. T.W. 1973. Binsynthe:o.is of ecdy:o.lenme from cbole...terol inTaxus baCC(ll(I. Phytochemistry 12(3):569-572. (Ellgli:o.h)

8.2.17 Cook. I.F.; Lloyd-Jones. J.G.; Rt.'C:o., 11.11.; Goodwin. T.W. 1973. The stereochemistry of bydrogenelimination from C-7 carbon during hiusynthc~b of ccdysones in inscct~ alld plants. Biochem. J.136( I): 135-145. (Englbb)Keywords: Ctllflphora I!rythroceplmfa. Tcu·us mlcc(Ua. PolypodlUln l'ulgare.

8.2.18 Mujumdnr. R.B.; Srinivasan. R.: Venkat4lr..umUl. K. 1972. Taxirc....inol. n new lignan in the heartwood ofTaxus bacctlla. Indian J. Chern. 10(7):677-680. (English)

8.2.19 Dittrich. P.; Kandler. O. 1972. Biosylllhcsb of D-I-O-mcthyl-mucoillosilol in gymosperms.Phytochcmi.~lry 11(5): 1729-1732. (Engli.~h)

Keywords: illmjJerll.f COlllmuni.I·, TI/.ws }JIICl:alll.

8.2.20 Mirwcv. KJl M. 1972. Toxicological ;uul pharmacological investigalion of atkaloillt.u:ine. Dokl. Akad.Nauk. Az. SSR 28(11/12):62-66. (Azerhaijani: English summary)

8.2.21 Vohorn. S.B.; Kumar. I. 1971. Studies on n,XIIS ImccaUl. I. Preliminary phytochemical and behavioralinvestigatioru.. Planta Moo. 20(2): I()().I 07. (English)

8.2.22 Mil7.oev, Kh M.; Ahdusamatov. A.; Yunu~()v. S.Yu. 1970. Alkaloids of Tcuus baccara. Cbern. Nat.Cornpd. 6(6):797. (English tran~lation)

8.2.23 EnIunan. II.; T~ull(). K. 1969. TfU"ur heartwuod l·un:-titucnl\. Phytocbemi~Lry 8(5):931-932. (English)Keywords: Lignan.

24

8.3 Veterinary toxicity

8.3.1 Smilh, R.A. 1989. Commenl~ on diagnosis of intoxication due to ]euus. Yel. Hum. Toxicol. 31(2): 177.(English)Keywords: Ruminants, poisoning, Taxlls bllCC{/f{/, toxicity, diagnosis.

8.3.2 Ogdon, L. 1988. T(jJ:lls (yews)~ a highly toxic planl. Vet. Hum. Toxico!. 30(6):563-564. (English)Keywords: C:lltle-, poisoning, Taxu.r cllspi,llllll, leaves, toxicity.

8.3.3 Yeatch, l.K.; Reid, EM.; Kennedy, GA 1988. Differelltiating yew poisoning from olher toxicoses. Vet.Med. 83(3):298-300. (English)Keywords: Livestock, TllXUS, poisoning, differential diagnosis, poisonous plants, ingestion toxicity,prevention.

8.3.4 Casteel, S.W.; Cook, W.O. 1985. Jap:Ulese yew poisoning in ruminanl~. M{xl. Vet. Pr.:ICI. 66(11):875-877.(English)Keywords: Goats, heifers, poisoning, Taxus cu.rpidnla, USA. Canada.

8.3.5 Knight. M. 1984. Yew (Tcu"U.~) toxicity. Yel. Prof. Top. Horse Equine Prof. Top. 10(4):2-3. (English)Keywords: TtWl.f cll.rpit/{/flJ, cattle. horses, poisollous plallts.

8.3.6 Knight, M. 1984. Yew (TlU-US) poisoning. Yet. Prof. Top. Callie. 10(3):6-8. (English)Keywords: TeUIlS, poisoning, cattle, symptoms, death.

8.3.7 Karns, P.A. 1983. Intoxication in horses due to ingestion of Japanese yew (Taxus cuspit/(J/{/). EquinePr<l.ct. 5(1):12,14-15. (English)

8.3.8 Kerr, L.A.; Edwards, W.e. 1981. Japanese yew: 11 toxic om:unental shrub T(ulIS euspidaw, veterinarydiagnosis :Uld treatment. Yel. Moo. Small. Anim. Clin. 76(9): 1339-1340. (English)

8.3.9 Thomson, G.W.; Barker, 1.K. 1978. Jap:Ulese yew (T(J.w.~ cuspit/m(/) poisoning in callie. Rev. Vel. Can.19( 11):320-321. (English; French sununary)

8.3.10 Alden, C.L.; Fosnaugh, C.J.; Smith, J.B.; Mohan, R. 1977. Japanese yew (Tluus cuspidata) poisoning oflarge domestic :Ulimal.~ in lhe midwest. J. Am. Vel. Med. Assoc. 170CH:314-316. (English)

8.3.11 Szabados, A. 1976. Some serious ca.~es (If Taxu,f bl/cel/fa toxicity to horses. Magy. Allatorv. Lapja.31(1):69. (Hungarian)

8.3.12 Wise, W.E.; Swerczek, T.W. 1973. T(LnH (yew) fX)isnning. Dept. Vel. Sci. Univ. Ky. Coli. Agric. Coop.Ext. Servo V.E.T. 7:1-2 (English)

8.3.13 Bouthiere, G.; Dclatour, P.: Je:Ul-Blain, e.; Lorguc, G.; Randell, P. 1973. Collective intoxication ofcattle by the yew tree. (T(IXUS bacc(/fa). Bull. Soc. Sci. Vel. Med. Compo 3: 163-164. (French)

8.3.14 Lowe, J.E.; Hintz, H.F.; SChryver, H.E; Kingstmry, J.M. 1970. TI/xus cuspidara (Japanese yew)poisoning in horses. Comell VeL 60(1):36-39. (English)

8.3.15 Chaudhury. R.R.; Sak...ena, S.K.; Garg, S.K. 1970. Preliminary observations in lhe rabbit on the anti­ovulatory activity present in T(/xus f)(/cc(I/(/ Linn. leaves. J. ReproJ. Fertil. 22( 1): 151-153. (English)

25

Appendix I.

Species and varieties of Tarus:

This calalog is not complete. Listed are some of !he more common varielies and Iheir growLb forms 10 enabkthe reader to distinguish between some of the more orten planted species of yew. More detailed lists can befound in Hartzell (1991). (reference no. 7.3.2.)

1. SPECIES OF TAXUS.

T. brevi/olia NUll.

T. canadensis Marsh.T. buccula L.T. cu.~pid{l/{j (5ich.) ZuccoT. chinensis (Pilg.) Rhett.Tjloridit/na (Null.) Charm.

2. VARIETIES OF TAXUS.

Pacific yewCanadian yewEnglish yewJapanese yewChinese yewRnTill.1 yew

2.1 The Japanese yew varieties.

T. cuspil/ura (Sicb.) Zucco

T. cuspidaltl L-apilata:T. cuspida/(l lIana:T. cuSpUJIIW brevifalia:T. cu.~pid(l/(l fastigiata:T. cu.~pida/(j Hurea:T. cu.~pid{//(j rlUrCSCCIIS:

T. cuspidu/{I dcnsn:T. CUSpilJUIlI nigra:T. cuspiiJalll oval.a:T. cuspidu/{j pyramidl!is:T. cuspidaw Thaycrac:

Japanese yew propagated from cUlIings

7: cuspisd"ll.a from seeds (upright form)Fasl growing hedge varicty!I. nur:-cry munt~ for T. cU.fpidaw nanaDwarf, creel, columllar fonnYellow vanegationsBright yellow leavesShrub with dark gH.'C1l leavesVery dark grccll leavesBrn:,uler lbaullonnalleavesPyr:uniual fonnSpreauing variely with fcm.hcry branches

2.2 The English yew varieties.

26

T. baccaUl L.

T. baccaw rcp..mdens:T. baccara Dova.stonii:T. baccara gradlis:T. baccara lulea;

English yew

Prol.trn.te blubh-green fonnIlorii'.Ont.'\1 br.mchcs and pendent br.U1Chlcl\Weeping l.ide branchesAni is golden

2.2.1 Compact form..T. baccaw cparicoidcsT. bacCl1w criciodcsT. baccara expanS3T. baccala Foxii

2.2.2 Golden-leaved formsT. {mccata adpressaT. baccara adpressa aureaT. bacClltll adpressa argentca

T. oaccara aureaT. baccara BarroniiT. baccaw DovastoniiT. baccara aureo-variegataT. baccllta c1egantissima1". baccllta sempcraurca

2.3 The Irish yews.

T. baccata stricta:The Irish yew.

T. baccllw stricta f:l~tigiata

T. baccaUl stricta fastigiata aure.1T. baccata stricta fastigiala gmndisT. baCCllfa stricta fa... tigiata Sla.ndishiiT. baccaUl stricla fa.~tigiata argentea

2.4 The Hyhrids

T. medilJ Rhed. (T. !mCClJW X 1". cu.rpidlllll)T. medilJ HatlieldiiT. medilJ HicksiiT. media Kelseyi1". media pynunidalis1". media Andersonii1'. medilJ WardiiT. media Brownii1". medill Wclleslcyi

Compact with short dark green leavesGolden leavesWhite and grccnleaves

All golden-leaved

Stiff erect fonnGolden leavesGolden lcavesGolden leavesSilver variegated

Shrubby conical formErect dark green bnmching fonnErect dense heavily fruiting formErect loose branching fonnErect freely branching fonnErect ami compact formErect conical form up to 2 m tallErect broad fortn

From: TlUUS: the yews. 1960. T.ll, Even.~tt, cd. New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gardening.Volume 12. GrcYS[Olle press. N,Y. Pages 224~-2256.

27

Appendix II.

Index of references pertinent to the Pacific Northwest.

"

Topic

British Columhia:Taxol issueSustainabilit)'

Taxol:Clinical aspectsTaxol analogsMode of action

Taxus brevi/uUa:&:ologyOhtrihuliollPall.'uhotanyElJmobouuyTaxol

Taxus canadensis:CommunilyecologyOld lfCC);

RcpflK.lueti\'e biologySeed productionCell ulIr.L\trul"turcPathologyRegeneration

Reference numbers

7.1.1,7.1.4.7.1.77.2.1,7.2.2.7.2.3

7.3.1, 7.3.7, 7.3.8, 7.4.6, 8.2.207.3.2,7.3.3,7.3.5.7.3.6.7.4.97.4.3,7.4.6,7.4.8

2.1.1,2.1.4.2.1.52.4.12.7.17.6.3.7.6.47.3.2,7.3.3,7.3.6.7.4.6

2.4.2.2.4.32.5.43.2.1. 3.2.2, 3.2.33.4.14.1. 1. 4.1.25.2.36.5.5

Abdusamatov, A 24Adler. J.H 23Agudelo-Silva, F 14Ahrens, J.F 2,3,15Albertini, D.F 21Alden, C.L 25Alieva, KhZ 19Allison, T.D 9, IIAndrcica, A. 17Apostolov, A.I. 24Arnold, E 20Arushanian. RI. 7Aussen, H. IIBalamaci, M....... 20Balderston, CP. . 15Baldwin, I. 5Balza. F. 20Barker,J.K 25Bamos, II. 20Bartkowiak, 5 11,18Bartolo, M.E. 21BassuLk, N. .. 2Bauer, I. 16BaUln, 5.G 21Bee, D.E 19BeJ'dii, K. 8 Bell, P.R 10Bcngan, II.W 19Bialobok, S 6Blechen, S.............................. 20Blwne, E. . 20Blums, K. 8Bolsinger, C.L. .. 5Bouthicre, G....... 25Bovis, c.P. 19Bower, LA 13Bowc..-., B.G. 12Bowman, C.E. 13Briggs, G.E 19Brown. c.L. . ... 22Bryant,J.P. ... 15Bugala W. . . 5Busca.-Isusi, J .M 4Buscher, FK. . 4Campbell, R.L. .. 15Carpenter, J.R 23Carpenter, P.L. 3Carter,J.V 21Casteel, 5.w 25

Appendix III.

Author index

Chabner, DA 19Chadwick, L.C 5,9Chamberlain, J.D 14Ch:Ulg, Y.-P 13Chapin, FS. Ill. 15Chappell,H.G 13, 15Chat tar, M.S 23ChaurJhury, RR 25Chawla, S.5 14Chen, F.C 20Chuprina, P.I.A. . 6Cichocki, W. ... 18Clardy, J........... . 20Cocciolonc, S.M. 23Coley, P.D 15Colin, M 20Conn, E.E. . 24Conover. M.R 18Cook, I.F. 24Cook. W.O 25CrawforrJ, R.C. 6Creech. J.L. 3Crosswell, AR 20Cunninghmnc, M.E 12Czartoryski, A. . 6, 9Czygan, Fe. 12DantxX:k, T. 23Danielson, L.L. 3Daub, A.M. 21David, A. .. 22Davis, G. .. ..... 3Davis, R.I-I. 3De Souza.N.J. 14Dclatuur, P. ... 25Denllis, J.E. .. ... 21Deriugin.., T.F .. . 12DeWolf, G.P 22Distclbarth, I-I 17DilU"ich. P 23.24Doren, R.F 5Dunlap, MJ, 14Duval, A 14Dziewolski, J. ... 8Eason, J.T. 17Ecdlt:r, T. . . 2Edgington, S.P. 20Edwards, W.c. 25Enltman, B. . 24

Eremin, V.M ., .. ., .. 13Evans, CE. 17EverclI, T.H. (ed.). . 4Fant,J. . 21Famdcll, K.J.F. 24Ferrell, J. . . ., .. 20Fiedler, H.1. . 17Fischer, F . 15Forunantl, R.C. 16Fosnaugh, C.1 25Fourcy. A. .,. 19Frank, J.R. 3Franz, L.W. . 5Fretz, T.A. . 4Friedrich, II. . 16Fric.~, M , 7Galoux, D 7Garella, G. . IIGarg. S.K 25Garrec. J.P, 18, 19Ghior.li, T.J 20Ghisalberti. E.L. 14Gielwanowska, I. 7Gilliam, CH 4,17, 18Godd..'1J"d, H.S.W. . 4Gonsoulin, G 8Goodwin, T.W. 14,24Gourrc.t.1.P. .. 18, 19Gouveia, R.J.. ... 2Grill, D. 16Grosch, S. 16Gucnard, D. 20Gumbatov. Z.1. 10Gunter, E. 22Haber, E. 22Hagerman, A.E. 15Iialm, D.E. 4,5lIalsall, T.G. 21Hamburger, M 22Hanley, T.A. .. 15Hanson, K.R. 24lIanula, J.L. 14lIarrcs. II.P. 16lIarringtoll, L.D. 191-l<mzelL H..Jr. 19Haupt, R .. 17Hauser, M. . 21Hauser, S 20

29

Hawkins, D.R 20Ileilemann, J 23Hejnowicz.A 10

Hekele, S.................................. 5Hennan, B 21Hess. C.E 3Ililltnan. J.R 12Hintt. HF. 25Hirose. Y 24Hofman. J 7HofmanJ 8Hohne, II. 17lIollwarth. M 16. 17lIonJiienko, 1.1. 19lIorwitt. S.B. .. 21Hostetlm:um. K. 22Huang, C.II.O 20Iluli. RJ 2Hnuma M 23Jackowski. J. .. 18Jaramillo. A.E. 5Jauffret. F. 12, 15. 16Jean-Blain. C 25Jia, Z 23Johnson. A.G 4Johnson.D.L. 16Johnson, F.D 6Joyce. L. 19Jumar. F. 7June. S.M 13Kanaujia, R.S IIKandler. O 24Karns. P.A 25Kartusch, B. 19Kausch von Schmeling, W 2Kawa"e. M 12Keen, R.A 5.9Kcil, C.B 14Kennedy, G.A 25Kerr. L.A 25Khan, M.S.Y 21.24Khan. N. ud din 5Khatamian, II 17Kholodova, Y.D 23Kholodova, LD 24Kilbenus, G. I IKilpatrick. C.S 8King, D.R 18King, l.A 3Kingsbury, J.M 25Kingston. D.G.I 20Klarowski. R 7KEnka. K 6

30

Kncen. 11.11. 4.5Knight. M 25Kohm. H.J 16Knrpcl'. S 7Kosciclny, S 18Krajina. V.J 6Kral. R 6Krawczyk. I 7Kri!>hnamurty. II.G 24Krol. S 6.7. 13. 18Krucofr, C 20Kuccm. L 16Kuccra. L.1. 13Kurncr. R 12KUll, U. 16,17Kumar.I. 21,24Lamhc. R.C. 13L'Ulphcar. F.O 19Lathrop. J.K. 19Lazar. M 2Lc P:lgC Dcgivry. M.T. 11.22Le·Rcl. M 15LL"tiig, T.F 20Lee. C.L 24Lendzian. K.1 12Leuthold. C. 6Lcvy, J.F 13Lcwb. C.E 4Lian, J.Y 23Liu. L.P 20UOytl-JOIlc'\, J.G 24Look. S.A 20Lorgue. G 25Lothstcin. L 21Lotocki, A 19Lotscherl. W 16LOVCll. TJ 13. 15Lowc. J.E 25Lumis. G.P. 4 17Matlej. T 15Matlriga!. R.V 24Magri, N.F 20Mandl. A. 13Mane.\. C 22Manfredi. J.1 21Marcano. D.P 21Maruti. I. 23Martell. A.M 7Martin. E.A 23Mathcwes. R.W 9May, C 3Maynard, D. .. 2Mal.zeo. P.M 7

McAllistcr. D.E 22Mc.:Guire. J.1 2McLaughlin,J.L 20.23Mochlenburg. RA. 19Mcllado. W 21Miler. Z 13Miller. R.W 20.23Min. Z.D 23Minton. R. 3Mirl.Oev, Kh M 24Milchell. C.A 23Milchell, CO 2,4Milchell, FJ.G 6Milchell, J 7Milyga.II.G. .. 19Mizera. T 18Mizuno, M. .. 23Muhan. R 25Mole. S 15Montgomery. M.E 15Moore, R.E.B 15Morclli,I 24Mortt.:Czka. II. 19MChS.1degh. A. . 8Mujumdar. R.B 24Mu~chik. G.M 20Mu,\tafaeva, M.G 19Nadler. J.P 21Nagarajan, G.R 24Nakajima. A 12Nakann. K 23Nakal"uka. T 24Nelsoll, E.C 5Ncstcrovich. N.D 12Nidi, J.L 23Nielsen.D.G.... .. 14, 15Niemczyk, 1-1.0. .. 15Nikl'L~. KJ. .. IINishikawa, M 23Nnhara, T 23Ogdon. L 25OlllC7.ck. R. 7Olney. AJ 17Orlova. S.LA 12O"inglon. L 20ParTIc'\S, J 21Parrella. M.P 14Partha.-':lrnthy. M.R. 24Parwcn. N 5P;L~lcmak. L.P 24Paule. L. 7Pccknold, P.c. 4Pellell. N.E 19

Pennell. R.t 10Person, J.M 14Perusse, F. 14Picot. F 20Plaisance. G 22Plastira, V 22Plattner. R.D 23PooIe.II.A. 4Powell, R.G 20, 23Prasad. 1.5 24Pridnya. M.V 8Prioton. J 6Purrington, F.F 15RakeT. RJ 3Rancien, P 25Redfern. M ISReed. S 20Rees. n.lI 14.24Reid. F.M 25Richard. P 9Richey. M 2Richter, If 19Riekstins. I. 2. 8Rickstins. J 8Ripa. P.V 23Rivera, E.R 12Robbins. C.T. ISRobson. P.A 20RohCritsch. O. 16Ruhr, R 10, II, 12.21Rosen. M.A 24Roslin, O 7Roth. J.R. 14Rothenberger, R 22Roy. S.N 21Rudolf. P.O IIRuppert.D.C. 3Sabo, J.E 2Sakscna, S.K. 25Sa.rnarnrJ:lyake. G 20Sanders.-D.J. 15Sapoz.hnykova. N.F. 19Sch(,'Cr. C 2Schiff. P.B 21Schncit.lcr. J 5Schncit.lcr. L. 12SChryvCT. II.F 25Schutt. P 8Sckiguchi. F ')Semagina, R.N 18Senilh. V 20Shah, S.A. 21Shanks. C.II. JT. 14

Shaw. G IISheppard. W J 4Sherline, P 21Shugen, R 2Silber. M 22Singh. R.V 18Singh. V 18Sith, E.M 17Siwecki. R 14Smith. C.R. Jr 20.23.24Smith, E.M 2. 4. 5. 17Smith. J.B 25Smith, R.A. . 25Snyt.leT, W.E 3Sobko, V.G 6Sokolowski, A.W 8Sol. R 14SammeT. HE 22SOTbara, L. . 21Sootbgme, BJ 13Srinivasan, R. 24SrotJon. A. nStanley. J 5Sta ko. M.W 20Still. S.M 18Strack. O 23Slrullu. O.G 18. 19Stypinski. P 7Surnva, 1'.0 10Suszka, B 10Suteu. S 17Svoboda, A.M 15Swerczek, T.W 25Swihart, R.K 18Sz,abados. A 25Szaniawski, R.K 17Szczepanski. II. 8Tachibana. S 20Tanaka. T 23Ta.rlOWilZ, II.B 21Taylor, R.D 4,5Taylor, R.L 7Taylor. S 7Teknl, Y 21Teodoreanu. E 2Theil. G.A 4Thomson, G.w. 25TiInell. T.E. 13Tiuensor, R.M 6Tnmilrulbu, T. 23Towen:, G.II.N 20Trea. ter, S.A 4Tsuno. K 24

Turner. N.J 22TUlaiuk, V.Kh. .. 19Uchi111. S. . 4Vockova. M 7Van I-Ieiningen. O 5VillI lIorr, E 2Veatch,J.K 25Venkataraman. K. 24Vetk.1de, G 2Villani. M.G 14Vohora.S.B 21,24Voliotis. O 22Von Kornya, J.P 3Wainm.1o. N 9Wang. 1.5 20Wa~r,C 16Wal"On. M.E. 17. 18Weisloocr. D 23Whitcomb, C.E 18Wills. W.H 13Wi!!.C, W.E 25Withcrur. K.M 20Willner, M 21Worrall. J 6Wrny.V 23Wright. RJ 14Wyman. R.D 2Yam:akawa, K 9Yeh. M.K 20Yoooath. lA 5Yunusov,S.Yu. 24Z'ljaczkowska, J. 19Z'lf'Cha, R. 8Zehcb. R. .. 21Zepp,-D.D 15Zhang, Z. .. 23Zhao. Z.Y. . . 20Ziegler. II. . 12Zielinski. 1 18Zocbisch-Dicrks. A. ..... 15

31