1993 Utah Native Plant Society Annual Compliations

8/9/2019 1993 Utah Native Plant Society Annual Compliations

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VOL. 16 NO. 1

JanJan 27Wed7:30 pm

Feb

Feb 2 4Wed7:30

JAN - FEB 1993CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Cache Chapter Meeting. Fliers will be mailedannouncing this meeting.Salt Lake Chap te r Meeting. Bob Stack, educator andnaturalist w i l l be t h e speaker. He is planning anactivity also. Utah Department of N a t u r a lResources, 1636 West North Temple, Salt Lake CityEasy access from 1-215 or North Temple. BoardMeeting at 6 ~ 3 0 .Cache Chapter Meeting. Fliers w i l l be mailedannouncing t h i s meeting.Salt Lake Chapter Meeting. Watch f o r b lue cards toannounce this meeting. Utah Department of NaturalResources, 1636 West Nor t h Temple. Board Meeting

Chairman of BoardPresidentPresident E l e c tTreasurerNewsletter EditorSecretaryS a l t Lake Chapter PresidentCache Chapter PresidentCache Chapter V i c e FreeCache Chap t e r Sec/TreaMembership Corn ChairpersonEndangered Plan t s C o r n Ch a i rSeed Cornm ChairpersonEducation Comrn ChairpersonPhotography Comm ChairpersonF i e l d t r i p Cornrn Chairpersonort ti culture Conun Chair.

Pam Poulson ( 0 ) 5 8 1 - 3 7 4 4(H) 359-3939Brent Ship ley (H) 268-2601Dave Gardner (H) 649-3355Andy Boyack (H) 278-8596Jo Stolhand (H) 521-0069Pam Poulson (0) 81-3744Joan Livingston(H) 2 9 5 - 7 8 2 5Chris Friess (H) 753-1499Tony BallardRobert Fitts (H) 753-5613Pam Poulson (0) 81-3744Ben Franklin ( 0 ) 538-7223Duane Atwood (0) 25 - 5599Dick Page (H) 55 -7769Dave Okelberry (H) 968-6190Dave Gardner (H) 649-3355openopenConservation Conun Chairperson openBoard Members at Large Leila ShultzKaye ThorneDick HildrethWayne Padgett


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SPIRAMTHES DILWIALISExcerpts from t h e Federal Register,Department of the Interior, Fishand Wildlife Service

In 1 9 8 4 Sheviak described anew species of Sp i r an th e s . Thetype location is along Clear Creekin Golden, Colorado. Populat ions of5 . diluvialis occur i n relativelylow elevation riparian meadows inthree general areas of t h e interiorWestern United States. The easternpopulation is in Colorado.The central populations of S.diluvialis are in wet or mesicriparian meadows or in understorymeadows of riparian woodlands inthe Colorado River drainage ofeastern Utah. Six separatepopulations are known. All thesep o p u l a t i o n s were discovered since1977. The western populations of S.diluvialis occur i n riparian, l a k eand spring-side wet or mesicmeadows in the eastern Great Basinof western Utah and adjacentNevada. Two existing populationsare known, both i n wetlands .adjacent to Utah Lake in U t a hCounty, Utah. Fi v e additionalpopulat ions were known:(1) "Oqden" in Weber County,U t a h ~ s p e c i m e n s rom thispopulation were collected i n 1887but no plants have been observedsince then; ( 2 ) wetlands in theJordan River drainage in Salt LakeCounty, U t a h ~ s p e c i m e n s r o m t h i spopulation were last collected in1953; (3) Red Butte Canyon nearSalt Lake C i t y ~ p l a n t s n t h i spopulat ion w e r e last observed in1966; ( 4 ) Willow Springs near t h etown of Caliao in Tooele County,U t a h ~ s p e c i m e n sfrom t h i spopulation were last collected in1956; and (5) wet meadows in thedrainage of Meadow Valley Wash nearthe t o w n of Panaca in LincolnCounty, N e vad a~sp e c i me n sfrom thispopulation were l a s t c o l l e c t e d i n1 9 3 6 . Recent searches for S .diluvialis in the Great Basinfailed to rediscover any of t h especies' historic populations,except for those near Utah Lake,and recent rare p l a n t inventories

have not discovered any new Greatd as in populations.

S, diluvialis populations ineastern Utah may not be subjectedto habitat loss from urbanizationas occured to populations along theWasatch Front. However, they may bevulnerable to changes i n theirriparian habitat as a result ofstream channelization orimpoundment projects. xis sting andproposed water projects in Utahhave the p o t e n t i a l to adverselyaffect the riparian habitat inwhich S . diluvialis is found. Theeastern Utah popultions aretypically small in size, and allare potentially vulnerable to anyimpact to t h e i r riparianecosystems. The highly disjunctnature of the known populations ineastern Utah gives rise toquestions of what is the factorcausing this disjunction. It ispossible that local extinctionshave taken place in currentlyunoccupied potential habitatsimilar to extinctions whichoccurred along the Wasatch Front,the Great Basin, and certainhistoric populations in Colorado.The effects of grazing arelargely not known with respect tothis species. The largestpopulations of t h e species, alongt h e Uinta River and Deer Cr e e k inU t a h and along t h e Boulder Creek inColorado, are grazed during thewinter , when S . diluvialis i sdormant, with no noticeable effecton the species. It is plausiblethat moderate winter grazing may bebeneficial to or have no impact ont h e species. Y e t , t h e most s t r i k i n gfeature of the Uinta Riverecosystem, which contains one ofthe largest S. d i l u v i a l i spopulations, is the vigor of theriparian vegetative community andits lack of degradation from heavysummer grazing. For populations onNational Park service lands, S .dlluvialls habitat was or is in t h eprocess of being withdrawn fromactive grazing allotments, at leasttemporarily. The impact of grazingon t h e species and its ecosystemwill be investigated as part of theresearch and recovery effort forthis species.


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Federal action on this speciesbegan on September 2 7 , 1985, whenthe Service published a notice ofreview of candidate p l a n t s forlisting as endangered or threatenedspecies, which included S.diluvialis as a category 2 species.Category 2 comprises taxa fo r whichthe Service has informationindicating the appropriateness of aproposal to list t h e taxa asendangered or threatened but forwhich more substantial data areneeded on biological vulnerabilityand threats.After a review of statusinformation acquired s ince 1985,the Service upgraded S. d i l u v i a l i sto category 1 in the p l a n t no t i c eof review published in th e FederalRegister on February 21, 1990.Category 1 comprises those taxa forwhich the Service has on f i l esustantial information on t h ebiological vulnerability andt h r e a t s to support theappropriateness of proposing tol i s t them as endangered ort h rea t ed n ed s p ec i e s .

nthes

In the 1990 notice, S.d i l u v i a l i s was given the commonname "plateau lady's tressesn t oprovide t h e p u b l i c a convenientreference. However, t h e Servicewill henceforth use " U t e ladies'tresses" a s the spec ies ' commonname in recognition of t h e f a c tthat t h e species ' historic rangecoincides w i t h the ancestral homeof t h e U t e Indian Tribe.On November 13, 1990, t h eSevice published in the FederalRegister a proposed r u l e to list S.diluvialls a s a t h rea t ened species.That proposal constituted t h e f i n a lf i n d i n g for t h i s species.

New popu1ations were f ound i nAugust of 1992 in t h e Uinta B a s i nby Joel Peterson, Doug S t o n e , BenFranklin, and J i m Coyner. Thesearch c o n t i n u e s fo r newp o p u l a t i o n s on t h e Wasatch F r o n t ,

DOC COTTAM FIELDTRIP SERIESWhen Dr. Walter P. C o t t a m died

f o u r years ago at t h e age of 94 welost an eminent ecologist andconservationist. W e might also havelost a vast knowledge of unusualp l a n t s and their whereabouts butfor t h e "Thursday Sabbath Club",Doc Cottam w a s already 7 5 years o l dwhen Vard Jones and Maxine Martzbegan t a k i n g Thursdays o f f to joinhim on out ings to f a v o r i t e places .For twelve years the thursdayexcursions continued.This year Vard and Maxine w i l lorganize and l ead fieldtrips i n t h efootsteps of D o c C o t t a m f o r t h eUtah Native P l a n t Society.One oft h e eartliest fieldtrips w i l l be tosee S i syr inch ium i n f l a t u r n ( B l u e -eyed Grass) near S t o c k t o n . Anotherspring wildflower w e w i l l visit isV i o l a beckwithii near Brigham City.Hopefully t h i s will be the year wesee the elusive Steershead also.

The fieldtrips will be onSaturdays and w i l l o f t e n involvesome traveling, but should be veryrewarding.Vard and Maxine will present aslide show and discussion at ourMarch meeting. Don't miss it.


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PURPLE LOOSESTRIFEINVASIVE EXOTIC ?A recent article in RockyMountain Landscape Plus called f o ra ban on t h e selling and plantingof Lythrum sp. (PurpleLoosestrife). Already banned inseveral states of t h e eastern andnorthwestern sec t ions of the U.S.,this plant has invaded wetlands offive counties in Utah. The UtahAssociation of Nurserymen andLandscape Contractors is urging allnurseries to stop selling it ando f f e r a l ternat ive pl a nt s instead.According to Steve Burningham, weedspecialist, Plant IndustryDivis ion, Utah Department ofAgriculture more studies will bedone before t h e plant could be

listed as a noxious weed.The following i n fo rma t ioncomes from an article recentlyprinted by the Virg inia NativePlant Society:uescription:Purple Loosestrife (Lythrums a l i c a r i a ) is an herbaceousperennial characterized by longshowy spikes of magenta flowers.Usually under 4 feet in height, t h eplant may reach up to 10 f e e t tallin nutrient-rich habitats. Purpleloosestrife has flowers w i t h 5 to 7petals which occur in denseclusters on terminal spikes andwhich bloom from June to September.The leaves are usually opposite orin whorls of 3, lance-shaped, andw i t h o u t teeth. The p l an t is amember of t h e loosestrife family{Lythraceae) and may be confusedw i t h other members of that family.Purple loosestrife is virtuallyindistinguishable from another~urasian pecies , Ly t h rm virgatumand its cultivars.Habitat:Purple loosestrife occurs in avariety of wetland habitats,inc lud ing marshes,river banks, andthe edges of ponds and reservoirs.Distribution:

A native of Eurasia, purpleloosestrife was introduced into t h e

northeastern U.S. and Canada in t h eearly 1800's. The plant hassubsequently spread westward andsouthward through most of thetemperate Nor t h America.

Threats:~ c c o r d i n g o most reports,purple loosestrife crowds outnative wetland vegetation, such ascattails, grasses, sedges, andrushes. The p l a n t thrives indisturbed wetlands and may, inf a c t , be diagnostic of disturbed ora r t i f i c a l wetland h a b i t a t s . Itoften forms extensive monospecificstands in place of a diversemixture of native species whichprovide t h e food and shelterrequired by many species of nativewildlife. Purple loosestrifeappears to provide little of valueto w i l d l i f e .Purple loosestrife may haveachieved its widespreaddistribution due to i t s lack ofn a t u r a l predators in North Americaand its reproductive capabilities.

A single stalk may produce as manya s 300,000 seeds, and densities ofup t o 80 ,000 stalks per acre havebeen reported. The species a l s o


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readily reproduces vegetativelyfrom stem or root segments.C u l t i v a r s of Lythrum salicariaand a closely related Eurasianspecies, Lythrum virgatum, arewidely sold by commercialnurseries. Many of these c u l t i v a r sare advertised as being infertile.Recent experiments have shown,however, that w h i l e these cultivarsmay be self-incompatiblel they areextremely fertile when crossed withwild purple loosestrifepopulations. Thus, these cultivarsmay be contributing to t h e spreadof purple loosestrife in t h e wild,although this has not beenconclusively demonstrated.Control :Accu r a t e identificationthrough field guides or aknowledgeable person should be madebefore control measures areundertaken. Early de t e c t i on of theplant is impor tant as smallpopulations are more successfullycontrolled than largel entrenchedpopulations.Small populations of purpleloosestrife may be removed by handpulling. This method should beavoided after flowering so as notto scatter seed. Pulled plantsshould be bagged at t h e site sothat fragments are not droppedalong the exit rou te . Burning ist he preferred method of disposal.Follow-up treatments may be neededin subsequent years to remove newplants which have sprouted fromseed persisting in t h e ground.Digging plants out is notrecommended as this createsdisturbance, which may favor thespread of the species.Where mechanical removal i snot feasible, purple loosestrifemay be removed by spot applicationof a glyphosate herbicide toindividual plants. As qlyphosate isa non-selective herbicide, itshould be used sparingly so as n o tto contact t h e desirable specieswhich may grow beneath theloosestrife. These species will beimportant for recolonizing the areaa f t er loosestrife has been removed.As with mechan i c a l control methods,follow-up treatments may be needed

in subsequent years to remove newplants which have sprouted from theseed bank.Suggested Alternat ive s :Suggested alternatives topurple loosestrife f o r use in thehome garden include Physostegiav1rginiana (Summer Snow), andChelone g l a b ra .

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE(January-February 1993)

I extend my wishes for anadventurous and prosperous new yearto all of our UNPS members andfriends .I thank you f o r yourconfidence and support in placingme in t h e position of UNPS S ta tePresident f o r 1993. Also, manythanks to the 1992 officers,committees and members f o r t h e i refforts, numerous a c t i v i t i e s , andsignificant accomplishments.Sometimes we fail to understand andappreciate the level of effort andcommitment that goes into planningand execution for events such asthe UNPS mushroom f i e l d trip toBoulde r Mountain ( w i t h over 100participants) and the numerousother UNPS sponsored a c t i v i t i e s .We had many such successfulactivities during 1992. Also, aspecial thanks to t h o s e who put theSego Lily publication together six


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times a year to in form th e membersof upcoming events , report eventsof th e past months, and provideInformative a r t i c l e s r e g a r d i n gn a t i v e p l a n t s and related topics.These a r e not small accomplishmentsand, as members, we need to t e l lthese i n d i v i d u a l s , r e g u l a r l y , t h a tt h e i r service is appreciated andthat they a r e mak ing a d i f f e r e n c e ,

I've spent some time reviewingt h e UNPS Art ic le s of Incorporationand Bylawst in order t h a t I mightbetter un d e r s t a n d wha t is expectedof me ( a n d of you) to accomplisht h e p u r p o s e s and ob j e c t i v e s of t h esociety. The Ar t i c l e s ofIncorporation s t a t e t h a t t h e UNPS' I . . .shall be operated exclusivelyfor educational and char i tab lepurposes . . . One of t h e statedob jec t i ves is "To promote in everypossible way programs and systemswhich w i l l a s s i s t in t h eappreciation, preservation, andconservation of the na t i v e p l an t sand p l an t communities of th e S t a t eof Utah and t h e Intermountainarea." These are t h e p r i m a r yob jec t i v e s of t h e UNPS : to educateeach other and t h e public and topromote programs f o r t h eappreciation, preservation, andconservation of na t i ve p l a n t s andplant communities. Theopportunities f o r learn ing andservice within this framework aregreat.The UNPS is not a political orr a d i c a l organization. The Art ic lesof Incorporation s t a t e t h a t ". nosubstantial p a r t of t h eactivities...shall be in c a r r y i n gon propaganda or otherwiseattempting to influencelegislation, nor s h a l l t h ecorporation p a r t i c i p a t e in ori n t e r v en e in any p o l i t i c a l campaignon b e h a l f of any cand i d a t e forpublic office." However, wed e f i n i t e l y c a n make a d i f f e r en c e .Through educational a c t i v i t i e s wecan promote study, appreciation,and w i s e use of n a t i v e p l a n t s andplant communities and promotepreservation and conservation oft h e s a m e .The UNPS ha s opportunities f o reach member to g i v e of themselvesin serv ing f e l l o w members and t h e

public and to enjoy t h e r e w a r d s oft h e same. A t t h e end of 1993 , Iwant to be able to say, "1 havebeen a contributor and I have madea d i f ference in IWPS. " 1 m sureyou wan t to do th e same so makeyour des ires to make a d i f f e r enc eknown to me and t h e other o f f i c e r s .One of my persona l objectives is toprov ide meaningful opportunitiesfor every member to be betteri n f o rm e d and t o par t i c ipa t e andcontr ibute to t h e success of theUNPS.S incere ly ,Br en t L. Sh i p l e yState Pr e s i d en tUtah Native P l a n t So c i e t y

THANK YOUWe w i s h to thank Dorothy Eganfor t h e time she spends collatingour newsletter. She is one of t h es i l e n t volunteers who contributes

so much to Utah Native P l a n tSoc i e t y .

WILDFLOWER POSTERSThe U t a h Wi l d f l o w e r Poster is

s t i l l a v a i l a b l e for only $11.50which Inc ludes postage. Send yourcheck to: Utah Native P l a n tSociety, P.O. Box 520041 , S a l t LakeCity, Ut. 84152-0041.


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VERONICA BECCABUNGA - A LINGUISTICHISTORYby Robin LodewickIf you have gone flowersearching in late summer or earlyf a i l , you may remember s e e i n g at i n y blue flower g r o w i n g n e a rwater . In Alton Baker Park in

Eugene , it blooms beside a duckpond, where Dr. David Wagner likesto p o i n t It out to p e o p l e on h i swildflower walks , V e r o n i c aamerlcana is found i n wet places,u s u a l l y at l o w e l eva t ion , all t h eway across North A m e r i c a . The p l a n tis a low-growing perennial withopposite, oval leaves on shortpetioles; it bears i t s racemes off lowers in th e leaf a x i l s . Eachf lower has three wide petals above,one n a r r o w petal below and t w ostamens - th e typical "speedwell"s h a p e .T h i s p a r t i c u l a r speedwellh a p p e n s to be so c l o s e l y related toone European species t h a t it maysoon be r e c l a s s i f i e d as Veronicabeccabunaa s p p . a m e r i c a n a . T h i sbr ings u p a question: What d i dL i n n a e u s mean when he used that oddword "beccabungal'? Was it a joke?Wa it th e name of some obscuree ig h teen th century botanist ?The answer t u r n s out to besimple, if one can f i n d t h e r i g h td i c t i o n a r i e s . I s t a r t e d outsearching t h e I t a l i a n encyclopediasin th e U n iver s i t y of Oregonlibrary. They list th e word as t h ecommon name of t w o streamsidep l a n t s , V e r o n i c a beccabunaa and V,a n a ~ a l l i s . ne book traces t h e namet o a Middle High German word,"bekebungel*.Unfor tuna te l y , the on l y MiddleHigh German dictionary a v a i l a b l e

contained no such word, but ofcourse Middle High German wasspoken from AD 1050 to 1500, whichgives room fo r change,So OK. back to t h e I t a l i a n ,u s i n g mu1 ti-volume dictionariest h i s t ime . One source refers t h eword t o Low G e r m a n , a modernd i a l e c t ; each authority says' b u n g e " comes from a Middle HighGerman word meaning 'tubert.Bothd i c t i o n a r i e s describe t h e t w o

veronicas as streamside orswam pland plants w i t h h o l l o wtuberous roo t s . Both also re fer tot h e modern German "Bachbunge",Unfortunately t h a t word doesnot a p p e a r in newer Germandictionaries. So, back to t h enineteenth century . The Middle HighGerman dictionary d e f i n e s "Bach-b u n g e u as "berula4*.a word no onee l se seems to have heard of.According to t h e brothers Grimm,' b u n g e " means drum, and is relatedto " b a n g e n " and u b i n g e l i n u (or aswe say in E ng l i sh , b i n g , bang,bong).A couple of ~erman/~nglishd i c t i o n a r i e s make t h i n g s clearer ."Bach" m e a n s a l i t t l e brook and adozen words b e g i n t h a t w i t h t h a tsyllable, n o t a b l y "bachbungeu,which means the brookline, and* b a c ~ a m s e l * ' ,h i c h t u r n s o u t to bet h e w a t e r o uze l .Apparently t h e name spreadfrom Germany, becoming "beccabunga4'in Italy, "becabunga in Spain,andMbaechabanga**n Sweden. So nowone c a n guess why L i n n a e u s pickedthe Italian form of t h e name; itsounded l i k e t h e word he grew u pw i t h , but looked more l ike Latin.And, if we like, we c a n v i s u a l i z ethe little brooks edged w i t h blue-f lowered , hollow-rooted p l a n t s , andposs ib ly , water ouze l s d ip p ingamong them.rewr in t ed from th e Bulletin of t h eNative P l a n t S o c ie t y of Oreaon, AUQ'92


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m P S =GO LILYc /o Jo StolhandUtah Native P lan t SocietyP.O. B o x 520041Salt Lake C i t y , UT 8 4 1 5 2 - 0 0 4 1 salt Iake CiQ. UtahPERMIT No.327Address Correction Requested

MembershipApplication

NEW BOOKSFrom black-eyed Susans tov i o l e t s , young readers enter t h ebeautiful world of wildflowers in AChild's Book of Wildflowers,w r i t t e n by M.A. Kelley and

illustrated by noted naturalistJoyce Pow z yk . This informativei n t r o d u c t i o n to twenty-f urwildflowers commonly found in No r t hAmerica describes t h e simple s t ep sof plant i d e n t i f i c a t i o n andexplores the myths and t r a d i t i o n sassociated w i t h t h e s e plants. Thebook also features such easya c t i v i t i e s as flower pressing,dying, and drying. This book can beordered by your l o c a l bookdealerfrom Macmillan Publishing Company.Wildflower Magazine said,' R e q u i e m for a Lawnmower gives t h eback-to-nature gardening movement amuch-needed boost of literaryexperience and love of place t h a thas been painfully absent . " T h ebook deals with a subject near anddear to a l l of us -- native p l an t s ,and how to use them in anecologically sound way. Your l o ca lbookstore can order t h i s book fromTaylor Publishing.

New Member 0 enewal GiftNameStreet

PhoneIf Gift. from:Checkmembershipcategorydesired:

Q Student/Senior...................... 5.00Individual.............................. 10.00...................................amily $ 15.00............................Supporting $ 30.005 orporate .............................$ 30.00 a d pQ ife .. .-..-.-.-.......... -.-.-.....M$250.00

t l - d a - w q d ~ wto theabove ndividual.Pleaseenclosea check, payable toUtah NattvcPlant Sodety, andd i t t o :

Pamftxilaen. reasurer.UtahNative PlantSoctetyP.O.Box520041SaHLake CHy.Utah 84152-0041


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Paria River Iris Iris pariensisFlowerstems 4cm all, 1-flowered

Leaves2-5 mm wide,,ttamineoustobrownishorpurplish-hick,10mmwide

REWARD(OFFERED BY THE UTAH NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY)Height: 5 to 6 in. Flower: Pale to blue

This is a rarewild iris collected only once,May 1976, n the sandy soils of Eastdark Bench, Kane County, Utah, but recently reported from nearby West d a r kBench. If you see this plant in this area please do not pick the flower or collect theplant. Carefully note the location and contact either of the following agenciesas soonas possible:

Larry England, BotanistU S . Fish andWildlife Service(801) 975-3620 FAX (801) 975-3626Ben Franklin, BotanistUtah Natural Heritage Program(801) 538-7223 FAX (801) 538-7315


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PRESIDENTS MESSAGE(March-April 1993)

'So little time and so much to do!" Doesthis little saying ring a bell with you? It suredoes for me. With regard to UNPS, "so muchto dot' is certainly true. I am flabbergasted thatJanuary is now history, February will soon begone, and many of the things I wanted to havedone are not done. Obviously, your assistanceas members and officers of UNPS is greatlyneeded. As you will recall (hopefully), Iextended an invitation in th e previous issue ofthe Sego Lily for you to let someone on th eUNPS executive committee know of yourinterests and areas that you would like tocontribute. W e can and will make a difference!

UNPS supports some fund raisingactivities, in addition to our membership dues.As you will recall (again), th e objectives ofUNPS are to support "...educational andcharitable purposes..."pertaining to "...theappreciation, preservation, and conservation ofthe native plants and plant communities of th eState of Utah and the intermountain area."Surprisingly, enough we seem to have to golooking for projects to contribute to. Yet, weknow that there are lots of worthwhile projectsbeing carried out that would qualify for ourassistance. Please let one of the officers knowif you are aware of studies or projects that fitour criteria (objectives) and could benefit fromUNPS participation. This is one of the waysthat w e Ke making a difference.

Our chapter officers are constantly onth e lookout for resources to be used in monthlychapter meetings. If you don't think thatputting those meetings together is a challenge,just yo^ si t down and outline 12 topics an dpresentations that will keep the memberscoming back for more. I think our chapterpresidents do a great job, but I am certain thatthey will not have their feelings hurt if youshould volunteer some information, an idea, oroffer to assist in setting up one of th e programs-After all, you want to make a difference too.

Making a difference is what life is abon .If you didn't resolve at the beginning of thenew year that you are going to make adifference with UNPS, it is no t to late to do so.I look forward to meeting and getting to knowmore of the members. Together, we will notonly make a difference--we will have a lot offun.Sincerely,Brent L. ShipleyState PresidentUtah Native Plant Society

YELLOWSTONE INSTITUTE FIELDCOURSESEdible Plants and Medicinal Herbs(June 18-20)Alpine Wildflowers (Jul 17-18)Alpine Ecology (Jul 26-29)Wildflowers Llama Trek (Jul26-29)Wildflowers of Yellowstone(Jul 31-Au~ )The Art of Keeping a Field Journal

(Aug 21-24)For more information and a completelist of classes contact:The Yellowstone Association, P.O. Box 117,Yellowstone National Park, Wy., 82190. Phone307-344-2294.


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GROWING FOR DIVERSITYGlenn Beagle, CoordinatorLone Peak Conservation Center

The Lone Peak State Forest Nursery,operated by the Division of State Lands andForestry, produces over a million containerand bareroot tree and shrub seedlings.Thestate nursery provides tree and shrub seedlingsto non-industrial private landowners forwindbreaks and shelterbelts, reforestation, soilerosion and other conservation uses.

In past years, many state ownednurseries or Soil Conservation D istrictnurseries in Great Plains and western statesconcentrated on a similar mission offering aselection of native and introduced plantspecies suitable to local soils and climateconditions. Plants like black locust, hybridpoplar, nanking cherry, and eastern red cedarwere being offered in nurseries fromOklahoma o Idaho fo r conservation plantingefforts. With assistance from the SoilConservation Service (SCS), these plantspecies and others took the shape ofwindbreaks, a reminder of the great dust bowlera. Today these same species share animportant role in the establishment ofshelterbelts.

Breaking from tradition the Lone PeakState Nursery has developed a new plant listduring the last three years. Some new plantspecies will be offered for the first time inSpring 1993. Producing new plant species isnot a simple task.After selecting a newspecies foresters spend two years locating seedsources an d growing seedling-size plants. Inadditiion, weather, lack of literature and testedplanting techniques or poor seed can causeextensive delays. This is particularly true with

some native plant species we are currentlygrowing. Despite the challenges our currentspecies list offers a wide variety of nativeplants with the promise of new plant speciesoffered in th e near future.

The plant selection process is driven byseveral factors. First and foremost we willcontinue to grow many plant speciesrecommended by the Soil ConservationService, along with those speciesrecommended in the new Tree and ShrubSelection Guide for Conservation Plantines inUtah and Nevada published by Utah Divisionof State Lands and Foresty.

We want to encourage plantingshelterbelts and promote the benefitsvegetation can provide for soil conservationdistricts and the agricultural industry. A s weincrease the number of species offered, wehope many of the native plants will be usedfor shelterbelts.

The 1992 Farm Bill, which includes aland stewardship incentive program, isdeveloping into an organized effort by soilconservation districts, the Division of StateLands and Forestry, wildlife managers, andplant producers to plant more windbreaks,improve habitat and protect riparian areas. Thestewardship program is placing increaseddemand on select seedlings

Selection of species is also driven bydemand for wildlife habitat. The need for bothupland and big game habitat has created ademand for large quantities of shrubsparticularly focused on winter range ormigratory range species. Fishery managementand the restoration of riparian areas also


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impact species selection. Riparian areassupport native trout populations and serve as ahaven for non-game species, as well as foodfor Utah's big game population. The protectionof riparian areas is of paramount concern toth e Lone Peak Nursery, and restoration effortsin these areas are best served by plantingvegetation. Water quality is also served by theriprian complex. Water quality and wildlifeissues that increase the demand fo r riparianplants are clearly exemplified in th eReclamation Projects Authorization andAdjustment Act of the Central Utah Project.

Not surprisingly, statements like "NoNet Loss" of wetlands and Section 404 of theClean Water Act have created a demand forwetland grass-like plants. The use of nativeplants fo r creating and restoring wetlands hasmerit. The effects and benefits from thewetland ecosystem has made a profoundimpact in the most unusual places, Citymanagers are using created wetlands as aphase of treatment for sewage affluent. Cityplanners in Murray, Utah have used wetlandplants to treat non-point source water runofffrom highways prior to using th e water forirrigating a golf course. Industries havediscovered that wetlands will remove heavymetals and other dissolved pollutants fromground and surface water. The agricultural anddairy industries can use wetlands to treatcontaminated water from feed lots or provide amethod of filtering sediment and nitrates fromirrigated fields.

The Soil Conservation Service isstudying these benefits and has madesignificant contributions to Lone Peak's newwetland program. Financial support for ourprogram has also come from the UtahDepartment of Agriculture, USDA ForestService and Utah Power. Lone Peak iscurrently producing Carex nebrascensis,Juncus balticus, Scirpus acutis, and Elmcharisfor wetland restoration.

Utah's land managers provide direct

input into our selection process by requestingnative species for specific projects. Forexample, we produce smooth sumac (Rhusglabm), blue elderberry (Sambums caemlea)and golden current (Ribes aureum) requestedby the U S . Forest Service. A customer mayalso require a specific plant grown from anidentified seed source by providing the seedand allowing us a 24-month productionschedule. W e can produce requested plants fororders exceeding 2500 plants. In this way, th ecustomer receives plants designed for aspecific project in quantities necessary tocomplete the project. We encourage thismethod of cooperative growing because itreduces waste from speculative sales.

A government agency indirectly effectsour production decisions when researchingnew methods fo r disturbed site reclamation orfire resistant shrub species. Many of our nativeplant materials have been beneficial to sitesdisturbed by mining operations or pipelinecorridors. These applications help round outthe reclamation and conservation uses of LonePeaks plant materials.

Lone Peak has addressed other issues ofproduction in addition to species selection.Quality control is a major force at the nursery.Aggressive weed management increases thehealth and vigor of our stock by reducingcompetition. Handling bareroot seedlings atLone Peak has improved. Seedlings are gradedand evaluated on root development, shootheight, bud development, stem caliper, anddisease control. Storage and packaging haschanged to provide a quality plant foroutplanting. Educational brochures and aplanting video have also been developed to aidoutplanting survival.

It is important for the public to knowabout the service Lone Peak Nursery provides;however, it must be noted the Lone Peak StateNursery offers plants for conservation,reclamation and educational uses only. LonePeak's nursery stock may


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be used for landscaping purposes. Anyrequests for landscape plants are directed tothe appropriate retail nursery or localproducer.Lone Peak Nursery is a state

organization and as such provides a variety ofeducational information and technicalassistance.Our nursery is open to tours byappointment and welcomes groups interestedin learning more about Lone Peak'sprogramsand growing seedling stock.

Inmates from the Utah State Prisonassist with production and quality control atLone Peak Nursery. In cooperation with Utah'sDepartment ofCorrections, we employ up to50 inmates for greenhouse mangement, fieldirrigation, gra ding and shipping, and all fieldcollections of seed and vegetative material.Many inmates have worked at Lone Peak forup to two years and receive training that istransferable to employment upon their release.

For additional information, full listingof plant species offered and order forms,contact Glenn Beagle at (801) 571-0900 orwrite Lone Peak State Nursery, 14650 SouthPrison Road, Draper,Utah 84020.

BOOK REVIEWSagebrush Counlq: A wildflower sanctuaryby Ronald J. Taylor, published by Mountain PressPublishing Company ($1 2.00).

Those looking for an introduction to theplants of the sagebrush-coveredareas of Utahneed look no more.Sagebrush Country includesbeautiful color photographs of roughly 200species, with several more being described in thetext. Bu t Sagebrush Country is much more than acollection of photographs for Taylor discusses awide-range of topics concerning the plants heillustrates, from habitat preferences anddistribution patterns, to adaptations to a particularhabitat or pollinators and the origins of a plant's

scientific name. Reading Sagebrush Country onebecomes aware of plants as entities that interactwith their environment and their pollinators, notjust attractive additions to the landscape. Thisemphasis is enhanced by the introductoryparagraphs in which Taylor discusses the majorvegetation zones that occur within the sagebrushcountry and some of the animals that frequent it.

Some amateur botanists will be dismayedto find that the photographs are arrangedaccording to family, not flower color. They shouldnot panic, nor give up in dismay. Taylor providesa straightforward,almost non-technical,identification key to the approximately 50 familiesrepresented in his book. This, together with theglossary and illustrationsof the basic terminologyused to describe flowers, will enable most wild-plant enthusiasts to identify the plants they find.Investing this effort will bring additional richrewards, for it will open the door to theidentification of an even wider range of plants.Those that still find a key intimidating willdiscover that perusing the pictures will quicklyenable them to get on "first-name" erms with themany colorful plants that grow in the sagebrushocean of western North America. In so doing, theywill appreceate why Taylor describes the sgebrushcovered regions of the west as a "wildflowersanctuary".


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CLAY PHACELIA(Abstracts of tw o papers by LoriArmstrong)Site Characteristics and Habitat Requirementsof the Endangered Clay Phacelia

PhaceHa argillaceaAtwood is a narrowendemic known only from two populations onGreen River Shale in Spanish Fork Canyon,Utah. Abiotic and biotic characteristics,including vegetation, physical properties andsoil chemistry, of the habitat at two sites perpopulation of P. argillaceawere studied todefine habitat requirements of th e species. Thesites were highly similar with respect tospecies composition and abiotic components.Potential habitat should be characterized by ahigh percentage of bare soil, slopes averagingabout 70% with southeast to west facingaspects and vegetative components thatinclude the native speciesEriogonumumbellaturn,Mentzeha ZaevicauUs, and Stipahymenoides. Characteristics of occupied siteswere compared with characteristics of sixpotential sites fo r both biotic an d abioticcomponents. Statistical analyses comparingoccupied and potential sites suggest thatpopulations of P. argt*Zlaceamay be able toexist on several of the potential sites ifintroduced. Relocation sites should beminimally impacted by grazing and trampling.

Aspects of the Biology of Phacelia q i l l a c e aLife history and reproductive biology

were studied using 323 Phacelia argillaceaplants from a population near Tucker, Utah,over a two year period. Preflowering mortalityof marked individuals of this annual plantaveraged 44% over the tw o year period.Mortality generally occurred after plants hadoverwintered as rosettes. Herb ivoq , frostaction and sloughing of the slope allcontribute to the mortality rate. Protection ofplants from herbivory and slope slough wasobserved to significantly reduce mortality.Surviving plants flower abundantly with anaverage of637 flowerdplant and a potential ofup to 3500 lowerdplant. Most flowersapproximately 86%) set four-seeded capsules.Insect pollen vectors, mostly bees, are requiredfor fertilization. Seeds are dispersed shortdistances by upslope wind with most carriedabove the mother plant. No single set ofexperimental conditions induced more thanabout 20% of he seeds from the soil seedbankto germinate, thus the seedbank reserve is notlikely to be depleted in any given year.


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EASTER DAISYJ6 StoIhand, editor

For those of us with llcompositaphobial'(a fear of composite flowers) the genusTow nsendia, in the family Asteraceae, couldbe a starting point for overcoming the terror ofencountering a flower head of ray and or diskflowers. Generally speaking, the genusTownsendia is represented by small compactplants (pincushion size) withdisproportionately large flowers. Easy to spotwhen blooming they are often overlookedwhen the flowers are gone. With T. exscapathe foliage can almost disappear beneath acouple of flowers with a circumference of 11/2 inches.

ThomasNuttall, while travelling with theWy eth Expedition of 1 834, collected fourmore species in the Rocky Mountain area.Geographically, Townsendia rangesfrom the Columbia River Plateau to Nebraska,Southern Canada o Northern Mexico. While afew species are found scattered over much ofthis area, typically, Townsendia's are narrowlyendemic. Our endangered T. prica grows onlyin a small area of Utah. This can be an aid inidentification at the species level.- ays yellow togolden

Involucre bracts 4-8 mm long,7-13 nunwide

Townsendia incanaMany Townsendia sp. are earlybloomers (March-April) hence the commonname Easter Daisy. hey usually grow athigher elevations and bloom soon after the

snow melts. Some species, such as T-incana,may continue bloom ing into the late summerand fall.Historically this plant was first collectedin 1823 by a Dr. Richardson in Saskatchewan.The plant was named by Sir William Hookerin 1834 to honor an amateur botanist fromPennsy lvannia. David Townsend correspondedwith many of the prominent botanists of thatera and prepared specimens to ship to them.

Stems with persistent leaf bases

Pulvinate caespitose perennial,1.5-2.5cm allTownsendia aprica

Utah has thirteen species ofTownsendia.The disk flowers are yellow, andthe ray flowers are white, pink, or yellow.Often the underside of the ray flowers havemore color: yellow, red or purple. Leaves arealternate and entire. To identify to specieslevel one needs a hand lens to compare thelength of pappus of he disk or ray flowers tothe actual disk or ray flower. O n e may alsoneed to see the achene (seed), but this is oftennot a problem with flowering plants becausethey set seed rapidly and seed and flower areoften found together on the same plant.You will only need to see these plants afew times and they will become old friends.Easy to recognize, fun to find; you will havethe gratification of identifying one of th emembers of th e family Asteraceae.


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ARTHUR H.HOLMGREN (1912-1992)Professor Emeritus Arthur H. Holmgren,80, died Dec 24, 1992, at his home in Logan,Utah. Holmgren was a recognized mentor,educator, researcher, authority on Western U.S.flora, plant explorer, environmentalist,conservationist,gardener, and music aficionado.He was born Nov. 18,1912, in Midvde,Utah, to Axel Herman and Anna CarisonHolmgren.He married Doris Edstrom on May 10,1934. Prof. Holmgren graduated from Murray

High School where he served as student bodypresident in his senior year. He received his B.A.degree from the University of Utah in 1936 andM S . egree fromUtah State Agricultural Collegein 1942. Additional graduate work was done at theUniversity of California at Berkley.Prior to joining the staff at Utah StateUniversity, Prof Holmgren worked for the DesertRange Experiment Station near Milford, Utah,1936-37; served as chief-of-party of the range andeconomic survey in EIko County, Nevada, 1937-41;and worked at the Squaw Butte ExperimentStation, Harvey County,Oregon (Oregon StateUniversity and Bureau of LandManagement),1942-43.He served as professor ofbotany and curator of the IntermountainHerbarium,USU, rom 1943 until his retirement in1978. In the 1980s he taught at the Teton ScienceSchool, Jackson Hole, Wyoming.He was the recipient of many honors,including Outstanding Educator in America, 1 72;Robin's Award for professor of he year, 1975;55ffa Faculty Honors Lecture, 1977; a specialaward of merit by the State Arboretum ofUtah foroutstanding achievements as an honored teacher, aresearch botanist, writer and chronicler of theunique plants ofUtah in the Intermountainflora,1983; and Jim Bridget Award, 1988.Music and gardening were a major part ofhis life. He played violin in the Univ. of Utah andUSU symphonies and served for many years as aleader in the Cache Valley Civic MusicAssociation and USU's Lyceum Committee.Hewas an avid gardener. His gardens were unique forhis selection of native species and ususualhorticultural varieties, and they were a favoriteshowcase for local gardeners and garden clubs.He was active in many societies, includingAmerican Institute of Biological Sciences,

American Rock Garden Society, American Societyof Plant Taxonomists, Botanical Society ofAmerica, California Native Plant Society,Northern Nevada Native Plant Society, SierraClub, Sigma Xi,Southern Utah WildernessAlliance, Utah Native Plant Society, and UtahAcademy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.He is survived by his wife Doris, two sons,two daughters, a brother and two sisters, and eightgrandchiIdren.

A VARIETY OF WIU)FLOWERSPress ReleaseAmerican Seed Trade Association, Inc

I looked out over a field of corn andwondered at the soothing monotony of wave afterwave of plants. They were nearly identical inappearance, each reaching skyward with broadgreen leaves and just a hint of the ears peekingout. For agricultural purposes, it is much easierto grow a monoculture - an entire field or evenacres of the same kind of plant. When farmingthis way the whole can be treated exactly like theparts. The same seeding techniques can be usedthroughout as well as the same fertilizers,watering schedule, and harvesting methods. It is acase where the sum of the parts exactly equals thewhole. Some people treat their garden as theywould a farm, with huge swaths of the same kindof plants. This is undoubtedly an efficient way togrow flowers but from an aesthetic point of view,such a monoculture is also repetitious.With the tremendous number and varietyof plants available to us today through the nurserytrade, it seems a shame to limit ourselves to thesame plants that we rely on year after year.Consider instead the possibility of creating aplanting of wildflowers where each day and eachseason brings a rich variety of colors, textures,and scents, and where you can depend on theunexpected.

In planting wildflowers, we are creating aplant community rather than making a gardenpatch of flowers to be plugged in and pulled upyear after year. Within this community, differentplants will appear and disappear with the cycle of


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years and seasons. Much of this fluctuation can beexpected, some of it comes as a refreshingsurprise.Although it i s possible to plant wildflowersfor a single growing season, usually extablishing awildflower planting is a long term project and onein which the gardener can expect continual changedepending on varying temperatures, soilcomposition an d available water or rainfall. Notonly will there be changes from one season toanother, but also from one year to the next.Wildflowers, like people, show tremendousvariation in what they like. Some like it hot,others prefer it cool. Some like i t wet, others musthave dry conditions. The fluctuations in weatherpatterns will cause your wildflower planting tohave an everchanging diversity, unpredictable, butwelcomed in every season.

A good mixture of wildflower seeds willinclude perennials, biennials and annuals, andflowers that bloom in spring, summer and earlyfall. During the first growing season afterwildflower seeds have been planted, the majorityof blossoms will come from annuals. Perennialsalmost always need at least two years of growthbefore they will bloom.Depending on what part of the country youlive in, you can expect bloom from plants such asGysophila elegans (Annual Baby's Breath),Coreopsis finctoria (Plains Coreopsis), Phloxdurnm ondii (Annual Phlos), EschschoZziacahfomica (California Poppy), Centcmrea cyanus(Bachelor's Button), Papcwer rhoem (CornPoppy),and Silene armeria (Catchfly).In some climates certain annuals such asCoreopsis, Cosmos, Corn Poppey, Cornflower andCatchfly will reseed themselves. This isparticularly true in th e Pacific Coast states and inthose states bordering the Gulf of Mexico.During th e second year, biennials such asWallflower and Dame's Rocket, and mostperennials will begin to flower. Among theperennials that bloom during the second year areGdardia aristata (Indian Blanket), Coreopsislanceolata (Lance-leaved Coreopsis), R udbeckiah im (Black-Eyed Susan), Linum lewisii (WildBlue Flax), Lupinus perennis (Wild Blue Lupine),an d Echinucea pupurea (Purple Coneflower).

Often one or two perennial species tend todominate th e wildflower planting. To minimizethis tendency cu t the flower heads of particularlyaggressive species before the seeds mature. Tomaintain good color from the annual plants eachyear, you may want to reseed with either an allannual mixture or th e same mixture used initially.The best way to accomplish this is to reseed inopen areas in the fall or very early spring. Youcan increase the perennials you desire by over-seeding more of those species in the fall.

Because diversity is on e of the greatbenefits derived from planting wildflowers,maintaining this variety of color, textures andfragrances is a primary goal. Choosing a goodmixture fo r the initial planting can greatly enhancethe diversity of an area. The least expensivemixtures usually have th e least variety in th e seedsoffered. A good mixture should include manydifferent kinds of plants that will bloom indifferent seasons.Greater diversity can also bemaintained by weeding out unwanted or overlyaggressive plants.

W h e n you plant a row of marigolds youknow exactly what you will get - a row ofmarigolds. B ut when you plant a mixture ofwildflower seeds, the passibilities are endless.With th e cycles of the seasons new flowe rs willpop up and bloom to please and delight as oldones drop and sleep fo r another year.


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UNPS S E G O LILYc /o J o StolhandUtah Native Plant SocietyP.O. Box 5 2 0 0 4 1Salt Lake City, U T 84152-0041Address Correction Requested

Non-Rofit 0% ,U.S. Postage 1PAIDSalt LakeCity. UtahPERMIT No.327 ;

I

Membenhip ApplicationEACHING THE ENVIRONMENTby Andrew Boyack

We learned a bit about the environmentby playing a game at our January 27 Salt LakeChapter meeting, a game which Vem Fridleytaught us. Vern is the executive vice-presidentof the Utah Society for EnvironmentalEducation. The game he taught us was one ofthe many techniques this society uses to teachpeople about the environment.The game was simple. We divided intogroups and each group was given samples ofevergreen twigs. Through a process ofcomparing sample differences, w e worked out asimple method of identifying each one, underVern's direction. The method is actually thebasis for botanical key identification,The Society for EnvironmentalEducation is a storehouse of information andtechniques for teaching about the environmentcombined with a service organization todisseminate its information to the publicthrough programs for both children and adults.It describes its goal as "to produce a citizenrythat is environmentally knowledgeable, with theability to apply that knowledge appropriately,and dedicated to achieving an equilibriumbetween Quality of Life and Quality ofEnvironment.... It is a non-profit organizationstaffed by volunteers.

a ewMemberNameStreet

City/Statezip PhoneI f Gift, from:Check membership category desired:

0 tudent/Senior...................... 5.00Individual ..............................$ 10.000 Family...... ............................$15.00a upporting ............................ 30.00a corporate ...................... $ 0.00andup.............l fe ..-....-* " ...*d.....**-.*.*.....250.00Pleeae endoaea heck,pqabk to UtahNaUvePlantScictety. andsend It to:

Pamftouteen.-tah NativePlantSoctelyP.O. Box52004Salt LateCity.Utah84152-004 1


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e Utah Native Plant SockVOL. 16 NO. 3

May 08Sat9:00 a.m.

May 10Mon6:00p.m.May 20-21T h & FMay 26Wed7:30 p.m.Jun 14Mon7:00 p.m.

Aug 20-21

MAY / JUNE 1993CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Primula maguirei fieldtrip.Meet at f rig ham City at the parking lot on the southwest corner of theintersection to Brigham City and Logan. We will be stopping first to see theViola beckwithi in Brigham City.Contact Brent Shipley for more information(268-2601).Cache Chapter FieldtripDr. Richard Shaw will lead a fieldtrip in the foothills of L o g a n Meet at theelectric substation in the mouth of Green Canyon.Paria iris survey.See details under article, Wanted Posters.Salt Lake Chapter Meeting.Doug Stone from the Natural Heritage Program will speak about Spiranthesdiluvialis. Use the west door of the Department of Natural Resources Bldg.,1636 West North Temple, SLC.Board Meeting at 6;30 p.m.Cache Chapter MeetingEdible Native Plants is the topic of he June meeting which will take place inthe Logan City Mtg Room across the hall from the library.T& E ConferenceThis is a tentative date and more information will come to you on a bluecard.Mushroom HuntThis year we will be at the Great Basin Environmental Education Center inEphraim Canyon. Mark your calendars now and you can call Dave Okelberryfor more information (968-6190)W~Idflower otlineKeep abreast of what is blooming in Utah. Call 581-4747.


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THE NEW RANGE WARNative vs. Introduced Species

by Kay AsayJerry ChattertonHoward HortonKevin JensenTom JonesMelvin Rumbaugh

This rangewar probably won't be a big drawat the box office.No bellicose barroom brawls,bullets or confrontationsunder open skies. Thecombatants in this conflict dodge paperfusillades,nurse ulcers and batter each otherwith competing paradigms. A lot of the battlesare fought in carpeted rooms where the tonesare polite, the arguments become soporific andthe air is conditioned and filtered.But don't kid yourself. There's a lot at stakehere, much more than when sheepherders andcattlemen noisily squared off last century.Public rangelands, which were always anecological experiment on a grand scale, are nowbecoming an ecological experiment on adeliberate scale.The debate is percolating through academicinstitutions and government agencies,accompanied by a blizzard of papers, memos,articles and faxes. Livestock producers have adefinite stake in the outcome, although theyhave much less say in the matter than they dida century or so earlier. T h i s is definitely atwentieth century range war, a feisty hybrid ofeconomics, politics and science.The main issue is biological diversity onpublic rangelands; nearly everyone agrees thatmore is desirable. Beyond that, however,matters become muddled and consensus thinsdramatically.In the 1930s, millions of acres of publicrangelands in the West were planted tointroduced species, most of them grasses thatthrived on abandoned farmlands and landsscarred by drought, erosion and overgrazing. Atthe time, the fact that these plants weren't

indigenous to the area, or that they wereplanted in tracts large enough to be visiblefrom outer space wasn't nearly as important asthe fact that they healed the batteredlandscape. Forage for livestock was an addedbonus.Things have changed. As more of thecountry is slathered in concrete and asphalt,public lands are viewed as ecological treasures.The introduced grasses, once viewed asreplenishing the landscape, are now criticized asinterlopers. Critics claim that lush growth masksan impoverished ecosystem and that whilenative vegetationmay not support as manycows, heep and big game, it nourishes a richerand more diverse ecosystem, which they wantback.They might not be able to have it, but notbecause people aren't trying.Perhaps the most famous (or notorious,depending on your perspective) of thenornatives is crested wheatgrass, which hadbeen seeded on more than 12million acres inthe West by 1981 and which probably occupiesan even greater acreage today. It offersexcellent grazing but many criticize these largemonocultures as an assault on biologicaldiversity, an opinion that was easy to formconsidering some of the gargantuan reseedingefforts in the 1950s in which crested wheatgrasscarpeted the horizon in every direction, aparticularly disconcerting sight in late summerwhen the growth of crested wheatgrass faltersand turns brown. Most range managers nowdisavow such large-scale, single-speciesseedings. .

"I chose to work with crested wheatgrassbecause of its excellent grazing qualities,"saysKay Asay a geneticist with the USDA Forageand Range Research Laboratory, who ha sstudied the grass for 18years. But that's not all.Crested wheatgrass is easy to establish, hasgood-quality seed and has the ability to shrugoff drought, diseases and insects, as well as


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tolerating grazing. It also stabilizes sites byreducing erosion. "Although it was once seededin monocultures, there's no reason that it can'tbe grown with other species, including natives,"Asay says.

Crested WheatgrassThat's not enough to assuage some critics.Crested wheatgrass is foreign. (It originated inAsia.) And one of the basic ecologicalprinciples is that native plants should fare well

on sites where they originated-with the caveatthat these sites haven't been altered.Most have and that's the crux of theproblem. Soils have eroded. The microclimatehas changed. As a result, natives often dopoorly on sites where they originally flourishedand the choice is often not between introducedgrasses and native plants, but betweenintroduced species and bare erodible soil. Orbetween improved introduced species andcheatgrass, a particularly nefarious annual weedthat has elbowed out other vegetation onmillions of acres in the Intermountain West andwhich makes it even more difficult to establishperennial seedings.One suggested tactic-let introduced speciesupgrade ranges and improve the microclimateso natives can gain a foothold.

The issue of native versus introduced specieshas been around for a while. Some of the firstattempts at revegetation of western rangelandsused native grasses. Only after these attemptsfailed did scientists turn to introduced speciesthat were adapted to the altered rangelands.Jerry Chatterton, research leader of theUSDA's Forage and Range ResearchLaboratory who oversees a team of plantbreeders, plant physiologists, range scientistsand plant geneticists, views the bias against''foreign" plants as debilitating and as short-sighted as similar discrimination againsthumans, he product of a misplaced belief thatany native plant is, ipso facto, automatically andintrinsically better than a nonnative plant.Many people assume that a native plant hasan ecological edge over a nonnative plant, theresult of their adaption to sites over eons.That's only true, if plants and sites evolvedtogether and if the sites haven't been altered.

A concomitant belief is that a nonnativeplant has aggressive and invasive tendenciesthat threaten to overwhelm th e entireecosystem.Chatterton admits there is evidence for bothbeliefs. Weeds and pests carelessly oraccidentally introduced in the past have cut awide and devastatingswath through largesections of the country. However, the USDAhas stringent guidelines and procedures nowguard against the introduction of any organismof this type.In effect, plant breeders say they are able totailor plants to survive specific sites, mimickingnatural adaptation that would otherwise takethousands of years, or circumventing siterestoration that would be prohibitivelyexpensive. It may not be ideologically pure, butit works. And it works well.

There is concern that introduced plants wiiibecome naturalized and perpetuate themselvesat the expense of other native species, butcrested wheatgrass is an example of anintroduced plant that has proved to beremarkably well mannered. It is less aggressivethan critics think, in spite of its visibility. In thewestern Great Basin, it has seldom wanderedfrom the rows where it was planted 40-60 yearsago. It hasn't died out in spite of severe grazingand an inhospitable climate, nor has it


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regenerated itself and threatened to crowd outother plants. If not already present, similartraits can be bred in other introduced plants.Native plants that can assert themselveswould definitely make for a more variedlandscape, Tom Hones is studying severalpromising native species, including bluebunchwheatgrass, Snake River wheatgrass, Indianricegrass and Basin wildiye. There's commercialinterest in all of these species, although effortsto improve them via hybridization and artificialselection lag far behind progress withintroduced species.

Jones says the evaluation of promisingaccessions collected by the Soil ConservationService and other agencies is a "logical firststep, but if possible we would like to movebeyond evaluation and into plant breeding!'This requires a resolution to the thornyquestion of how much human ntervention iscompatible with "nativeplants."Natives may have more exacting plantingrequirements and may entail more risk thanintroduced species, but that doesn't meannatives should summarily be rejected, says Me1Rumbaugh, plant geneticist with the USDA.Many of the problems with natives can besolved by learning their germinationrequirements and by employing better seedingtechniques. He also notes that any limits onintroduced plants that curtail forage productionon public lands could provide additionalincentives to increase forage production onprivate lands, which are usuallymore fertile."The next 10 years are going to be veryinteresting," Rumbaugh says. "It's a veryemotional issue. I anticipate that there will berestrictions on where introduced species areallowed because of the strong public supportfor reintroducing native plants, even amongmany scientists who view species as intact,distinct entities!'Many Americans like the idea of restoringrangelands to their "original"condition.Nurturing native vegetation could salve ourconfidence about a host of unnatural acts,ranging from the widening ozone hole to-trammelingof native culture.Most probablyenvision lush, productive, low-maintenancerangelandswhen they think of nativevegetation, or a least a chance to snatch our

pristine, wild past from the clutches of cows orthe peregrinations of scientists who simplywon't stop tinkering with the natural order ofthings.If only that were so.The argument that an introduced plant maybe better suited to a site than a native plantoften falls on deaf ears. As we become moreinsulated from natural rhythms, natural (readnative) sells in a societywith a penchant foranything "natural," whether it's crackers,shampoo or socks."Millionsof dollars are wasted every year inattempts to re-establish native plants on sitesthey are no longer adapted to,"Chatterton says."This is irresponsible.""For ears I have asked to see a successfulplanting of native plants on more than an acreor two of rangeland. There aren't any."Excerpted from UTAH SCIENCE, fall 1992.

THE ROBLEM WITH LISTS(especially when identifting drought-tolerantplants)by Lorry Rupp, Extension OrnamentalHorticulturist, Utah State University. Reprintedfrom Landscape Plus, Aug 1992.

One of the unique things about people isthat they like to put things in lists. We have theTop 10 This and the Top 10 That, shoppinglists, lists of things to do-and lists of plants.Making lists can be very helpful in sortingout complex groups and classifications and incommunicating these ideas. If there is a list oftrees classified as large, deciduous,maroon-leafed and broad-spreading, for instance, we geta pretty good image in our mind of what thetree looks like.The problem with classifying plants into listsis that we tend to draw hard lines betweencategories, when in reality no such lines exist.In nature there is usually a gradual change incharacteristics, and deciding where one groupends and another begins can be very tough.Even something as simple as listing crabapplesaccording to blossom color becomes a challenge


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when separating all the shades of pink, red,rose, crimson, purple, maroon and carmine.Combine these base colors with bicoloredblooms an d blooms that change color overtime, and a simple job becomes quite complex.It would be great to have a list categorizingall plants according to their absolute irrigationrequirements. But because of the complexity ofwater use by plants, the best we can do is tomake broad generalizations. There are manyfactors influencing our attempts to classifyplants according to their water needs, A list ofsome of these would include:

The environment. Irrigation needs areaffected by soil, solar radiation, precipitation,water tables, wind speed and competitionwithother plants. For example, a plant under thenorth eave of a large building would haveentirely different irrigation needs from one inthe open, due to differencesin solar radiationand the fact that a half inch of rain maytranslate into 10 to 15 inches under the eave.The lack of a "yieldw concept. It is easy tomeasure th e water efficiency of wheat, becausethe yield in pounds can be expressed in termsof gallons of water used to grow it. But there isno concept of yield with Ianscape plants. Acomparison of similarly aged Ponderosa pines,for example may find one in good soil andmoisture that is 30 feet tall while another is inthe deft of a rock and only three feet tall-andyet from a landscape point of view,both can behealthy and beautiful.The lack of research. There are literallythousands of species and varieties of landscapeplants (more than 600 named varieties ofcrabapples alone), and we simply do not haveall of the information yet.The difficulty in definitions. Is a tamariskdrought-tolerant because is sends down ataproot 50 feet to the water table to avoidwater stress? Because of this characteristic, itmay never experience water stress, even thoughit grows in a very dry environment.The misconceptions about natives. Justbecasue a plant is native does not mean it iswater-conserving. Utah and surrounding stateshave dramatic environment extremes, and aplant native to one area of the state may not beadapted to another.Should we eliminate plant lists? Of ourse

not! But we do need to recognize theirlimitations. Lists, such as those of low-water-useplants, are usually compiled from all theavailable scientific ,empirical, experimental andnatural history information that can beobtained.They are simply guidelines and willchange with additional research and as newplants are introduced.While lists may provide and excellentstarting point in choosing plants for water-wiselandscaping, they are not a substitute for asound understanding of plant materials, soils,local climate, landscape management and thecreative expression of these factors in thelandscape.

KACHINA DAISYTwo abstracts from papers by Loreen AUphinHabitat Requirements for ErigeronKachinensis, A Rare Endemic of the ColoradoPlateauErigeron kachinensis is a rare endemic of the,Colorado Plateau, Southeastern Utah. Thisperennial composite grows in small, isolatedpopulations at seeps and alcoves arising alongthe canyonwalls in Cedar Mesa Sandstonesubstrates. The characteristics of six Erigeronkachme.nsis sites in Natural Bridges NationalMonument, San Juan County,Utah, werestudied to describe habitats associated with thisrare species in the deep canyons ofSoutheastern Utah. Sites were analyzed withrespect to geology, soil chemistry, physicalproperties, and vegetational characteristics. Thealcoves studied were very saline, often with soilsurfaces covered with a white crust of salt.Total living cover was significantly correlatedwith percent soil mosture, soil salinity, and"available" phosphoms. Kachina daisies appearto be more tolerant than associated species todifferencesin these abiotic factors. Most soilcharacteristics do not vary between the sites.The prevalent plant species on E. kachinensissiteswere Aquilegia micranthq CalamagrostisscupuZom, Zigadenus vaginatus, and E@mnhchinensis. These species accounted for morethan 75 percent of the total living cover in thealcoves studied. Attempts have been made to


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establishErigeron kachkensIS on sites whichappear to have the necessary habitat conditions.

Demography and Factors Influencing Seed Setin Erigemn Kachinensis, A Colorado PlateauEndemicThe demography of six population ofErigeron kachinensis in Natural Bridges NationalMonument,Utah is described. Mortality wasgreatest for the youngest size-classesrecognized.Once established, individualsappear to have great longevity. Apparentpollination percentage is low (only about 48%)and fruit abortion rates are high (55%). Abioticresource availability appears to have no impacton abortion rates- As determined by pollinatorexclosures,Erigeron kachinensis require animalvectors for successful pollination. The species isapparently self incompatible: plants inpollinator exclosures set almost no seed (c 1%).Few seeds (fruits)were observed to bedestroyed by seed predators. It was observedthrough light microscopy that aborted(shriveled) achenes included remnants ofnonliving embryos. It seems likely that fruitabortions are tied to recessive alleles exposedin sexual recombination. Seed set is limitedprimarily by genetic load and incompletepollination.Loreen AUphin recently received a Master ofScience degree from Brigham Young

University. T h e preceding two abstracts werepart of her master's thesis. The Utah NativePlant Societywas proud to be a small part ofthis project by contributing to the study.WANTED POSTERS

When the Utah Native Plant Society madethe decision to produce wanted posters forplants that had not been sighted in Utah form a n y years, it was the consensus of th e groupthat we would probably never have to payreward money. However, in March, after seeinga wanted poster, Linda Bohs called to reporthaving seen Cipripedium cdceolus (YellowLady's Slipper) the previous year in theWasatch Mountains. Ben Franklin, co-chairperson of the Endangered PlantCommittee for UNPS and botanist for theNatural Heritage Program, wil l confirm theidentification when the plants bloom in earlyJune. The Society is elated and confident thatthey will be presenting a check to Linda inJune.Because of interest in finding the Paria iris,the BLM Cedar City District Office and KanabResource Area Office are hosting a two daysearch May 20-21. Members of the Utah NativsPlant Society have been invited to join thesurvey trip. Meet at the Kanab Resource AreaOffice, 318 North First East, Kanab, at 8:00 amto travel to West d a r k Bench. Please contactLori Armstrong, BLM Botanist, at (801) 896-8221 if you are interested in joining the search

Iris panknsis


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ARTHUR H.HOLMGRENby Leila Shultz

Arthur H. Holmgren, noted botanist andlong-time friend of the Utah Native PlantSociety, died peacefully at his home onDecember 24, 1992. Doris Edstrom Holmgren,his wife and life-long companion, was at hisside.Professor Holmgren leaves a legacy ofexuberance and botanical knowledge with hism a n y professional colleagues, students, andfriends. He came to Utah State University as agraduate student in 1941, completed hismaster's degree and began his appointment asCurator of the Intermountain Herbarium in1943, a position he continued until hisretirement in 1978.

Born to Swedish immigrants,Axel HermanHolmgren and Anna Carlson Holmgren, inMidvale, Utah, in 1912,Arthur Holmgren builthis career and fame in the landscape of theIntermountain west. His father built violins,raised asparagus and celery, and developed athriving landscape business while his motherkept the family entertained with her Swedishhumor. From an early age, An developed afinely-tuned aesthetic sense,a love of music,and a first-hand appreciation for the intricaciesof plant development. His robust sense ofhumor helped carry his wealth of knowledge toappreciative students.Few professors can claim as wide a sphereof influence as Arthur Holmgren His studentscan be found throughout government agenciesand academic circles. In Utah, t would bedifficult to find a Forest Service or NationalPark Service office that did not house someonewho has studied with Art or with one of hisstudents. And if you mention his name, you aresure to spark some interest and perhaps a floodof stories.Arthur Holmgren's academic career beganat the University of Utah where he vacillatedbetween majors in music and botany and anextramural interest in wrestling. He attributedhis final move to a botanical career to ProfessorWalter H. Cottam,a noted ecologist andspecialist in the genus Quercus (oaks). Romancewas a part of those years as well. While an

undergraduate, Arthur fell head-over-heels inlove with Doris Edstrom--the woman whowould become the mother of their fourchildren.Love of the land and a need to work tookArt and Doris to Elko, Nevada, where a seriesof eventswould lead them back to northernUtah. In 1939 (?),Art began working for theU.S. Grazing Service, the agency that wouldeventually become the Bureau of LandManagement Art's knowledge of plants andenthusiasm for learning soon caught theattention of Bassett Maguire, a young professorof botany at Utah State University. Aftermeeting in the field near the Ruby Mountainsof Nevada, Art and Bassett began a lifelongcollaboration. In 1941, Art went to Utah StateUniversity, working with Bassett and completinghis master's degree in botany. When Bassettwas offered a position at the New YorkBotanical Garden, he accepted on the conditionthat Arthur Holmgren be hired as hisreplacement as curator of the herbarium.Arthur Holmgren was appointed curator in1943 and spent the next forty-five yearsdeveloping the collection of plants of theIntermountain Herbarium and teaching planttaxonomy. He completed a Flora ofNortheastern Nevada in 1943 and his VascularPlants of the Northern Wasatch was published in1946. His major life's work,however, was hiscontribution to the Intermountain Flora.Initiated with Bassett Maguire in the 1950s,Arthur continued collections hrough the 1960s,when ormal collaboration began with the NewYork Botanical Garden. When Art's son Noelgraduated from Columbia University with aPh.D. in botany, the real work of pullingtogether complete descriptions of the 5000 orso species in the Intermountain Flora wasbegun. Joining forces with Arthur Cronquist, aformer classmate, and student James Reveal,the long-term collaborationwas begun. Theproject grew as the family expanded. WhenNoel Holmgren married Patricia Kern,he hadno idea they would soon be collaborators-sheas his boss at the New York Botanical Gardenand another author for the Flora.Few classes on campus were as sought-afteras Holmgren's lectures and labs on thetaxonomy of native plants. He was honored as


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Outstanding Educator in America in 1972,withthe Robin's Award for professor of the year in1975, gave the 55th Faculty Honors Lecture in1977, and was presented with a special award ofmerit by the State Arboretum of Utah,University of Utah, for "..outstandingachievements as an honored teacher, a researchbotanist, writer, and chronicler of the uniqueplants of Utah in the Intemountah Flora,"in1983.By the time Arthur Holmgren retired in1978, enrollment in his Taxonomy of WildlandPlants was limited by space. Even with thelargest lecture hall on campus (then theBusiness building auditorium), students wereturned away.Art was active in many societies, includingthe American Institute of Biological Sciences,American Rock Garden Society, AmericanSociety of Plant TAxonomists, Botanical Societyof America, California Native Rant Society,Northern Nevada Native Plant Society, SierraClub, Sigma Xi,Southern Utah WildernessAlliance, The Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts,and Letters-and, of course, The Utah NativePlant Society. He was also a member of theUtah State University Arboretum Committeeand served for many years as leader in theCache Valley Civic Music Association andUSU's Lyceum Committee.Colleagues remember Arthur Holmgren forhis exuberance, knowledge of individual plants,love of music, and masterful gardening skills.Friends remember gracious times around a

, table with music in the background, samplingSwedish breads and coffee, and listening totales of the latest plant discoveries in theintermountain west. The home gardens hedeveloped were spectacular in form and floraldiversity. Many unusual natives and carefullyselected biotypes were sheltered in the confinesof his garden. In the fall of 1991,Art and Dorishosted a meeting of th e UNPS at their home ofCountry Club Drive, regaling us with stories ofindividual species. We shall miss those timestogether, and shall carry the good works andcontributions made by Arthur Holmgren togenerations to come.A memorial service for Arthur Holmgrenwas held on April 30, 1993 in the USU TaggertStudent Center---agathering of botanists andfriends.

PRESIDENTS MESSAGEby Brent Shipley

Wow! Are you as amazed as I am thatanother two months have passed? Summer isnearly here and UNPS has a number of fun,exciting, and educational activities planned forthe months ahead. Some of these activities arestill in need of members to volunteer and assistin the planning and execution.One activity that is totally under control(being organized by Dave Okelbeny and thosewho are assisting him) is the annual UNPSmushroom hunt and campout. Dave has put anextraordinary amount of work into organizingthis activity and it promises to be at least asgood as the one held last year. I probablyshould say "better than last year's" but that is apretty big order to fill. Dave has beencontacting last years participants and nearlyeveryone is saying that they will be there againthis year and that they are bringing at least onefriend (we had over 100 participants last year).I would like to say a special thanks to Dave,not only for his efforts in organizing themushroomhunt, but because his unselfishefforts bring birn into contact with a lot ofpeople who had not previously heard of UNPS.You can bet they know about UNPS now andthat they have a very positive impression of it.A special thanks also to our chapterpresidents and others who lead the localprograms and plan the monthly activities. A lotof effort is put forth in providing interestingactivities for the local members. These leadersare still open to suggestions and offers to assistin keeping the local chapters functioning.W e have a number of activities that wouldnormally be held during the summer monthsthat are not yet fully organized. For some ofthese it is a matter of not having someone toorganize and carry them forward. If you wouldlike to assist in this area please let one of th eofficers know.W e have contributed to the Red ButteGardens wildflower hot line again this year.We have other projects that we have and willmake financial contributions to in order tosupport our purpose of helping others toappreciate the natural setting and plants of the


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area. Our contributionshelp some veryworthwhile projects that might not, otherwise,be possible.I'm looking forward to a very active andexciting summer with you.

DRUG PLANT POACHINGby Robert Fitts

Modernmedicinemenin the field have foundnew drugs that are hailed as a salvation frommany of the diseases of the day. One researchgroup has found three different compounds thatareactive against the AIDS virus. Theplants arefrom different rain forests in Asia, The roseyperiwinkle of Madagascar is the source of thedrug vinmistine. In its promotional literature,theNature Conservancy touts the value ofvincristine,used to treat childhood leukemia, as a greatexample of how important d t a i m n gbiodiversity is.In a cooperative agreement between businessand conservation, the Merck company has set upa contract with a government sponsoredorganization in Costa Rica (INBio) to look forvaluable compounds n rain forest plants there.The contract calls for 10% of the million dollargrant to be used for conservationof the forest,along with 50% of the royalties on the profitsofany drugs discovered. This is probably a step in

the right direction, and other countries arelooking at similar agreements as a way not onlyto preserve natural areas, but use them to buhdtheir economies. Some conservationists lookback on the discovery of vincristine with anger.Millions of dollars made from the drug, but nota penny has gone to Madagascaror conservation.While some look at new plant derivedproducts as the salvation of the forest, there arehistorical and modem dangers of extinction toplants that are rare if they are known to bemedicinal. In ancient times, a type of fennelcalled silphion, was used as an effective oralcontraceptive. It grew n the hills near the city ofCyrene in North Africa. So valuable was thisplant to the ancients that it was stamped onto theface of coins and became the symbol of Qrene.As an tem of trade, it became more valuable byweight than gold, and was exported around theMediterranean. Attempts to cultivate silphionfailed (as happens with many wild plants). Theancient world lost an important form of birthcontrol when the plant was collected toextinction.Taxol is a drug recentlyapproved by the FDAfor the treatment of ovarian cancer. The Pacificyew n the old growth forests of the northwesternstates is the source of this product. The drug isextracted from the bark, so the trees aresacrificed in the process of bark collection. Ittakes 3-12 trees to make enough taxol for onepatient. Bristol-Meyers will make enough of theproduct for 12,000 patients this year. With 90%of the old growth forests already cut, the habitatsfor yew trees is limited. A native yewconservation council has been set up to fight forthe trees. The forest service controls harvest ofthe bark, but bark poachers have already beencaught. Fortunately, pacificyew can be cultivatedand Weyerhauser and others have set upnurseries to provide for future supplies of Bark*

While the yew in the Pacific Northwest maynot be in danger of extinction, the existence ofplant poachers threatens species in other areas.In fact, the native yews of the state of HimchaI inIndia have declined since the discovery of taxol.Other plants in Himchal are even worse off.Rauwolfia serpentine used to control bloodpressure, has become extinct there, and Costusspecios~, hich is used to make steroidal drugs,


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TWIGS IN WINTERFeb Meeting of SL Chapter MARCH MEETINGSALT LAKE CHAPTER

by Andy BoyackIn the winter landscape, shrubs, bushes andtrees show grey, brown and mauve colors abovethe snow. The green leaf coverings of other

seasons are gone. The plants all look alike. Anexamination of the twigs on these plants,however, reveals characteristicdifferences bywhich th e species can be identified asdemonstrated by Alyce Hreha and Bill Wagnerat the UNPS monthly meeting on February 25.Alyce pointed out that twigs in winter havevarious buds, the appearance, shape andarrangement of which is quite distinct for eachspecies. The bark of the twig is marked withdistinctive scars which were left when the leavesfell off the previous fall. A regular botanicalidentification key could be prepared using thesedistinctions. None has been prepared for Utahto our knowledge, but I am sure Alyce couldwrite one if she had the time. Keys have beenpublished for Montana and parts of Oregon andWashington.

Bill Wagner had collected branches andtwigs from two dozen different species of shrubsand had them laid out and numbered on ablesfor us to examine. We were given handoutswith al l the names of th e shrubs that were onth e table, and were then asked to individuallymatch the name with the numbered samples onthe table. Afterward Bill identified each ofthem and described their characteristic features.The writer matched up somewhat less than halfof them correctly.The plants collected represented a variety ofplant species. There were gymnosperms(conifers) such as bristlecone pine, lodgepolepine and juniper. Among the angiosperms (trueflowering plants) were some with alternateleaves and some with opposite leaves. Theposition of leaves is often a primary key toplant identification. Alternate leaves wererepresented by such plants as Oregon grape,oak, sumac, birch and cottonwood. Oppositesleaves were represented by maple, box elder,elderberry, dogwood and mountain lover.

BoyakUtah Native Plant Society extends its

sympathy to Vard Jones who is recovering frombypass surgery. Vard Jones and Maxine Martzwere to have told us about Dr. Cottam and theTHURSDAY SABBATH CLUB. This was aclub that devoted every Thursday to anunplanned all day outing to explore anythingthat occurred to them; rock hounding, botany,biology, geology, history, or whatever, accordingto Dick Hildreth.Pam Poulson joined Dick Hildreth todescribe plans for enlargingRed ButteGardens, plans which are even now underconstruction. Their scope is amazing. We havebecome accustomed to the present Red ButteGardens along Red Butte Creek and haveenjoyed the new development there;amphitheatre, the ponds and waterfalls, flowerdisplays, and stage for concerts. The new plansgo way beyond this. An area twice as large asthe present gardens is even now beingdeveloped south of the creek where the naturetrails are now. There will be a visitors center,conservatories and several specialized gardens.A new parking lot is under construction at th evisitors center and a ne w entrance to theGardens is being constructed from Wakara Waywhich will replace the present Fort Douglasentrance.


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UNPS SEGO LILYc /o Jo StolhandUtah N a t i v e P l a n t SocietyP . O . Box 520041Salt Lake City, UT 8 4 1 5 2 - 0 0 4 1 SaltLakeCity, UtahAddress Correct ion ~equested

is nearly extinct. E~hedraand Dioscorea wereonce common, but with medicinal plant poachersin the hills, they can now be found only afterintense searching. The Indian government hasbanned export of six endangered plants, and hasa committee on medicinal plants. Even withthese recent changes, there is no commercialcultivation of these medicinal plants, which canbe the only final answer for preservation.In South Africa, sangomas (witch doctors)have been arrested collecting medicinal herbs tosell. The problem has forced the tradeunderground. InCape Town, the governmenthasbegunnurseries to supply herbs for the sangomas.This is not only important to protect wild plants,but as a source of medicinal plants forresearchers in the future.Plants used for commercial drugs in theUnited States now come from 34 families, andare the basis for 25% of the drugs presently onthe market. The number of plants used fortraditional medicine is not known, but a largenumber. It has been said that of every 125 plantsspecies, one will have some type of active drug.Many of these can be true friends to mankind.Medicinal properties of plants can lead totheir extinction or preservation. Its up to humanfriends to save them.

New Member URenewal Q ~ i f tNameStreetCity StateBP PhoneI f Gift. from:Check membership category desired:

U ~ndividual............................. $ 10.00Family...**..*........................... $ 15.00I upporting ............................$ 30.000 orporate .............................. $ 30.00 andupQ ife ....."-." .~.-.-.B.u.u....-.-.-..250.00

m-sd a#-wqd*mtotheabovetaidMduaL

Fieasecndoaeachock,payable oUtahNaUvePlantSoctety.andsenditto:Pamftiulaen,treasure".UtahNativePlantSoctetyP.O. BOX20041Salt Lake Ctty. Utah84152-0041


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Newsletter of the Utah Native Plant SocietyVOL. 16 NO.

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

July 30-31 Sensitive Plants of the Tusher Mountains,Fri. & Sat Join botanists and plant enthusiasts for some cool hikingin the Tusher Mountains east of Beaver, Ut.We will have adutch oven dinner on Friday night so we need you to RSVP.Call Jo Stolhand to make those reservations (521-0069).This year we plan to do more hiking than driving and at anelevation above 9,500 feet so start getting acclimated now.Most of us will camp at the Big John Bat primative camp-ground but one could also get accomodations in Beaver.See map to campground in this issue. Cache chapter memberswishing to carpool should contact Robert Fitts (753-5613).

Aug 19-21 Mushroom HuntThur-Sat This year we \^illexplore the Wasatch Plateau aboveEphraim. We begin Thursday evening with a slide show andlecture by Dr. Frank Anderson. See this issue for moredetails and RSVP to Dave Okelberry (968-6190).

Wildflower HotlineKeep abreast of what is blooming in Utah. Call 581-4747.

JULY / AUG 1993

Members are invited to submit original articles and or black and white botanical illustrations forpublication in the SEGO LILY. Send typewritten manuscript or disk to Sego Lily, UNPS, FOB 520041,Salt Lake City, Utah, 84152-0041.


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PRESIDENTS MESSAGEby Brent Shipley

Did you notice that we are now half waythrough 1993. I hope you have enjoyed it, s

1993 Utah Native Plant Society Annual Compliations

Documents

Transcript of 1993 Utah Native Plant Society Annual Compliations