19892761 Building Pyramids Using Primitive Technology

7/31/2019 19892761 Building Pyramids Using Primitive Technology

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Copyright c 2009 by Ajmal Beg. All rights reserved.

Author and/or publisher shall not be liable for any kind of direct and/orindirect loss as a result of using information in this book.

National Library of AustraliaISBN: 978-0-9805610-6-7


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Dedicated to my family


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ABOUT AUTHOR

Ajmal Beg received Bachelor of Electronics Engineering from Kyoto Uni-versity, Japan in 1993. Since graduation, Ajmal has worked in computingindustry in different roles such as software engineer, hardware engineer, con-sultant and researcher.


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Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 What is gravity? 32.1 Gravity increases energy of falling photons . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Gravity increases the energy of passing by photons . . . . . . 52.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 Graviton as a functional block of photon . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 Clouds of gravitons acting as refueling station . . . . . . . . . 162.6 Gravity and glow from early universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.7 Energy needs of cosmological bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.7.1 Energy needs of sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.7.2 Energy needs of moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.8 Energy needs of atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.9 Flow of gravity in the universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.10 Gravity and characteristics of orbits/spin . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.11 Gravity and Paulis Exclusion Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.12 Experiments to confirm gravity and light link . . . . . . . . . 422.13 Confirming the flow of gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.14 Overcoming the gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3 Primitive building techniques 453.1 The source of energy available to the rulers of the Ancient Egypt 45

3.2 Baking bricks on the height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.3 Assembling bricks at a height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.4 Using water to lift heavy bricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613.5 Using animals to move heavy bricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673.6 Using hot air balloons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713.7 Using wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4 Summary 75

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vi CONTENTS


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Chapter 1

Introduction

Some people believe that the civilization of the Ancient Egypt was veryadvance in technology. Ability to overcome gravity is thought to be thecore technology behind such advancement in technology. It is thought thatscientists of the Ancient Egypt not only developed technology to overcomegravity but also successfully used this technology for different purposes, suchas:

The technology to overcome gravity was used to lift and move heavyobjects such as heavy stones. This application of technology helped

construction engineers of Ancient Egypt build huge building structureslike the pyramids.

The technology to overcome gravity made possible for the rulers of theAncient Egypt to visit other planets/stars. The space travel allowedrulers of Ancient Egypt build diplomatic relationships with aliens livingin other planets/stars. It is also thought that rulers of Ancient Egypthad technology to build airplanes.

This technology helped rulers of the Ancient Egypt travel to other starsjust by passing through a gate known as the Stargate. The technologyof space travel was so superior that rulers of Ancient Egypt could arrivein the other stars in the matter of a few seconds (the time required topass through a door). In other words, rulers of Ancient Egypt couldtravel faster than the speed of light.

There is another theory which suggests that the rulers of Ancient Egyptdid not need technology to overcome gravity as they were able to controlnuclear reaction. Huge amount of energy obtained from controlled nuclearreaction was used to lift heavy stones to build huge structures like pyramids.

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2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Another theory suggests that aliens from other planets who visited the rulers

of the Ancient Egypt, built the pyramids.Modern science and engineering has reached to the current stage after

centuries of hard work by scientists and engineers. Modern technology stillhas not reached to the point where we could develop a technology by whichwe could escape gravity without using huge power sources such as powerfulrocket engines. It is very hard to believe that the Ancient Egypt could havetechnology to escape gravity without using huge force. The main purpose ofthis book is to investigate the feasibility of building huge pyramids using veryprimitive technologies. The book is divided into different chapters which dealwith different aspects of construction of the pyramids.

Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter describes the purpose of this bookand introduces contents of each chapter of the book.

Chapter 2: What is gravity? This chapter discusses what is gravity andhow it can be overcome.

Chapter 3: Primitive building techniques This chapter discusses dif-ferent building methods which can be used to build pyramids by usingprimitive techniques.

Chapter 4: Conclusion This chapter gives the summary of this book.


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Chapter 2

What is gravity?

This chapter discusses the real nature of gravity.

2.1 Gravity increases energy of falling pho-

tons

Light is thought to be a collection of particles called photons. Gravity is alsothought to be a collection of particles known as gravitons. No one has beenever able to directly detect gravitons yet. However, the effect of gravity on

photons can be confirmed by conducting a falling photon experiment. Figure2.1 shows the details of a falling photon experiment. At height H, a photonemitting source is positioned and at the surface of the earth, the frequencyof the falling photons is measured using light frequency detector. Increasein the frequency of the photons at the surface of the earth can confirm thatgravity increases the energy of photons.

The law of conservation of energy leads to the relationship below. KErepresents Kinetic Energy and P E stands for Potential Energy.

KE0 + P E0 = KE1 + P E1 (2.1)

Assuming that potential energy at the surface of the earth is represented bymgH, where photon mass is m = hf/c2 and H is the distance of the sourceof light from the surface of the earth, Equation 2.1 can be rewritten as:

hf0 +

hf0c2

gH = hf1 + 0 (2.2)

It leads to Equation 2.3, which indicates that the frequency of light willincrease when gravitational force acts on it.

f1 = f0

1 +

gH

c2

(2.3)

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4 CHAPTER 2. WHAT IS GRAVITY?

To confirm the above relationship, a falling photon experiment was conducted

and it was confirmed that a falling photon increases its frequency underthe influence of gravity. The results of the falling photon experiment werepublished by Pound and Rebka in Physics Review Letters (4:337, 1960).

Figure 2.1: Pound Rebka falling photon experiment


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2.2. GRAVITY INCREASES THE ENERGY OF PASSING BY PHOTONS5

2.2 Gravity increases the energy of passing

by photons

It is known that the light bends under the effect of gravity, when it passesnear large cosmological bodies such as, sun and other stars. Figure 2.2 showslight bending phenomena when light from other stars passes by the sun. Thebending of light results in showing stars at a different location than theyactually are.

Figure 2.2: Star light bending under influence of suns gravity


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For simplification purpose, lets assume that there exists a uniform energy

field from the surface of sun to the height R as shown in Figure 2.3. Any pho-ton that passes through this energy field, increases its energy. Lets considertwo photons which pass through this uniform energy field. One photon doesnot bend and the other photon bends. The photon which bends, remains inthe uniform energy field for longer period of time compared to the photonwhich does not bend. The act of bending results in increased input from theuniform energy field to the photon compared to the instance when photonpassing by the sun does not bend.

Figure 2.3: Photon increases its energy by bending path


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2.3. METHODOLOGY 7

2.3 Methodology

Objects around us are collection of particles, which show specific behaviors.We can improve our understanding of mechanisms governing the behavior ofobjects around us, if we understand how particles forming the objects interactwith one other. As interaction between smaller particles cannot be observeddirectly, there is need for finding an indirect way to determine how smallerparticles interact. This book uses methodology as illustrated in Fig. 2.4to help understand interactions among smaller particles. This methodologyassumes that:

All kinds of particles are formed from the same basic material.

All kinds of particles were formed through somewhat similar processand thus have somewhat similar functioning mechanism.

Large size particles are created through repetition of the same basicprocess which created small particles.

As we are unable to directly observe the interactions among smallerparticles, we study the interaction among large particles for the purposeof improving understanding of the interaction among smaller particles.

2.4 Graviton as a functional block of photon

Einstein proposed relationship between mass of an object and the total energyit can contain as:

E = mc2 (2.4)

whereE: Energy contained in the objectm: Mass of the object at restc: Speed of light

Lets discuss Equation 2.4 in details.

E is also believed to be the quantity of energy in which mass canconvert into. However, there is no experimental proof that any objectwith non-zero mass ever completely converted into energy (photons).

Particles behave like as they have gained mass when they are movedat high speed in particle accelerators. This observation is used as anexperimental evidence that energy can convert into mass. However, noone has ever been successful in creating a completely new mass by only


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Figure 2.4: Methodology


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2.4. GRAVITON AS A FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF PHOTON 9

increasing the concentration of photons in an empty three dimensional

space.

Based on above arguments, this book assumes that:

Mass is merely a container of photons.

Conversion of mass into energy is a process which releases photonswhich are contained in this container. Similarly, increase in the mass ofobject is the process which results in increase in the number of photonscontained in this container.

Photons contained in an atoms are released when the atom is cracked.There is no conversion of particles which form an atom (such as protonsand neutrons) into photons when an atom is cracked. In other words,an atom does not contain a factory to convert particles such as, electronand photons into photons.

Mass does not contain a factory to convert photons into particles likeelectron and protons.

Mass can be represented mathematically as:

Mass =ni=1

Photoni + CPhoton (2.5)

whereCPhoton: Container for photonsPhotoni: i-th photon contained in container CPhotonn: Total number of photons contained in container CPhoton

To understand the relationship between photons and gravitons, lets con-sider an example of a container with dark green liquid. This container hasone inlet for white color liquid and one outlet for liquid to come out. Thiscontainer with dark green liquid has limited capacity. Liquid flows out forthe outlet when the container is full and there is a supply of liquid throughthe inlet. Figure 2.5 illustrates such container at three different instances t1,t2 and t3, where t1 < t2 < t3.

Before instance t1, the container is full of dark green liquid. At instancet1, white liquid start flowing inside the container. At this moment thecolor of the liquid that flows out of this container is dark green.


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At instance t2, the color of the liquid that flows out of the container

is light green as white liquid flowing inside the container and the darkgreen liquid that was originally there, has mixed.

At instance t3 , the liquid that flows out is white as the concentrationof the dark green liquid that was originally in the container is almostzero. At this moment, container flushes out what flows in it. Figure2.6 illustrates how the color of the flowing out liquid changes with thepassage of time.

Lets assume that photon is also a container with an inlet and outlet.Photon travels in the universe. Universe is a collection of cosmological

bodies and dark matter. Cosmological bodies and dark matter bothtransfer gravitons to the photon. Thus, there is a continuous supply ofgravitons to a photon. All gravitons that enter a photon need to flowout of photon. Photons merely acts like a channel of gravitons.

Lets assume photon as a black box with input and output as shown in Figure2.7. Photon receives gravitons and emits energy in the form of magnetic andelectric field. Here, lets assume that emitted energy from the photon is alsoin the form of field particles.

From our daily observation, we know that a specific quantity of mass has

limited capacity to store energy. Based on methodology of this book, weassume that photon also has a limited storage to accommodate field parti-cles (gravitons) it receives. Under this assumption, photon needs to emitfield particles (gravitons) it captures, as photon has limited storage capac-ity. In other words, photon is merely a channel of field particles (gravitons).The exact nature of impact of passing through photons is not known. Thefield particles (gravitons) may pass through photon while maintaining theircharacteristics or photon may be also working as a filter which changes char-acteristics of gravitons when they pass through it. Under above observations,it can be claimed that electric and magnetic fields is a form of gravity. Ifgravitons can pass through the photons, it can be claimed that electromag-

netic field and gravity are same force.

Electric/Magnetic field =ni=1

Gravitoni (2.6)


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Figure 2.5: Container as a channel for fluid


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Figure 2.6: Change in the color of flowing out liquid


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Figure 2.7: Photon as a black box


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Photon acts like a temporary container of gravitons, in the same manner

as photons use mass as a temporary container.

Photon =ni=1

Gravitoni + CGraviton (2.7)

whereCGraviton: Container of gravitonsGravitoni: i-th graviton contained in container CGravitonn: Total number of gravitons contained in container CGravitonPhotons frequency is the indicator of the energy it contains. Photon withhigh frequency has more energy compared to a photon with low frequency.Gravitons have not been detected yet so it is not known what indicates theenergy level of gravitons. For simplification purpose, this book assumes thateach graviton has a fixed amount of energy. It means high frequency photonhas large number of gravitons compared to that of a low frequency photon.Thus, photons frequency is directly proportional to the number of gravitonsit contains:

fPhoton nGraviton (2.8)

wherefPhoton: Frequency of photon

nGraviton: Number of gravitons contained in photonMass contains photons and each photon further contains gravitons. Largemass such as cosmological bodies are like cloud of gravitons. Gravitons maybe using photons as a carrier for moving from one location to another. Underthis assumption, glow of the earth should also contain gravitons. Lets seehow a falling photon can increase its frequency. Figure 2.8 illustrates a fallingphoton which interacts with glow near the surface of the earth.

Mass forming the earth contains larger number of photons. Each suchphoton further contains multiple gravitons.

When a falling photon starts traveling toward the earths surface, pho-ton from the surface of the earth jumps and couples with the fallingphoton.

Gravitons transfer between these two coupled photons while they movetoward the earth.


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Figure 2.8: Coupling of photons to exchange gravitons


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2.5 Clouds of gravitons acting as refueling

station

Figure 2.9 illustrates how energy carrying waves travel when a stone hit apond full of water. The radius of energy carrying waves increases with timewhile energy these waves carry decreases. Photon also carries energy andkeeps on reducing its energy (frequency) as it travels away from the sourcewhich emitted it. Lets assume that photon is a flying vehicle which can flylong distance. As photon decreases its frequency while traveling, it is assumedhere that it consumes energy while traveling in free space. Lets assume thatphoton has a fuel tank with limited capacity that contains energy that photonuses while traveling in the free space.

Photons are affected by gravity. Falling photon experiment proves thata photon increases its frequency (energy) while moving toward the earth.Photons also bend toward cosmological bodies while traveling in free space.Bending toward cosmological bodies can increase the energy of photons. Inother words, gravity increases the fuel contained in the fuel tank of a photon.To calculate how much distance a photon can travel with the energy it cancontain, lets observe how far a photon can travel without refueling itself.The nearest star from our solar system is about 4.3 light years. Figure 2.10shows the travel path of a photon from nearest star to the earth. The photonwhich has traveled from the nearest star is absorbed at earth. A photon takesabout 4.3 light years to travel from the star to the earth surface. The heightof the upper part of light cone is 4.3 light years. According to the conceptof time and space developed by Einstein, the equal size cone needs to existdownward. So the total height of both cones is 8.6 light years. If the timeunit of c2 is ignored, it is almost equal to 9 light years. Thus, it can beclaimed that a photon can travel up to 9 light years with the energy it cancontain within itself. The capacity to travel 9 light years without refilling isan over estimation of the fuel tank capacity of the photon, as space betweennearest star and the earth is almost filled with dark matter and photon can

recharge itself with the gravitons from the dark matter. Photon is capable oftraveling with energy it contains up to 9 light years. To travel further thanthis distance, photon needs energy from external sources. There are starsmillions of light years away from us and a photon is incapable of travelingsuch long distance. Photon needs to refill itself while traveling such longdistances.

Lets assume dark matter is made of a specific type of particle P+. Forevery particle, there exists an antiparticle. Hence, there should also existantiparticle for P+. This antiparticle is called P here.


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2.5. CLOUDS OF GRAVITONS ACTING AS REFUELING STATION17

Figure 2.9: Travel path of energy carrying particle


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P+ exhibits gravity. In other words, P+ transfers gravitons to photons.

As P+ transfers gravitons to photons, P should receive gravitons frompassing photons.

Dark matter can be regarded as a three dimensional space with highconcentration of P+.

The three dimensional space where there is high concentration of P

iscalled anti dark matter here.

The free space is a combination of dark and anti-dark matter.

As photon always loses energy while traveling, it can be claimed thatthe quantity of anti dark matter is larger than that of dark matter inthe free space.

This book suggests that:

Photon is like a aircraft which can be refueled during its flight.

Photon starts its flight from one galaxy.

Photon travels on a path during its flight which passes near cosmolog-

ical bodies.

Photon keeps on refueling its energy reserves by passing by the cosmo-logical bodies or making rotations around the cosmological body.

Photon finishes its flight, when it reaches to its destination. It stays atthis destination before embarking on a new trip.

Figure 2.11 illustrate how the photon flies from one cosmological bodyto another, when they are at a distance of more than 9 1016 meters. Thephoton grazes the surface of different cosmological bodies (or makes roundtrip around the cosmological bodies) and refuels itself. It continues the pro-cess of consuming energy and utilizing it, until it reaches to its destination.A fixed angle at which the photon bends toward the surface of sun has beenan area of interest. This book postulates a new theory suggesting that:

The angle at which a photon bends toward the cosmological body whilegrazing it depends upon the quantity of energy this photon needs. Aphoton may make round trips around the cosmological bodies until itsenergy need is fulfilled. The number of round trips a photon makearound the cosmological body depends on its energy need.


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Two photon traveling from the same point A to point B, may have dif-

ferent angle of bending (or number of round trips) toward the cosmolog-ical body depending upon the initial energy state (photon frequency),with which they started their journey.

It is not necessary that the all the photon leaving a star flies toward thesame destination. A photons may have multiple destinations which itgrazes. There is also a possibility that photons leaving a cosmologicalbody may have different final destinations.

This book suggests that photons might be rotating around the cosmo-logical bodies to recharge themselves with gravitons. Based on this,

the angle of bending can be also treated as the difference between theangle at which the photon started its round trip around the cosmolog-ical bodies and the angle at which it left the cosmological body afterrecharging itself.

In short, it can that claimed that the Gravity (collection of gravitons) becomesfuel for photons to enable them travel from one destinations to another desti-nation. It is believed so far that gravity makes one cosmological body rotatearound another and gravity has no other role in the functioning of the lightand matter. This theory can be regarded as a major discovery of link between

gravitons and the photons.As any mass is regarded as a container of photons, it can be claimedthat any mass including cosmological bodies can travel up to 9 light yearswith the energy they contain. In case, the cosmological body with mass mis at rest, the energy it contains can be used to move an object of mass m adistance of 9 light years.


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Figure 2.10: Maximum distance photon can travel without refueling


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Figure 2.11: Journey path of photon using clouds of gravitons as refuelingstation


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2.6 Gravity and glow from early universe

In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered microwave that wassame in whatever direction the microwave detector was pointed out. It wassame through out the year. The detected microwave was assumed to be aglow from early universe. This book suggests some other possible explana-tions for existence of such microwave.The earth has a special place in the universe

Lets assume a spherical space with very large radius which has our earthat its center. The boundary of this spherical space has very large numberof same kind of uniformly distributed stars. Photons emitted by these star

reach our earth. With this kind of universe structure, microwave antennashould be able to detect microwaves regardless of the direction it is pointedout.Our universe is enclosed in a container with mirror like inner

surface

Lets assume a spherical container which has mirror like inner surface andcontains our universe. Photons from cosmological bodies cannot escape thiscontainer as they always get reflected from mirror like inner surface of thecontainer. This kind of structure can help universe function without photonsbeing wasted in traveling infinite space where there is no matter which needsinteraction with these photons. The earth in such container can receive pho-

tons from all directions. However, photons received on the earth will not besame in all directions unless;

Inner walls of the above spherical container act like photon energizer.Photons from different cosmological bodies that reach the inner wall ofcontainer are energized to a fixed level of frequency and then reflectedback into the space within the container.

The earth or our solar system exists at almost the center of this con-tainer.

The earth is traveling at a speed larger than cLets assume that the detected microwave is really a glow from early universeand creation of universe started from a specific space and time coordinate. Ifafter the Big Bang, both light and origin of matter forming our earth startedtravel in the same direction from this specific space and time coordinate,then

dEarth = dGlow = vEartht = vGlowt (2.9)

wheredEarth: Distance traveled by the earth since the Big Bang


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2.6. GRAVITY AND GLOW FROM EARLY UNIVERSE 23

dGlow: Distance traveled by the glow since the Big Bang

vEarth: Velocity with which the earth traveled since the Big BangvGlow: Velocity with which the early glow traveled since the Big Bangt : Time since the Big BangAs modern physics assumes that lights speed is constant, Equation 2.9 canbe satisfied only in case when average speed of the earth and the glow (light)has been exactly same since the time of universe creation. If glow from earlyuniverse is arriving on the earth now, it means that the earth and the gloware in close race, where sometimes glow travels faster than the earth andsometimes the earth travels faster than the glow. It also means that evennow our earth is traveling toward a specific target with at least speed of

light. Any such explanation negates two follow important rules which formthe basis of modern physics:

Speed of light is constant

Mass cannot travel faster than light

The other possibility is that the Big Bang happened at the point where ourearth exists now and since then the early glow from the universe remainedattached to our earth.Cosmological bodies are energy hub

Cosmological body (the earth) receives energy within a specific frequencyrange (microwave). It is also known that cosmological bodies (stars) haveunique spectrum. Based on these two facts, it can be suggested that cosmo-logical body is an energy transformer which changes received energy to newfrequency and then distributes it to different points in the universe. It indi-cates the possibility that cosmological bodies in our universe play a specificenergy transmission role while being part of a very huge energy distributionnetwork.Photons need gravitons concentrated in matter for their survival

The possible mechanism, due to which glow from early universe can be stilldetected on the earth can be due to existence of some kind of bond (rela-

tionship) between light and matter (cloud of gravitons). Due to this bondlight (glow) needed to remain in vicinity of matter (the earth). In this sce-nario, glow from early universe and the origin of matter forming our earthstarted travel in the same direction at the same time. The earth traveled at aspeed less than the speed of light while glow kept attached to the earth whiletraveling in vicinity of the earth at the speed of 3 108 meters. Microwavedetector can detect microwave regardless of direction it is pointed out, aseven now significant quantity of this glow is moving in vicinity of around thisearth due to some kind of bond (relationship) between light and matter.


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2.7 Energy needs of cosmological bodies

The gravitational constant which forms the basis of Newtons Universal Lawof Gravitation is not constant on different locations on the earth. Differentlocations on the earth have different value of Gravitational Constant, cast-ing doubt that the current gravitational mathematical relationship can beapplied to the whole universe in its current form. Newtons Universal Lawof Gravitation has two main concepts:

Smaller mass orbits around larger mass.

Force making the smaller body rotate around the larger body reduces

when distance between smaller and larger cosmological bodies increase.

This book suggests that our universe is too complex to be described by a sim-ple Gravitational Constant. Lets evaluate the validity of the mathematicalrelationship proposed by Newton. Lets assume that there are two types ofobject A and B with characteristics:Mass of an object OA of type A = mMass of an object OB of type B = m/pp = An integer valueDistance between the centers of object OA and object OB = rOA attracts Ob toward itself, or in other words, OA releases gravitational

waves (the group of particles known as gravitons) toward OB. The extent ofthe force F released by OA is given as:

F =Gm2

pr2= k (2.10)

whereG: Gravitational constantLets assume another object OC with the same mass as OB is brought inproximity to OA at the distance r. Now the total energy released by the OAis given as:

F = 2k (2.11)

When n number of bodies are brought in proximity to OA at distance r, thetotal energy released by is OA given as:

F = nk (2.12)

n F (2.13)

In the case, n approaches infinites, F becomes infinite too. The relationshipmeans a limited amount of mass in our galaxy can release infinite amount of


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2.7. ENERGY NEEDS OF COSMOLOGICAL BODIES 25

energy, which is against the basic understanding of modern physics. Figure

2.12 illustrates this concept. It is interested to know how cosmological bodiesgain energy they need to perform their tasks. In the subsequent sub sections,the energy contained in sun and the earth is discussed.

2.7.1 Energy needs of sun

It is believed that gravitational force by sun is responsible for rotation ofthe earth around it. The earth is assumed to be 4.5 billion years old. Letscalculate whether sun posses enough energy to be able to rotate the earthcontinuously around itself for 4.5 billion years. To calculate the energy sun

can contain, following generally accepted values are used:Mass of the earth mEarth = 6 10

24 kgMass of sun mSun = 2 10

30 kgRadius of the earth rEarth = 6.4 10

6 mRadius of sun rSun = 1.7 10

6 mMean radius of the earths orbit REarth = 1.5 10

11 mAssuming that there is no other cosmological body rotating around the sunexcept the earth, then the distance (meters) sun is able to move the earth isgiven by:

dSun,Earth = 9 1016

mSunmEarth

= 3 1022m (2.14)

Number of rotations the earth has made around the sun since its birth (4.5billion years) is equal to:

nEarth = 4.5 109 (2.15)

Total distance traveled by the earth so far is given by:

dEarth = 2REarth 4.5 109 = 4.24 1021m (2.16)

These calculations show that the sun has consumed significant part of energy

it can contains in rotating the earth around its orbit during the last 4.5 billionyears.According to this book, it is clear that the earth can travel only 9 1016

meters by using all the energy it contains. This distance is much less thanthe distance already the earth has traveled.

The solar system consists of nine follow planets:

Mercury

Venus


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Figure 2.12: Mass as limited source of energy


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2.7. ENERGY NEEDS OF COSMOLOGICAL BODIES 27

The earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

Now, lets pay attention to Jupiter and see whether sun has enough energyto be able to rotate other planets like Jupiter. The distance sun can moveJupiter by using all the energy it can contains is given by:

dSun,Jupiter = 9 1016

mSunmJupiter

= 9.47 1019 (2.17)

mJupiter: 317.8 times of the earths mass.

Assuming that Jupiter and the earth both came into being 4.5 billion yearsago at the same time, then the number of rotations Jupiter has made aroundthe sun are given as:

nJupiter =4.5 109

11.86= 3.79 108 (2.18)

Assuming that Jupiter is rotating in a circle, the total distance Jupiter hastraveled since it came into existence 4.5 billion years ago is given by:

dJupiter = 2RJupitern = 1.85 1021 (2.19)

whereRJupiter : Orbital radius of Jupiter which is 5.20 AU1 Astronomical Unit (AU): 1.5 1011 metersFrom the calculations, it is obvious that the sun does not contain enoughenergy to rotate Jupiter around it for 4.5 billion years even when it uses allthe energy it can contain. According to this book, Jupiter should not beable to travel more than 91016 meters by using all energy it contains. Thisdistance is much less than the distance Jupiter already has traveled.


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2.7.2 Energy needs of moon

The distance the earth is capable of rotating moon around is given by:

dEarth,Moon = 9 1016

mEarthmMoon

= 7.7 1018 (2.20)

whereMass of the earth mEarth = 6 10

24 kgMass of moon mMoon = 7 10

22 kgAssuming that the moon came into existence 4.5 billion years ago at thesame time as the earth. The number of rotations moon has made around theearth is given as:

nMoon =4.5 109 365

27= 6.0 1010 (2.21)

The total distance traveled by the moon since its existence 4.5 billion yearsis given as:

dMoon = 2RMoonnMoon = 1.5 1020m (2.22)

here,Radius of Moons orbit around the earth RMoon = 4 10

8 mIt is obvious that even when the earth uses all the energy it can contain, it is

not possible for the earth to rotate the moon around its orbit for 4.5 billionyears.


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2.8. ENERGY NEEDS OF ATOM 29

2.8 Energy needs of atom

It is evident from the examples of cosmological bodies that they do not con-tain enough energy to perform their current tasks. Lets investigate whetheror not proton contains enough energy to able to rotate electron around itsorbit. Here, lets assume that the earth which contains this atom itself is notin motion.

Hydrogen is the simplest element consisting of only one proton and oneelectron. It is thought that hydrogen atom was formed 700000 years afterthe Big Bang. The Big Bang is thought to have occurred 15 Billion yearsago. For simplification purpose, the life of the hydrogen atom is assumed

to 15 billion years here. The total distance electron can travel using energycontained in the proton is given as:

dProton,Electron = 9 1016

mProtonmElectron

= 1.68 1020m (2.23)

whereMass of electron mElectron = 9.1 10

31 kgMass of proton mProton = 1.7 10

27 kg

No one ever has been able to directly observe the time an electron spendsin making one rotation around the proton. This work reverse calculatesthe distance, electron would have traveled in last 15 billion years if all ofthe energy proton can contains is used rotating electron. Here, the energyelectron uses to spin around its own axis is ignored. The distance electronhas so far traveled average in one second is given as:

dElectron =dProton,Electron

15 109 365 24 3600= 355.15m/sec (2.24)

The above calculations exclude the energy, proton uses to bind to otherprotons in the matter. A object traveling at 355.15 m/sec can be easilyobserved. Based on the calculated values, it can be claimed that the protonmay not be capable of rotating electron around its orbit for 15 billion years,even when if it uses all the energy it can contain.


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2.9 Flow of gravity in the universe

In the case of cosmological bodies, it is evident that they do not containenough energy to perform the task, they had been performing for a very longtime.

The earth is incapable of rotating moon using all the energy it cancontain.

The sun is incapable of rotating planets around it using all energy itcan contain.

Releasing major part of energy from any object can make it useless. Letssee how cosmological bodies can meet their energy needs.

Moon does not contain enough energy of its own which can enable itto rotate around the earth. The nearest possible channel of energy canbe the planet (the earth) around which it is rotating. In other words,the planet (the earth) channels energy to the moon which enables themoon to keep on traveling in an orbit around the planet (the earth).The other possibility is that moon gets energy from the sun and reflectsit toward different parts of the earth while rotating around the earth.Here, only first possibility is considered.

The planet (the earth) itself is rotating around the star (sun). Theplanet (the earth) itself has not enough energy , which could haveenabled it keep on rotating around the star (sun). At the same time,the planet (the earth) also becomes path of energy flow to the moon.To be able to travel around the star (sun) and rotate moon in orbits,requires the supply of external energy. The star (sun) around whichthe planet (the earth) rotates can be path of the flow of this energy.

Sun (star) is moving in an orbit around another star. Sun (star) needs

energy for its own movement around another star and also for rotatingplanets around itself. The center of galaxy can be the path of flow ofthis energy.

Lets assume galaxies are moving on specific paths. Galaxies needenergy to supply to stars it contain and also for movement of galaxieson specific paths. Galaxies need supply of energy from specific pointin the universe.

From the above observations, it can be concluded that:


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2.9. FLOW OF GRAVITY IN THE UNIVERSE 31

There is a very powerful flow of energy coming from some specific point

in the universe.

The cosmological bodies acts as reflectors of this energy to other smallerbodies. In other words, there exists a huge infrastructure of energysupply to the universe, using cosmological bodies as energy reflec-tors/channels.

It has been observed that:

Cosmological bodies are made of matter. Matter is a container of en-ergy.

From energy point of view, the matter is a consumer of energy and atthe same time matter is a path through which energy passes on its wayto its destination. Matter is like a vehicle which is without fuel. To beable to move or function, it needs fuel from outside.

The universe to be able to function, there is a need a source whichcontain very massive quantity of energy. This source supplies energy tomass. At the time of universe creation, this source was at the maximumlevel of energy. With the passage of time, the energy this source issupplying to the universe is dropping. At a certain point in future, the

universe will be without energy to be able to function.

As energy supply drops, everything in the universe becomes slowerincluding the speed of photons.

Figure 2.13 and Figure 2.14 shows how the cosmological bodies can actas a distributor of photons/gravitons. Figure 2.14 also shows two flow ofgravitons/photons toward moon. First flow is from the earth which moonuses for moving around the earth and the other flow of gravitons/photons isfrom sun, which moon diverts toward the earth. In other words, moon is anenergy reflector from sun toward the earth. Moon gets energy from the earth

for rotating around the earth and while rotating around the earth distributegravitons/photons from sun toward different parts of the earth. Figure 2.15shows how atom acts like an energy hub.


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Figure 2.13: Gravitons/photons distribution to galaxies


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Figure 2.15: Atom as an energy hub


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Spin helps particle capture gravitons on all sides the surface of the

object.

As illustrated in Figure 2.17 the area A receives and stores the gravi-tons/photons when it is directly facing the larger body. With the spinof the object area A, it moves toward opposite side and consumes thegravitons/photons stored. Spin rotation around own axis helps all areasof the object gain gravitons/photons.

The speed of the spin depends upon how fast the received gravitons/photonsare consumed. The objects which consume gravitons/photons veryquickly and do not have larger graviton storage spin quickly. The ob-

jects which consume gravitons slowly and/or do have a good gravitonstorage capacity, spins slowly.

The direction of the spin (clockwise or anti clockwise) need not to beof very significance as rotating in clockwise or anti-clockwise both canhelp meet the gravitons/photons demands of the object. The directionof the spin depends upon the initial conditions when objects started itsspin.

The objects which does not spin around own axis while rotating alonga larger mass, can be described as objects which have a well developed

gravitons/photons distribution system within themselves. Only onesurface of the ob ject receives gravitons/photons and gravitons/photonsget distributed well throughout the inner of the object without need tohave opposite sides directly getting exposed to gravitons/photons fromlarger body.


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2.11. GRAVITY AND PAULIS EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 39

2.11 Gravity and Paulis Exclusion Principle

Paulis Exclusion Principle says that there can be no two electron in the sameorbit with the exactly same state. However, there are some situations wherePaulis Exclusion Principle does not seems to be useful, such as in case:

Assume, there are two smaller object A and B, which are rotatingaround object C.

Object A and B are both made of uniform density matter and consumeonly one type of field particle in equal quantity.

Object C has a supply of type of field particle which both, object Aand object B consume.

In case, C has sufficient supply of field particle which can meet theenergy demand of both A and B, A and B can exist in the same orbitwhile spinning around their own axis in the same direction (clockwiseor anticlockwise).

However, there are cases in which Paulis Exclusion Principle seems useful.The top part of Figure 2.18 illustrates a case, in which the smaller body

(electron) is rotating around a larger body (nucleus).

The electron has two sides A and B with equal surface area ae.

Side A and B of the smaller body has different roles.

Side A and side B requires different types of field particles or the sametype of field particles in different quantity to perform their roles.

The bottom part of Figure 2.18 shows:

Two electrons in an orbit spinning around their own axis in two differentdirections. One electron spins in clockwise direction, while the otherelectron spins in anti-clockwise.

Lift hand side figure shows the case, when side A of both electrons isfacing the same direction, while right hand side shows a situation whenthe side of each electron is in opposite direction to each other.

The important features of such arrangement are:


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Case 1 When both electrons face A is facing the same direction (bottom

left side of the Figure 2.18) while they are spinning around their ownaxis, both electrons are able to capture gravitons using all parts of thesurface A. Maximum area that gets directly get exposed at any instanceduring one spin is equal to 2ae.

Case 2 When both electrons face A is facing opposite directions (bottomright side of the Figure 2.18) while they are spinning around their ownaxis, the maximum total area from both electron that directly getsexposed to the larger mass is equal to ae.

Paulis Exclusion Principle can be useful for electrons only in situations such

as :

In case 2, when the larger mass is able to pass field particles that canmeet field particles requirement of only one electrons at any instance.By coordinating the the angle of spin of surfaces A (for example, twoelectrons place their surface A in complete opposite directions and ro-tates in opposite directions at the same rate), the both electrons areable to meet their field particles requirements.

In case 2, where

- Larger body emits two different types of field particles gY and gZmeeting field particles requirements of area A and area B, respec-tively.

- The gravitons gY and gZ are emitted during the same interval t.

- The supply of field particles gY and gZ is not sufficient enough tomeet all the requirements of 2 electrons during the interval t.

- By coordinating the angle of spin of surfaces A (for example, twoelectrons place their surface A in complete opposite directions andstart rotating in opposite directions at the same rate), the both

electrons are able to meet their energy requirement. The above discussion indicates that there is a limited supply of energy

and objects/particles need to act in a coordinate manner to meet theirenergy needs.


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2.11. GRAVITY AND PAULIS EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 41

Figure 2.18: Spin in opposite direction


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2.12 Experiments to confirm gravity and light

link

It can be easily confirmed with experiment that photon carries gravitons orin other words, gravity is the basic functional block of light.

During the day time, a certain point on the earth gets direct sunlight. Ifthese photons from sun really carry gravitons with them, there shouldbe a higher concentration of gravitons on the surface of the earth duringthe day time. Thus, the earths surface should show higher gravityduring the day time.

During the night time, a certain point on the earth do not get directsunlight. If photons from sun really carry gravitons with them, thereshould be less concentration of gravitons on the surface of the earthduring the night time. Thus, the earths surface should show lowergravity during the night time.

Falling photon or falling object experiment should show different re-sults in day and night time if photons from sun really carry gravitonswith them. In case of falling photon, falling photon can show differ-ent speed and/or frequency during day and night. In case of falling

object, different results can be in the form of different kinetic energythat falling object transfers. Objects might have different falling speedduring day and night time.

Falling photon experiment can be done in open desert where there isvery less chances of interference from external magnetic fields.

Falling photon experiment can be carried out throughout the year tosee impact of weather on gravity.

The sea level rises during the night time. The rise in the level of sea is

contributed to gravity from moon. However, sea level rise can also be duethe earth exerting less gravity on sea water during night time. If aboveexperiment shows different behavior of photon during day and night, it canbe claimed that objects are lighter during the night due to reduction inconcentration of gravitons on the surface of the earth.


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2.13. CONFIRMING THE FLOW OF GRAVITY 43

2.13 Confirming the flow of gravity

According to this book, there is a very well coordinated energy chain in theuniverse:

A source somewhere in the universe, is the main source of gravitons tothe universe.

These gravitons gets disturbed in the universe through a very coordi-nated way.

Photon carries these gravitons and deliver them to objects which need

them as a source of energy.This energy chain can be experimentally confirmed. A mechanical systemshould slow down when it is placed in darkness. Figure 2.19 shows an ex-ample of experiment. Any motor placed in complete darkness should show adifferent behavior compared to the system which is not placed in the dark-ness.

2.14 Overcoming the gravity

It has been observed in the previous sections that: The mass needs supply of energy to be able to function as a mass.

Gravity is a mechanism which helps mass capture energy it needs forits survival.

There is a type of energy bond between objects. For example, we havea energy bond with the earth on which we live.

To overcome earths gravity:

We need to break the energy bond between us and the earth.

After breaking this energy bond, we need to switch ourself to anotherflow of energy to meet our energy needs.

We need huge force to be able to break our energy bond with the earth,. Thepowerful rocket engines are the only feasible way to escape from the earthsgravity.


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Figure 2.19: Mechanical system in complete darkness


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Chapter 3

Primitive building techniques

This chapter explores different ways to build pyramids using primitive build-ing techniques.

3.1 The source of energy available to the rulers

of the Ancient Egypt

It has been observed in Chapter 2, that it is not feasible to overcome gravitywithout using powerful source of energy. Thus, we also need a powerful

source of energy to be able to lift/move heavy stones. In the era of theAncient Egypt, the only sources of energy to lift/move heavy stones were:

Human

Animals

In the preceding sections, it will be investigated how heavy stones can bemoved using primitive engineering techniques which do not require powerfulsource of mechanical engineering.

3.2 Baking bricks on the height

A powerful source of energy is not required if the stones used in buildingpyramids are actually baked bricks. Bricks can be baked at the top level ofthe pyramid in construction as illustrated in Figure 3.1. Building materialfor each brick can be moved to the top level of the pyramid in constructionin multiple trips. It eliminates the need of a powerful source of energy whichis required to move one big heavy baked brick from the ground to the toplevel of the pyramid in construction.

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46 CHAPTER 3. PRIMITIVE BUILDING TECHNIQUES

The top level of the pyramid in construction has at least one brick

baking oven.

The material used in making bricks is moved to the top level of thepyramid from the ground level. Human or a trolley as shown in Figure3.2 can be used to move material used in baking bricks.

The brick baking oven can be moved to the next level when one levelof construction of the pyramid is complete, .

Fuel for the brick baking oven can be also moved in the same way asthe building material is moved from the ground level to the top level

of the pyramid in construction.

The trolley as shown in Figure 3.2 consists of :

A box fixed to the top of the trolley to accommodate building material.

Four wheels to make it easy to move.

Holders to attach the ropes used for pulling the trolley.

One side of the pyramid has a slope.

This slope for moving trolley is extending from the ground to the levelof the pyramid in construction.

The slope is extended one level further when the construction of onelevel is complete.

The slope build on the side of the pyramid is removed when the con-struction of the pyramid is complete.

There are pulleys to pull the trolley to the level of the pyramid that is underconstruction. Construction workers who stand on the level of the pyramidthat is under construction, can pull the ropes attached to the trolley.

In case no trolley is used, stairs can be used by construction workers tomove the construction material from the ground level to the top level. In casestairs are used for moving material, there is no need for construction workersto climb from the ground level to the top level carrying the constructionmaterial. A construction worker can stand on every step of the stair. Hegets the bucket with the construction material from the worker on one stepbelow and pass the bucket to the worker on one step above.


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3.2. BAKING BRICKS ON THE HEIGHT 47

Figure 3.1: Baking at the top of the pyramid


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Figure 3.2: Trolley used for moving heavy material


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Cement is a commonly used as solidification agent. Figure 3.3 compares

two processes of making bricks:

Making bricks by using cement as a solidification agent.

Making bricks by baking clay.

There are four basic steps which are common on both of the above twoprocesses.

Mix the raw material

Heat the mixed raw material

Add water

Place the material in a molding case

The only difference among the above two processes is the order of the stepsperformed in the process of baking bricks. The structure of the pyramid maygive some clues to help us distinguish the type of building blocks used. Therecan be two types of building blocks:

Bricks made of natural rocks.

Bricks made from baked clay.

It is thought the pyramids are observatories which were later used as tombs.There is no evidence that the rulers of the Ancient Egypt have follow twocore technologies to be able to build a advance functional observatory:

The technology to produce telescopes.

The technology to measure the distance to the stars.

Under the absence of above two technologies, the best way to reduce the

distance to the sky (space) is to build a tall building and go to the top of thisbuilding to observe the sky (space). The distance to stars from the earthis almost same when we observe sky (space) from the ground or when weobserve sky (space) from the top of a tall building.

In the absence of big and strong steel rods, there is need to arrange bricksin the form of a tall building. Figure 3.4 illustrates a tall building whose toplevel can be used for observing sky (space).

The building has a strong foundation so that the structure does notcollapse under its own weight.


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The side walls are made of bricks.

The building has many levels and one can move from one level to an-other level using stairs. There is some flat space on each level so thatthe ruler could rest on their way to the top of the tall building.

The roof of each level is also made of some solid material. The roofmay need to be supported by pillars.

The bricks used in building roofs need to be of large size, so that thereis enough space on each level.

Below are the core requirements that need to be satisfied by the bricks ifwe want to construct a tall building.

A large number of blocks/bricks are required to build the side walls ofthe tall building.

Each blocks/bricks should be of precise size so that we could have astable structure of the building.

Each block/bricks need to be strong.

The block/brick used in building roof need to be of large size.

Furthermore, such tall building need to satisfy follow requirements.

There is a need of strong cement which could be used to join blocks/bricksto build side walls.

The building need to have a strong foundation.

The rulers of the Ancient Egypt did not have some core technologies, themodern society is using to build tall buildings.

In case, the Ancient Egypt has good metallurgy know-how, the rulers

of the Ancient Egypt could erect a tall steel structure and attach walls,floors and stairs to this tall steel structure.

The rulers could have also lifts to move them to higher levels withoutusing stairs if they have a powerful mechanical source, such as a pow-erful electric motor. It could also help old age royals to move to thetop level of the observatory without using stairs.


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Figure 3.3: Process of making bricks


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Figure 3.4: Construction of a tall building for use as an observatory


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Bricks made of natural rocks are strong but it is not easy to build a tall

building with them as:

It is difficult to collect large number of natural rocks.

It is not easy to cut the natural rocks in the exact same size.

It is not easy to collect rocks of large size.

We do not face the above identified issues when we use bricks made frombaked clay. However, the bricks made of baked clay are not very strong. Thisissue can be resolved by building a pyramid style tall building as illustratedin Figure 3.5:

The outer walls of the pyramid are made of baked clay bricks. Thebaked clay bricks are not very strong.

The outer wall enclose small sized natural rocks. The natural rocks arevery strong and able to sustain heavy weights.

Each level of the pyramid is smaller in size compared to the next lowerlevel of the pyramid. Each external wall rests on natural rocks andbaked clay bricks forming the external wall of the lower level. It al-lows weight from the top divide into pressure on baked clay bricks and

pressure on the natural rocks.

Figure 3.5 illustrates the cross section of the pyramid.

On the top of the pyramid is a hall used by the rulers of the AncientEgypt to observe the sky. The open hall is expected to be without aglass roof as the Ancient Egypt did not have the technology to buildstrong large sizes glass sheets which could be used as the roof.

A passage runs along the external walls of the pyramid.

The external walls, the roof and the ceiling of the passage are made oflarge flat pieces of some construction material. These large flat piecesof material are made of some light material such as wood.

The passage leading to the open hall on the top of the pyramid doesnot exist any more. It is expected that when the role of the pyramidsfinished, the light material which formed the passage leading to the topof the pyramid was replaced by the baked clay bricks. The baked claybricks were made on spot, where the passage was used to move thebuilding material.


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Figure 3.7 illustrates the top view of the pyramid for the purpose of showing

how a person can move from one level to another. Stairs or slopes betweenlevels can be used to move from one level to another. It is convenient to useslopes when pushing trolleys with heavy building materials. The pyramidcan have both stairs and slopes.

Figure 3.5: Cross section of the pyramid 1


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Figure 3.7: Internal structure of the pyramid


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3.3. ASSEMBLING BRICKS AT A HEIGHT 57

3.3 Assembling bricks at a height

A powerful source of energy is required to move heavy bricks from the groundto a height. However, a powerful source of energy is not needed when:

Small pieces which can be joined together to form a large size brick,are made on the ground level

These small pieces are moved to a height.

These small pieces are assembled into a large size brick at the top levelof the pyramid in construction.

Figure 3.8 illustrates one such example. A large size brick is assembled byusing two types of smaller bricks.

Brick of type A has a long slot. Several bricks of type A are placed ontop of one another.

Brick of type B is without a slot. Brick of type B fits the slot of thebrick of type A.

In case of baked bricks, large number of bricks with precise dimensions canbe baked. By frictionally engaging bricks of type B with bricks of of type A,large size bricks can be assembled on the spot. Figure 3.9 illustrates another

example of a large size brick, which is made of smaller parts. The large sizedbrick is assembled using:

A hollow box shaped brick with a bottom and an open top side.

A flat brick which is used to cover the hollow box.

Slabs (thin bricks) which fit into the hollow box.

Pebbles to fill in the empty space after the hollow box is filled with theslabs (thin bricks).

Figure 3.10 illustrates another type of large size brick, which is assembled on

the spot.

On ground level, very solid shaped bricks (slabs) are baked.

These solid slab shaped bricks are moved to the top level of the pyramidunder construction.

At the top level of the pyramid, the slabs are joined with clay and bakedagain. This method helps strong bricks get baked quickly as there isno need to have all the material baked.


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Figure 3.8: Assembling larger brick with small pieces 1


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3.3. ASSEMBLING BRICKS AT A HEIGHT 59



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This three dimensional space is filled with water to raise the position

of the boat on which the heavy brick is placed.

Once the heavy brick is moved to the new position, the water proofwalls are removed.

This method can be a smart way of saving water in the desert, as water is aprecious resource in the desert.

Figure 3.11: Using boats to lift heavy bricks


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3.4. USING WATER TO LIFT HEAVY BRICKS 63

Figure 3.12: Using valley to store water to lift heavy bricks


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Figure 3.13: Using sand hills to store water to lift heavy bricks


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3.4. USING WATER TO LIFT HEAVY BRICKS 65

Figure 3.14: Side view of a sand hill used to build pyramids


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Figure 3.15: Using small water tank to raise heavy bricks


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3.5. USING ANIMALS TO MOVE HEAVY BRICKS 67

3.5 Using animals to move heavy bricks

Gravity can be used to position heavy bricks to a desired level. Figure 3.16illustrates how gravity can be used to move heavy bricks to the desired level.

The construction site of the pyramid is near a cliff. The cliff can benatural or man made. The cliff has a paved path to move heavy bricksto the edge of the cliff.

The heavy bricks are dropped on the sand from the edge of the cliff.The sand on which the heavy bricks fall, acts like a cushion.

Once one level of pyramid is completed, the level of the sand is raised. Once the construction of the pyramid is complete, the cliff and the sand

is removed from the vicinity of the constructed pyramid.

Figure 3.17 illustrates another way of moving heavy bricks.

A paved path which is not very steep is used to move the heavy bricks.

Animals pull the carts which contains the heavy bricks and other heavyconstruction material.

The heavy bricks are off loaded from the carts at the top end of thepaved path.

Another paved path is used to lower down the heavy bricks by usinggravity.

Sand at the bottom of the steep slope acts like a cushion.

Once one level of pyramid is completed, the level of the sand is raised.

Once the construction of the pyramid is complete, the paved path andthe sand is removed from the vicinity of the constructed pyramid.

Figure 3.18 illustrates how animals can be used to move heavy bricks to thedesired position. Animals at the ground level pull the ropes which pull thetrolley upward along the slope built on the side of the pyramid.

Figure 3.16, Figure 3.18 and Figure 3.17 illustrate that animals and/orgravity can be effectively used to move heavy bricks to the desired level.


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Figure 3.16: Using gravity to move heavy bricks to the desired level


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3.5. USING ANIMALS TO MOVE HEAVY BRICKS 69

Figure 3.17: Using animals to move heavy bricks


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Figure 3.18: Using animals to move heavy bricks


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3.6. USING HOT AIR BALLOONS 71

3.6 Using hot air balloons

Heavy bricks can be lifted to desired heights by using hot balloons. Buildinghot balloons need follow technologies.

Large size strong cloth

Source of heat

Rope

The Ancient Egypt has the ability to manufacture large size strong cloths asthey had the ability to build sailing boats. The Ancient Egypt also had astrong source of heat as they purified gold and made gold jewelry.

Figure 3.19 illustrates how hot balloons can be used to lift heavy bricks.Ropes are attached to the hot air balloon to control the position and heightof the hot balloon.

3.7 Using wood

Wood swells when it absorbs water. This characteristics of the wood can beused to raise the position of a heavy brick. Figure 3.20 illustrates a method

of raising the position of a heavy brick using dry wood and water. Drippingwater on the dry wood makes the wood swollen, which raises the heavy brickas shown in stage 1 and stage 2. At stage 3, swollen wood is replaced withanother dry piece of wood which absorbs water. The process can be repeateduntil the heavy brick has attained the desired height.


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Figure 3.19: Using balloons to move heavy bricks


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3.7. USING WOOD 73

Figure 3.20: Using dry wood to raise a heavy bricks


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Chapter 4

Summary

This book investigates different primitive methods that can be used to buildlarge pyramids without using any modern technology. This book concludesthat:

Pyramid can be built without requiring powerful source of mechanicalenergy. So there existed no nuclear engineering or arrival of aliens fromouter space to help build the pyramid in the era of the Ancient Egypt.

The inner of the pyramid is simply rubbles.

The structure of the pyramid indicates the possibility that the the bigstones used in building the pyramids are actually baked bricks.

The architect of the pyramid was most probably very considerate to-ward the workers welfare. The architect preferred using different en-gineering methods rather than using labor for lifting the heavy stonesto certain heights.

Modifications were made to the pyramids after their role as observato-ries finished.

19892761 Building Pyramids Using Primitive Technology

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