R e p o r t on a New H o r i z o n s Research P r o j e c t .

MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS OF PREHISTORIC STONE CIRCLES IN BRITAIN, 1986.

by

A. J e n s i n e Andresen and Mark Bonchek o f

P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y .

C o p y r i g h t : A. J e n s i n e Andresen, Mark Bonchek and the New H o r i z o n s Research F o u n d a t i o n .

November 1986.

CONTENTS.

Introductory Note.

Magnetic Surveying

Project Report on Geomantic Resea England, June 16 - July 22, 1986.

Selected Notes.

Bibliography.

1. Introductory Note.

This report deals with a piece of research f a l l i n g within the group of enquiries comprised under the term "geomancy". which has come into use during the past twenty years or so to connote what could perhaps be called the as yet somewhat speculative study of various presumed subtle or occult properties of t e r r e s t r i a l landscapes and the earth beneath them. In e a r l i e r times the word "geomancy" was used rather d i f f e r e n t l y i n r e l a t i o n to divination or prophecy carried out by means of some aspect of the earth, but nowadays i t refers to the study of what might be loosely called "earth mysteries". These include the ancient Chinese lore and p r a c t i c a l a r t of Fengshui --the correct placing of buildings with respect to the l o c a l conformation of h i l l s and dales, the orientation of medieval churches, the setting of buildings and monuments along straight l i n e s ( i . e . the so-called ley l i n e s or l e y s ) . These topics a l l aroused inte r e s t i n the early decades of the present century. Similarly,since about 1900 interest i n megalithic monuments throughout western Europe has st e a d i l y increased. This can be traced to a v a r i e t y of causes, which include increased study and popularisation of anthropology, f o l k l o r e and primitive r e l i g i o n (e.g. Robert Graves' "White Goddess"), also the archaeological recognition of the strange temples and monuments i n Malta, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands. Within the l a s t two decades the use of the bristlecone pine of C a l i f o r n i a to revise radio-carbon dating has shown that the megaliths of the western seaboard of Europe are older by f a r than the Pyramids; consequently the megaliths have become a l l the more mysterious and enigmatic.

The researches of S i r Norman Lockyer, Gerald Hsipkins and Alexander Thorn have been of a r a t i o n a l and unmystical nature, because they have emphasised astronomical aspects of some of the megalithic ensembles. But t h e i r work has, of course, only served to heighten inte r e s t i n these monuments, and given encouragement to what are a c t u a l l y unrelated l i n e s of thought. Among these l a t t e r i s the notion, popular i n recent years, that the various great stone c i r c l e s etc. were set up at places that were i d e n t i f i e d as "centres of power". This idea i s by no means unreasonable per se and i s worth pursuing. The astronomical theory i s by no means completely, validated as yet. In addition,

explanations f o r the s i t i n g of the stone c i r c l e s and alignments do not necessarily have to he mutually exclusive. These c i r c l e s may have served many purposes and have been places of meeting f o r r e l i g i o u s worship, p o l i t i c a l "moots" and even the holding of markets. We ask therfore just what "powers" or influences men, p r i o r even to the Bronze Age, might have been able to sense or i n t u i t at these s i t e s . Some writers have mentioned a " t e l l u r i c force" but have been unable to suggest how i t was sensed or mapped other than by some method now l o s t , or by some kind of i n t u i t i o n perhaps akin to the powers of the psychic sensitives of our own day. (Such people, though perhaps rare, c e r t a i n l y do exist and have a b i l i t i e s not yet f i t t e d i n to the ph y s i c i s t ' s world p i c t u r e ) .

Other writers suggest that the ancients recognized the places suitable f o r erection of megaliths as temples, observatories, markets or parliaments by a s e n s i b i l i t y equivalent to that of the modern "dowser". Dowsers are also c a l l e d "well-witchers" or "water-diviners", because i t i s the fac u l t y of detecting underground water that men of t h i s i l k most frequently exhibit; i t i s this a b i l i t y that i s used i n a r i d terrains a l l over the world. Some dowsers however can detect other subterranean deposits such as o i l or valuable metallic ores. Some dowsers use a divin i n g rod (often a forked hazel twig) or an angle iron or pendulum to re g i s t e r t h e i r unconscious reaction to the nearness of the deposit, water, o i l or metal, that i s being sought. Others need no such aid, and go by a consciously experienced f e e l i n g . In recent years many dowsers have surveyed megalithic s i t e s and believe themselves to have detected "forces" akin to those they experience when dowsing for deposits, and have consequently endorsed the proposition that these locations are, i n some sense, "centres of power".

I t i s f a i r to say, and most dowsers w i l l concur, that they agree to d i f f e r amongst themselves as to the precise f i e l d or influence that they detect. Some dowsers regard t h e i r a b i l i t y as e s s e n t i a l l y the same as that of the "psychic" sensitive -- the telepathic or clairvoyant person. Such was the view of one of the greatest of modern dowsers, John G. Shelley, J r. of Maine, f o r many years President of the American Society of Dowsers. Others ascribe i t to a special force of t o t a l l y unknown nature. But there i s also a group of dowsers who claim to be able to detect magnetic f i e l d s , and theories of dowsing have been based on t h i s by some investigators, notably Yves Rocard, Professor

of Physics at the Ecole Normale i n Paris, and Dr.Zaboj V. Harvalik, a former Professor of Phusics i n the University of Arkansas. Correspondingly i t has been conjectured, not only by dowsers, but by other students of geomancy, that the megalith builders selected t h e i r s i t e s on account of l o c a l peculiarities of the earth's magentic f i e l d , which they had some means of detecting. I f so the method of sensing remains obscure. I t was known to the ancient Greeks as early as the seventh century, B.C. that the mineral l a t e r c a l l e d "lodestone" (magnetite, an oxide of iron) could a t t r a c t iron and other pieces of lodestone, but there i s no suggestion i n ancient l i t e r a t u r e that the lodestone i f f r e e l y suspended could orient i t s e l f with respect to the earth p r i o r to Shen Kua (1030- Q3 ) i a Chinese mathematician and instrument maker. Si m i l a r l y nothing remotely resembling a compascor instrument for exploring t e r r e s t r i a l magnetism has been found on or near any ancient s i t e . (There i s , admittedly, something of a mystery concerning the orientation of some early churches, but t h i s relates to a period f a r l a t e r than the megaliths).

None-the-less the speculation that the megalithic s i t e s are characterized by magnetic anomalies constitutes a well-formula ted hypothesis testable with modern equipment, and was therefore made the subject of an expedition to B r i t a i n i n June and July 1986, to measure the earth's magnetic f i e l d at a number of stone c i r c l e s . In addition, as subsidiary objectives, the authors acquired information concerning the "Glastonbury Zodiac" and also current research on l e y l i n e s , which are reported separately.

(A.R.G.O. New Horizons).

2 . MAGNETIC SURVEYING

Magnetic surveying i n v e s t i g a t e s subsurface geology on the basis of anomalies i n the Earth's magnetic f i e l d . These anomalies r e s u l t because c e r t a i n rock types contain s u f f i c i e n t magnetic minerals to produce magnetic anomalies. Magnetic surveying may be used on a small s c a l e to detect buried m e t a l l i c objects or on a large s c a l e to i n v e s t i g a t e r e g i o n a l g e o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e .

A magnetometer i s an instrument that measures magnetic f i e l d strength. Modern magnetometers are based on nuclear resonance. These instruments measure the resonant frequency of protons of the n a t u r a l frequenceis of cesium or rubidium atoms. This frequency gives an i n d i c a t i o n of the strength of the surrounding magnetic f i e l d .

A ground magnetic survey i s used to detect magnetic anomalies. Such surveying i s u s u a l l y performed over a small area around a defined target ( t o r , h i l l f o r t , stone c i r c l e , or Zodiac e f f i g y ) . Readings from the magetometer are taken at spacings of between 10 and 100 meters.

Magnetic surveying may increase our understanding of geomancy and psychic phenomena for two reasons. F i r s t , magnetic anomalies may be r e l a t e d to extra­sensory information t r a n s f e r . Second, the generation of magnetic energy may have been an important f u n c t i o n of the ancient geomantic network.

A researcher at the Stanford Research I n s t i t u t e r e c e n t l y demonstrated that anomalous information t r a n s f e r i s r e l a t e d to the s t a t e of the Earth's magnetic f i e l d . Experiments i n remote viewing y i e l d e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater p o s i t i v e outcomes when the geomagnetic f i e l d was r e l a t i v e l y weak. I t i s p o s s i b l e that the existence of magnetic anomalies around geomantic s i t e s may suggest that one of t h e i r functions may have been r e l a t e d to anomalous information t r a n s f e r .

Secondly, magnetic surveying may increase our understanding of the energy generated i n the geomantic network. The Earth i s surrounded by i t s "magnetosphere," a comet-shaped region f i l l e d w i t h plasma and r a d i a t i o n . The magnetosphere contains many regions that are connected through mechanisms of energy, momentum, mass and waves. Int e r p l a n e t a r y shock waves and changes i n the i n t e r p l a n e t a r y magnetic f i e l d can cause d r a s t i c changes i n the energy of the magnetosphere. Ancient man might have used h i s mind to i n t e r a c t with the magnetic p r o p e r t i e s of geomantic s i t e s i n order to send shock waves through the magnetosphere, perhaps changing i t s p a r t i c l e s t r u c t u r e and thus generating energy f o r use on earth. Using magnetic surveying to determine whether geomantic s i t e s do possess unusual magnetic features, we w i l l take the f i r s t step toward proving or d i s p r o v i n g t h i s hypothesis.

3. P r o j e c t Report on Geomantic Research i n England June 16 - J u l y 22, /Cj&6

Submitted t o : Mr. Donald C. Webster Submitted by: J e n s i n e Andresen and Mark Bonchek Date: September 15, 1986

MAJOR ACTIVITIES:

Magnetic Surveys

V i s i t t o Mr. C h a r l e s Brooker

L i t e r a t u r e Search

MAGNETIC SURVEYS:

A f t e r o b t a i n i n g permission from the H i s t o r i c B u i l d i n g s and Monuments Commission (the Department of Environment) to conduct magnetic surveys of the a n c i e n t stone c i r c l e s , we proceeded t o Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y where we p i c k e d up a proton p r e c e s s i o n magnetometer from Dr. C a r r o l l W i l l i a m s of the Department of E a r t h Sciences. Our i t i n e r a r y of survey s i t e s i n c l u d e d the f o l l o w i n g : (see map^

* Note: We have not i n c l u d e d data from these surveys because e f a u l t y e l e c t r i c a l c onnection between the magnetic d e c t e c t o r and the r e c o r d i n g d e v i c e c a s t s doubt upon the accuracy of the r e a d i n g s from those surveys. The magnetometer was r e p a i r e d by Dr. John Shaw at the U n i v e r s i t y of C a r d i f f b e f o r e our survey of Arbor Low .7

For each survey, we c o n s t r u c t e d a g r i d f o r the area to be surveyed by p l a c i n g two one-hundred f o o t tape measures p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o one another and tangent t o the c i r c l e . The l o c a t i o n of each magnetometer r e a d i n g i n the c i r c l e was then designated a c c o r d i n g to i t s C a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e s . We a l s o used s t r i n g , marked at one f o o t i n t e r v a l s and p l a c e d p a r a l l e l t o one tape measure and moved p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o the other, t o i n c r e a s e the accuracy of our g r i d .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

R o l l r i g h t s Avebury * Stanton Drew * Merry Maidens * Men-an-tol * Arbor Low

Taklcs fJ,f.X,/.l.

C a s t l e r i g g Swinside Long Meg

T^lcs Li> 2.2.

Outline map of the British Isles, indicating the distribution of stone circles, the concentration* of dolmens oc chambered mounds and cairns, and naminf some of ibc most important kites of various types.

y/. Areas with stone circles

Areas with chambered mounds and dolmens

rvvravft Areas where both occur ItVyVral

Callanish

ent Stone rcles

Arrows,

hbr idge

kley Moor Circles

Recu mbent Stone Circles

Magnetometer readings were taken at i n t e r v a l s v a r y i n g between one and f i v e f e e t , depending upon the s i z e of the stone c i r c l e and the s c a l e of the survey. For the l a r g e c i r c l e s , we conducted a d e t a i l e d survey of a p o r t i o n of the c i r c l e r a t h e r than a c o a r s e r survey of the e n t i r e c i r c l e . For each reading, the person c a r r y i n g the magnetometer would depress the button on the device and c a l l out the d i s p l a y e d r e a d i n g f o r the other person to re c o r d . To prevent magnetic i n t e r f e r e n c e , no one other than the operator was allowed w i t h i n f i f t e e n f e e t of the magnetometer and a l l metal was removed from the area.

The proton p r e c e s s i o n magnetometer used i n t h i s survey measures a b s o l u t e l e v e l s i n the e a r t h ' s t o t a l magnetic f i e l d at a s p e c i f i c p o i n t . T h i s i s i n c o n t r a s t t o other d e v i c e s t h a t r e c o r d changes i n the e a r t h ' s magnetic f i e l d between two p o i n t s . The sen s i n g device of a proton p r e c e s s i o n magnetometer i s a c a n i s t e r c o n t a i n i n g approximately .5 l i t e r of kerosene surrounded by a metal c o i l . When a button i s depressed by the operator, a c u r r e n t passes through the c o i l , c r e a t i n g a powerful magnetic c u r r e n t i n a d i r e c t i o n d i f f e r e n t - f * o % v

than t h a t of the e a r t h ' s magnetic f i e l d . T h i s new f o r c e r e ­a l i g n s the hydrogen atoms i n the kerosene i n the new d i r e c t i o n . When the c u r r e n t i s switched o f f , the atoms r e t u r n t o t h e i r p r e v i o u s d i r e c t i o n by s p i r a l l i n g , or pr e c e s s i n g , around t h e i r d i r e c t i o n . The frequency of t h i s p r e c e s s i o n , measured by the frequency of the c u r r e n t generated i n the c o i l , g i v e s an accurate measurement of the s t r e n g t h of the t o t a l magnetic f i e l d at the l o c a t i o n occupied by the c a n i s t e r .

The magnetic surveys were not intended t o prove or d i s p r o v e a s p e c i f i c h y p othesis. Rather, they were intended t o e v a l u a t e the t h e o r i e s and experiments of other r e s e a r c h e r s . C h a r l e s F. Brooker, a r e t i r e d r a d i o engineer, has conducted two magnetic surveys (1979 and 1986) of the R o l l r i g h t Stones u s i n g a proton p r e c e s s i o n magnetometer t h a t i s p u l l e d on a winch-driven s l e d a c r o s s the diameter of the c i r c l e . Mr. Brooker c l a i m s t o have found s p i r a l bands of a l t e r n a t i n g magnetic highs and lows i n the R o l l r i g h t c i r c l e . A dowser working with Mr. Brooker sensed bands t h a t corresponded with magnetic lows de t e c t e d by the magnetometer. Related r e s e a r c h i n c l u d e s the Dragon P r o j e c t , organized by a group of s c i e n t i s t s and e a r t h - m y s t e r i e s e n t h u s i a s t s . T h e i r primary i n t e r e s t s are i n r a d i a t i o n and u l t r a - s o u n d anomolies, but they c l a i m t o have detected some unusual magnetic anomolies u s i n g a s m a l l magnetometer and a probe i n s e r t e d i n t o holes i n the stones.

VISIT TO MR. CHARLES BROOKER:

Char l e s F. Brooker, the r e t i r e d r a d i o engineer from BBC, i s a remarkable s c i e n t i s t who has l i v e d h i s l i f e o u t s i d e of academics but who has i n t e g r a t e d an a s t o u n d i n g l y wide range of s u b j e c t s i n t o a coherent and c o n s i s t e n t theory of magnetics and p e r c e p t i o n . We w i l l d i s c u s s Brooker's magnetic theory b r i e f l y , and we have i n c l u d e d a copy of h i s manuscript d e s c r i b i n g t h i s and h i s other o b s e r v a t i o n s and experiments on p e r c e p t i o n .

I t began when Mr. Brooker attempted t o n e u t r a l i z e (deGauss) the geomagnetic f i e l d with s e t s of c o i l s . He found, however, t h a t h i s s u b j e c t s , human dowsers, were s t i l l a b l e t o d i s t i n g u i s h magnetic anomalies t h a t should have been removed by h i s deGaussing attempts. He c o n s t r u c t e d a p i e c e of apparatus to t e s t h i s hypothesis t h a t the geomagnetic f i e l d i s s t a t i o n a r y i n space. In other words, although the e a r t h moves, i t s magnetic l i n e s of f o r c e do not move with i t . T h i s i d e a completely r e j e c t s c o n v e n t i o n a l theory t h a t the geomagnetic l i n e s of f o r c e move with the e a r t h as i t r o t a t e s . Brooker's apparatus i s an e a r t h i n d u c t o r with a commutator at each end of a h a l f loop. T h i s enables him to separate the v o l t a g e s generated from conductors moving with and a g a i n s t the e a r t h ' s r o t a t i o n . We examined Brooker's apparatus and saw i t operate dur i n g our v i s i t t o h i s home. Although s c e p t i c a l at f i r s t , we are now convinced that h i s hypothesis i s c o r r e c t .

Brooker seems to be encountering the same oppostion that Michael Faraday encountered when he, over one hundred years ago, suggested the same t h i n g Brooker b e l i e v e s . Brooker found r e c o r d s of s i m i l a r experiments t h a t Faraday had conducted, l e a d i n g him to the same c o n c l u s i o n . However, Faraday's i d e a was r e j e c t e d by the c o n v e n t i o n a l academic community, j u s t as Brooker's experiments have been. Brooker i s having no luck whatsoever i n g e t t i n g h i s manuscript p u b l i s h e d . Pa r t of t h i s r e s u l t s , we b e l i e v e , from i t s format, which i s a b i t too p e r s o n a l . However, the manuscript c o u l d e a s i l y be e d i t e d or r e w r i t t e n i n a more s c h o l a r l y tone f o r p u b l i c a t i o n . I t s t i l l remains t o f i n d a p u b l i s h e r who i s not a f r a i d t o p u b l i s h a c o n t r o v e r s i a l theory.

Brooker may be making some headway, however, i n the academic community. He has convinced some p r o f e s s o r s t h a t he i s c o r r e c t . Dr. C.W. Smith, Department of E l e c t r o n i c & E l e c t r i c a l Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of S a l f o r d , i s very s u p p o r t i v e of Mr. Brooker. In a d d i t i o n , Edinburgh U n i v e r s i t y has agreed at l e a s t t o look at h i s apparatus i f he can c o n s t r u c t a smaller, more p o r t a b l e v e r s i o n t h a t he can t r a n s p o r t t o Scotland. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h a t may be very d i f f i c u l t f o r Mr. Brooker, who i s an e l d e r l y pensioner without any other source of funding.

Mi

m

APPENDIX jfi - Magnetometer Surveys

^ We have i n c l u d e d two c o p i e s of the raw data from each survey. The top sheet f o r each s i t e i n c l u d e s our v e r s i o n of the l i k e l y contours. As you w i l l n o t i c e , the v a r i a t i o n s are u s u a l l y q u i t e s m a l l . We d i d not f i n d any s p i r a l formation of

"* a l t e r n a t i n g high and low bands at any of the s i t e s .

We have i n c l u d e d the second sheet f o r each s i t e without mi contours. T h i s w i l l enable you t o look at the data

y o u r s e l v e s and f a s h i o n your own contours.

The numbers at the bottom of each column ( i . e . +1, -2) i n d i c a t e the c o r r e c t i o n we used f o r each number i n that , column. For i n s t a n c e , the 0 column on the R o l l r i g h t survey(3tf»w2' has a +16 at the bottom. T h i s means th a t we added 16 nano

'0 T e s l a to each r e a d i n g taken from the magnetometer on that t r a v e r s e . T h i s was done to r e f l e c t the d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n i n the base s t a t i o n reading. At the time t h a t t r a v e r s e was

HI1 taken, the base s t a t i o n had changed by 16 nT from i t s o r i g i n a l value.

J Rectangles around v a r i o u s e n t r i e s i n d i c a t e the p o s i t i o n s of stones i n the c i r c l e s . The column heading shows the i n t e r v a l s t h a t we used when forming our g r i d . For example, from r i g h t to l e f t along the column headings on the

ml R o l l r i g h t s survey one reads the e n t r i e s "0, 2, 4, ... T h i s shows t h a t a two-foot g r i d was used i n the h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n . Likewise, the row headings i n d i c a t e the i n t e r v a l

i l l s p a c i n g used i n the v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . The R o l l r i g h t survey reads "52, 50, 48, ..." along the row headings shown i n the column f a r t h e s t t o the l e f t . Therefore, a two-foot square g r i d was used on t h i s survey.

m

mi

At the top of each survey, i n f o r m a t i o n i s given on the date of the survey and the o r i e n t a t i o n of the readings. In a d d i t i o n , each survey i n s t r u c t s one to add the f i x e d reading of x thousand nT to each reading. We d i d not r e c o r d each r e a d i n g t o f i v e p l a c e s because i t makes r e l a t i v e comparisons more d i f f i c u l t .

Contours are not given f o r the C a s t l e r i g g I survey because the r e a d i n g s were extremely i n c o n s i s t e n t . We have i n c l u d e d the raw data. We r e v i s i t e d C a s t l e r i g g at a l a t e r date to repeat some readings because we had obtained such i n c o n s i s t e n t r e a dings on our f i r s t v i s i t . The data f o r C a s t l e r i g g II i s presented i n a d i f f e r e n t format from the data f o r other surveys. The column headings "W, Middle, E" i n d i c a t e the r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n s of t h r e e t r a v e r s e s across the e n t i r e c i r c l e . The W, M, and E t r a v e r s e s were one f o o t apart i n the h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n , and we took readings at one-foot i n t e r v a l s i n the v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . You w i l l see from the

data an i n t e r e s t i n g p a t t e r n of dec r e a s i n g magnetic i n t e n s i t y when moving from west t o east i n the ranges of 2 to 8 f e e t , 29 t o 33, and 56 to 63. However, t h i s does not appear to be p a r t of a c o n s i s t e n t c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e of s p i r a l p a t t e r n of i n t e n s i t y .

The r e s u l t s from Long Meg show v a r i a t i o n s i n magnetic i n t e n s i t y as one moves c l o s e r t o d i f f e r e n t stones from d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s .

F i n a l l y , the l a s t sheet on magnetometer/dowser c o r r e l a t i o n s shows the r e s u l t s of th r e e experiments t o t e s t whether human beings c o u l d d e t e c t magnetic v a r i a t i o n s . The marks next t o some re a d i n g s i n d i c a t e where I was along the tape when I f e l t some change i n the palm of my hand. In each of the three cases, we surveyed the t r a v e r s e with the magnetometer a f t e r we had recorded my responses.

The R o l l r i g h t C i r c l e

Because of Mr. Brooker's s p e c i f i c f i n d i n g s at the R o l l r i g h t C i r c l e , we surveyed the c i r c l e twice. In the f i r s t survey, we c o n s t r u c t e d a very dense g r i d . We took readings at two-f o o t i n t e r v a l s t o complete a two-foot square g r i d of the northwest quadrant of the c i r c l e , which i s on the opposite s i d e of the c i r c l e from a l a r g e i r o n fence. Although there were s m a l l v a r i a t i o n s of +5-10 n a n o - t e s l a <nT) between readings, these v a r i a t i o n s d i d not e x h i b i t any p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n nor d i d they form c o n s i s t e n t bands. Appendix ft p r e s e n t s the r e s u l t s of the R o l l r i g h t I and other surveys. ( R e s u l t s f o r a l l surveys include,(l) the g r i d of a c t u a l measurements, c o r r e c t e d f o r d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n s ^ ) p o s s i b l e contour i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of the data p o i n t s , and^3) graphs of s e l e c t e d r a d i a l t r a v e r s e s . ) The graphs of r a d i a l t r a v e r s e s may be examined to determine whether th e r e e x i s t s a c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n of high-low v a r i a t i o n s i n the readings. The graphs from the R o l l r i g h t t r a v e r s e s show that, although two r a d i a l t r a v e r s e s may show roughly s i m i l a r p a t t e r n s , the p a t t e r n does not h o l d when the e n t i r e group of r a d i a l graphs are examined together.

We r e t u r n e d to the R o l l r i g h t s l a t e r i n our t r i p t o determine whether we might o b t a i n d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s using a d i f f e r e n t methodology at a d i f f e r e n t time. For the R o l l r i g h t II survey, we took readings at one-foot i n t e r v a l s along f o u r diameters of the major compass bearings (W-E, S-N, NW-SE, SW-NE). T h i s methodology was v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t used by Mr. Brooker. However, our r e s u l t s d i d not c o n f i r m h i s f i n d i n g s . Instead, we found t h a t the l a r g e i r o n fence running tangent to the c i r c l e c r e a t e s a l a r g e magnetic g r a d i e n t , thus i n t r o d u c i n g a s t r o n g b i a s i n the measurements. We had not d e t e c t e d t h i s b i a s i n our f i r s t survey because our r e a d i n g s had been taken on the other s i d e of the c i r c l e .

A f t e r completing the second survey, we v i s i t e d Mr. Brooker at h i s home and l a b o r a t o r y i n Sussex. A b r i e f examination of the output from h i s r e c o r d i n g c h a r t magnetometer d i d appear t o e x h i b i t some s o r t of a p a t t e r n of c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s . There may have been a b i a s i n h i s experiment r e s u l t i n g from the manner i n which the winch and s l e d apparatus moved across the ground. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , Mr. Brooker's experiment may have been accurate, and t h e r e may be a s p i r a l magnetic p a t t e r n at the c i r c l e . In t h i s case, the d i s c r e p a n c y with our f i n d i n g s c o u l d be a f u n c t i o n of time. The s p i r a l p a t t e r n may only be d e t e c t a b l e at c e r t a i n times, such as d u r i n g a p a r t i c u l a r stage i n the l u n a r c y c l e or at c e r t a i n times d u r i n g the day.

O t h e r S u r v e y s

The s u r v e y s we c o n d u c t e d a t A r b o r Low, S w i n s i d e , and C a s t l e r i g g y i e l d e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d a t R o l l r i g h t s . R e s u l t s f r o m t h e s e s u r v e y s h a v e a l s o b een i n c l u d e d i n A p p e n d i x B. T h e r e w e re g e n e r a l v a r i a t i o n s a l o n g e a c h t r a v e r s e , w i t h i s o l a t e d s p o t s o f e s p e c i a l l y h i g h o r l o w m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y . T h e s e s p o t s p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e t h e p r e s e n c e o f a m e t a l o b j e c t , m a g n e t i c b e d r o c k , o r m a g n e t i t e s o i l i n t h e n e a r s u b s u r f a c e . No c o n s i s t e n t v a r i a t i o n o f a b a n d o r s p i r a l f o r m was f o u n d . I n a d d i t i o n , we e x t e n d e d a t l e a s t one t r a v e r s e a t e a c h c i r c l e t o t e s t w h e t h e r t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n s i d e t h e c i r c l e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o u t s i d e . We d i d n o t f i n d a ny s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e i n t e r i o r and e x t e r i o r f i e l d s a t any o f o u r s u r v e y s i t e s .

A t L o n g Meg, we c o n d u c t e d a s u r v e y t o t e s t t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d s i n d u c e d by i n d i v i d u a l s t o n e s r a t h e r t h a n t h e f i e l d i n t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e c i r c l e . O n l y s t o n e C ( s e e r e s u l t s f o r L o n g Meg) showed any s i g n i f i c a n t m a g n e t i c v a r i a t i o n d e p e n d i n g on t h e a n g l e f r o m w h i c h i t was a p p r o a c h e d .

A d d i t i o n a l T h o u g h t s

Our a c t u a l m a g n e t o m e t e r s u r v e y s d i d n o t c o n f i r m t h e e x i s t e n c e o f any c o n s i s t e n t s p i r a l o r b a nd p a t t e r n s o f m a g n e t i c v a r i a t i o n a t t h e s t o n e c i r c l e s . However, t h r o u g h o u t o u r t r i p , I ( J e n s i n e ) c o n s i s t e n t l y d e t e c t e d t i n g l i n g s e n s a t i o n s i n my f i n g e r t i p s a s I w a l k e d r a d i i o r t h e d i f f e r e n t c i r c l e s . We were i n t r i g u e d by t h i s , and a t two c i r c l e s we d e c i d e d t o t e s t w h e t h e r I was i n d e e d d e t e c t i n g m a g n e t i c f l u c t u a t i o n s . A t C a s t l e r i g g , I w a l k e d a l o n g one o f t h e t a p e m e a s u r e s f o r 50 f e e t b e f o r e we had s u r v e y e d t h e s i t e . I c a l l e d o u t t h e number on t h e t a p e w h e n e v e r I f e l t a t i n g l e . As s o o n as I f i n i s h e d , we t o o k m a g n e t o m e t e r r e a d i n g s a t o n e - f o o t i n t e r v a l s a l o n g t h i s f i f t y - f o o t s t r e t c h . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s a r e shown a t t h e end o f A p p e n d i x A. The r e s u l t s show some d e t e c t i o n o f b o t h h i g h a n d l o w c h a n g e s , b u t n o t h i n g t h a t a p p e a r s t o be b e y o n d c h a n c e C Table "b.y).

However, l a t e r i n o u r t r i p , when we r e t u r n e d f o r t h e s e c o n d s u r v e y o f t h e R o l l r i g h t s , we d e c i d e d t o t r y t h i s e x p e r i m e n t a g a i n , t h i s t i m e i n an open f i e l d a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t f r o m t h e s t o n e c i r c l e and n e x t t o t h e K i n g ' s S t o n e . A g a i n , I f e l t t i n g l e s a s I w a l k e d a l o n g a t a p e m e a s u r e d t h a t we had r a n d o m l y p l a c e d i n t h e f i e l d . T h i s was n o t s u r p r i s i n g , f o r m a g n e t i c v a r i a t i o n s o f a few n a n o - t e s l a do o c c u r o v e r t h e e n t i r e f a c e o f t h e e a r t h . I a g a i n w a l k e d t h e t a p e measure and Mark r e c o r d e d where I f e l t t h e t i n g l i n g s e n s a t i o n . We a g a i n t o o k t h e m a g n e t o m e t e r o v e r t h e t a p e m e a s u r e a t o n e - f o o t i n t e r v a l s , and i t a p p e a r e d t h a t I was more s u c c e s s f u l , e s p e c i a l l y i n s e n s i n g g r a d i e n t s due t o a d r o p i n t h e m a g n e t i c

l e v e l . These r e s u l t s are a l s o i n c l u d e d i n Appendix A.

One o b s e r v a t i o n a f t e r completing the surveys i s t h a t the s c i e n t i f i c instrument used t o d e t e c t magnetic v a r i a t i o n s i s too crude t o t e s t a c c u r a t e l y f o r s m a l l v a r i a t i o n s t h a t may be d e t e c t a b l e by human beings. Although claims are made by magnetometer manufacturers t h a t these instruments are ac c u r a t e t o + 1 nT, we found t h a t the the readi n g obtained i n one spot o f t e n changed by 5-10 nT as the person h o l d i n g the magnetometer moved around the pole. In a d d i t i o n , one's d i s t a n c e from the magnetometer c o u l d a l s o change the r e a d i n g by a few nT.

We a l s o have reached the t e n t a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n that the human organism's a b i l i t y t o sense s u b t l e v a r i a t i o n s i n energy at a s i t e i s much more r e f i n e d than readings from the instrument. We b e l i e v e t h a t these s i t e s do possess some very powerful e n e r g i e s and th a t magnetic v a r i a t i o n s may a l s o e x i s t as secondary energy anomalies. Our experience was th a t remaining i n s i d e the c i r c l e s f o r extended p e r i o d s while we were s u r v e y i n g d i d y i e l d s i g n i f i c a n t p h y s i c a l e f f e c t s , most no t a b l y headaches and f a t i g u e much g r e a t e r than one would expect as a r e s u l t of the su r v e y i n g i t s e l f . The c i r c l e s c e r t a i n l y do have s p e c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , but i t does not appear t h a t the e n t i r e answer i s with magnetics, nor t h a t t h i s answer w i l l be found by s u r v e y i n g with a magnetometer at t h i s l e v e l i n t h e i r t e c h n i c a l development.

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round burrow whose top bus been dug into

[_ Derbyshire tombs were probably the ritual centres often to twelve families, more than a hundred people farming the land in their separate territories, intermarrying with the others, establishing kinship bonds with them. But as trading networks expanded the need for different and bigger ritual centres developed. Later people gathered together to build the jagged bank, ditch and stone circle of Arbor Low at the centre of the plateau on which the old chambered tombs stood.

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S i t e s under Guardianship, of H i s t o r i c B u i l d i n g s and Monuments Commission^, (not complete l i s t )

Arbor Low A r t h u r ' s Round Table Avebury, S i l b u r y Carn Euny C a s t l e r i g g Eyam Moor Glastonbury T r i b u n a l H u r l e r s Maiden C a s t l e Nine L a d i e s Nine Stones •Id Sarum Stanton Drew Stonehenge

Glastonbury Torj_

Glastonbury Tor r i s e d from the lower l i a s c l a y s and limestones through the middle and upper l i a s t o a depth of hard, midfurd sand on the cap. The cap i s more r e s i s t a n t to e r o s i o n , making i t s s l o p e s steep and unstable. The cap i s known l o c a l l y as Tor Burr. The e a r l i e s t r e f e r e n c e t o the Tor i s the mid-13th century s t o r y of St. P a t r i c k ' s r e t u r n from I r e l a n d , i n which he became the l e a d e r of a group of hermits at Glastonbury and d i s c o v e r e d an a n c i e n t r u i n e d o r a t o r y on the summit a f t e r c l i m b i n g through a dense wood. S c a t t e r e d f i n d s of Roman and l a t e r o b j e c t s suggest t h a t the Tor was always used by man. Evidence f o r i t s occupation e x i s t from the 6th century A.D.

A vebury/Stonehenge P l a c e Names j.

S t o n e l e i g h Inn and S t o n e l e i g h town near Stonehenge

Winterbourne Mockton north of Avebury Winterbourne near Stonehenge Winterbourne near Cerne Abbas ( g i a n t e a r t h f i g u r e )

Thorn on West Kennet Avenue at Avebury i s same as thorn on Glastonbury Tor

Stonehenge F e s t i v a l ^ Taken from D i v e r s e Reports, 7/2/86, B:30 p.m., Channel 4.

The s e c u l a r order of the Druids are attempting to f a c i l i t a t e an agreement between the Druids, the F e s t i v a l people, and the

Sc-re

a u t h o r i t i e s . The most important i s s u e i s f i n d i n g a F e s t i v a l s i t e f o r f u t u r e years. T h i s year, the F e s t i v a l people t r i e d to e s t a b l i s h a camp at Scratchbury H i l l a f t e r the a u t h o r i t i e s , a c t i n g under the a u t h o r i t y of an Act of Parliament, blocked access t o Stonehenge.

John M i c h e l l b e l i e v e s t h a t s o c i e t y disowns a p a r t of i t s e l f , i n t h i s case the F e s t i v a l people, and makes t h i s disowned p o r t i o n of i t s e l f a scapegoat.

In 1918, Stonehenge was de d i c a t e d t o the n a t i o n . D i s r e g a r d f o r the d e d i c a t o r ' s p r o v i s i o n t h a t no b u i l d i n g s be e r e c t e d near the s i t e i s a l r e a d y e v i d e n t i n the snack shops, bookstores, and parking complex b u i l t next to the stones.

The E n g l i s h H e r i t a g e r e f u s e d t o allow the Druids to p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e i r s u n r i s e f e s t i v a l . The C o u n c i l f o r C i v i l L i b e r t i e s i s h e l p i n g the Druids on the b a s i s t h a t i t i s i l l e g a l t o ban a r e l i g i o u s ceremony. T h i s year, the Druids were only allowed t o hold t h e i r ceremony on the parking l o t , with m i l i t a r y h e l i c o p t e r s f l y i n g overhead.

i t e s Surveyed by H i s t o r i c B u i l d i n g s and Monuments Commission ( f l u x g a t e magnetometer with r e c o r d i n g c h a r t )

Ring of Brodgar /_ R o l l r i g h t s

Stenness Stonehenge Avenue

. Arbor Low: There i s a theory t h a t t h i s c i r c l e was intended to keep energy w i t h i n i t .

Barbrgok C i r c l e s : SK2785.7558~ go up A621 from Baslow white gate i n w a l l on l e f t f o l l o w path on h i l l s i d e t o r i g h t

. Swinsidej. The landscape l o o k s l i k e I imagine China to be. Knot's H i l l l o oks l i k e G. T o r - - i s its o r i e n t e d the same way?

Mr. D r i s e d a l e s a i d c i r c l e stones are not l o c a l . The only other stones l i k e them i n the v i c i n i t y are two markers on the h i l l behind h i s farm and a couple more on a h i l l on the other s i d e of h i s farm. T h i s i s behind a l a r g e h i l l t o the north. He s a i d a l o c a l dowser i n Millom had a r e a c t i o n with the rods going down as he walked to the c e n t e r of the c i r c l e .

R o l l r i g h t s It_ Four water b o t t l e s put up at 11a.m. on June 20. They were taken down at 7:40a.m. on June 21, the summer s o l s t i c e ( S u n r i s e was about 4:40a.m.). We were plan n i n g to take the water down e a r l i e r , but we f o r g o t and drove back from Oxford to get i t . The water was a l l on the t a l l watch stone on the s i d e of the c i r c l e near the road.

I (Jensine) sensed some s o r t of energy around two stones that moved c l o c k w i s e up the stones i n a s p i r a l p a t t e r n and c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e down the stones.

2 Avebury (NW corner) p C a s t l e r i g g

Long Meg:

(We have c o p i e s of these books.)

Bach, Marcus. The Power of Perception.. Garden C i t y , New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966.

Barnatt, John. P r e h i s t o r i c C o r nwall^ The Ceremonial Monuments^ Wellingborough, Turnstone Press, 1982.

B l a i r , Lawrence. Rhythms of V i s i o n : The Changing P a t t e r n s of B e l i e f ^ New York, Schocken Books, 1975.

Bonewitz, Ra. Cosmic Cry s t a l s ^ . The Hidden World of C r y s t a l s and the New Age A p p l i c a t i o n of C r y s t a l Energies.. Wellingborough: Turnstone Press, 1983.

Bonwick, James. I r i s h Druids and Old I r i s h R e l i g i o n s . United S t a t e s : Marboro Books, Dorset Press, 1986.

Bord, Janet and C o l i n . Earth R i t e s : F e r t i l i t y P r a c t i c e s i n P r e - I n d u s t r i a l B r i t a i n . London: Granada P u b l i s h i n g , 1982.

Mysterious B r i t a i n : Ancient S e c r e t s of the United Kingdom and Ireland.. London: P a l a d i n Books, 1974.

Sacred Waters^ Holy Wells and Water Lore i n B r i t a i n and Ireland.. London: Granada, 1985.

The S e c r e t Country: More Mysterious B r i t a i n . . London: Granada P u b l i s h i n g , 1985.

Brown, Peter Lancaster. Megaliths^. Myths and Menj. An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o Astrg-_Archaeolggyj. New York: T a p l i n g e r P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1976.

B u r l , Aubrey. P r e h i s t o r i c Avebury^ New Haven and London: Yale U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1979.

B u r l , Aubrey. P r e h i s t o r i c Stone C i r c l e s . . Aylesbury: S h i r e P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1983.

The Stone C i r c l e s of the B r i t i s h Isles.. New Haven and London: Yale U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1976.

Caine, Mary. The Glastonbury Zodiac. Kingston: Mary Caine, 1978.

The Kingston Zodiac.. (2nd E d i t i o n ) . Kingston: Mary Caine, 1978.

3 4

' • A Map of the Glastonbury Z o d i a c ^ Kingston: Mary Caine.

Capra, F r i t z j o f . The Turning Pointy S c i e n c e ^ S o c i e t y ^ and the R i s i n g Culture.. New York: Bantam Books, 1982.

C i r l o t , J.E. A D i c t i o n a r y of Symbols. (2nd E d i t i o n ) . New mt York: P h i l o s o p h i c a l L i b r a r y , 1971.

C l a r k , D.V., T.G. Cowie and A. Foxon. Symbols of Power: At — the Time of Stonehenge^ Edinburgh: N a t i o n a l Museum

of A n t i q u i t i e s of Scotland, 1985.

C r i t c h l o w , K e i t h . lime Stands S t i l l . London: Gordon m Fraser, 1979.

Dames, Michael. The S i l b u r y Treasure: The Great Goddess mi Rediscovered.. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976.

Darrah, John. The Real Camelot: Paganism and the A r t h u r i a n Romances.. London: Dorset Press, Thames and Hudson,

*** 1981.

Devereux, Paul. E a r t h Lights.. Wellingborough, ** Northamptonshire: Turnstone Press L i m i t e d , 1982.

and Ian Thomson. The Ley Hunter's Companion -- A l i g n e d Ancient S i t e s ^ A New Study with F i e l d Guide and Maps.. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979.

Dyer, James. The Penguin Guide to P r e h i s t o r i c England and Wales.. London: Penguin Books, 1982.

E i t e l , E r n e s t J. with John M i c h e l l . Peng-Shuij. The Science i j f of Sacred Landscape i n Old China.. London: S y n e r g e t i c

Press, 1984.

^ Feachem, Richard. Guide t o P r e h i s t o r i c Scotland. London: B.T. B a t s f o r d , 1977.

F i d l e r , J. Havelock. Ley L i n e s ! T h e i r Natures and ^ P r o p e r t i e s zz A Dowser^.s I n v e s t i g a t i o n . .

Wellingborough: Turnstone Press, 1983.

m Graves, Tom. Needles of Stone.. Glastonbury, England: G o t h i c Image P u b l i s h i n g , 1986.

Hadingham, Evan. C i r c l e s and Standing Stones.. New York: ^ Walker and Company, 1975.

E a r l y Man and the Cosmos.. London: Wi l l i a m Heinemann, Ltd., 1983.

Harrington, Edward. The Meaning of E n g l i s h Place Names.

ml

B e l f a s t : The B l a c k s t a f f P r e s s , 1984.

Hogg, A.H.A. A G u i d e t o t h e H i l l - F o r t s o f B r i t a i n ^ L o n d o n : G r a n a d a P u b l i s h i n g , 1975.

K e a r e y , P. & M. B r o o k s . An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o G e o p h y s i c a l E x g l g r a t i g n ^ O x f o r d : B l a c k v e l l S c i e n t i f i c P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1984.

L a i n g , L l o y d and J e n n i f e r . The O r i g i n s o f B r i t a i n . . L o n d o n : G r a f t o n B o o k s , 1982.

L e s h a n , L a w r e n c e and H e n r y Margenau. E i n s t e i n ^ e S p a c e & Van Gggy^s S k y ! P h y s i c a l R e a l i t y a nd B e y o n d ^ New Y o r k : M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h i n g Co., I n c . , 1982.

L o n e g r e n , S i g . S p i r i t u a l Dowsing.. G l a s t o n b u r y , E n g l a n d : G o t h i c Image P u b l i s h i n g , 1986.

L u x t o n , R i c h a r d w i t h P a b l o Balam. The M y s t e r y o f t h e Mayan H i e r o g l y p h s ! The V i s i o n o f an A n c i e n t T r a d i t i o n . . New Y o r k : H a r p e r & Row P u b l i s h e r s , 1981.

M a l t w o o d , K. E. The E n c h a n t m e n t s o f B r i t i a n ^ o r K i n g A r t h u r j.s Round T a b l e o f t h e S t a r e j . C a m b r i d g e : James C l a r k e & Co., ( c . 1 9 2 3 ) .

M a t t h e w s , C a i t l i n a n d J o h n . The W e s t e r n Way: A P r a c t i c a l G u i d e t o t h e W e s t e r n M y s t e r y T r a d i t i o n , V o l s . 1 and 2. L o n d o n : ARKANA P a p e r b a c k s , R o u t l e d g e & Kegan P a u l , 1985.

M i c h e l l , J o h n . The E a r t h S p i r i t . . New Y o r k : The C r o s s r o a d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1975.

. The New View Over A t l a n t i s . London: Thames and Hudson, 1983.

The O l d S t o n e s o f L a n d ^ s E n d ! An E n g u i r y i n t o t h e M y s t e r i e s o f t h e M e g a l i t h i c S c i e n c e ^ . B r i s t o l : P e n t a c l e B o o k s , 1979.

N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h i c S o c i e t y . B u i l d e r s o f t h e A n c i e n t W o r l d ! M a r v e l s o f E n g i n e e r i n g ^ W a s h i n g t o n , D.C.: N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h i c S o c i e t y , 1986.

O ' B r i e n , C h r i s t i a n . The M e g a l i t h i c O d y s s e y ! A S e a r c h f o r t h e M a s t e r B u i l d e r s o f t h e Bodmin Moor A s t r o n o m i c a l C o mplex o f S t o n e C i r c l e s a nd G i a n t C a i r n s W e l l i n g b o r o u g h : T u r n s t o n e P r e s s , 1983.

P e n n i c k , N i g e l . The A n c i e n t S c i e n c e o f Geomancy. L o n d o n : Thames and Hudson, 1979.

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