[1984] Mohanty, J. - Husserl on 'possibility'.pdf

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    u s s e rl o n

    Husserl Studies 1:13 -29 {1984).9 1984 Martinus Ni/hoffPublishers, The Hague. Printed in the Netherlands.

    p o s s i b i l i t y

    J N MOHANTY

    Norman, Oklahoma

    M y i n v e s t i g at i o n i n t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m o d a l c o n c e p t s H u s s er l e m p l o y si s m o t i v a t e d b y t h e e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t w e m a y t h e r e b y b e ab l e t o g ai n ad e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f s o m e o f h is c r uc i al p h i l o s o p h i c a l m o v e s . T h ei m m e d i a t e s t i m u l u s f o r s u c h a n e n q u i r y, h o w e v e r , w a s p r o v i d e d b yJ a a k k o H i n t i k k a ' s b o o kThe ntentions of ntentionality i n w h i c h h ea t t e m p t s a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f H u s s e rl 's n o t i o n o f i n t e n t i o n a l i t y f r o mt h e s t a n d p o i n t o f p o s s i b l e w o r l d s e m a n t i c s . 1

    A s t h e t i t l e o f t h i s p a p e r i n d i c a t e s , m y p r i m a r y c o n c e r n s h al l b e t h em o d e o f p o s s i b il i ty, a n d o n l y s e c o n d a r il y t h e m o d e s o f a c tu a l i t y a n dn e c e s s i t y. A s i s w e l l k n o w n , n e c e s s i t y m a y b e d e f i n e d i n t e r m s o f n eg a -t i o n a n d p o s s i b i l i t y : p i s n e c e s s a r y i f t h e n e g a t i o n o f p i s n o t p o s s i b l e .

    1 . S o m e t e x t s

    L e t m e b e g i n b y q u o t i n g a s e ri es o f s t a t e m e n t s f r o m H u s s e rl , w h i c hw o u l d h e l p u s t o a p p r e c i a t e n o t o n l y t h e c e n t r a li t y o f t h e c o n c e p t o fp o s s i b i l i t y in h i s t h i n k i n g , b u t a l s o t h e g r e a t v a r i e t y o f s e n s es i n w h i c hh e u s e s t h is m o d a l c o n c e p t .

    1 . . . . poss ib i l i t i e s them se lve s a re idea l ob jec t s . Poss ib i l i t i e s can as l i t t l eb e f o u n d i n t h e r e a l w o r l d , a s c a n n u m b e r s i n g e n e r a l , o r t r ia n g l e s i ng e n e r a l . ' 2

    2 . I n d i v i d u a l B e i n g o f e v e r y k i n d is , t o s p e a k g e n e r a ll y, 'a c c i d e n t a l ' . I ti s s o - a n d -s o , b u t e s s e n t i a l ly i t c o u l d b e o t h e r t h a n i t i s . ( H u a I I I / 1 ,12)

    3 . To e a c h e s s e n c e t h e r e c o r r e s p o n d s a s e ri e s o f p o s s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l s a si t s f a c t u a l i n s t a n c i n g s . ( H u a I I I / 1 , 2 0 )

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    P u r e p o s s i b i li t ie s , a c c o r d i n g t o L e i b n i z , a r e t h e o b j e c t s o f i n c o m -p l e t e c o n c e p t s , o f c o n c e p t s w h i c h f i g u r e i n t h e r a t i o n a l a n d a b -s t r ac t s c ie n c es . S u c h c o n c e p t s d e t e r m i n e t h e o b j e c t s to w h i c h t h e yr e l a t e o n l y i n c e r t a i n , b u t n o t i n a l l r e s p e c t s . T h e o b j e c t c o r r e -s p o n d i n g t o a c o m p l e t e c o n c e p t i s f u l ly d e t e r m i n e d b y i t s c o n c e p t ,i . e . i s f u l l y i n d i v i d u a t e d . T h e c o n t r a s t i s b e t w e e n ' Tr i a n g l e ' a n d' T h e t ri a n g le d r a w n o n t h e b l a c k b o a r d h e r e b e f o r e m e ' , o r b e-t w e e n ' v ag u e A d a m ' a n d ' p o ss i b le A d a m ' ( a s a p os s i b le v a ri a n t o fA d a m ) . T h e o b j e c t s o f s u c h i n c o m p l e t e c o n c e p t s a r e n o t c a p a b l eo f e x i s t i n g b y t h e m s e lv e s . T h e o b j e c t s o f c o m p l e t e c o n c e p t s a rec a p a b l e o f e x i s t i n g . T h e f o r m e r a r e t h e r e f o r e p u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s .T h e a d j e c t i v e ' p u r e ' s e r v es a d o u b l e p u r p o s e : i t s i g n if i es n o t o n l yi n d e p e n d e n c e o f s p a t i o - t e m p o r a l p o s i t i n g , b u t a l s o t h e f a c t t h a tt h e s e o b j e c t s a r e s i m p l y n o t c a p a b l e o f r e a l e x i s t e n c e . H o w e v e r,fo r Le ibn iz as w e l l a s fo r Husse r l , these pure po ss ib i l i t i e s possessa s o r t o f a c t u a l i t y t h a t i s s p e c if i c t o a ll a b s t r a c t o b j e c t s o f t h e i rk i n d . I n H u s s e r l ' s t e r m i n o l o g y, t h e y a r e i d e a l o b j e c t s . A s L e i b n i zi n si st s , t h e y a re ' d i s c o v e r e d ' : ; t h e t r u t h s g r o u n d e d i n t h e m a r ee t e r n a l a n d n e c e s s a r y t r u t h s . L e i b n i z p r o c e e d s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t og r o u n d t h e i r s p e c if ic s o r t o f a c t u a l it y i n t h e b e i n g o f a n o t h e ra c t u a l i t y i . e . i n G o d ' s i n t e l l e c t . H u s s e r l d o e s n o t , a t l e a s t n o t i m -m e d i a t e l y, m a k e t h i s m o v e . ~

    T h e i d e a l o b j e c t s t h a t a r e p u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s , t h e n , a r e w h a t H u s s e r lc al ls d e p e n d e n t e s s e n ce s o ra b s t r a c t a ( H u a I I I / l , 3 5 ). T h u s , r e dc i r c l e r e f e rs t o a d e p e n d e n t e s s e n c e , i t c a n n o t b e b y it s e lf . A n y i n d i -v i d u a l r e d c i r c l e h a s m o r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s t h a n m e r e l y b e i n g r e d a n db e i n g a c i rc l e. T h a t a p u r e p o s s i b i l i t y a c c o r d i n g t o H u s s e r l i s a na b s t r a c -t u rn o r a d e p e n d e n t e s s e n c e i s b o r n e o u t b y t h e f ac t s t h a t n e c e ss a r yt r u t h s o n h i s v i e w a r e a b o u t p u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s , a n d t h a t , i n t h e t h i r dL o g i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n , h e d e f i n e s s y n t h e t i c n e c e s s a r y t r u t h s i n t e r m s o fd e p e n d e n t o b j e c ts .

    I f ' A ' a n d ' B ' d e s ig n a t e t w o d e p e n d e n t e s s en c e s, t o s ay t h a t ' A B 'd e s i g n a t e s a p u r e p o s s i b i l i t y i s n o n e o t h e r t h a n s a y i n g t h a t t h e r ei s ac o m p o u n d e s s en c e A B . T h e r e is s u c h a n e s se n c e a n d h e n c e s u c h a p u r ep o s s i b i l it y, i f i t s c o m p o n e n t e s s en c e s , A a n d B , a r e c o n s i s t e n t . I f A isa s i m p l e e s s e n c e , t h e n i t is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i t se l f , a n d t h e r e f o r e a p u r ep o s s i b i l it y. H u s s e r l r i g h t l y i n s is t s t h a t w h e t h e r t w o e s s e n c e s a r e c o m -p a t i b le o r n o t , d e p e n d s u p o n w h a t w h o l e , o r w h a t s o r t o f u n i f i c a t io n ,

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    i s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . A a n d B , t h e n , m a y b e c o m p a t i b l e i n r e l a t io nt o a w h o l e W ( a n d n o t c o m p a t i b l e i n r e l a t i o n to a w h o l e w i ) . T h es a m e h o l d s g o o d o f i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y. W h a t t h e n i s a p u r e p o s s i b i l i ty i sn o t m e r e A B , b u t W ( A B ) .

    F u r t h e r , t h e i d e a o f c o m p a t i b i l i t y t h a t i s b e i n g u s e d f o r o u r p r e s e n tp u r p o s e , n e e d s t o b ei n d e p e n d e n to f t h e f o r m a l -l o g ic a l n o t i o n o f f r e e -d o m f r o m c o n t r a d i c t i o n . F o r t h e l o g ic a l f o r m s t h e m s e l v e s a r e a b s t r a c te s s e n c e s , a n d c o m p o u n d l o g i c a l f o r m s , i f c o n s i s t e n t , a r e p u r e p o ss i bi li -t i e s ; a n d w e a r e s e e k i n g f o r a n o t i o n o f p u r e p o s s ib i li ty, o f w h i c h ,

    log ica l po ss ib i l i ty i s a spec ies . A t th i s s t age , the re f o re , Husse r l g ivesa n a c c o u n t o f c o m p a t i b i l i t y i n t e r m s o f f u l f il l in g s e n s e . A c o m -

    p o u n d m e a n i n g i s c o n s i s t e n t i f t h e a c t i n t e n d i n g i t h a s a f u l f il l i n g s e n s e,i .e . i f t h e p a r t i a l i n t u i ti o n s o f t h e c o m p o n e n t m e a n i n g s c a n b e c o m -b i n e d i n t o a t o t a l i n t u i t i o n . W h e n n o s u c h u n i f i e d i n t u i t i o n i s p o s s ib l e ,t h e c o m p o n e n t s a r e i n c o m p a t i b l e . W h e n t h e m e a n i n g is c o n s i s t e n t, t h ee s s e n c e / s p e c i e s r e f e r r e d t o h a s i d e a l e x i s t e n c e , i. e .is a pu re poss ib i l i -ty. ~

    T h e r e a r e t w o f e a t u r e s in t h i s t h e s is t o w h i c h I w i s h t o d r a w a t t e n -t ion a t th i s po in t . In the f ' tr s t p l ace , in the do m ain o f e s sences , possib i li -t y, i .e . p u r e p o s s i b i li t y, a m o u n t s t o ( i d e a l )ac tua l i ty To be poss ib le i st o b e a c t u a l . T h e t w o m o d e s c o i n c i d e . 8 I t a p p e a r s t h a t s u c h a c oi n c i -d e n c e d o e s n o t h o l d g o o d o f t h e r e a l w o r l d o f i n d iv i d u al s a n d f a c ts ,w h e r e , a l t h o u g h t h e a c t u a l i s a l so p o s s i b le , a l l t h a t i s p o s s i b l e i s n o ta c t u a l. A b o u t t h is i n t e r m o d a l r e l a t i o n s h ip i n t h e d o m a i n o f r e a l b e i ng ,I w i l l s p e a k l a te r . F o r t h e p r e s e n t , t h e c o i n c i d e n c e o f m o d e s i n t h ed o m a i n o f e s s e n c e s i s s i g n i fi c a n t . T h e v e r y b e i n g o f e s s e n c e s is t h e b e i n go f a p o s s i b i li t y. I h a v e r e c a l l e d e a r l ie r t h a t L e i b n i z g r o u n d e d t h i s

    a c t u a l i t y o f p u r e p o s s i bi l it i e s in t h e i n t e l l e c t o f G o d . We s h a ll a s kl a t e r o n , i f H u s s e r l n e e d s s u c h a r e s o u r s e .

    T h e o t h e r t h i n g t o b e n o t e d i s t h a t t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f ( p u r e ) p o ss ib il -i t y i n t e r m s o f i n t u i t a b il i t y a p p e a rs t o b e t a n t a m o u n t t o r e d u c i n g t h eo b j e c t i v it y o f t h e f o r m e r t o w h a t i s a su b j e c ti v e n o t i o n . I t w o u l d s e e mt h a t w h a t c a n o r c a n n o t b e i n t u i t e d d e p e n d s a s m u c h o n t h e o b j e c tu n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s o n t h e s u b j e c t w h o is tr y i n g t o i n tu i t . I f i t b es a id t h a t i n t u i t a b i l i t y f o r H u s s e rl i s a n o b j e c t i v e n o t i o n , t h e n w e a r eb a c k w i t h a n e w p u r e ( o b j e c t i ve ) p os s ib i li t y, W ( A B ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o au n i t y o f i n t u i t i o n I , a n d t h e b e i n g o f t h i s p u r e p o s s i b i l i ty, i. e . o f I ,( W ( A B ) ) w o u l d n e e d e x p l i c a t i o n i n t e r m s o fi ts i n t u i t a b i l i t y. T h e r e i st h u s a n i n c i p i e n t i n f i n i t e r e g r e ss o n o u r h a n d s .

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    3 . R e a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s

    ( a ) A n in d e p e n d e n t e ss e n c e o rconcretum w h i c h c o m p l e t e l y d e te r -m i n e s i ts o b j e c t , i s th e e s s e n c e o f a n i n d i v i d u a l. A s G u r w i t s c h .t el ls u s ,L e i b n iz c o n s i d e r e d c o m p l e t e c o n c e p t s a l o n e a s h a v in g o b j e c t s t h a t a r ec a p a b l e o f r e a l e x i s t e n c e . I n H u s s e r l' s w o r d s , a n i n d e p e n d e n t e s s e n c e o rconcretum i s t h e e s s e n c e o f a n i n d i v i d u a l t h a t i s c a p a b l e o f re a l e x is -t e n c e ( H u a I I I / 1 , 3 5 ) . T h u s , w h e r e a s a n a b s t r a c t u m i s o n l y a p u r ep o s s i b i l i t y, a c o n c r e t u m has real p o s s i b i l i t y. T h e in d i v i d u a l w h o s ee s s e n c e i t i s m a y a s w e l l h a v e b e e n a r e a l ly a c t u a l in d i v i d u a l . W h e r e a st h i s e ss e n c e , t h e c o n c r e t u m , h a s i d e a l a c t u a l i t y, t h e i n d i v i d u a l i t d e t e r -

    m i n e s i s a p o s s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l t h a t m a y o r m a y n o t b e a r e a l e x i s t e n t .W h a t i s p o s s i b l e i n t h is s e n s e ( o f r e a l p o s s i b i l i t y ) t h e n , i s n o t t h e e s -s e n c e , t h e c o n c r e t u m , b u t t h e in d i v i d u a l it d e t e r m i n e s . A v a r i a t i o n inp h a n t a s y o f a r e a l i n d iv i d u a l ( o r o f m y o w n e g o ) w o u l d r e s u l t i n a n i n-d i v i d u a l w h i c h c o u l d h a v e b e e n r e al . S o c r a t e s s i x f e e t t a ll a n d w i t h o u t as n u b n o s e b u t w i t h a s tr a i g h t o n e , w o u l d b e s u c h a n i n d i v i d u a l w i t h re a lp o s s i b i l i t y ; h e i s c a p a b l e o f e x i s ti n g . T h i s i s w h a t H u s s e r l o f t e n c a l lsp h a n t a s y - p o s s i b il i ty. W h e n t h e r e f o r e h e s a y s , as in t h e s e c o n d o f t h eq u o t e d t e x t s, " I n d i v i d u a l B e i n g o f e v e r y k i n d . . . c o u l d b e o t h e r t h a n i ti s " , h e m e a n s : Ta k e a n y i n d i v i d u a l r e a l i ty, i m a g i n e v a r i a t i o n s i n i t s c o n -c r e t u m , i . e . i n it s e s s e n ti a l p r o p e r t i e s - p r o p e r t i e s w h i c h m a k e h i mthisi n d iv i d u a l - a n d y o u c o m e u p w i t h a n o t h e r in d i v id u a l w h i c h v e r y w e l lm i g h t h a v e b e e n r e a l .

    T h e r e i s a sl ig h t a m b i g u i t y h e r e , g e n e r a t i n g a p r o b l e m o f g r e a t c o n -c e r n fo r m a n y c o n t e m p o r a r y p h i l o s o p h e r s , w h i c h H u s s e r l d o e s n o t a p -p e a r t o h a v e t a k e n n o t e o f . T h e r e a r e t w o s e n s es i n w h i c h o n e s a y s " Am i g h t h a v e b e e n o t h e r t h a n w h a t it i s ". I n o n e s e n s e, " A m i g h t p o s s i b l yh a v e h a d s o m e p r o p e r t y o r p r o p e r t i e s d i f f e r e n t f r o m w h a t i t i n f a c t h a s ,a n d w o u l d s ti ll h a v e r e m a i n e d A " . I n a n o t h e r s e n s e, th e p o s s i b i li t y o fA ' s b e i n g o t h e r w i s e w o u l d h a v e b e e n s o r a d i c al t h a t w e w o u l d n o t a n yl o n g e r s a y o f t h i s p o s s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l t h a t i t i s A , w e w o u l d r a t h e r s a y iti s s o m e o t h e r i n d i v id u a l . B u t , i n b o t h c a s e s , w e a r e d e a l i n g w i t h p o s s i b l ei n d i v i d u a ls - p o s s i b l e i n t h i s fi r st , a n d b r o a d e s t s e n s e o f " r e a l p o s s i b i l-i t y " . T h e p r o b l e m t h e n i s: w h a t i m a g i n e d v a r ia t i o ns o f A a r e th o s ew h i c h a r e c o m p a t b l e w i t h o u r s a y i n g t h a t t h e y a r e s ti ll v a ri a t io n s o f A ?H o w r a d ic a l t h e v a r i a t i o n s h a v e t o b e , s o t h a t w e w o u l d r a t h e r s a y i t i sn o t A a n y l o n g e r ? T h u s t h e p o s s i b i l it y o f A b e i n g o t h e r t h a n w h a t i t i s,w h e n r a d i c a l i z e d , i s th e p o s s i b i l i t y. o f A ' s c e a s i n g to b e A , i. e . t h e p o s s i -

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    b i l i t y o f A ' s c e a s i n g t obe. These a re a l lreal p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n t h e b r o a d e s ts e n s e , as c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h e ' p u r e p o s s i b i li t y ' w h i c h i s n o n e o t h e r t h a nt h e i d e a l e x i s t e n c e o f a b s t r a c t o r c o n c r e t e e s s e n c e t h e m s e l v e s . I w il l c a l lt h i s real~ p o s s i b i l i t y. '

    ( b ) T h e t h i rd t e x t q u o t e d p r e s e n t s a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t p r o b l e m . Toe a c h e s s e n c e t h e r e c o r r e s p o n d a s e ri e s o f p o s s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l s a s i t sf a c t u a l i n s ta n c i n g . .. . C o n s i d e r a n a b s t r a c t u m s u c h a s p h i l o s o p h e r .T h i s d e p e n d e n t e s s e n c e c a n n o t b e b y it s el f, th e p h i l o s o p h e r h a s t o b e ah u m a n , t h e n a G r e e k , a n I n d ia n o r a n A m e r i c a n , a n d s o o n a n d s of o r t h , t il l w e h a v e o n e o f m a n y p o s s i b leconcre ta o r in d e p e n d e n t e s-

    s e n c e s. E a c h s u c h i n d e p e n d e n t e s s e n c e w o u l d d e t e r m i n e a n i nd i v id u a l,w h i c h i s a p o s s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l : i t c a n b e , o r c o u l d h a v e b e e n , r e a l. Toe a c h a b s t r a c t e s s e n c e , t h e n , t h e r e c o r r e s p o n d m a n y p o s s i b l e i n d iv i d u a lsi n a s m u c h a s e a c h a b s t r a c t e s s e n c e is a c o m p o n e n t o f m a n y d i f f e r e n tc o n c r e t a . T h e n e x u s o fabstracta c o n s t i t u t i n g a c o n c r e t u m is n o tn e c e s s a r i l y s o ; h e r e , a s n o t e d e a r l ie r , id e a l e x i s t e n c e i s n o t h i n g b u t c o m -p a t i b i l it y w i t h r e s p e c t t o a c e r ta i n w h o l e .

    W h a t a b o u t a c o n c r e t u m w h i c h is a n i n d e p e n d e n t e s s e n c e b u t a ls o a ne i d e t i c s in g u l a ri ty ? S h o u l d w e s a y t h a t t o e a c h c o n c r e t u m t h e r e c o r r e -s p o n d s a s e r i e s o fpossible i n d i v i d u a l s a s i t s f a c t u a l i n s t a n c i n g s ? T h e r ea r e , s o i t s e e m s t o m e , t w o w a y s o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e n o t i o n o f c o n -c r e t u m , s u c h t h a t u n d e r o n e f o r m u l a t i o n , t h e q u e s t i o n ha s t o b ea n s w e r e d i n t h e n e g a t i v e , u n d e r a n o t h e r i n t h e a f f ir m a t i v e . A n a f fi r m a -t i ve a n s w e r r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e s a m e c o n c r e t u m c o u l d b e th e e s s e n c e o fm o r e t h a n o n e i n d i v i d u a l , t h a t , e . g ., S o c r a t e s a n d a v a r ia n t o f S o c r a t e s( w i t h a m i n i m a l v a r i a ti o n , o f c o u r s e ) h a v e t h e s a m e e s s e n c e . H u s s e r ld o e s n o t s e e m t o h a v e h a d t h is i n h i s m i n d . To m y m i n d , H u s s e d s ou n d e r s t o o d c o n c r e t u r r / t h a t i t is t h e e s s e n c e o f o n e a n d o n l y o n ei n d i v id u a l . I f th i s i s t h e c a s e , t h e n , t h e t h e s i s t h a t a n e s s e n c e m a y h a v em a n y p o s s i b l e i n d iv i d u a l i n s t a n c e s d o e s n o t h o l d g o o d o f a n i n d e p e n -d e n t e i d e i t i c s i n g u l a r i ty. I t is t r u e o f a b s t r a c t e s s e n c e s a lo n e .

    ( c ) I h a v e c a l l e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a n i n d i v i d u a l a s d e t e r m i n e d b y ac o n c r e t u m r e al 1 p o s s i b i l i ty , b u t t h i s d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e t h e s ta n -d a r d u s a g e a m o n g s t p h i l o s o p h e r s i n c l u d i n g H u s s e r l . I c a l l e d i t r e al 1p o s s i b i l i t y , o n l y t o c o n t r a s t i t w i t h t h e p u r e p o s s i b il i t ie s w h i c h , b e i n gd e p e n d e n t e s s e n c e s , d o n o t e v e n d e t e r m i n e a n o b j e c t a s c o m p l e t e l y a si s n e e d e d f o r t h a t o b j e c t t o b e a b l e t o h a v e r e a l e x is t e n c e . W h e n L e i b -

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    n i z h e l d t h a t t h e w o r l d o f p o ss i b le s a s t h e s u m o f a l l t h o s e t h i n g s t h a ta r e c a p a b l e o f e x i s t i n g i s w i d e r t h a n t h o s e t h a t r e a l l y d o e x i s t , h e h a dt h is c o n c e p t o f p o s s ib i li ty i n m i n d . H o w e v e r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t a n d a r d ,i .e . m o r e c o m m o n p h i l o s o p h ic a l u s a ge , r e a l p o s s i b i li t y c a r v e s o u t ,f r o m w i t h i n t h e L e i b n i z i a n d o m a i n o f p o s s ib i l it i e s, a s u b s e t w h i c h h o w -e v e r i s s t i l l l a rg e r t h a n t h e r e a l , a c t u a l w o r l d . O n l y t h e p r i n c i p l e b yw h i c h t h is s u b s e t , t h a t is a p r o p e r s u b s e t o f t h e L e i b n iz i a n d o m a i n a n dy e t i n c l u d e s w i t h i n i t t h e r e a l w o r l d a s a p r o p e r s u b s e t , is c a r v e d o u t i sd i f f e r e n t i n d i f f e r e n t p h i l o s o p h e r s .

    L e i b n iz a l r e a d y h a s a p r i n c ip l e o f r e s t r a in t o n t h e w i d e d o m a i n o fp o s s i b le i n d i v i d u a l s : e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l m u s t b e l o n g t o a d e f i n i t e w o r l d ,

    i .e . a d o m a i n o f in d i v i du a l s u b s t an c e s w h o s e u n i t y r e s t s o n a f u n d a m e n -t a l c o n c e p t s p e c i fi c t o t h a t w o r l d . E a c h s u c h w o r l d i s a c o m p o s s i b l es y s t e m , o n l y o n e s u c h i s t h e r e a l w o r l d . T h e c o n c e p t o f r e a l p o s s i b i l it y,t h e n , t h a t i s m o r e r e s t r i c t e d t h a n t h e o n e e x p o u n d e d e a r l i er is t h e c o n -c e p t o f c o m p o s s i b i l i t y o f r e a l l y p o s si b l e i n d i v id u a l s in o n e w o r l d .

    I t m u s t b e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t H u s s e f l n e v e r e x p l ic i t ly r e j e c t e d t h eL e i b n i z i a n t h e s is . O n t h e c o n t r a r y, t h e r e i s e v e r y i n d i c a t i o n t h a t h en e v e r c e a s e d t o b e f a s c i n a t e d b y i t . I nIdeen I I I , w e f i n d t h e f o l l o w i n gs t a t e m e n t : I t is a c t u a l l y t h e c a s e, a s t h e o l d r a t i o n a l i s t s h e l d , t h a t a ni n f 'm i t e p l u r a l i t y o f p o ss i b il i ti e s p r e c e d e a c t u a l i t y ( H u a V, 5 6 ) . I nw 60 o f t h e Cartesian Meditat ionsa n a t t e m p t i s m a d e t o g i ve s e n se t ot h e L e i b n i z i a n t h e s is . N a t u r a l l y L e i b n i z i s r i g h t , H u s s e r I w r i t e s ,

    w h e n h e s a ys t h a t i n fi n i te l y m a n y m o n a d s a n d g r o u p s o f m o n a d s a r ec o n c e i v a b l e b u t t h a t i t d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h a t a l l t h e s e p o s s i b il i ti e s a r ec o m p o s s i b l e ; a n d , a g a in , w h e n h e s a y s t h a t i n f i n i t e l y m a n y w o r l d sm i g h t h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d , b u t n o t t w o o r m o r e a t o n c e , si n c e t h e y a rei n c o m p o s s i b l e . ' 9 I w i ll r e t u r n t o h i s w a y o f m a k i n g s e n s e o f L e i b n i z i na l a t e r c o n t e x t . F o r t h e p r e s e n t , s t il l m a i n t a i n i n g t h e o n t o l o g i c a l n a i v i t yw h i c h h a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h is d i s cu s s io n u n t i l n o w, w e m a y s a y t h a tH u s s e r l d i d b e l i e v e i n t h e L e i b n i z i a n t h e s is a b o u t m a n y c o m p o s s i b l ew o r l d s o f w h i c h t h e a c t u a l i s o n e . W h a t w e s ti ll h a v e t o f i n d o u t i s,w h a t h e m e a n t b y c o m p o s s i b i l i ty ?

    T h e i n f i n i t e l y l arg e a n d c h a o t i c d o m a i n o f r e a l l y, p o s s i b l e i n d i v id -u a ls h a s n o w b e e n o r d e r e d i n t o i n f i n i te l y m a n y u n i t a r y s y s te m s o ft h e m , t h e m a n y c o m p o s s i b le w o r l d s , e a c h o f w h i c h isreally poss ib le ina m o r e r e s t r i c t e d a n d p r o p e r s e n s e. F o r t h i s l a t t e r s e n s e , I w i l l u s e' r e a l 2 ' a n d i t s d e r iv a t iv e s . W h a t n o w i s t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e o n e a c t u a lw o r l d t o t h e se m a n yrea l ly2 p o s s i b l e w o r l d s ? T h e w e l l - k n o w n L e i b -

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    nizian strate gy is not available to Husserl. A phen omen olog ical philos-ophy cannot tell a story of creation, it cannot have any account of howand why the only actual world, the one which is ours, could, fromamongst a plethora of competitors, come to acquire the status ofactuality. It will, however, introduce a way of dealing with this ques-tion according to which one asks about the origin of sense rather thanthe origin of things, and in which the philosopher ceases to speak mere-ly blin dly of creat ion and such things, and instead clarifies mean-ings with intuit ive insight. Again, I will postpo ne consid ering this tilllater in this essay.

    (d) A furt her restriction on real possibility is now in order. Given ourreal world as it is structured by its laws and general types of things andevents belonging to it, one may speak of various possibilities withregard to those things and events, consistent with those typificationsand laws. In o the r words, we are thinkin g of possible variants of thisreal world such that the general typifications and/or laws obtaining inthis world are preserved in those variants. These variants do no t exhaustall c ompossible .worlds, bu t - needless to say - each such variant is acompossib le world. It m ay be said, this real world, the one whic h isours, contains these possibilities inasmuch as these possibilities are notjust any of the real possibilities, but only those which are consistentwith the laws of this world. Let us call these physi cal possibilities

    with out claiming that this world of ours is all physical in nature. Sayingthat the real world cont ins such or in fact any sort of possibilities hasbeen denied by Nicolai Hartmann. Drawing upon a Megarian concept ofpossibility, Hartmann has given a powerful defence of the position thatjust as in the ideal world of essences possibility and actuality coincide,so also in the real world, what is possible is actual and what is notactual is not possible. T I have elsewhere ex am in ed this position andfoun d it unaccept able and so will not stop to consider it now. n Thiscertainly is not Husserrs position. For Husserl, the real actual world isshot through with possibilities of various kinds. He will not be averse tothe notion of 'physical possibility' that I have introduced. On the con-trary, muc h th at he says seems to imply such a notion.

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    4 . H u s s e rl 's p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a lppro ch

    T h e r e a re , i n t h e h i s t o r y o f We s t e r n t h o u g h t , t h r e e b r o a d c o n c e p t i o n so f p o s s i b i l i t y, e a c h a l l o w i n g f o r a w i d e r a n g e o f v a r i a ti o n i n f o r m u l a -t i o n . T h e s e ar e : T h e A r i s t o t el i a n c o n c e p t o f p o t e n t i a l i t y, t h e L e i b n i z ia nc o n c e p t o f p u r e p o s s i b i l it y, a n d t h e K a n t i a n c r it ic a l t h e o r y o f t h em o d a l i t i e s . T h e f 'rr st m a k e s p o s s i b i l i t y q u a p o t e n t i a l i t y a s ta g e i n t h ed e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e a c tu a l . T h e s e c o n d m a k e s t h e a c t u a l a s el e c ti o n o u to f t h e m a n y p o s si b le s . F o r t h e K a n t i a n c r it ic a l t h e o r y, t h e t h r e e m o d a l -i t ie s - p o s s i b i l i t y, a c t u a l i t y a n d n e c e s s i t y - d o n o t p e r t a i n t o d i f f e r e n ts ta g es i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n o b j e c t , n o r d o t h e y p e r t a i n t o l es s a n d

    l e ss i n c l u s iv e re g i o n s o f b e i n g ( s o t h a t m o r e i s p o s s i b l e t h a n i s a c t u a la n d m o r e i s a c t u a l t h a n i s n ec e s s ar y ) . T h e y i n f a c t a r e n o t d e t e r m i n a -t i o n s o f t h e o b j e c t i t s e l f , t h e y c o n c e r n o n l yh o w t h e o b j e c t , t o g e t h e rw i t h a ll it s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , i s r e l a t e d t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g , t o e m p i r i c a lj u d g m e n t a n d t o r e a so n . 12

    A l t h o u g h t h e p i c t u r e o u t l i n e d i n th i s p a p e r u p t o t h i s p o i n t m a k e sH u s s er l s e em s o m e w h a t o f a L e i b n iz i a n , t h a t i m p r e s s i o n n e e d s t o b es u p p l e m e n t e d b y b r i ng i n g o u t t h e A r i s to t e l i a n a n d t h e K a n t i a n e le -m e n t s i n h is t h o u g h t s a b o u t t h e m o d a l i t ie s . F o r t h e A r i s t o t el i a n s t ra i n ,c o n s i d e r t h e s i x t h t e x t q u o t e d b y m e : e v e r y a c t u a l it y i n v o lv e s i tsp o t e n t i a l i t i e s , w h i c h a r e n o t e m p t y p o s s i b i l i t i es , b u t r a t h e r p o s s i b i l it i e si n t e n t i o n a l l y p r e - d e l i n e a t e d . . . . T h e K a n t i a n s t r a in is n o w h e r e m o r ec l ea r ly t o b e d i s c e rn e d t h a n i n th e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e nS i n n a n d S a t zi n w 1 33 o f t h eI d e e n I , w h e r e i n t h e m o d a l i t i e s a r e s a i d t o c o n c e r n t h em o d e s o f p o s i t i n g a n d n o t t h e o b j e c ti v eS i n n . H o w e v e r , e a c h o f t h e s ec o m p o n e n t s o f H u s s e rl 's t h o u g h t s o n p o s s i b i li t y, a n d o n m o d a l i t i e s i ng e n e r a l , u n d e r g o e s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h h i s p h e n o m e -n o l o g ic a l m e t h o d o f p h i l o s o p h i s i n g . A n d t o t h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , I s h al ln o w t u rn .

    I f a s p a ti a l m e t a p h o r b e p e r m i t t e d , t h e n I s h o u l d s a y t h a t t h e a c-c o u n t g i v e n i n t h i s s e c t i o n i sf r o m a b o v e . We s t a r t e d w i t h p u r e p o s s i -b i li t ie s , a n d t h e n d e s c e n d e d t h r o u g h n a r r o w i n g s p h e re s , a n d c o r r e -s p o n d i n g c o n c e p t s , o f p o s s i b i l i t y t o t h e r e a l a c t u a l w o r l d w h i c h i s o u r s ,a n d t h e n t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t ie s b e l o n g i n g t o i t , o rc o n t a i n e d i n i t . T h i ss c h e m e i s o n t o l o g i c a l .

    P h e n o m e n o l o g y b y t h e v er y n a t u r e o f i ts e n t e rp r i s ec a n n o t f o l l o wt h i s r o u t e . I f it sc o n c e r n i s w i t h senses a n d n o t w i t ht h ings a n d i f s e n se s

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    a r e c o n s t i t u t e d i n , a n d n e e d t o b e c l a r if i e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o , c o n s c i o u s -n e ss , t h e n p h e n o m e n o l o g y h a s t o b e g i n , ta k i n g u p t h e s a m e s p at ia lm e t a p h o r , f r o m b e l o w B u t w e s h al l s o o n f i n d t h a t t h e w o r d s a b o v ea n d b e l o w a r e m i s l ea d i n g , n o t f o r t h e o b v i o u s r e a s o n t h a t th e y ar es p a ti a l m e t a p h o r s b u t f o r m o r e i m p o r t a n t p h i l o s o p h i c a l r e as o n s .

    I h a v e t o b e g i n w i t h m y c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a n d c l a r if y t h e ' o r i g i n ' o f t h eb a s ic m o d a l c o n c e p t s a n d v a r i o u s p a t t e r n s o f i n t e r m o d a l r e l at i o n sh i p s .T h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e o n t o lo g i c a l a n d t h e p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a la p p r o a c h e s i s t h u s s t a t e d b y H u s s er l i n a te x t , i m p o r t a n t f o r m y p r e s e n tp u r p o s e , t h u s :

    . . . d a s s d e r O n t o l o g e d i e I d e e d e r N a t u r a l s e i n e A r t i d e a l e Wi r k -l i c h k e i t n i m m t , d a ss e r s ic h a u f d e n B o d e n d i e se r Id e e s t el lt , u ms ic n a c h i h r e n E i g e n t t i m l i c h k e i t e n z u e r f o r s c h e ri ; .. . w / i h r e n d d e rTr a n s z e n d e n t a l p h ~ n o m e n o l o g e n i c h t i n e i n e m s e i e n d e n i d ea l enR a u m s e in T h e m a h a t , s o n d e r n i n d e r I d e e e i n es B e w u s s ts e in st i b e r h a u p t . . . . E r f ti ll t k e i n g e o m e t r i s c h e s U r t e i l , s o n d e r n U r t e i l e~ b e r a l l d i e t r a n s z e n d e n t a l e n M S g l i c h k e i t e n , a u f d e n e n s e l b s t d i eM b g l i c h k e it g e o m e t r i s c h e r U r te i le u n d g e o m e t r i s c h w a h r e r U r te i leb e r u h t . ( H u a X I , 2 2 2 )

    I t i s a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t I n e e d t o d i s p o s e o f a n o b j e c t i o n t h a t is l i k e l yt o a ri s e. I f , a s a t r a n s c e n d e n t a l p h e n o m e n o l o g i s t , H u s s e r l ' s i n t e r e s t is i nh o w t h e s en s e s p o s s i b l e a n d a c t u a l o r i g in a t e i n t h e d o m a i n o f t r an -s c e n d e n t a l s u b j e c t i v i t y, t h e n w h y w a s t h e L e i b n i z i a n a c c o u n t s o f a rg i v e n a t a l l n e c e s s a r y ? I s it t h e c a s e t h a t t h e i d e a o f p u r e p o s s i b i l i t y, a n do f t h e m a n y c o m p o s s i b l e w o r l d s , a n d a ll t h a t , i s a v e s t i g e o f t h a t e s s e n-t i al i sm w h i c h H u s s e d , a s h e b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e o f a t r a n s c e n d e n t a lp h e n o m e n o l o g i s t , g r ad u a l ly g a ve u p ? I n t h e l a t e r w r it i ng s , h e t a l k e dm o r e o f o p e n p o s s ib i l it i es a n d m o t i v a t e d p o s s i b il i ti e s t h a n o f

    p u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a s i d ea l o b j e c t s . N o w , h o w e s s e n t i a l is m is r e l a t e d t ot r a n s c e n d e n t a l p h e n o m e n o l o g y i s a l ar g er i ss u e o n w h i c h I w i l l n o t c o m -m e n t i n t h i s p a p e r. B u t i t w i l l s u f fi c e fo r m y p r e s e n t p u r p o s e t o i n si s to n t h e f o l l o w i n g :

    I t i s a w e l l -k n o w n t h es i s o f tr a n s c e n d e n t a l p h e n o m e n o l o g y th a t c o n -s t i t u t i o n a n a l y s i s s h a ll b e g i n w i t h t h e c o n s t i t u t e d s e n s e a s i t s g u i d i n gp r i n c ip l e . T h e o n t o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t o f p o s s i b il i ty w a s m e a n t a s p ro v i d i n gu s ' w i t h a p i c tu r e o f t h esenses p o s s i b i l i t y a n d a c t u a l i t y a s t h e ys t a n d f u l l y c o n s t i t u t e d O n t o l o g y r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o n s t i t u t e d a c h i e v e -

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    m e n t s c o n s i d e r e d ap a r t f r o m t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i v e o r ig i n. P h e n o m e n o l o g yh a s t o o v e r c o m e t h is n a i v i t y. To o v e r c o m e a n a i v i t y is n o t t o r e j e c t a ne r r o r , i t i s t o c o m p r e h e n d t h a t n a i v i t y q u a n a i v i t y. Tr a n s c e n d e n t a lp h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t o f t h e m o d a l i t ie s h as t o d o t h is , b u t i n d o i n gs o it c a n n o t h e l p i d e n t i f y i n g t h e c o n s t i t u t e d m e a n i n g s t h e m s e lv e s .

    A n a c c o u n t o f p o s s i b i l i t y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p l a n o f a c o n s t i-t u t i v e p h e n o m e n o l o g y h a s t o r e c o g n i s e t h e f o l l o w i n g m a i n s t a g es :

    ( a ) I n s i m p l e p e r c e p t i o n , a t h i n g , t h e t h i n g p e r c e i v e d , i s b o d i l y t h e r eb e f o r e m e . I t i s t h e r e b e f o r e m e w i t h a c e r t a i n p r i m i t i v e c e r t a i n t y. Wed o n o t s a y, i t i s r e a l l y t h e r e , o r a c t u a l l y t h e r e . I t i s s i m p l y t h e r e .

    T h e o b j e c t i v e s e n s e(gegenst~indlicher Sinn) c o m p o n e n t o f th e n o e m aa n d t h e m o d a l i t y o f b e i ng(Seinsmodus) are n o t y e t d i s t in g u i s h e d . T h i si s t h e o r i g in a l , u n m o d i f i e d c e r t a i n t y, l a

    ( b ) T h i s o r ig i n al c e r ta i n t y m a y b e i n t e r r u p t e d b y s o m e d i s h a r m o n i o u sc o u r s e o f e x p e r i e n c e . W h a t w a s g i ve n o r ig i n a ll y a s a h u m a n b e i n g m a ys u b s e q u e n t l y b e g i v e n as a s h a d o w o r t h e n a g a i n a s a h u m a n f i g u re . I ns u c h a c a s e , t h e t h i n g b e g i n s t o a p p e a r q u e s t i o n a b l e , d o u b t f u l , d i s -p u t a b l e . T h e t w o c o n f l i c t in g c h a r a ct e r is a t io n s , a h u m a n b e i n g a n d as h a d o w, c o m e t o h a v e th e s a m e m o d e o f b e in g q u e s t i o n ab l e . T h ei n t e n t i o n s i m p l i c i t i n t h e o r ig i n al p e r c e p t u a l a p p r e h e n s i o n a r e o b-s t r u c t ed . I v a c c il a te b e t w e e n t h e a p p r e h e n s i o n s : a h u m a n b e in g a n d

    a s h a d o w . T h u s a l r e a d y a t t h e le v e l o f p r e - p r e d i c a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e , w eh a v e a m o d a l i s a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l b e l i e f: t h e t w o a l t e r n a t iv e s b e f o r em e ar e p r o b l e m a t i c a l p o s s i b il i ti e s , q u e s t i o n a b l e p o s s i b il i ti e s o r

    p r e s u m p t i v e p o s s i b i l i ti e s . 14 I n a n i m p o r t a n t s e n s e , t h i s i s t h e o r i g in ,i n p r e - p r e d i c a t iv e e x p e r i e n c e , o f t h e c o n c e p t o f p o s s i b i l i t y. A s H u s s e r lw r i te s : Wo i m m e r e i n B e w u s s ts e i n d e n M o d u s G e w i s s h e i t v e r l o re n h a tu n d i n U n g e w i s s h e i t f ib e rg e g a n g e n i s t, i st a u c h d i e R e d e y o n M 6 g l i c h -k e i t e n ( H u a X I, 3 9 ). I f i n t h e or ig i n al p e r c e p t i o n , O b j e c t i v eSinna n d m o d e o f b e i n g a r e n o t s e p a r a te d , i t i s i n t h e t r a n s it i o n to c o n f l ic ta n d d i s h a r m o n y, t h a t t h e y b e c o m e s e p a r a t e d . I n f a c t , b y t h e t i t l e

    m e r e o b j e c t i v eSinn s o m e t h i n g i s d e s i g n a t e d , w h i c h w a s n o t t h e r eb e f o r e h a n d i n s i m p l e p e r c e p t i o n ( H u a X I , 2 2 9 ) . T h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o ft h i s d i s t i n c t i o n i s a n e w e x p e r i e n c e .

    W h e n t h e r u p t u r e a n d t h e d i s h a r m o n y a r e o v e r c o m e , a n d o n e o f t h ep r e s u m p t i v e p o s s i b il i ti e s is c o n f i r m e d a n d t h e o t h e r r e j e c te d , t h e r e ist h e c o n f 'w r n a t o ry y e s ( o r , n o ) , w h i c h i s a g a in a m o d a l i s a t i o n o f t h e

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    o r i g i n al c e r t a i n t y : I t is i n d e e d , i n f a c t , r e a l ly s o . T h e o r ig i n a l u n m o d i -f i e d b e i n g a c q u i r e s t h e c h a r a c t e r o f r e a l l y, s o ( H u a X I , 2 3 0 ) . i s

    ( c ) W i t h i n p r e -p r e d i c a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e t h e r e i s r o o m f o r t h e o r i g i n o fy e t a n o t h e r c o n c e p t o f p o s s i b il i ty. E v e r y p e r c e p t i o n t a k e s p l a c e w i t h i na h o r i z o n o f f a m i l i a r i t y. T h i s h o r i z o n , b o t h i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l , g i v e sr is e t o e x p e c t a t i o n s , w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e p o s s i b il it i es t h a t a r e n o t m e r ep h a n t a s y - p o s s i b i l i t i e s , b u t a r e r a t h e r s u p p o r t e d b y t h e o r i g in a l p o s i t i o n -a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f v a l i d i t y ( H u a V I I I , 1 4 8 ) . W h a t i s i n t e n t i o n a l l y p r e-d e l i n e a t e d i n t h e h o r i z o n o f a p e r c e p t i o n is n o t p o s s i b le b u t c e r t a in .T h i s p r e - d e l i n e a t i o n i t s e l f - t h a t , e . g ., t h e o t h e r, u n s e e n s i d e o f t h e p e r -

    c e i v e d p h y s i c a l o b j e c t h a s s o m e c o l o u r, s o m e t a c t il e q u a l i t y - i s, asH u s s e r l c h a r a c t e ri s e s i t a t o n e p l ac e , a n u n b e s t i m m t . a l l g e m e i n e ( H u aX I , 4 0 ) . B u t t h i s g e n e r a l i t y h a s a n e x t e n s i o n o f f r e e v a r i a b il i ty. W h a tf a ll s w i t h i n i t h a s a n o p e n p o s s i b i l i t y . O n t h e b a si s o f t h e p r e s e n t p e r -c e p t i o n , n o t h i n g c o u n t s i n f a v o u r o r a g a i n s t . A l l o p e n p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r ee q u a l l y p o s s i b l e . I t i s o b v i o u s l y o t h e r w i s e w i t h t h e p r e s u m p t i v e p o s si -b i li t ie s , w h e r e n o t o n l y e a c h a l t e r n a t i v e is s p e c i f ic a l ly i n t e n d e d , b u ts o m e t h i n g c o u n t s i n f a v o u r o f o n e a s a g a in s t a n o t h e r.

    ( d ) O r, c o n s i d e r a t h i n g t h a t i s t h e r e b e f o r e m e i n p e r c e p t i o n . J u s t ast h i s f ct o f p e r c e p t i o n m a y b e t r a n s f o r m e d , in p h a n t a s y, i n t o apossiblep e r c e p t i o n , s o a ls o m a y i t s o b j e c t . I n f a c t , j u s t a s e v e r y i n t e n -t i o n a l . e x p e r i e n c e i s p e r m e a t e d w i t h p o t e n t i a l i t i e s w h i c h g i v e r i se t oo p e n p o s s i b i l it i e s , s o a l so t h e e n t i r e s p h e r e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s c h a r a c-t e ri s e d b y t h e d i f f e re n c e b e t w e e n a c t u a l it y a n d p h a n t a s y. E v e r y a c t u a lc o n s c i o u s n e s s c a n b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n as -i f c o n s c i o u s n e ss a n de v e r y a c t u a l o b j e c t i n t o a n a s -i f o b j e c t . T h e s e p o s s i b l e p e r c e p t i o n s ,p o s s i b l e i m a g i n i n g s - a s w e l l a s p o s s i b l e o b j e c t s - m a y p r o v i d e t h eb a s is f o r b r i n g i n g t o i n t u i t i v e g i v e n n e s s t h e p u r e e i d o s ' p e r c e p t i o n ' , t h ep u r e e i d o s ' i m a g i n a t i o n ' , a s w e l l as t h e p u r e e i d o s ' o b j e c t ' , w h o s e i d e a le x t e n s i o n s a r e m a d e u p o f a l l a p p r o p r i a t e p o s s ib l e p e r c e p t i o n s , i m a g -i n i n g s , o b j e c t s . 16 I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h i s a s- if t r a n s f o r m a t i o n c a no n l y b e p u r e l ytheoretic llym o t i v a t e d . T h e s e a s -i f p o s s i b i l it i e s a s w e l la s t h e eide w h o s e i d e a l e x t e n s i o n s c o n s i s t i n s u c h p o s s i b i l it i e s a r e o f t e nc a l l ed b y - H u s s e r l , c e r t a i n l y i n t h e l a t e r w r i t in g s , ' p u r e p o s s i b i l i ti e s 'u n d e r s t o o d a s p u r e i m a g i n a b l e s . P h a n t a s y, a s a n i m a g i n a t i v e a c t , i s c o n -s t ~ u t i v e o f s u c h p o s s i b i l i ti e s .

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    (e) We have now f ollow ed a whole series of forms of consciousness inwhich different forms of possibilities are given. By virtue of the factthat consciousness can always objecti fy any o f its achievements, It ispossible that . .. may be objectified as the possibility of. .. , wherebyan objectivity of a higher order is constituted out of the appropriatemodalised forms of consciousness and their objects.

    Earlier I had remarked that all the three major concepts of possi-bility - the Leibnizian, the Aristotelian and the Kantian - are to befound in Husserl. It is time now briefly to i ndicate in what precise formeach of these is to be found .

    The Leibnizian concep t is on the surface of a large part of the exposi-

    tion in the first part of this paper. The con cept o f pure possibilities, andof m any compossible worlds o f which ours is one - all these are ad-mittedly appropriated by Husserl, without no doubt the Leibniziantheodicy and the concept of God's intellect as the original home ofthose possibilities. Only one compossible world, Husserl agrees, isactual. In w 60 o f the Cartesian Meditations there is an attempt tointer pret this thesis. Th ere c annot be two communi ties of egos, therecan exist only one such community. Any two such communities cannotbe absolutely isolated. If two such are imagined by me, then, as the

    constitutive primal monad relative to them , they are in communionthrough me. Like two possible variants of my ego, two closed worldsare incompossible. The major departure from Leibniz lies in this thatpure possibilities, instead of belonging to God's intellect, are consti-tuted in the life of transcendental subjectivity. The idea of 'compossi-bility' receives an appropriate interpretation within transcendentalphe nome nol ogy : a world relates to a monadological intersubjectivity,and every monadological intersubjectivity is oriented ar ound one primalmonad, my ego. It can also be yours.

    The Kantian thesis is partially retained, but also, in part, abandoned.Of all the Kantian categories, it is the categories of mod aht y which donot constitute the object in the strict sense. Once the object is there,the modalities are concern ed with how the object, togethe r with all itsdeterminations, is related to understanding and its empirical employ-ment, to empirical judgment, and to reason in its application to experi-ence. u7 For Husserl also, the predicates actua l and possible donot determine the object. A is actual and A is possible are notdeterminative propositions. T The former means, for example, I donot imagine A , the latte r A is imaginable . The mode s of being are

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    c o r r e l a t e s o f t h e t i c a c t q u a l i t ie s . T h e y m u s t b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d , e v e n i fn o t s e p a r a b le , f r o m t h e o b j e c ti v eSinn The K a n t i a n p o s i t i o n i s m o d i -f i e d , in s o f a r a s H u s s er l s e p a r a t e s ' a c t u a l i t y ' f r o m ' e x i s t e n c e ' , a n df u r t h e r i n s o fa r a s t h e p e c u l i a r K a n t i a n c o n c e p t o f f o r m s o f u n d e r -s t a n d i n g i s n o t t h e r e i n H u s s e rl . F u r t h e r m o r e , H u s s e r l c o n t i n u e s t o h o l dt h e L e i b n i z i a n t h e s i s t h a t m o r e i s p o s s i b l e t h a n i s a c t u a l, a t h e s i s K a n texp l ic i t ly re jects . 19

    T h e A r i s t o t e li a n c o n c e p t o f p o t e n c y i s a p p r o p r i a t e d i n t o t h e th e s ist h a t t h e a c t u a l i s c o n s t i t u t e d b y p r e - d e l in e a t e d p o t e n t i a l i ti e s a n dt h a t f u l l a c t u a l i t y a s t h e c o r r e l a t e o f p e r f e c t e v i d e n c e isprogressivelya c h i e v e d b y g r a d u a l f u l f 'f l m e n t o f t h e s e p o t e n t i a l i t i e s . A n d y e t t h i s h a s

    n o t h i n g o f t h e c o r re l a ti v e A r i s to t e l i an c o n c e p t s o f m a t t e r a n d f o r m .F u r t h e r m o r e , a c t u a l i ty is n o t t h e m e r e e n d s t a te o f . th e p r o c es s , b u t a te v e ry s t a g e a ct u a l i t y a n d p o t e n t i a l i t y s e e m t o i n t e r p e n e t r a t e .

    5 . P r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y

    U n d e r l y i n g t h i s w i d e l y r a m i f i e d t h e o r y o f p o s s i b i l i t y, t h e r e i s, f o rH u s s e rl , o n e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l , a n d f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i ew o f c o n s t i-t u t i v e p h e n o m e n o l o g y , p ri m i t i v e p o s s i b il i ty - c o n s c io u s n e s s - t h e p r a c ti -c al p o s s i b il i ty s y m b o l i z e d b y t h e e x p r e s s i o n I c a n . T h e d i s t i n c t i o nb e t w e e n l o g i c al p o s s i b i l i t y a n d p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y is f o r m u l a t e d i nldeen I I t h u s : B o t h a re d e r i v e d f r o m n e u t r a l i t y m o d i f i c a t i o n , t h ef o r m e r f r o m n e u t r a l i t y m o d i f i c a t i o n o f i n tu i t i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ( i n t ot h e m o d e o f as -i f n o n - a c t u a l i ty ) , t h e l a t t er f r o m n e u t r a l i t y m o d i f i c a t i o no f a c t i n g i n t o a q u a s i -a c t i n g . W h a t I ca n , a m a b l e t o , t h a t o f w h i c h Ik n o w m y s e l f as c a p a b l e , . . . t h a t i s a p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y. I c a n ' d e c i d e 'o n l y f r o m a m o n g s t p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l it i e s ; o n l y a p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t yc a n b e t h e t h e m e o f m y w i l l ( H u a I V, 2 5 8 f f ). N o t e t h a t t h e la s t ' c a n 'i s a theore t i ca l ' can ' .

    I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t i n th i s a c c o u n t o f th e d i s t i n c t i o n t h e s y m m e t r yi s m i s l e a d i n g . I f t r a n s f o r m i n g a n a c t u a l i t y i n t o a n a s- if o b j e c t g e n e r -a t e s ( o n e s o r t o f ) lo g i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y, t h e r e is a n I c a n - c o n s c i o u s n e s sw h i c h i s n o t y e t a n e u t r a l is e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f I c a n , w h i c h i s r a t h e ri n v o l v e d i n , a n d a n i m p l i c a t e o f , s o m e m o d e s o f a c t in g . I t i s t h i s o r ig i -n a l I c a n - c o n s c io u s n e s s , a n d n o t t h e o n e r e p r e s e n t e d i n a p h a n t a s y -m o d i f i c a t i o n o f a c t i n g ( as i n I ca n m o v e m y h a n d s a id o n t h e ba s is o fm e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o no f a n a c t i o n ) , w h i c h i s i n m y v i ew t h e p ri m a l

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    s o u r c e o f p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y. O f c o u r s e , l i k e a ll m o d a l i t i e s , t h i s a l s om a y b e r e f l e c t i v e l y t h e m a t i s e d a n d o b j e c t i fi e d .

    O n c e t h i s p o i n t i s gr a s pe d , w e c a n u n d e r s t a n d t h e e m p t y h o r i z o n sb e l o n g in g t o a n y e x p e r i e n c e a s p r a c t i c a l h o r i z o n i n d i c a t in g a s y s t e mo f p o ss i bi li ti e s f o r p r a c t ic a l i n t e r v e n t i o n . O n e m a y e v e n u n d e r s t a n dt h e p r e - d e l i n e a t e d p o s s i b i li t ie s o f f u l f i l m e n t a s p r a c t i c a l p o ss i b i li t ie s( H u a V I I , 2 7 5 ) . A s a m a t t e r o f f a c t, o n e m a y w a n t t o a s s i m il a te a lld o x i c - l o g ic a l p o s s ib i l it i e s t o t h e p r a c t i c a l I c a n p h a n t a s i s e ( H u a IX ,2 0 5 ) . The pr imacy o f the prac ticalr e c e i v e s a s ti ll s t r o n g e r s u p p o r t f r o mt h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n : s i n c e p o s i t i n g a n y o b j e c t , r e a l o r i d ea l , i m -p l ie s t h e p o s s i b i l i ty - e g o l o g i c a l a s w e l l a s i n t e r - s u b j e c t i v e - o f r e i t e r a t -

    i n g c e r t a i n c o n f ' n - m a t o r y a n d e v i d e n c e - p r o d u c i n g p r o c e s s e s ( s u c h a sp o s s i bl e p e r c e p t i o n s i n t h e s e n s e o f p e r c e p t i o n s Iwou ld havew e r e I t ow a l k a r o u n d t h e o b j e c t ) , w i t h o u t s u c h ' p os s ib i li ti e s' t h e r e w o u l d b ef o r u s n o f ixed and abid ingb e i n g , n o r e a l a n d n o i d e a l w o r l d . 2 ~ T h i se s p e c i a l ly h o l d s g o o d o f t h e p u r e p o s s i b i li t ie s . T h e y a r e id e a l o b j e c ts ,t h e i r b e i n g b e y o n d t i m e c o n si s ts i n b e i n g c o r r e l a t e s o f f r e e p r o d u c e -a b i l i t y a n d r e p r o d u c e a b i l i t y a t a l l t i m e s . 21

    H o w e v e r, t h e r e i s s o m e t h i n g d i ss a t i s f y i n g i n s u b s u m i n g a ll a c t s t h a tg e n e r a t e p o s s i b i li t ie s u n d e r t h e c o n c e p t o f p r a c t i c a l p o ss i b i li t y. I t i st r u e t h a t w h e t h e r it i s p u r e p o s s i b i l it y i n t h e s t r i c t e s t s e n se , o r p u r ep o s s i b i li t y i n t h e s e n s e o f a n i m a g i n e d v a r i a t i o n o f a n a c t u a l i t y, o r a s -i ft r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f a n a c t u a l i t y, o r o p e n p o s si b il it ie s p r e - d e l i n e a t e d i nt h e h o r i z o n o f a p e r c e p t u a l e x p e r i e n c e , o r m o t i v a t e d p o s si b il it ie s a r i si n go u t o f o b s t r u c t i o n o f p e r c e p t u a l i n t e n t i o n s - i n e v e r y c a se , w e h a ve a n

    I c a n - f o r m o f c o n sc i o u s n e s s a t t h e s o u r c e o f t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h em o d a l i t y. B u t i t i s a l s o a rg u a b l e t h a t n o t a ll I c a n i s p r a c t i c a l i n t h es t r i c t s e n s e . P r a c t i c a l i n t h e p a r a d i g m a t i c s e n s e f o r H u s s e r l i s, o f c o u r s e ,t h e k i n a e s t h e t i c c o n s c i o u s n e ss I c a n m o v e m y s e l f ' . O n l y i n a m u c hl e ss a p p r o p r i a t e s e n s e , o n e c a n c h a r a c t e r i s e I c a n i m a g i n e a s p r a c t i c a l .T h i s is n o t t o d i s p u t e t h e c o n t e n t i o n , w e l l f o r m u l a t e d b y L a n d g r e b e ,t h a t p o s s ib i l it i e s, i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l m a n n e r, a r e w h a t c a n t a k e p l a c ep r e c i s el y b e c a u s e I b r in g t h e m a b o u t , t h a t t h e r o o t o f o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s so f p o s s i b i l i ty i s i n t h e Verm6gl ichkei ten o f o u r d i s p o s i t i o n a l c a p a c i -t i e s . 22 W hat I am d i spu t ing i s tha t a l l t heseVermOglichkeiten areb o u n du p w i t h t h e a w a r e n e s s I c a n m o v e m y s e l f o r it s l ik e . T h e l a t t e r m a yb e t h e m o s t p r i m i t iv e a w a r e n e s s o f p o s s i b il i ty o n w h i c h t h e d i s t in c t i o nb e t w e e n t h e a c t u a l a n d t h e p o s s ib l e i s f o u n d e d , b u t t h e r e w o u l d a p p e a rt o b e h i g h e r f o r m s o f I c a n - c o n s c i o u s n e s s w h i c h a r e n o t t i e d t o

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    c o r p o r e a l i t y i n t h e m a n n e r k i n a e s t h e s i s i s . We a r e s t i l l u n c l e a r, f o re x a m p l e , a s t o h o w I c a n im a g i n e i s r e l a te d t o I c a n m o v e . I t i sp o s s ib l e t o s u b s u m e t h e t h e o r e ti c a l I c a n u n d e r th e p r a c ti c a l b ys p e a k i n g o f t h e o r e t i c a l p r a c t i c e , a n d H u s s e rl s o m e t i m e s d o e s th i s.B u t i n d o i n g so w e e n d u p b y e x t e n d i n g t h e m e a n i n g o f p r a c t i c a l i n am a n n e r t h a t i s s u re l y n o t i l l e g i t i m a t e , b u t p o s s i b l y n o t e n l i g h t e n i n g . Ap a r a d i g m a t i c e x a m p l e o f t h e th e o r e t i c al I c a n i s t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o ft h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e w o r l d ' s d i s s o l v i n g i n t o n o t h i n g n e s s . T h i s is n o t am o t i v a t e d p o s s i b il i ty f o r w h i c h a n y t h i n g i n e x p e r i e n c e s p e ak s . T h e r e isn o r e a l p o s s i b i l it y o f i t s n o n - b e i n g . I c a n n o t i m a g i n e i t . Ye t t h e r e i s a no p e n p o s s i b il i ty t h a t t h is h a r m o n i o u s u n i t a r y s t r u c t u r e o f w o r ld -

    e x p e r i e n c e d i s s o l v e s i t s e l f ( H u a V I I I , 4 5 - 5 5 ) .h i s o p e n p o s s i b i l i t y -n o t e t h a t t h i s is a d i ff e r e n t se n s e o f o p e n n e s s t h a n t h a t i n w h i c h t h ep o t e n t i a l it i e s p r e - d e l in e a t e d i n t h e h o r i z o n o f a p e r c e p t u a l e x p e r i e n c ea r e o p e n - i s n o t c o n s t i t u t e d b y a p r a c t i c a l I c a n , b u t e n t i r e l y b y at h e o r e t i c a l I c a n c o n c e i v e o f it .

    To s u m u p : w e h a v e f o l l o w e d t w o m o v e m e n t s , i n o p p o s e d d i r e c ti o n s ,o n e f r o m a b o v e , i .e . f r o m a b s t r a c t p u r e p o s s i b i l i ti e s t o t h e a c t u a l , a n dt h e o t h e r f r o m b e l o w, i .e . f r o m t h e a c t u a l t o t h e p o ss i b le s o f d i ff e r e n td e g re e s o f r e m o t e n e s s . T h e f o r m e r i s t h e p a t h o f o n t o l o g y, t h e l a t te rt h e p a t h o f p h e n o m e n o l o g y. T h e l at t er m o v e m e n t re q u ir es t h e a p p r o -p r i a t e c o n s t i t u t i v e a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n es s . B u t u n d e r l y i n g t h e a c t u a lp e r f o r m a n c e o f t h o s e a c ts i s t h e d i s p o s i ti o n a l I c a n c o n s c i o u s n e s sw h i c h , I h a v e i n s i s t e d , is o f t w o r a d i c a l ly d i f f e r e n t s o r t s : p r a c t i c a l a n dt h e o r e t i c a l . E a c h m a y s u b s e q u e n t l y b e o b j e c t i f i e d , y i e l d i n g p o s s i b i l it i e sas en t i t i e s .

    NOTES

    1. Compare my Intentionality and Possible World: Husserl and Hintikka, in ILL. Drey-fus, ed., Husserl Intentionality and Cognitive Science(Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1982),pp. 233-251.

    2. E. Husserl, Logical Investigations trans. J.N. Finlay (New York: Humanities Press,1970), p. 345. Hereafter cited as LI.

    3. E. Husserl, Cartesian M editations trans. D. Cairns (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960),w 19. Hereafter cited as CM.

    4 . C M w5. E. Husserl, Paris Lectures trans. P. Koestenbaum (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964),

    p. 33.6. A. Gurwitsch, Leibniz: P hilosophic des Panlogismus(Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1974).

    The English translation is mine.

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    7. LIII p p . 7 5 1 - 7 5 3 .8 . T h i s c o i n c i d e n c e o f m o d e s h a s b e e n e m p h a s i s e d b y N i co l a J H a r t m a n u i n h i sM6glichkeit

    und ICirklichkeit ( B e r l i n : Wa l t e r d e G r u y t e t , 1 9 4 9 ) .9. cm 8 60.

    1 0 . N i c o l a i H a r t m a n n , o p . c i t.11 . C o m p a r e m y R e m a r k s o n N i c ol a i H a r t m a n n ' s M o d a l D o c t r i n e ,Kant Studien 5 4

    ( 1 9 6 3 ) , p p . 1 8 1 - 1 8 7 . R e p r i n t e d i nPhenomenology and Ontology ( T h e H a g u e : M a r t i n u sNi jhoff , 1970) .

    12 . I . Ka nt ,Critique of Pure Reason A 2 1 9 = B 2 6 6 .13. E. Huss erl ,Experience and Judgment t r a n s . J . S . C h u r c h i l l a n d K . A m e r i k s ( E v a n s t o n :

    N o r t h w e s t e r n P r e s s, 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 1 0 0 . H e r e a f t e r c i t e d a sEs1 4 E J p . 9 5 .15 Cf E p. 100.1 6. c M 8 8 2 5 a n d 3 4 .

    17. Critique f Pure Reason A 2 1 9 = B 2 6 6 .18. ~I 88 75-76.19 . Critique o/Pure Reason A 2 30-1 = B 282-.4.20 . CM 8 27 .21. cu 8 55.2 2 . L . L a n d g x e b e, T h e P h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l C o n c e p t o f E x p e r i e n c e ,Philosophy and Phe-

    nomenological Research 34 (1973) , esp . p . 10 .