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![Page 1: 1975-2001 > 50 contributors Information from 35 countries Harmonization of 700 mapping units Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070307/551a55f6550346cb358b5d98/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1975-20011975-2001
> 50 contributors > 50 contributors
Information from 35 countriesInformation from 35 countries
Harmonization of 700 mapping unitsHarmonization of 700 mapping units
Map of the Natural Vegetation of EuropeMap of the Natural Vegetation of Europe
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Sustainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants:
Practice Standards and
Performance Criteria
Frank KlingensteinUwe Schippmann
Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz)
Bonn, Germany
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203 a.C. IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species
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Silphion: probably a Silphion: probably a FerulaFerula-species-species
Silphion was used as species, for mythical purposes, and as aphrodisiac since 700 BC therefore present on mosaics, signets and coins
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In 96 BC Cyrene became a Roman province, ruled by one-year governers who may have pushed Silphion harvest beyond sustainable limits.Silphion on coins
?631 BC 550 230 96 0 100 AD 300 AD
Trade decline
Roman province
The economy of Cyrene depended on the export of Silphion for three centuries
extinction
Cyrene
Silphion: first plant exting by man?Silphion: first plant exting by man?
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Logo of the IUCN
Medicinal Plant Specialist
Group (MPSG)
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Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) as commodity = drugs
wood
roots
leaves
stems
bark
herb
flowers
inflorescens
Credit: Dagmar Lange
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MAP-species: figures
~ 55,000 are estimated to be used world-wide (Spain: 600 out of 5100)
~ 2,500 are traded internationally (Spain: 450)
(70) – 90 % in terms of species number
50 – (70) % in terms of quantity are wild collected
~ only a few hundred are commercially cultivated (due to low demand and price)
~ 4,000 are estimated to be threatened
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Conclusion
Cultivation cannot be the principal solution to over-harvesting!
The main challenge for conservation: Make wild collection sustainable !
Most MAP species will continue to be wild collected
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High priority of MAPs for conservation
potential for development of new drugs
improvement of health, benefits for countries of origin
affordable medicine for most people in developing countriesimprovement of their circumstances
harvesting offers income (esp. rural communities, women)sustainable use incentive for their conservation
public interest in health care issuesraise more awareness for conservation
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§ 1: Objectives
conservation of biological diversity
sustainable use of its components sustainable use of its components
sharing of the benefits arising out of their utilization
Ecosystem approach (man as part of nature)
§ 10: Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity
b) minimize impacts on biodiversity when using biological resources
c) customary use in accordance with traditional practices
e) cooperation between governmental and private sector
Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD; Rio 1992)
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES; 1973)
300 MAP species are listed
25 due to their wild
collection
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Germany is one of the leading countries of import and export of MAPs
Average annual volumes and values for 1991 bis 2000Country of Quantity Value Country of Quantity Valueimport [tonnes][x1000 US$] export [tonnes] [x1000 US$]
Hong Kong 67,000 291,200 China 147,000 281,800Japan 51,350 136,000 Hong Kong 63,150 228,800USA 49,600 135,500 India 33,900 56,650Germany 45,350 110,200 Germany 15,100 70,050Rep. Korea 32,250 52,300 USA 13,500 115,500France 21,350 52,000 Mexico 13,000 11,250China 13,650 41,600 Egypt 11,750 13,850Italy 11,700 42,850 Chile 11,600 28,200Pakistan 11,050 11,150 Bulgaria 10,050 14,500Spain 9,100 27,650 Singapore 9,600 56,600United Kingdom 7,650 27,000 Morocco 8,000 13,300Singapore 6,300 50,600 Pakistan 7,800 4,950
Total 326,300 978,150 Total 344,400 893,400
Credit: Dagmar Lange
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Activities of BfN on MAPs
Namibia
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Südafrika
30°
30°
20°
20°
18°
18°
28°
28°
Devil‘s Claw
Harpagophytum procumbens
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??
GuidelinesGuidelines
PrinciplesPrinciples
management plans for field collectionmanagement plans for field collection
Criteria and Performance Indicators Criteria and Performance Indicators
for the Sustainable Wild Collection for the Sustainable Wild Collection
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plantsof Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
WHOGACP Good
Agricultural Collection Practice
EMEAPoints to consider .
..
WHOIUCN WWF
Conser-vation
FAH Standard-
verfahrens-anweisung
Devils ClawNamibia
ArnicaRomania
ThymeSpain
BoldoChile
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Guideline
“Develop management systems for sustainable use of medicinal plant resources that follow adaptive management principles.“
VerifiersThe frequency of collection is documented does not exceed a determined limit is adapted to age and size of the population(s) is adapted to the regeneration of the population(s).
Criteriaa. Frequency of collection: The frequency of collection of a population in
a certain time ensures, that negative impacts on the structure of the population and its reproduction are avoided.
b. [...]
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Criteria & Indicators: Application
CertificationCertification AuditingAuditing
CITESCITESEco FarmingEco Farming
Others ?Others ?
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Criteria & Indicators: Starting point
Experience for Non-Timber Forest Products
Already field tested e.g. for •Bertholletia excelsa, Brazil nut, BO•Euterpe oleracea, palm hearts, BR
Experience for the Certification of Forest Products: FSC
Already existing for • timber (in many countries)• non timber forest products (a few)
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Drafting
Test
Consultation
Draft C&I
Assessment of projects and case studies
2004 2006
Criteria & Indicators: Process
enhanced C&I
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draft K&I
Criteria & Indicators: Partners
enhanced K&I
coo
rdin
atio
n
Assessment of projects and case studies
G E R M A N Y fd
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C&I for MAP: Questions to the audience
Which case studies in which regions can be integrated as model projects to test the draft C&I?
Who wants to be involved in the C&I process to ensure their practicability in collection, trade and processing?
Thank you