1973 Oil Crisis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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    40:? L`f Os``

    Lumis ndai Dsdc L`f Iacdsjl

    Jsdwm lb l`f ws`oi bsla 4=24377:& mlz`nj d mdsw `nosidi `n 40:?& dne djd n eys`nj umi 40:0 inisjp

    os``. Umi lsdnji f`ni ` dekyuie bls `nbfdu`ln.

    40:? l`f os``Bsla Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d

    Bysumis `nblsadu`ln; 40:? zlsfe l`f adshiu omslnlfljp

    Umi 40:? l`f os`` udsuie `n Loulcis 40:?& zmin umi

    aiacis lb Lsjdn`{du`ln lb Dsdc Wiuslfiya I}wlsu`nj

    Olynus`i ls umi LDWIO -oln`u`nj lb umi Dsdc aiacis

    lb LWIO& wfy Ijpwu& _ps`d dne Uyn``d wslofd`aie dn l`f

    iacdsjl. Um` zd #`n siwlni ul umi Y._. eio``ln ul si!ywwfp umi @sdif` a`f`udsp# eys`nj umi Pla H`wwys

    zds.X4Q @u fduie ynu`f Adsom 40:5.X3Q Z`um umi Y._. dou`ln iin d `n`u`du`nj umi l`f iacdsjl dne umi flnj

    uisa wl`c`f`up lb m`jm l`f ws`oi& e`sywuie ywwfp dne sioi`ln& d uslnj s`bu zd osiduie z`um`n NDUL.

    Dee`u`lndffp& lai Iyslwidn ndu`ln dne Kdwdn lyjmu ul e`dlo`dui umiaifri bsla umi Y._. A`eefi Idu

    wlf`op. Dsdc l`f wsleyois mde dfl f`nhie umi ine lb umi iacdsjl z`um yooibyf Y._. ibblsu ul osidui widoi

    `n umi A`eefi Idu& zm`om olawf`oduie umi `uydu`ln. Ul deesi umii eiriflwainu& umi N`}ln

    Dea`n`usdu`ln cijdn wdsdffif nijlu`du`ln z`um clum Dsdc l`f wsleyois ul ine umi iacdsjl& dne z`um Ijpwu&

    _ps`d& dne @sdif ul dssdnji dn @sdif` wyff cdoh bsla umi _`nd` dne umi Jlfdn Mi`jmu dbuis umi b`jmu`nj

    ulwwie. Cp Kdnydsp 4=& 40:5& _iosiudsp lb _udui Minsp H``njis mde nijlu`duie dn @sdif` usllw z`umesdzdf

    bsla wdsu lb umi _`nd`. Umi wsla`i lb d nijlu`duie iuufiainu ciuziin @sdif dne _ps`d zd ybb`o`inu ulolnr`noi Dsdc l`f wsleyois ul f`bu umi iacdsjl `n Adsom 40:5. Cp Adp& @sdif djsiie ul z`umesdz bsla

    lai wdsu lb umi Jlfdn Mi`jmu.X3Q

    @neiwineinufp& umi LDWIO aiacis djsiie ul yi umi`s firisdji lris umi zlsfe ws`oi iuu`nj aiomdn`a bls

    l`f ul udc`f`{i umi`s sidf `nolai cp sd``nj zlsfe l`f ws`oi. Um` dou`ln blfflzie irisdf pids lb uiiw

    `nolai eiof`ni dbuis umi sioinu bd`fysi lb nijlu`du`ln z`um umi adkls Ziuisn l`f olawdn`i idsf`is `n umi

    alnum.

    @neyus`df`{ie iolnla`i sif`ie ln osyei l`f& dne LWIO zd umi`s wsiela`ndnu ywwf`is. Ciodyi lb umi

    esdadu`o `nbfdu`ln i}wis`inoie eys`nj um` wis`le& d wlwyfds iolnla`o umilsp md ciin umdu umii ws`oi`nosidi zisi ul cfdai& d ci`nj ywwsi`ri lb iolnla`o dou`r`up. D a`nls`up e`inu`nj lw`n`ln tyiu`ln

    umi odydf sifdu`lnm`w eios`cie cp um` umilsp.X?Q Umi udsjiuie olynus`i siwlneie z`um d z`ei rds`iup lb

    niz& dne alufp wisadninu& `n`u`du`ri ul olnud`n umi`s bysumis eiwineinop. Umi 40:? #l`f ws`oi mloh#& dflnj

    z`um umi 40:?40:5 uloh adshiu osdm& mdri ciin sijdseie d umi b`su irinu `noi umi Jsidu Eiwsi`ln ul

    mdri d wis`uinu iolnla`o ibbiou.X5Q

    Olnuinu

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    4 Cdohjslyne4.4 Blyne`nj lb LWIO4.3 N`}ln Ws`oi Bsii{i4.? Ine lb Csiuuln Zlle4.5 Pla H`wwys Zds

    3 Dsdc l`f iacdsjl

    3.4 Omslnlfljp3.3 @aaie`dui iolnla`o ibbiou

    ? Ws`oi olnuslf dne sdu`ln`nj5 Olnisrdu`ln dne sieyou`ln `n eiadne9 _iolnedsp ibbiou2 _idsom bls dfuisndu`ri: Adosliolnla`o ibbiou= Ibbiou ln `nuisndu`lndf sifdu`ln0 Eiof`ni lb LWIO47 Flnj!uisa ibbiou

    47.4 _lr`iu sidou`ln

    47.3 Jslz`nj ioys`up olnoisn47.? Olnofy`ln

    44 @awdou ln aluls `neyusp44.4 Ziuisn Iyslwi44.3 Y._.

    43 _ii dfl4? Sibisinoi45 Bysumis side`nj49 I}uisndf f`nh

    Cdohjslyne

    Blyne`nj lb LWIO

    Umi Lsjdn`{du`ln lb umi Wiuslfiya I}wlsu`nj Olynus`i -LWIO& zm`om umin oln`uie lb uzifri olynus`i&

    `nofye`nj @sdn& irin Dsdc olynus`i -@sdt& Hyzd`u& F`cpd& Tduds& _dye` Dsdc`d& umi Yn`uie Dsdc Ia`sdui&

    wfy Rini{yifd& @nelni`d& N`jis`d& dne Ioydels& mde ciin blsaie du d Cdjmede olnbisinoi ln _iwuiacis

    45& 4027. LWIO zd lsjdn`{ie ul si`u wsiysi cp umi #_irin _`uis# -alufp lznie cp Y._.& Cs`u`m dne

    Eyuom ndu`lndf ul sieyoi l`f ws`oi dne wdpainu ul wsleyo`nj olynus`i. Du b`su LWIO mde lwisduie d dn

    `nblsadf cdsjd`n`nj yn`u bls umi dfi lb l`f cp silysoi!s`om Um`se Zlsfe ndu`ln. LWIO olnb`nie `u dou`r`u`iul jd`n`nj d fdsjis mdsi lb umi wslb`u jinisduie cp umi Ziuisn l`f olawdn`i dne jsiduis olnuslf lris umi

    aiacis* firif lb wsleyou`ln. D d siyfu lb um` dne lumis irinu `n umi idsfp 40:7& `u cijdn ul i}isu `u

    iolnla`o dne wlf`u`odf usinjum8 umi adkls Ziuisn l`f olnjflaisdui& d ziff d umi `awlsu`nj ndu`ln&

    yeeinfp bdoie d yn`b`ie cflo lb i}wlsuis.

    N`}ln Ws`oi Bsii{i

    Ine lb Csiuuln Zlle

    Ln Dyjyu 49& 40:4& umi Yn`uie _udui yn`fduisdffp wyffie lyu lb umi Csiuuln Zlle Doolse udh`nj umi Y_ lbbumi Jlfe I}omdnji _udnedse -zmisicp lnfp umi rdfyi lb umi Y_ elffds mde ciin wijjie ul umi ws`oi lb jlfe

    dne dff lumis oyssino`i zisi wijjie ul umi Y_ elffds& dfflz`nj umi elffds ul #bfldu#. _mlsufp umisidbuis&

    Cs`ud`n blfflzie& bfldu`nj umi wlyne uisf`nj. Umi `neyus`df`{ie ndu`ln blfflzie y`u z`um umi`s siwiou`ri

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    oyssino`i. @n dnu`o`wdu`ln lb umi bfyouydu`ln lb oyssino`i d umip udc`f`{ie djd`nu idom lumis& umi

    `neyus`df`{ie ndu`ln dfl `nosidie umi`s siisri -ws`nu`nj alnip `n dalynu bds jsiduis umdn iris ciblsi.

    Umi siyfu zd d eiwsio`du`ln lb umi rdfyi lb umi Y_ elffds& d ziff d umi lumis oyssino`i lb umi zlsfe.

    Ciodyi l`f zd ws`oie `n elffds& um` aidnu umdu l`f wsleyois zisi sioi`r`nj fi sidf `nolai bls umi dai

    ws`oi. Umi LWIO odsuif `yie d kl`nu olaayn`tyi udu`nj umdu& bsla umin ln& umip zlyfe ws`oi d cdssif lb l`f

    djd`nu jlfe.

    Um` fie ul umi #L`f _mloh# lb umi a`e!40:7. @n umi pids dbuis 40:4& LWIO zd flz ul sidekyu ws`oi ul

    sibfiou um` eiwsio`du`ln. Bsla 405:402:& umi ws`oi lb l`f `n Y._. elffds mde s`in cp fi umdn uzl wisoinu

    wis pids. Ynu`f umi L`f _mloh& umi ws`oi siad`nie bd`sfp udcfi risy lumis oyssino`i dne olaale`u`i& cyu

    yeeinfp ciodai i}usiaifp rlfdu`fi umisidbuis. LWIO a`n`uis mde nlu eiriflwie umi `nu`uyu`lndf

    aiomdn`a ul ywedui ws`oi sdw`efp inlyjm ul hiiw yw z`um omdnj`nj adshiu olne`u`ln& l umi`s sidf

    `nolai fdjjie bls irisdf pids. Umi ycudnu`df ws`oi `nosidi lb 40:?:5 fdsjifp odyjmu yw umi`s `nolai

    ul Csiuuln Zlle firif `n uisa lb lumis olaale`u`i yom d jlfe.X9Q

    Pla H`wwys Zds

    Ln Loulcis 2& 40:?& _ps`d dne Ijpwu fdynomie d ysws`i duudoh ln @sdif.

    X2Q

    Um` niz slyne `n umiDsdc!@sdif` olnbf`ou us`jjisie d os`` dfsidep `n umi adh`nj8 umi ws`oi lb l`f zd jl`nj ul s`i. Umi Ziu

    olyfe nlu olnu`nyi ul `nosidi `u inisjp olnyawu`ln 9) dnnydffp& zm`fi dfl wdp`nj flz l`f ws`oi& dne

    iff`nj `nbfdu`ln!ws`oie jlle ul umi wiuslfiya wsleyois `n umi eiriflw`nj Um`se Zlsfe. Um` zd usiie cp

    umi _mdm lb @sdn& zmli ndu`ln zd umi zlsfe* iolne!fdsjiu i}wlsuis lb l`f dne d ofli dffp lb umi Yn`uie

    _udui `n umi A`eefi Idu du umi u`ai. #Lb olysi Xumi zlsfe ws`oi lb l`fQ ` jl`nj ul s`i#& umi _mdm ulfe Umi

    Niz Plsh U`ai `n 40:?. #Oisud`nfp$ Dne mlz...8 Ply XZiuisn ndu`lnQ `nosidie umi ws`oi lb zmidu ply iff

    y cp ?77)& dne umi dai bls yjds dne oiainu...8 Ply cyp lys osyei l`f dne iff `u cdoh ul y& sib`nie d

    wiuslomia`odf& du d mynesie u`ai umi ws`oi ply*ri wd`e ul y...8 @u* lnfp bd`s umdu& bsla nlz ln& ply mlyfe

    wdp alsi bls l`f. Fiu* dp uin u`ai alsi.#X:Q

    Ln Loulcis 43& 40:?& Wsi`einu S`omdse N`}ln dyumls`{ie Lwisdu`ln N`ohif Jsd& dn lrisu usduij`o d`sf`buul eif`ris zidwln dne ywwf`i ul @sdif& dbuis umi _lr`iu Yn`ln cijdn ine`nj dsa ul _ps`d dne Ijpwu.

    Dsdc l`f iacdsjl

    Ln Loulcis 42& 40:?& LWIO dnnlynoie d eio``ln ul sd`i umi wluie ws`oi lb l`f cp :7)& ul %9.44 d

    cdssif.X=Q Umi blfflz`nj edp& l`f a`n`uis djsiie ul umi iacdsjl& d oyu `n wsleyou`ln cp b`ri wisoinu bsla

    _iwuiacis* lyuwyu& dne ul olnu`nyi ul oyu wsleyou`ln lris u`ai `n b`ri wisoinu `nosiainu ynu`f umi`s

    iolnla`o dne wlf`u`odf lckiou`ri zisi aiu.X0Q Loulcis 40& Y_ Wsi`einu S`omdse N`}ln sityiuie Olnjsi

    ul dwwslws`dui %3.3 c`ff`ln `n iaisjinop d`e ul @sdif& `nofye`nj %4.9 c`ff`ln `n lyu!s`jmu jsdnu. JilsjiFino{lzh` nlui& #A`f`udsp ywwf`i e`e nlu i}mdyu N`}ln* idjisni ul wsirinu @sdif* olffdwi. ... Um`

    X%3.3CQ eio``ln us`jjisie d olffiou`ri LWIO siwlni.#X47Q F`cpd dnnlynoie `u zlyfe iacdsjl dff l`f

    m`wainu ul umi Yn`uie _udui. _dye` Dsdc`d dne umi lumis LWIO udui ty`ohfp blfflzie y`u& kl`n`nj umi

    iacdsjl ln Loulcis 37& 40:?.X44Q Du umi`s aiiu`nj `n Hyzd`u umi LWIO l`f!wsleyo`nj olynus`i& wslofd`aie

    umi l`f clpoluu umdu wslr`eie bls oysc ln umi`s l`f i}wlsu ul rds`ly olnyais olynus`i dne d uludf iacdsjl

    ln l`f eif`ris`i ul umi Yn`uie _udui d d #ws`no`wdf mlu`fi olynusp#.X43Q Umi iacdsjl zd umy rds`lyfp

    i}uineie ul Ziuisn Iyslwi dne Kdwdn.

    Umlyjm Yn`uie _udui zd umi `n`u`df udsjiu lb umi iacdsjl& `u zd fduis i}wdneie ul umi Niumisfdne. X4?Q

    Ws`oi `nosidi zisi dfl `awlie. _`noi mlsu uisa l`f eiadne ` `nifdu`o& eiadne bdff f`uufi zmin umi ws`oi` sd`ie. Umy& l`f ws`oi mde ul ci sd`ie esdadu`odffp ul sieyoi eiadne ul umi niz flzis firif lb ywwfp.

    Dnu`o`wdu`nj um`& umi adshiu ws`oi bls l`f `aaie`duifp sli ycudnu`dffp& bsla %? d cdssif ul %43. X4?Q Umi

    zlsfe b`ndno`df puia& zm`om zd dfsidep yneis wsiysi bsla umi csidhelzn lb umi Csiuuln Zlle

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    Umi ws`oi lb l`f eys`nj umi iacdsjl. Umi jsdwm ` cdie ln umi nla`ndf& nlu sidf&

    ws`oi lb l`f& dne l lrisudui ws`oi du umi ine. Mlziris& umi ibbiou lb umi Dsdc

    L`f Iacdsjl dsi ofids`u ibbiou`rifp elycfie umi sidf ws`oi lb osyei l`f du umi

    sib`nisp firif& dne odyie ad`ri mlsudji `n umi Y._.

    djsiiainu& zd iu ln d wdum lb sioi`ln dne m`jm `nbfdu`ln umdu wis`uie ynu`f umi idsfp 40=7& z`um l`f

    ws`oi olnu`ny`nj ul s`i ynu`f 40=2.

    Lris umi flnj uisa& umi l`f

    iacdsjl omdnjie umi nduysi lb

    wlf`op `n umi Ziu ulzdse

    `nosidie i}wflsdu`ln& inisjp

    olnisrdu`ln& dne alsi

    sius`ou`ri alniudsp wlf`op ul

    ciuuis b`jmu `nbfdu`ln.

    Omslnlfljp

    Kdnydsp 40:?Umi40:?40:5 uloh adshiuosdm cij`n& d d siyfu lb`nbfdu`ln wsiysi& umiN`}ln _mloh dne umi

    olffdw`nj alniudsppuia.Dyjyu 3?& 40:?@nwsiwdsdu`ln bls umi PlaH`wwys Zds& _dye` H`njBd`df dne Ijpwu`dnwsi`einu Dnzds _deduaiiu `n S`pdem dneiosiufp nijlu`dui dn doolse zmisicp umi Dsdc z`ff yi umi #l`f zidwln# d wdsu lb umi ywola`nj

    a`f udsp olnbf`ou.X45Q

    Loulcis 2 Ijpwu dne _ps`d duudoh @sdif` looyw`ie fdne `n _`nd` dne Jlfdn Mi`jmu ln Pla H`wwys&udsu`nj umi blysum Dsdc!@sdif` Zds.Loulcis = Loulcis 47LWIO nijlu`du`ln z`um adkls l`f olawdn`i ul sir`i umi 40:4 Uimsdnws`oi djsiiainu bd`f.Loulcis 43 Umi Yn`uie _udui `n`u`dui Lwisdu`ln N`ohif Jsd& dn lrisu usduij`o d`sf`bu lwisdu`ln ulwslr`ei siwfdoiainu zidwln dne ywwf`i ul @sdif eys`nj umi Pla H`wwys Zds. Um` blfflzie `a`fds_lr`iu alri ul ywwfp umi Dsdc `ei.Loulcis 42 _dye` Dsdc`d& @sdn& @sdt& Dcy Emdc`& Hyzd`u& dne Tduds yn`fduisdffp sd`i wluie ws`oi

    cp 4:) ul %?.29 wis cdssif dne dnnlynoi wsleyou`ln oyu.X49Q

    Loulcis 4:LWIO l`f a`n`uis djsii ul yi l`f d d zidwln ul `nbfyinoi umi Ziu* ywwlsu lb @sdif`n umi Pla H`wwys zds. Umip siolaaine dn iacdsjl djd`nu nln!olawfp`nj udui dne adnedui d oyu

    `n i}wlsu.Loulcis 40Y_ Wsi`einu S`omdse N`}ln sityiu Olnjsi ul dwwslws`dui %3.3c`ff`ln `n iaisjinop

    d`e ul @sdif. Um` eio``ln us`jjisie d olffiou`ri Dsdc siwlni.X47Q F`cpd wslofd`a dn iacdsjl ln l`fi}wlsu ul umi Yn`uie _udui8 _dye` Dsdc`d dne lumis Dsdc udui blfflz.Loulcis 3? Loulcis 3=Umi Dsdc l`f iacdsjl ` i}uineie ul umi Niumisfdne.Loulcis 32Umi Pla H`wwys Zds ine.Nlriacis 9Dsdc wsleyois dnnlynoi d 39) lyuwyu oyu. D bysumis 9) oyu ` umsiduinie.Nlriacis 3?Umi Dsdc iacdsjl ` i}uineie ul Wlsuyjdf& Smlei`d& dne _lyum Dbs`od.Nlriacis 3:Y._. Wsi`einu S`omdse N`}ln `jn umi Iaisjinop Wiuslfiya Dfflodu`ln Doudyumls`{`nj ws`oi& wsleyou`ln& dfflodu`ln dne adshiu`nj olnuslf.

    Eioiacis 0Dsdc l`f a`n`uis djsii ul dnlumis b`ri wisoinu oyu bls nln!bs`inefp olynus`i blsKdnydsp 40:5.Eioiacis 39Dsdc l`f a`n`uis odnoif umi b`ri wisoinu lyuwyu oyu bls Kdnydsp. _dye` l`f a`n`uisDmaie [dh` Pdadn` wsla`i d uin wisoinu LWIO wsleyou`ln s`i.Kdnydsp :0& 40:5LWIO eio`ei ul bsii{i ws`oi ynu`f Dws`f 4.

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    @n um` 40:5 wmlul& d adn

    du d isr`oi udu`ln side

    dclyu umi jd sdu`ln`nj

    puia `n dn dbuisnlln

    nizwdwis8 d `jn `n umi

    cdohjslyne udui umdu nl

    jd ` drd`fdcfi

    Kdnydsp 4=@sdif `jn d z`umesdzdf djsiiainu ul wyff cdoh ul umi idu `ei lb umi _yi{ Odndf.Bicsydsp 44 Yn`uie _udui _iosiudsp lb _udui Minsp H``njis ynri`f umi Wslkiou @neiwineinoi wfdnul adhi Y._. inisjp `neiwineinu.Bicsydsp 43 Bicsydsp 45Wsljsi `n Dsdc!@sdif` e`injdjiainu cs`nj e`oy`ln lb l`f usduijpdalnj umi mide lb udui lb Dfjis`d& Ijpwu& _ps`d dne _dye` Dsdc`d.Adsom 9@sdif z`umesdz umi fdu lb `u usllw bsla umi ziu `ei lb umi _yi{ Odndf.Adsom 4:Dsdc l`f a`n`uis& z`um umi i}oiwu`ln lb F`cpd& dnnlynoi umi ine lb umi iacdsjl djd`nuumi Yn`uie _udui.Adp ?4E`wfladop cp Minsp H``njis wsleyoi d e`injdjiainu djsiiainu ln umi _ps`dn bslnu.Eioiacis 40:5Umi 40:?40:5 uloh adshiu osdm ine.

    @aaie`dui iolnla`o ibbiou

    Umi ibbiou lb umi iacdsjl zisi `aaie`dui. LWIO blsoie umi l`f olawdn`i ul

    `nosidi wdpainu esdu`odffp. Umi ws`oi lb l`f tydesywfie cp 40:5 ul nidsfp

    Y_%43 wis cdssif -:9 Y_%,a?.X42Q

    Um` `nosidi `n umi ws`oi lb l`f mde d esdadu`o ibbiou ln l`f i}wlsu`nj ndu`ln&

    bls umi olynus`i lb umi A`eefi Idu zml mde flnj ciin ela`nduie cp umi`neyus`df wlzis zisi iin ul mdri doty`sie olnuslf lb d r`udf olaale`up. Umi

    usde`u`lndf bflz lb odw`udf sirisie d umi l`f i}wlsu`nj ndu`ln dooyayfduie rdu

    zidfum. _lai lb umi `nolai zd e`winie `n umi blsa lb d`e ul lumis

    yneiseiriflwie ndu`ln zmli iolnla`i mde ciin odyjmu ciuziin m`jmis

    ws`oi lb l`f dne flzis ws`oi bls umi`s lzn i}wlsu olaale`u`i dne sdz

    aduis`df da`e ms`nh`nj Ziuisn eiadne bls umi`s jlle. Ayom zd dclscie

    `n ad`ri dsa wysomdi umdu i}doiscduie wlf`u`odf uin`ln& wdsu`oyfdsfp `n umi

    A`eefi Idu.

    Um` olnuslf lb d r`udf olaale`up ciodai hnlzn d umi #l`f zidwln zm`omodai `n umi blsa lb dn iacdsjl dne oyucdoh `n l`f wsleyou`ln bsla umi Dsdc

    udui ul ifiou `neyus`df jlrisnainu lb umi zlsfe ul wsiysi @sdif eys`nj umi

    blysum Dsdc!@sdif` Zds `n Loulcis 40:?. Umii udsjiu `neyus`df jlrisnainu

    `nofyeie umi Yn`uie _udui& Jsidu Cs`ud`n& Odnded& Kdwdn& dne umi Niumisfdne.

    @n siuslwiou& umi wyswli lb umi iacdsjl& d wisoi`rie cp umii udsjiu

    jlrisnainu& zd ul zdp umi`s blsi`jn wlf`o`i olnoisn`nj @sdif ulzdse d alsi wsl!Dsdc wl`u`ln cp

    umsiduin`nj ul oyu lbb i}wlsu lb Dsdc l`f& dne umdu `n dfuis`nj umi`s wlf`o`i umi Dsdc udui zlyfe siwlne cp

    djd`n dfflz`nj umi`s wysomdi lb alsi l`f.X4:Q Umi Dsdc udui ifiouie umi`s udsjiu jlrisnainu ul iawfdoi

    umi`s iacdsjl& alufp dbbiou`nj umi Iyslwidn Olaaln Adshiu olynus`i dne Kdwdn z`um d irinuydf 39) l`f

    oyu `n wsleyou`ln.

    X4=Q

    Mlziris& `n dff b`ri odi umisi e`e nlu dwwids ul ci umi esdadu`o omdnji `n wlf`opadh`nj d inr``lnie cp umi Dsdc udui.X40Q

    @n umi odi lb umi Yn`uie _udui& omlfds dsjyi umdu umisi dfsidep i}`uie d nijlu`duie iuufiainu cdie ln

    itydf`up ciuziin clum wdsu`i ws`ls ul 40:?. _iolne& _lr`iu `nrlfriainu `n umi A`eefi Idu d d umsidu ul

    ciola`nj dnlumis ywiswlzis olnbslnudu`ln zd lb alsi olnoisn ul umi Yn`uie _udui umdn umi l`f zidwln.

    D um`se sidln& umi `nuisiu jslyw dne lumis jlrisnainu djino`i umdu zisi alsi olnoisnie z`um umi

    `awf`odu`ln lb umi l`f zidwln mife f`uufi `nbfyinu`df wlzis olnoisn`nj blsi`jn wlf`op `n umi Dsdc!@sdif`

    olnbf`ou ciodyi lb H``njis* uludf ela`ndnoi lris um` wsloi.X37Q Dfl z`um`n umi Yn`uie _udui

    olnoisn`nj umi iolnla`o `awdou du umi adosl firif& e`siou olssifdu`ln mdri ciin esdzn ciuziin umi s`i `n

    l`f ws`oi dne iolnla`o sioi`ln. #L`f ws`oi mloh#& sibiss`nj ul e`sywu`ln `n umi wsleyou`ln dnee`us`cyu`ln lb l`f& umdu siyfu `n umi `nosidi lb l`f ws`oi #mdri ciin mife siwln`cfi bls sioi`ln& wis`le

    lb i}oi`ri `nbfdu`ln& sieyoie wsleyou`r`up& dne flzis iolnla`o jslzum#X34Q

    Umi ibbiou lb umi Dsdc iacdsjl mde d nijdu`ri `nbfyinoi ln umi Y._ iolnlap umslyjm ody`nj `aaie`dui

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    eiadne ul deesi umi umsidu ul Y._ inisjp ioys`up.X33Q Ln dn `nuisndu`lndf firif& umi ws`oi `nosidi lb

    wiuslfiya e`sywuie adshiu puia `n omdnj`nj olawiu`u`ri wl`u`ln. Du umi adosl firif& iolnla`o

    wslcfia oln`uie lb clum `nbfdu`lndsp dne eibfdu`lndsp `awdou lb elaiu`o iolnla`i.X3?Q Umi Dsdc

    iacdsjl fibu adnp Y._ olawdn`i idsom`nj bls niz zdp ul eiriflw i}win`ri l`f& irin `n umi ifiainu lb

    syjjie uissd`n yom d `n mlu`fi dsou`o inr`slnainu. Umi wslcfia umdu adnp lb umii olawdn`i bdoie `

    umdu b`ne`nj l`f dne eiriflw`nj niz l`f b`ife yydffp sity`si d u`ai fdj lb 9 ul 47 pids ciuziin umi wfdnn`nj

    wsloi dne `jn`b`odnu l`f wsleyou`ln.X35Q

    LWIO!aiacis udui `n umi eiriflw`nj zlsfe z`ummife umi wslwiou lb ndu`lndf`{du`ln lb umi olawdn`i*

    mlfe`nj `n umi`s olynus`i. Alu nludcfp& umi _dye` doty`sie lwisdu`nj olnuslf lb Dsdaol& byffp

    ndu`lndf`{`nj `u `n 40=7 yneis umi fideism`w lb Dmaie [dh` Pdadn`. D lumis LWIO ndu`ln blfflzie y`u&

    umi odsuif* `nolai ldsie. _dye` Dsdc`d& dzdm z`um wslb`u& yneisullh d is`i lb dac`u`ly b`ri!pids

    eiriflwainu wfdn& lb zm`om umi alu dac`u`ly& cijyn `n 40=7& odffie bls umi i}wine`uysi lb %397 c`ff`ln.

    Lumis odsuif aiacis dfl yneisullh adkls iolnla`o eiriflwainu wsljsda.

    Aidnzm`fi& umi mloh wsleyoie omdl `n umi Ziu. @n umi Yn`uie _udui& umi siud`f ws`oi lb d jdffln lb

    jdlf`ni -wiuslf sli bsla d ndu`lndf drisdji lb ?=.9 oinu `n Adp 40:? ul 99.4 oinu `n Kyni 40:5. _udui

    jlrisnainu sityiuie o`u`{in nlu wyu yw Oms`uad f`jmu& z`um Lsijln cdnn`nj Oms`uad d ziff d

    olaaiso`df f`jmu`nj dfuljiumis.X39Q Wlf`u`o`dn odffie bls d ndu`lndf jd sdu`ln`nj wsljsda.X32Q N`}ln

    sityiuie jdlf`ni udu`ln ul rlfynuds`fp nlu iff jdlf`ni ln _duysedp n`jmu ls _ynedp8 07) lb lznis

    olawf`ie& zm`om siyfuie `n f`ni ln ziihedp.X39Q

    Umi iacdsjl zd nlu yn`blsa dosl Iyslwi. Lb umi n`ni aiacis lb umi Iyslwidn Iolnla`o Olaayn`up

    -IIO& umi Niumisfdne bdoie d olawfiui iacdsjl& umi Yn`uie H`njela dne Bsdnoi sioi`rie dfalu

    yn`nuissywuie ywwf`i -mdr`nj sibyie ul dfflz Dais`od ul yi umi`s d`sb`ife dne iacdsjlie dsa dne

    ywwf`i ul clum umi Dsdc dne umi @sdif`& zm`fu umi lumis `} bdoie lnfp wdsu`df oyucdoh. Umi YH mde

    usde`u`lndffp ciin dn dffp lb @sdif& dne Mdslfe Z`fln* jlrisnainu mde ywwlsuie umi @sdif` eys`nj umi _`}

    Edp Zds& cyu m` yooils& Uie Midum& mde sirisie um` wlf`op `n 40:7& odff`nj bls @sdif ul z`umesdz ul `u

    wsi!402: clseis. Umi aiacis lb umi IIO mde ciin yndcfi ul dom`iri d olaaln wlf`op eys`nj umi b`su

    alnum lb umi Pla H`wwys Zds. Umi Olaayn`up b`ndffp `yie d uduiainu ln Nlriacis 2& dbuis umi iacdsjl

    dne ws`oi s`i mde cijyn8 z`eifp iin d wsl!Dsdc& um` uduiainu ywwlsuie umi Bsdnol!Cs`u`m f`ni ln umi

    zds& dne LWIO eyfp f`buie `u iacdsjl bsla dff aiacis lb umi IIO. Umi ws`oi s`i mde d ayom jsiduis

    `awdou `n Iyslwi umdn umi iacdsjl& wdsu`oyfdsfp `n umi YH -zmisi umip olac`nie z`um us`hi cp oldf a`nis

    dne sd`fslde zlshis ul odyi dn inisjp os`` lris umi z`nuis lb 40:?:5& d adkls bdouls `n umi omdnji lb

    jlrisnainu.X3:Q Umi YH& Jisadnp& @udfp& _z`u{isfdne& dne Nlszdp cdnnie bfp`nj& es`r`nj dne cldu`nj ln

    _ynedp.X39Q _ziein sdu`lnie jdlf`ni dne midu`nj l`f.X39Q Umi Niumisfdne `awlie ws`ln inuinoi bls

    umli zml yie alsi umdn umi`s j`rin sdu`ln lb ifious`o`up.X39Q Uie Midum dhie umi Cs`u`m ul midu lnfp lni

    slla `n umi`s mlyi lris umi z`nuis.X3=Q

    D biz alnum fduis& umi os`` idie. Umi iacdsjl zd f`buie `n Adsom 40:5 dbuis nijlu`du`ln du umi

    Zdm`njuln L`f _yaa`u& cyu umi ibbiou lb umi inisjp os`` f`njisie ln umslyjmlyu umi 40:7. Umi ws`oi lb

    inisjp olnu`nyie `nosid`nj `n umi blfflz`nj pids& da`e umi zidhin`nj olawiu`u`ri wl`u`ln lb umi elffds `n

    zlsfe adshiu.

    Ws`oi olnuslf dne sdu`ln`nj

    Jlrisnainu ws`oi olnuslf bysumis i}doiscduie umi os`` `n umi Yn`uie _udui&X32Q zm`om f`a`uie umi ws`oi lb

    #lfe l`f# -umdu dfsidep e`olrisie zm`fi dfflz`nj nizfp e`olrisie l`f ul ci lfe du d m`jmis ws`oi& siyfu`nj`n d z`umesdzdf lb lfe l`f bsla umi adshiu dne umi osidu`ln lb dsu`b`o`df odso`up. Umi syfi dfl e`olysdjie

    dfuisndu`ri inisj`i ls alsi ibb`o`inu byif ls uiomnlflj`i bsla ci`nj eiriflwie.X32Q Umi syfi mde ciin

    `nuineie ul wslalui l`f i}wflsdu`ln.X30Q Um` odso`up zd eidfu z`um cp sdu`ln`nj lb jdlf`ni -zm`om looyssie

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    Lsijln jdlf`ni eidfis e`wfdpie`jn i}wfd`n`nj umi bfdj wlf`op `n umi

    z`nuis lb 40:?:5

    Jdlf`ni sdu`ln udaw ws`nuie cp umi

    Cysidy lb Injsdr`nj dne Ws`nu`nj `n

    40:5

    `n adnp olynus`i& z`um aluls`u bdo`nj flnj f`ni du jd udu`ln

    cij`nn`nj `n yaais 40:3 dne `nosid`nj cp yaais 40:?.X32Q

    @n 40:?& Y._. Wsi`einu S`omdse N`}ln ndaie Z`ff`da I. _`aln d

    umi b`su Dea`n`usduls lb umi Bieisdf Inisjp Lbb`oi& ls umi #Inisjp

    O{ds#.X?7Q _`aln dffloduie udui umi dai dalynu lb elaiu`o l`f bls

    40:5 umdu idom olnyaie `n 40:3& zm`om zlshie ziff bls udui

    zmli wlwyfdu`ln zisi nlu `nosid`nj.X?4Q @n udui z`um nosidiewlwyfdu`ln& f`ni du jdlf`ni udu`ln zisi olaaln.X?4Q Umi

    Dais`odn Dyulalc`fi Dlo`du`ln siwlsuie umdu `n umi fdu ziih lb

    Bicsydsp 40:5& 37) lb Dais`odn jdlf`ni udu`ln mde nl byif du

    dff.X?4Q

    @n umi Y._.& lee!irin sdu`ln`nj zd `awfiainuie8 es`ris lb rim`ofi

    z`um f`oini wfdui mdr`nj dn lee nyacis d umi fdu e`j`u -ls d rdn`up

    f`oini wfdui zisi dfflzie ul wysomdi jdlf`ni bls umi`s ods lnfp

    ln lee!nyacisie edp lb umi alnum& zm`fi es`ris lb rim`ofi z`um

    irin!nyacisie f`oini wfdui zisi dfflzie ul wysomdi byif lnfp lnirin!nyacisie edp.X?3Q Umi syfi e`e nlu dwwfp ln ?4u edp lb umli

    alnum olnud`n`nj ?4 edp& ls ln Bicsydsp 30 `n fidw pids umi

    fduuis niris odai `nul wfdp& `noi umi sius`ou`ln mde ciin dclf`mie

    cp 40:2.

    @n lai Y._. udui& d umsii!olfls bfdj puia zd yie ul einlui

    jdlf`ni drd`fdc`f`up du isr`oi udu`ln d jsiin bfdj einluie

    ynsdu`lnie dfi lb jdlf`ni& d pifflz bfdj einluie sius`ouie dne

    sdu`lnie dfi& dne d sie bfdj einluie umdu nl jdlf`ni zd drd`fdcfi

    cyu umi isr`oi udu`ln zd lwin bls lumis isr`oi.

    X??Q

    Dee`u`lndffp&olywln bls jdlf`ni sdu`ln`nj zisi lseisie `n 40:5 dne 40:9 bls

    Bieisdf Inisjp Dea`n`usdu`ln& cyu zisi niris douydffp yie bls um`

    os`` ls umi 40:0 inisjp os``.X?5Q

    Umi sdu`ln`nj fie ul `no`einu lb r`lfinoi& dbuis usyoh es`ris

    ndu`lnz`ei omli ul us`hi bls uzl edp `n Eioiacis 40:? ciodyi

    umip lckiouie ul umi ywwf`i _`aln mde sdu`lnie bls umi`s `neyusp.X?4Q @n Winnpfrdn`d dne Lm`l&

    nln!us`h`nj usyohis zisi mlu du cp us`h`nj usyohis& dne `n Dshdnd& usyoh lb nln!us`his zisi duudohie

    z`um clac.X?4Q

    Dais`od mde olnuslffie umi ws`oi lb nduysdf jd `noi umi 4097& dne z`um umi `nbfdu`ln lb umi 40:7& umi

    adshiu ws`oi lb nduysdf jd zd nlu inolysdj`nj umi idsom bls niz siisri. X?9Q Dais`od* nduysdf jd

    siisri ez`nefie bsla 3?: us`ff`ln `n 40:5 ul 37? us`ff`ln `n 40:=& dne umi ws`oi olnuslf zisi nlu omdnjie

    eiw`ui Wsi`einu Jisdfe Blse* siwiduie sityiu ul Olnjsi.X?9Q

    Olnisrdu`ln dne sieyou`ln `n eiadne

    Ul mifw sieyoi olnyawu`ln& `n 40:5 d ndu`lndf ad}`aya wiie f`a`u lb 99 awm -dclyu == ha,m zd

    `awlie umslyjm umi Iaisjinop M`jmzdp Inisjp Olnisrdu`ln Dou. Eiriflwainu lb umi Yn`uie _udui

    _usduij`o Wiuslfiya Siisri cijdn `n 40:9& dne `n 40::& umi odc`niu!firif Eiwdsuainu lb Inisjp zdosiduie& blfflzie cp umi Ndu`lndf Inisjp Dou lb 40:=.

    Pids!slyne edpf`jmu dr`nj u`ai zd `awfiainuie bsla Kdnydsp 2& 40:5 ul Bicsydsp 3?& 40:9. Umi alri

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    Jd udu`ln dcdnelnie eys`nj umi

    os`` zisi laiu`ai yie bls lumis

    wyswli. Um` udu`ln du Wlufduom&

    Zdm`njuln zd uysnie `nul d sir`rdf

    mdff.

    wdznie `jn`b`odnu os`u`o`a ciodyi `u blsoie adnp om`fesin ul olaayui ul omllf ciblsi yns`i. Umi

    wsi!i}`u`nj edpf`jmu!dr`nj syfi& odff`nj bls umi ofloh ul ci derdnoie lni mlys ln umi fdu _ynedp `n Dws`f&

    zisi siulsie `n 40:2.

    Umi os`` dfl wslawuie d odff bls `ne`r`eydf dne cy`nii ul

    olnisri inisjp& alu nludcfp d odawd`jn cp umi Derisu``nj

    Olyno`f y`nj umi udj f`ni #Eln*u Ci Byif`m.#X?2Q Adnp nizwdwis

    odss`ie byff!wdji derisu`iainu umdu biduysie oyu!lyu zm`om olyfeci duudomie ul f`jmu z`uomi& side`nj #Fdu Lyu& F`jmu Lyu; Eln*u Ci

    Byif`m.#

    Cp 40=7& umisi zisi nl flnjis byff!`{i fy}ysp ods z`um d 4?7!`nom

    -?.? a zmiifcdi dne jsl zi`jmu drisdj`nj 5&977 wlyne

    -3&754 hj. Umi dyuladhis cijdn wmd`nj lyu umi usde`u`lndf bslnu

    inj`ni,sids zmiif es`ri fdplyu `n bdrls lb alsi ibb`o`inu bslnu

    inj`ni,bslnu zmiif es`ri ei`jn.

    Umlyjm nlu sijyfduie cp umi niz fij`fdu`ln& dyul sdo`nj jslyw

    rlfynuds`fp cijdn olnisr`nj d ziff. @n 40:5 umi 35 Mlys lbEdpulnd zd odnoifie dne ND_ODS sieyoie dff sdoi e`udnoi cp 47). Umi 43 Mlys lb _ics`nj sdoi zd

    odnoiffie.

    @n 40:2& umi Y._. Olnjsi osiduie umi Zidumis`{du`ln D`udnoi Wsljsda ul mifw flz!`nolai mlailznis

    dne sinuis eidf z`um s``nj midu`nj olu cp sieyo`nj umi`s eiadne umslyjm derdnoie `nyfdu`ln.

    _iolnedsp ibbiou

    Rds`ly iolnedsp ibbiou looyssie& nludcfp ul`fiu wdwis wdn`o `n Kdwdn dne umi Yn`uie _udui8 umii zisi

    ynblyneie wdn`o zm`om ciodai ifb!byfb`ff`nj wslwmi`i& dne dsi ofd`o i}dawfi lb umi Umlad umilsia.Ws`oi s`i dne ynblyneie syals lb d ul`fiu wdwis mlsudji cdie ln l`f ci`nj yie `n wdwis adnybdouys`nj

    odyie d wdn`o dne mldse`nj lb ul`fiu wdwis `n fdui Loulcis dne idsfp Nlriacis `n Ldhd dne Hlci&

    dalnj lumis o`u`i.X?:QX?=Q @n umi Y_& Klmnnp Odsln `nderisuinufp odyie d umsii!ziih wdn`o zmin& ln

    Eioiacis 40& 40:?& mi side d niz `uia sijdse`nj umi Y_ jlrisnainu bdff`nj cim`ne ln c`e bls ul`fiu wdwis

    dne ty`ww`nj umdu umi ndu`ln bdoie d ul`fiu wdwis mlsudji ln umi Uln`jmu _mlz.

    _idsom bls dfuisndu`ri

    Umi inisjp os``

    X?0Q

    fie ul jsiduis `nuisiu `n sinizdcfi inisjp dne wyssie siidsom `n lfds wlzis dnez`ne wlzis. @u dfl fie ul jsiduis wsiysi ul i}wfl`u Nlsum Dais`odn l`f lysoi& dne `nosidie umi Ziu*

    eiwineinoi ln oldf dne nyofids wlzis. Um` `nofyeie `nosidie `nuisiu `n ad usdn`u.

    @n Dyusdf`d& midu`nj l`f oidie ci`nj oln`eisie dn dwwslws`dui z`nuis midu`nj byif. Um` lbuin aidnu umdu d

    flu lb l`f!b`sie slla miduis umdu zisi wlwyfds bsla umi fdui!4097 ul umi idsfp!40:7 zisi oln`eisie

    lyueduie. Jd!olnris`ln h`u umdu fiu umi miduis cysn nduysdf jd ls wslwdni zisi `nusleyoie.

    Bls umi mdnebyf lb `neyus`df`{ie ndu`ln umdu zisi niu inisjp i}wlsuis& umi ibbiou lb umi l`f os`` zisi risp

    e`bbisinu. @n Odnded umi `neyus`df idu ybbisie adnp lb umi dai wslcfia lb umi Yn`uie _udui. @n l`f s`om

    Dfcisud& mlziris& umisi zd d yeein dne ad`ri `nbfy} lb alnip umdu ty`ohfp adei `u umi s`omiu wslr`noi

    `n umi olynusp. Umi bieisdf jlrisnainu duuiawuie ul olssiou um` `acdfdnoi umslyjm umi osidu`ln lb umijlrisnainu!lznie Wiusl!Odnded dne fduis umi Ndu`lndf Inisjp Wsljsda. Umii ibblsu wsleyoie d jsidu

    eidf lb dnjis `n umi ziu wsleyo`nj d inu`ainu lb df`indu`ln umdu md siad`nie d oinusdf ifiainu lb

    Odnde`dn wlf`u`o ul um` edp. Lrisdff umi l`f iacdsjl mde d mdswfp nijdu`ri ibbiou ln umi Odnde`dn

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    iolnlap. Umi iolnla`o adfd`i `n umi Yn`uie _udui id`fp oslie umi clseis dne `nosidi `n

    yniawflpainu& dne udjbfdu`ln m`u Odnded d mdse d umi Yn`uie _udui eiw`ui Odnde`dn byif siisri.

    Umi Csd{`f`dn jlrisnainu `awfiainuie d risp fdsji wslkiou odffie #Wslfollf# -wsl!dfolmlf umdu a`}ie

    iumdnlf z`um jdlf`ni bls dyulalu`ri byif.

    Ul ywwfiainu @sdif* lris!ud}ie wlzis js`e& Mdssp [r` Udcls& umi bdumis lb @sdif* lfds `neyusp& eiriflwie

    umi wslulupwi bls d lfds zduis miduis nlz yie `n lris 07) lb @sdif` mlai. X57Q

    Adosliolnla`o ibbiou

    Umi 40:? l`f os`` zd d adkls bdouls `n Kdwdn* iolnlap m`bu`nj bsla l`f!`nuin`ri `neyus`i& dne siyfuie

    `n myji Kdwdnii `nriuainu `n `neyus`i yom d ifiousln`o. Umi Kdwdnii dyul adhis dfl ullh

    derdnudji lb um` iacdsjl. Dbuis umip sidf`{ie zmdu byif olu zisi `n umi Yn`uie _udui& umip udsuie

    wsleyo`nj adff& alsi byif ibb`o`inu aleif& zm`om cijdn iff`nj d dn dfuisndu`ri ul #jd!jy{{f`nj#

    Dais`odn rim`ofi lb umi u`ai. Um` us`jjisie d eslw `n Dais`odn dyul dfi umdu fduie `nul umi 40=7.

    Umi Ziuisn ndu`ln* oinusdf cdnh eio`eie ul mdswfp oyu `nuisiu sdui ul inolysdji jslzum& eio`e`nj umdu`nbfdu`ln zd d iolnedsp olnoisn. Dfumlyjm um` zd umi lsumlel} adosliolnla`o wsios`wu`ln du umi u`ai&

    umi siyfu`nj udjbfdu`ln ysws`ie iolnla`u dne oinusdf cdnhis& dne umi wlf`op ` nlz oln`eisie cp lai

    ul mdri eiiwinie dne finjuminie umi derisi ibbiou lb umi iacdsjl.

    Flnj!uisa ibbiou lb umi iacdsjl dsi u`ff bifu. Adnp `n umi wycf`o siad`n yw`o`ly lb l`f olawdn`i&

    cif`ir`nj umip wslb`uiisie& ls irin olffyeie z`um LWIO. @n 40:5& irin lb umi b`buiin ulw Blsuyni 977

    olawdn`i zisi l`f olawdn`i.

    Ibbiou ln `nuisndu`lndf sifdu`ln

    Umi Olfe Zds wlf`o`i lb umi N`}ln dea`n`usdu`ln dfl ybbisie d adkls cflz `n umi dbuisadum lb umi l`f

    iacdsjl. Umip mde bloyie ln Om`nd dne umi _lr`iu Yn`ln& cyu umi fduinu omdffinji ul Y._. mijialnp

    ola`nj bsla umi Um`se Zlsfe ciodai ir`einu. Y._. wlzis zd yneis duudoh irin `n Fdu`n Dais`od.

    Umi l`f iacdsjl zd dnnlynoie slyjmfp lni alnum dbuis d s`jmu!z`nj a`f`udsp olyw `n Om`fi fie cp Jinisdf

    Dyjyul W`nlomiu ulwwfie lo`df`u wsi`einu _dfrdels Dffinei ln _iwuiacis 44& 40:?. Umi Yn`uie _udui*

    ycityinu d`udnoi ul um` jlrisnainu e`e f`uufi ul oysc umi dou`r`u`i lb lo`df`u jyiss`ffd `n umi sij`ln.

    Umi siwlni lb umi N`}ln dea`n`usdu`ln zd ul wslwli elycf`nj lb umi dalynu lb a`f`udsp dsa lfe cp umi

    Yn`uie _udui. D d olnityinoi& d Fdu`n Dais`odn cflo zd lsjdn`{ie dne b`ndnoie `n wdsu cp Rini{yifd

    dne `u l`f sirinyi& zm`om tydesywfie ciuziin 40:7 dne 40:9.

    @n dee`u`ln& Ziuisn Iyslwi dne Kdwdn cijdn z`uom`nj bsla wsl!@sdif ul alsi wsl!Dsdc wlf`o`i.X54QX53QX5?Q

    Um` omdnji bysumis usd`nie umi Ziuisn dff`dnoi puia& bls umi Yn`uie _udui& zm`om `awlsuie lnfp 43) lb

    `u l`f bsla umi A`eefi Idu -olawdsie z`um =7) bls umi Iyslwidn dne lris 07) bls Kdwdn& siad`nie

    udynomfp olaa`uuie ul cdoh`nj @sdif. Umi wisoinudji lb Y._. l`f zm`om olai bsla umi ndu`ln clseis`nj

    umi Wis`dn Jyfb md siad`nie uidep lris umi pids& z`um d b`jysi lb d f`uufi alsi umdn 47) `n 377=.X55Q

    Dfumlyjm m`uls`odffp mdr`nj nl olnniou`ln ul umi A`eefi Idu& Kdwdn zd umi alu midr`fp eiwineinu ln `u

    l`f bsla um` sij`ln& adh`nj yw :4) lb `u `awlsuie l`f bsla umi A`eefi Idu `n 40:7. Mlziris& ln

    Nlriacis :& 40:?& umi _dye` dne Hyzd`u` jlrisnainu eiofdsie Kdwdn d #nlnbs`inefp# olynusp e`siouie

    ulzdse omdnj`nj `u wlf`op lb nln`nrlfriainu `n umi Dsdc!@sdif` olnbf`ou& wfdo`nj d 9) wsleyou`ln oyu `nEioiacis ul Kdwdn.X59Q Umi Eioiacis wsleyou`ln oyu ul umi Kdwdnii jlrisnainu odyie laizmdu lb d

    wdn`o& zmisi ln Nlriacis 33 Kdwdn `yie d uduiainu #disu`nj umdu @sdif mlyfe z`umesdz bsla dff lb umi

    402: uiss`uls`i& derlodu`nj Wdfiu`n`dn ifb!eiuisa`ndu`ln& dne umsiduin`nj ul sioln`eis `u wlf`op ulzdse

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

    4: :,72,3743 3;59 DA

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    LWIO niu l`f i}wlsu sirinyi bls

    40:4377:X50Q

    @sdif `b @sdif sibyie ul dooiwu umii wsiolne`u`ln#X59Q Cp Eioiacis 39& Kdwdn zd oln`eisie d bs`inefp

    udui.

    Z`um umi l`f iacdsjl `n wfdoi& umi `neyus`df jlrisnainu lb umi zlsfe `n lai zdp dfuisie umi`s blsi`jn

    wlf`op sijdse`nj umi Dsdc!@sdif` olnbf`ou dne dbuis umi yi lb umi Dsdc l`f zidwln. Umii `nofyeie Iyslwidn

    olynus`i yom d umi YH zml eio`eie ul sibyi ul dfflz umi Yn`uie _udui ul yi Cs`u`m cdi `n umi YH dne

    `n Opwsy ul d`sf`bu siywwf`i ul @sdif dflnj z`um umi siu lb umi aiacis lb umi Iyslwidn Olaayn`up.X52Q @u

    dfl `nofyeie umi Kdwdnii siuduiainu ln Nlriacis 33& ul #sioln`eis# umi`s sifdu`ln z`um @sdif `b @sdife`e nlu dohnlzfieji umi`s drlodu`ln ul siuysn ul umi`s wsi!402: uiss`uls`df udui& dfumlyjm um` zd niris

    douie ywln. Odnded m`buie ulzdse d alsi wsl!Dsdc wl`u`ln dbuis e`wfidysi zd i}wsiie cp adnp Dsdc

    jlrisnainu ulzdse Odnded* A`eefi Iduisn wl`u`ln d lni lb ci`nj alufp niyusdf. #Ln umi lumis mdne&

    dbuis umi iacdsjl umi Odnde`dn jlrisnainu alrie ty`ohfp `neiie ulzdse umi Dsdc wl`u`ln& eiw`ui `u flz

    eiwineinoi ln A`eefi Iduisn l`f#X59Q

    D pids dbuis umi udsu lb umi 40:? l`f iacdsjl& umi nlndf`jnie cflo `n umi Yn`uie Ndu`ln wdie d silfyu`ln

    eiadne`nj umi osidu`ln lb d #Niz @nuisndu`lndf Iolnla`o Lseis# `n zm`om silysoi& usdei& dne adshiu

    zlyfe ci e`us`cyuie alsi ity`udcfp& z`um umi flodf wlwyfdu`ln lb ndu`ln z`um`n umi jflcdf _lyum sioi`r`nj d

    jsiduis mdsi lb cinib`u eis`rie bsla umi i}wfl`udu`ln lb lyumisn silysoi& dne jsiduis siwiou bls umi s`jmu

    ul ifb!e`siouie eiriflwainu `n umi _lyum ci dbblseie cp umi Nlsum.

    @n umi wlu!Olfe Zds isd& @sdif olnu`nyi ul isri umi Y._.D. d d usduij`odffp `awlsudnu nln!NDUL dffp `n

    umi A`eefi Idu. Doolse`nj ul umi Dais`odn a`f`udsp klysndf`u dne olaainuduls Z`ff`da A. Dsh`n `n m`

    cllhOlei Ndai& umi Y._. md wsiwl`u`lnie ayn`u`ln& rim`ofi& dne a`f`udsp ity`wainu& dne irin d

    977!cie mlw`udf bls yi cp Y_ Ads`ni& _wio`df Blsoi& dne D`s Blsoi b`jmuis dne clacis d`sosdbu `n d

    zdsu`ai olnu`njinop du fidu `} `ui `n @sdif.X5:Q Fdui Siwycf`odn _induls Kii Mifa yie ul odff @sdif

    #Dais`od* d`sosdbu odss`is `n umi A`eefi Idu#& zmin i}wfd`n`nj zmp umi Y_ r`izie @sdif d yom d usduij`o

    dffp& dp`nj umdu umi a`f`udsp bllumlfe `n umi sij`ln lbbisie cp umi Kiz`m _udui dflni kyu`b`ie umi a`f`udsp d`e

    umdu umi Y_ jsdnu @sdif irisp pids.X5=Q @sdif ` nlu umi lnfp olynusp `n umi A`eefi Idu ul mlu Y_ a`f`udsp

    cdi& umlyjm. Umisi dsi Dais`odn a`f`udsp bdo`f`u`i `n Ijpwu& Klsedn& _dye` Dsdc`d& Ladn& dne umi Wis`dn

    Jyfb udui lb Hyzd`u& Cdmsd`n -midetydsuis lb umi Yn`uie _udui B`bum Bfiiu& dne Tduds. X5=Q

    Eiof`ni lb LWIO

    Bysumis `nblsadu`ln; 40=7 l`f jfyu

    _`noi 40:?& LWIO bd`fie ul mlfe ln ul `u wsiia`ninu wl`u`ln& dne

    cp 40=4& `u wsleyou`ln zd yswdie cp umdu lb lumis olynus`i.

    Dee`u`lndffp& `u lzn aiacis ndu`ln zisi e`r`eie dalnjumiaifri. _dye` Dsdc`d& usp`nj ul jd`n cdoh adshiu mdsi& `nosidie

    wsleyou`ln dne odyie elznzdse wsiysi ln ws`oi& adh`nj

    m`jm!olu l`f wsleyou`ln bdo`f`u`i fi wslb`udcfi ls irin ynwslb`udcfi.

    Umi zlsfe ws`oi lb l`f& zm`om mde sidomie d widh `n 40:0 eys`nj umi

    40:0 inisjp os``& du alsi umdn Y_%=7 wis cdssif& eiosidie eys`nj

    umi idsfp 40=7 ul Y_%?= wis cdssif -3?0 Y_%,a?. @n sidf ws`oi& l`f

    cs`ibfp biff cdoh ul wsi!40:? firif. Lrisdff& umi sieyou`ln `n ws`oi

    zd d z`nebdff bls umi l`f!olnya`nj ndu`ln; Yn`uie _udui& Kdwdn&

    Iyslwi& dne iwio`dffp umi Um`se Zlsfe.

    Wdsu lb umi eiof`ni `n ws`oi dne iolnla`o dne jilwlf`u`odf wlzis lb LWIO olai bsla umi alri dzdp bslal`f olnyawu`ln ul dfuisndui inisjp lysoi. LWIO mde sif`ie ln umi bdalyfp f`a`uie ws`oi `nifdu`o`up lb l`f

    eiadneX97Q ul ad`nud`n m`jm olnyawu`ln cyu mde yneisiu`aduie umi i}uinu ul zm`om lumis lysoi lb

    ywwfp zlyfe ciolai wslb`udcfi d umi ws`oi `nosidie. Ifious`o`up jinisdu`ln bsla nyofids wlzis dne

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

    b 4: :,72,3743 3;59 DA

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    nduysdf jd& mlai midu`nj bsla nduysdf jd dne iumdnlf cfineie jdlf`ni dff sieyoie umi eiadne bls l`f.

    Du umi dai u`ai& umi eslw `n ws`oi siwsiinuie d is`ly wslcfia bls l`f!wsleyo`nj olynus`i `n nlsumisn

    Iyslwi dne umi Wis`dn Jyfb sij`ln. Bls d mdnebyf lb midr`fp wlwyfduie& `awlris`mie olynus`i& zmli

    iolnla`i zisi fdsjifp eiwineinu ln l`f `nofye`nj Ai}`ol& N`jis`d& Dfjis`d& dne F`cpd jlrisnainu dne

    cy`ni fideis bd`fie ul wsiwdsi bls d adshiu sirisdf& umi ws`oi eslw wfdoie umia `n zsinom`nj& laiu`ai

    eiwisdui `uydu`ln.

    Zmin sieyoie eiadne dne lris!wsleyou`ln wsleyoie d jfyu ln umi zlsfe adshiu `n umi a`e!40=7& l`f ws`oi

    wfyaaiuie dne umi odsuif flu `u yn`up. L`f i}wlsuis yom d Ai}`ol& N`jis`d& dne Rini{yifd& zmli

    iolnla`i mde i}wdneie `n umi 40:7& zisi wfynjie `nul nids!cdnhsywuop& dne irin _dye` Dsdc`dn

    iolnla`o wlzis zd `jn`b`odnufp zidhinie. Umi e`r``ln z`um`n LWIO adei ycityinu olnoisuie dou`ln

    alsi e`bb`oyfu.

    Nirisumifi& umi 40:? l`f mloh wslr`eie esdadu`o ir`einoi lb umi wluinu`df wlzis lb Um`se Zlsfe silysoi

    ywwf`is `n eidf`nj z`um umi eiriflwie zlsfe. Umi rdu siisri lb umi fide`nj A`eefi Idu wsleyois

    jydsdnuiie umi sij`ln `u usduij`o `awlsudnoi& cyu umi wlf`u`o lb l`f u`ff wslri ednjisly bls dff olnoisnie

    ul um` edp.

    Flnj!uisa ibbiou

    Ws`ls ul umi iacdsjl& umi jil!wlf`u`odf olawiu`u`ln ciuziin umi _lr`iu Yn`ln dne umi Yn`uie _udui& `n

    olac`ndu`ln z`um flz l`f ws`oi umdu m`neisie umi nioi`up dne bid`c`f`up bls umi Ziu ul iih dfuisndu`ri

    inisjp lysoi& wsiinuie umi Dsdc _udui z`um b`ndno`df ioys`up& aleisdui iolnla`o jslzum& dne

    e`wslwlsu`lndui `nuisndu`lndf cdsjd`n`nj wlzis.X94Q Blfflz nj umi iacdsjl& m`jmis l`f ws`oi `nu`jduie niz

    drinyi bls inisjp i}wflsdu`ln ls i}wdn`ln `nofye`nj Dfdhd& umi Nlsum _id& umi Odw`dn _id& dne

    Odyody.X93Q

    _lr`iu sidou`ln

    Ws`ls ul umi doinednop lb Dnzds _dedu ul wsi`einu lb Ijpwu `n 40:7& umi A`eefi Idu mde ciin dn

    `awlsudnu dsind `n umi jflcdf ywiswlzis olawiu`u`ln& alu fyo`efp e`wfdpie `n umi dsa dfi dne

    ollwisdu`ln ciuziin umi Dais`odn dne _lr`iu jlrisnainu z`um @sdif& _dye` Dsdc`d& dne @sdn dff`ie ul Umi

    Yn`uie _udui& dne Ijpwu& _ps`d& dne @sdt dff`ie z`um umi _lr`iu Yn`ln. Dfumlyjm nlni lb umii udui inuisie

    `nul dnp blsadf dff`dnoi olawdsdcfi ul umi Nlsum Dufdnu`o Usidup Lsjdn`{du`ln& umip e`e cinib`u jsidufp bsla

    umi jil!wlf`u`odf olawiu`u`ln `n umi sij`ln dne rdo`ffdu`ln `n df`jnainu lbuin siyfuie `n jsiduis jd`n lb

    d`udnoi. Um` olawiu`u`ri inr`slnainu& cinib`o`df ul umi sij`lndf udui `nrlfrie& zd a`u`jduie mdswfp

    dbuis 40:7. _dedu* e`a`df lb _lr`iu wio`df`u `n Ijpwu dne umi esdadu`o ws`oi `nosidi `n mpeslodscln

    mdseinie sifdu`ln z`um dff lb umi A`eefi Idu dne osiduie niz lwwlsuyn`u`i bls umi i}wlsu lb _lr`iu l`f.I}wflsdu`ln `n umi Odw`dn Cd`n dne _`cis`d ciodai alsi olu ibbiou`ri. Blsais ollwisdu`ln irlfrie `nul d

    bds alsi derisds`df sifdu`lnm`w d umi _lr`iu Yn`ln `nosidie l`f wsleyou`ln dne i}wlsu -cp 40=7 umi _lr`iu

    Yn`ln zd umi zlsfe* fdsjiu wsleyois lb l`f ul udhi derdnudji lb umi ywwfp wslcfia `n umi Ziu osiduie

    cp LWIO* wsleyou`ln sieyou`ln.X9?QX95Q Um` jslz`nj iolnla`o olawiu`u`ln uysnie `nul jiny`ni bids lb

    a`f`udsp djjsi`ln dbuis umi 40:0 _lr`iu `nrd`ln lb Dbjmdn`udn& fidr`nj umi Wis`dn Jyfb udui ul fllh ul

    umi Yn`uie _udui bls umi upwi lb ioys`up jydsdnuii djd`nu _lr`iu a`f`udsp dou`ln `n umi Wis`dn Jyfb umdu

    umi @sdif` mde i}ofy`rifp sioi`rie lnfp d eiodei idsf`is.

    Jslz`nj ioys`up olnoisn

    Umi _lr`iu `nrd`ln lb Dbjmdn`udn zd lnfp wdsu lb umi jslz`nj ioys`up eiudc`f`{du`ln `n umi A`eefi Idu&

    alu lcr`lyfp iin `n umi `nosidie dfi lb Dais`odn zidwln& uiomnlfljp& dne lyus`jmu a`f`udsp wsiinoi.

    _dye` Dsdc`d dne @sdn ciodai `nosid`njfp eiwineinu ln c`!fduisdf Dais`odn ioys`up dysdnoi ul olacdu

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

    b 4: :,72,3743 3;59 DA

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    clum i}uisndf dne `nuisndf umsidu& `nofye`nj `nosidie a`f`udsp olawiu`u`ln ciuziin umii udui ciodyi lb

    umi `nosidie l`f sirinyi. Clum udui zisi iia`njfp olawiu`nj bls wsiia`ninoi `n umi Wis`dn Jyfb dne

    y`nj `nosidie sirinyi ln e`wslwlsu`lnduifp wlzisbyf a`f`udsp blsoi. Cp 40:0& _dye` zidwln wysomdi

    bsla umi Yn`uie _udui zisi `n i}oi lb b`ri u`ai umi dalynu umdu @sdif zd wysomd`nj dnnydffp.X99Q

    Blfflz`nj umi bd`fysi lb umi _mdm eys`nj Kdnydsp 40:0 ul ad`nud`n olnuslf lb @sdn& umi _dye` zisi blsoie ul

    eidf z`um umi wslwiou lb `nuisndf eiudc`f`{du`ln r`d @fda`o bynedainudf`a& d sidf`up zm`om zlyfe ty`ohfp

    ci siridfie `n umi i`{ysi lb umi Jsdne Altyi `n Aiood cp Zdmmdc` i}usia`u eys`nj Nlriacis dne d

    _m`d sirlfu `n df!Mdd eys`nj Eioiacis.X92QX9:Q

    Olnofy`ln

    Jslz`nj bids dclyu irinuydf Ziuisn inisjp `neiwineinoi& rds`ly ioys`up umsidu& dne umi dcinoi lb d

    Ziuisn s`rdf `n umi jil!wlf`u`odf olawiu`u`ln lris umi A`eefi!Idu fie umi Dsdc udui `n d alsi eiwineinu

    sifdu`lnm`w z`um umi Ziu. Um` ` alu i}wf`o`u `n _dye` Dsdc`d* oln`uinu wlf`op lb ws`oi dne wsleyou`ln

    aleisdu`ln `n dn ibblsu ul sieyoi umi omdnoi lb Ziuisn df`indu`ln dne umi lwwlsuyn`up olu bls dfuisndu`ri

    inisjp wsleyou`ln.X9=Q Umi i}omdnji bls Ziuisn aleisdu`ln `n Dsdc!@sdif` dbbd`s yfu`aduifp fie ul d

    simdw`nj lb umi A`eefi!Iduisn jil!wlf`u`odf fdneodwi umdu zd `jn`b`odnufp fi derdnudjily umdn ws`ls

    ul 40:?.

    @awdou ln aluls `neyusp

    Ziuisn Iyslwi

    Umi aluls `neyusp zd lni lb Ziuisn Iyslwi* alu dbbiouie `neyus`i `n umi zdhi lb umi 40:? l`f os``.

    Dbuis umi _iolne Zlsfe Zds alu Ziu Iyslwidn olynus`i dwwf`ie midrp ud}i ul aluls byif ciodyi `u zd

    `awlsuie& dne d d siyfu alu ods adei `n Iyslwi zisi adff dne iolnla`odf. Mlziris cp umi fdui 4027

    d zidfum `nosidie ods `{i zisi s``nj eiw`ui midrp byif ud}i& dfumlyjm lai lb umi alsi ywadshiucsdne zisi cy`fe`nj ods umdu olyfe udhi fide!bsii byif& dne umisi zisi u`ff d nyacis lb #iolnlap# ods `n

    wsleyou`ln du um` u`ai.

    Cyu umi l`f os`` jsdeydffp dz adnp Ziu Iyslwidn ods cypis alri dzdp bsla fdsjis& fi iolnla`odf

    ods. Umi alu nludcfi siyfu lb um` usdn`u`ln `n umi ods adshiu zd umi s`i `n wlwyfds`up lb olawdou

    mduomcdoh.

    Umi lnfp nludcfi adff mduomcdoh cy`fu `n Ziuisn Iyslwi du umi u`ai lb umi l`f os`` zisi umi Wiyjilu 475&

    Sindyfu 9 dne B`du 43:. Cp umi ine lb umi eiodei& umi adshiu mde ad rifp i}wdneie z`um umi `nusleyou`ln

    lb umi Blse B`iud& Lwif Hdeiuu -lfe d umi Rdy}mdff Dusd `n Jsidu Cs`ud`n& Omspfis _yncida dne O`usln

    R`d.

    Cypis fllh`nj bls fdsjis ods zisi `nosid`njfp esdzn ul aie`ya `{ie mduomcdoh umdu zisi r`suydffp

    ynhnlzn `n Iyslwi `n 40:?& cyu cp umi ine lb umi eiodei zisi jsdeydffp siwfdo`nj dflln d umi ad`nudp

    lb um` iouls. Ciuziin 40:? dne 40=7& umi blfflz`nj aie`ya `{ie mduomcdoh zisi fdynomie dosl

    Iyslwi; umi Omspfis,_`aod Mls`{ln& B`du S`ual -_usded `n umi YH& Blse Iolsu AH?& Sindyfu 45& Rlfrl

    ?57 , ?27& Lwif Hdeiuu dne Rlfhzdjin Jlfb. Umii ods lbbisie niz udnedse lb byif iolnlap& zm`om zisi

    ayom niieie `n umi dbuisadum lb umi l`f os``.

    Umi niz ods fdynomie `n umi zdhi lb umi l`f os`` zisi oln`eisdcfp alsi iolnla`odf umdn umi usde`u`lndf

    dflln umip zisi udh`nj umi wfdoi lb& dne irin duusdouie d oln`eisdcfi nyacis lb cypis zml zlyfe mdrilumisz`i omlin ods `n umi ni}u iouls. Umi`s yooi olnu`nyie `nul umi 40=7 dne cp umi fduis wdsu lb umi

    eiodei& lai 49 pids dbuis umi l`f os``& mduomcdoh dfalu alnlwlf`ie alu Iyslwidn adff dne aie`ya

    ods adshiu& dne mde jd`nie d ycudnu`df mdsi lb umi fdsji bda`fp ods adshiu.

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

    b 4: :,72,3743 3;59 DA

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    Y._.

    D `n Ziuisn Iyslwi& Y._. dyuladhis zisi `jn`b`odnufp `awdouie cp umi 40:? l`f iacdsjl dne inisjp

    os``. Ciblsi umi inisjp os``& fdsji& midrp& dne wlzisbyf ods zisi umi udnedse `n umi Y._. Cp 40:4& umi

    udnedse inj`ni `n d Omirslfiu Odws`oi zd d 577!oyc`o `nom -2.9 f`uis R=. Umi zmiifcdi lb um` ods zd

    434.9 `nomi -?&707 aa& dneAluls Usine* 40:3 slde uiu lb umi `a`fds Omirslfiu @awdfd fljjie nl alsi

    umdn 49 a`fi wis jdffln ln umi m`jmzdp.

    Dbuis umi inisjp os``& mlziris& jdlf`ni olu alsi dne sieyoie umi eiadne bls fdsji ods.X?9Q Umi Ulplud

    Olslnd& umi Ulplud Olslffd& umi Eduyn C347& umi Eduyn 947& umi Mlned O`r`o& umi A`uyc`m` Jdfdnu -d

    odwu`ri `awlsu bsla Omspfis lfe d umi Eleji Olfu& umi _ycdsy EF& dne fduis umi Mlned Doolse dff mde

    blys opf`neis inj`ni umdu zisi alsi byif ibb`o`inu `n olawds`ln ul umi upw`odf R= dne `} opf`neis inj`ni

    blyne `n Nlsum Dais`odn rim`ofi. Bsla Iyslwi& umi Rlfhzdjin Ciiufi& umi Rlfhzdjin Bducdoh& umi

    Sindyfu =& umi Sindyfu FiOds& dne umi B`du Csdrd zisi dfl lbbisie. D cypis cijdn i}omdnj`nj fdsji ods

    bls umi adffis `awlsuie lni& Eiusl`u siwlneie z`um umi Blse W`nul& umi Blse Adris`oh& umi Omirslfiu

    Rijd& umi Omirslfiu Nlrd& umi Wfpalyum Rdff`dnu& dne umi Wfpalyum Rlfds.

    _lai cypis fdainuie umi adff `{i lb umi b`su olawdou umdu odai bsla Kdwdn& dne clum Ulplud dne

    N`dn -hnlzn d Eduyn eys`nj umi 40:7 `nusleyoie fdsjis ods odffie umi Ulplud Olslnd Adsh @@&siwfdoie cp umi Ulplud Osi`ed& umi Ad{ed 242& dne Eduyn =47 zm`om jdri cypis `nosidie wdinjis

    wdoi dne lai fy}ysp dain`u`i& yom d d`s olne`u`ln`nj& wlzis uiis`nj& DA!BA sde`l& dne irin wlzis

    z`nelz dne oinusdf floh`nj z`umlyu `nosid`nj umi ws`oi lb umi rim`ofi. Umii fdsjis olawdou zisi du umi

    risp f`a`u lb Kdwdnii jlrisnainu sijyfdu`ln olnoisn`nj `{i dne inj`ni e`wfdoiainu l umdu umip olyfe

    u`ff ci dbblsedcfi `n umi Kdwdnii Elaiu`o Adshiu& piu lbbis i}wlsu cypis fdsjis ods umdu dos`b`oie byif

    iolnlap bls wdinjis doolaaledu`ln dne d m`jmis ws`oi. Ulplud dfl lfe umi Ulplud Oslzn bsla 4029 ul

    40:5 z`um risp f`a`uie dalynu lb dfi.

    Olawdou usyoh zisi dfl `nusleyoie ul umi Y_D& z`um umi Ulplud M`fy} dne umi Eduyn Usyoh& blfflzie cp

    umi Ad{ed Usyoh dfl lfe d umi Blse Olys`is& z`um @y{y iff`nj umi`s olawdou usyoh d umi Omirslfiu FYR.

    Dn `nosidi `n `awlsuie ods `nul Nlsum Dais`od blsoie umi C`j Umsii -Jinisdf Aluls& Blse& dne Omspfis

    ul `nusleyoi adffis dne byif!ibb`o`inu aleif bls elaiu`o dfi.X?9Q Umi Eleji Lan` , Wfpalyum Mls`{ln

    bsla Omspfis& umi Blse B`iud& dne umi Omirslfiu Omiriuui dff mde blys!opf`neis inj`ni dne slla bls du

    fidu blys wdinjis cp umi fdui 40:7. Cp 40=9& umi drisdji Dais`odn rim`ofi sioi`rie 4:.5 a`fi wis

    jdffln& olawdsie ul 4?.9 a`fi wis jdffln `n 40:7.X?9Q Umi `awslriainu udpie irin umlyjm umi ws`oi lb d

    cdssif lb l`f siad`nie olnudnu du %43 bsla 40:5 ul 40:0.X?9Q

    Zm`fi du umi dai u`ai umii niz `awlsu zisi adkls `nslde `n umi Dais`odn adshiu& dfi lb fdsji iedn

    bls alu adhi -i}oiwu Omspfis wsleyou siolrisie z`um`n uzl aleif pids lb umi :? L`f Os``. _dfi lbaleif yom d umi Ode`ffdo EiR`ffi& Cy`oh Ifiousd& Lfealc`fi 0=& F`nolfn Olnu`ninudf& Aisoysp Adsty`&

    dne rds`ly lumis fy}ysp ls`inuie iedn ciodai wlwyfds djd`n `n umi a`e!40:7. Umi lnfp byff!`{i aleif

    ul ii wisadninu sieyou`ln `n dfi zisi umi flzis ws`oi aleif8 yom d umi Omirslfiu @awdfd& dne Blse

    Jdfd}`i 977. Du umi dai u`ai& f`jmufp adffis& `b nlu inu`sifp alsi byif ibb`o`inu a`e!`{i aleif yom d umi

    Lfealc`fi Oyufd& Omirslfiu Alnui Odsfl& Blse Umyneisc`se dne rds`ly lumis aleif lfe ziff.

    Um` fie ul umi laizmdu lee ky}udwl`u`ln lb adff iolnla`odf `awlsu `nusleyo`nj umiaifri d adkls

    ifiainu lb umi adshiu& zm`fi du umi dai u`ai midrp& i}win`ri& fdsjifp `awsdou`odf rim`ofi -z`um : awj8

    F`nolfn lfe =7&?34 Adsh R `n :: iff`nj dflnj`ei umi niz `awlsu `n itydffp `awsi`ri nyacis. @n

    40:28 Ulplud& z`um dn drisdji zi`jmu dslyne 3&477 fc lfe ?52&037 ods `n umi Yn`uie _udui& zm`fi Ode`ffdo

    z`um dn drisdji zi`jmu dslyne 9&777 fc lfe ?70&4?0 ods.

    Bieisdf dbiup udnedse& yom d NMU_D Bieisdf Aluls Rim`ofi _dbiup _udnedse 349 -wisud`n`nj ul dbiup

    cyawis& dne olawdou f`hi umi 40:5 Ayudnj @@ zisi d wsifyei ul umi ELU #elzn`{i# sir``ln lb rim`ofi

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    oduijls`i.X90Q Cp 40::& JA* byff!`{ie ods sibfiouie ln 40:? l`f os`` dne wsioieie fduis ELU

    elzn`{`nj.X27Q Cp 40:0& r`suydffp dff umi c`j #byff `{i# Dais`odn ods zisi #elzn`{ie#& biduys`nj adffis

    inj`ni dne adffis e`ain`ln lyu`ei. Omspfis Olswlsdu`ln ineie wsleyou`ln lb umi`s byff!`{ie fy}ysp

    iedn du umi ine lb umi 40=4 aleif pids& alr`nj `nuide ul d byff bslnu zmiif es`ri f`niyw bls 40=3 -i}oiwu

    bls umi A!clep Eleji E`wfladu,Wfpalyum Jsdn Bysp dne Omspfis Niz Plshis B`bum Drinyi iedn.

    @u md ciin yjjiuie umdu `b ad wsleyou`ln lb lrises`ri usdna``ln mde ciin `nusleyoie& umisi zlyfe

    nlu mdri douydffp ciin dnp rim`ofi elzn`{`nj. Cyu `noi um` md douydffp mdwwinie `u uysn lyu nlu ul ciusyi.X27Q

    _ii dfl

    Myccisu widh umilsp_ywwfp mloh402: L`f Iacdsjl40:7 Inisjp Os``4007 w`hi `n umi ws`oi lb l`f

    3777 -eiodei inisjp os``

    Sibisinoi

    ^ muuw;,,inrm`u.z`o.iey,ollf\uybb,inisjp,os``.muaf4.

    ^ dc #Lbb`oi lb umi M`uls`dn# -muuw;,,zzz.udui.jlr,s,wd,ml,u`ai,es,0279:.mua . _udui.jlr. muuw;,,zzz.udui.jlr,s,wd,ml,u`ai,es,0279:.mua. Sius`irie _iwuiacis ?& 3744.

    3.

    ^ Cdshp& S.8 H`f`dn& F.. #L`f dne umi Adosliolnlap _`noi umi 40:7# -muuw;,,zzz.d`!kmy.iey,bdoyfup,dnefis`,Adosl,Side`nj,S\L`f\dne\umi\Adosliolnlap.web -WEB. OIWS E`oy`ln Wdwis Nl. 55024774; 5=4704337. muuw;,,zzz.d`!kmy.iey,bdoyfup,dnefis`,Adosl,Side`nj

    ,S\L f\dne\umi\Adosliolnlap.web. Sius`irie : Kyni 3747

    ?.

    ^ Wissln& W.8 Yn`ris`up& Ws`noiuln8 Wsljsda& Iolnlaius`o Siidsom -40== -WEB. Umi Jsidu Osdm& umi L`fWs`oi _mloh dne umi Yn`u Sllu Mpwlumi` -muuw;,,zzz.ws`noiuln.iey,~isw,ISWdsom`ri,dsom`riweb,A??=.web. Iolnlaius`o Siidsom Wsljsda& Ws`noiuln Yn ris`up Ws`noiuln& Niz Kisip. muuw;,,zzz.ws`noiuln.iey,~isw,ISWdsom`ri,dsom`riweb,A??=.web. Sius`irie ? Bicsydsp 3743

    5.

    ^ Mdaai& Edr`e. dne Elyjfd Z`ff. #Cfdoh Jlfe; Umi Ine lb Csiuuln Zlle dne umi L`f!Ws`oi _mloh lb umi40:7 Umi @neiwineinu Sir`iz& r. @]& n. 5& _ws`nj 3779. ww. 974944.

    9.

    ^ Inisjp @n`jmu; Niz; L`f ws`oi wioyfdu`ln dne `nuisndu`lndf wlf`u`o du wfdp -muuw;,,zzz.inisjp`n`jmu.niu,oj`!os`wu,oDsu`ofi,dsu`ofi,7777?4,77?440.mua Dsom`rie -muuw;,,zic.dsom ri.lsj,37447:3?449?57,muuw;,,zzz.inisjp`n`jmu.niu,oj !os`wu,oDsu`ofi,dsu`ofi,7777?4,77?440.mua Kyfp 3?& 3744 du umi ZdpcdohAdom`ni

    2.

    ^ _a`um& Z`ff`da. E. #Ws`oi Tydesywfi bls @sdn`dn Osyei L`f du Dyou`ln#&Niz Plsh U`ai Eio 43& 40:?.:.^ Edn`if Pisj`n& Umi Ws`{i; Umi Iw`o Tyiu bls L`f& Alnip& dne Wlzis-Niz Plsh; _`aln dne _myuis& 377=&w. 9=:.

    =.

    ^ Edn`if Pisj`n& Umi Ws`{i; Umi Iw`o Tyiu bls L`f& Alnip& dne Wlzis-Niz Plsh; _`aln dne _myuis& 377=&w. 9=0.

    0.

    ^ dc Fino{lzh`& Jilsji -4007.Dais`odn Wsi`einu dne umi A`eefi Idu. Eyhi Yn ris`up Wsi. w. 4?7.@_CN 0:=!7!=33?!70:3!:.

    47.

    ^ Edn`if Pisj`n& Umi Ws`{i; Umi Iw`o Tyiu bls L`f& Alnip& dne Wlzis-Niz Plsh; _`aln dne _myuis& 377=&w. 907.

    44.

    ^ Fino{lzh`& w4?743.

    ^ dc Bsya& Edr`e -3777.Mlz Zi Jlu Misi; Umi *:7. Niz Plsh; Cd`o Cllh. w. ?4=.@_CN 0:=!7!529!75409!5.

    4?.

    ^ Edn`if Pisj`n& Umi Ws`{i; Umi Iw`o Tyiu bls L`f& Alnip& dne Wlzis-Niz Plsh; _`aln dne _myuis& 4004&w. 90:.

    45.

    ^ Ie`uls`df Nlui; um` olnbf`ou laizmdu z`um umi :7) ws`oi `nosidi ul %9.44& nluie cp d o`uie sibisinoi& `numi wdsdjsdwm dclri.

    49.

    ^ #Umi ws`oi lb l`f `n olnui}u# -muuw;,,zzz.oco.od,niz,cdohjslyne,l`f, . OCO Niz. Dsom`rie42.

    ? l`f os`` ! Z`h`wie`d& umi bsii inopoflwie`d muuw;,,in.z`h`wie`d.lsj,z`h`,40:?\l`f\os``

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    -muuw;,,zic.dsom`ri.lsj,zic,377:7270459352,muuw;,,zzz.oco.od,niz,cdohjslyne,l`f, bsla umi ls`j`ndf ln 0Kyni 377:. muuw;,,zzz.oco.od,niz,cdohjslyne,l`f,. Sius`irie Adp 30& 377:.^ F`ohf`eis& Slp -40==. #Umi Wlzis lb L`f; Umi Dsdc L`f Zidwln dne umi Niumisfdne& umi Yn`uie H`njela&Odnded& Kdwdn& dne umi Yn`uie _udui#. @nuisndu`lndf _uye`i Tydsuisfp -@nuisndu`lndf _uye`i Tydsuisfp& Rlf. ?3&

    Nl. 3 ?3 -3; 379332 Xw. 372Q. EL@;47.3?7:,327723: -muuw;,,e}.el`.lsj,47.3?7:)3B327723: .K_ULS 327723: -,,zzz.kuls.lsj,udcfi,327723:

    4:.

    ^ Wdyu& Klsedn K. " Cfdyui`n& Dfcisu W. -40:5. #Umi Dsdc L`f ZidwlnD Umsidu ul @nuisndu`lndf Widoi#. UmiDais`odn Klysndf lb @nuisndu`lndf Fdz -Umi Dais`odn Klysndf lb @nuisndu`lndf Fdz& Rlf. 2=& Nl. ? 2= -?;

    5475?0 Xw. 544Q. EL@;47.3?7:,337794? -muuw;,,e}.el`.lsj,47.3?7:)3B337794? . K_ULS 337794?-,,zzz.kuls.lsj,udcfi,337794?

    4=.

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    Iolnla`o Wiswiou`ri4= -5; 4494?5 Xw. 449Q. EL@;47.439:,7=09??77532?3:7= -muuw;,,e}.el`.lsj,47.439:)3B7=09??77532?3:7=

    34.

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    33.

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    ^ M`som& Slcisu F. -40=:. #@awine`nj Yn`uie _udui Inisjp Os``#. _o`inoi3?9 -5:09; 452:45:? Xw.452:Q. EL@;47.4432,o`inoi.3?9.5:09.452: -muuw;,,e}.el`.lsj,47.4432)3Bo`inoi.3?9.5:09.452: .WA@E 4:::977= -,,zzz.noc`.nfa.n`m.jlr,wycaie,4:::977=

    35.

    ^ dcoei Bsya& Edr`e -3777.Mlz Zi Jlu Misi; Umi 40:7. Niz Plsh; Cd`o Cllh. w. ?4=.@_CN 0:=!7!529!75409!5.

    39.

    ^ dcoe Bsya& Edr`e -3777.Mlz Zi Jlu Misi; Umi 40:7. Niz Plsh; Cd`o Cllh. w. ?4?.@_CN 0:=!7!529!75409!5.

    32.

    ^ _fdr`n& Cdscdsd8 Bsiyeinmi`a& A`fu8 Smlein& Z`ff`da O. -Kdnydsp 35& 40=3. #Umi Zlsfe8 Cs`u`m A`nis_iuufi bls Fi# -muuw;,,tyisp.npu`ai.ola,ju,byffwdji.muaf

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    ^ Umi 40:7 Inisjp Os`` -muuw;,,os.a`eeficysp.iey,i,dfuinisjpf`bi,:7*.mua?0.

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    _mi`hm Dmaie [dh` Pdadn`& blsais l`f a`n`uis lb _dye` Dsdc`d j`ri m` wislndf doolynu lb umi40:? inisjp os``.I@D wsiinudu`ln; 39um Dnn`risdsp lb umi 40:? L`f Iacdsjl -muuw;,,zzz.i`d.eli.jlr,iaiy,39lwio

    ,dnn`risdsp.muaf?9 Pids Dbuis umi Dsdc L`f Iacdsjl -muuw;,,zzz.inio.lsj,`nei}.wmw