1968 campaigned on a pledge to end the war but to secure “peace with honor”
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•1968 campaigned on a pledge to end the war but to secure “peace with honor”
Even as he began the gradual withdrawal of troops and reduced the number of new draftees, he pursued “Vietnamization”: shifting the bulk of the combat to South Vietnam (as they became better trained and capable of assuming responsibility).
Richard M. Nixon and Vietnam
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“Peace with honor” It was important to Nixon for
the U.S. to exit the war honorably…to avoid the humiliation of having lost the war
The Paris Peace Talks had begun before Nixon took office but negotiations were difficult and often stalled
Nixon appointed Henry Kissinger to head much of the negotiations
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Main goals of the negotiations:
U.S. Wanted:
All communist troops out of So. Vietnam
Return of American POWs
N. Vietnamese wanted:
Immediate withdrawal of US troops
Coalition gov’t. in the South to include Vietcong
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Vietnamization
Refusing to accept N.Vietnam’s demands for peace, Nixon continued his policy of Vietnamization…AND
To stop the flow of supplies to the Vietcong in the south, he ordered the secret bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail
The HCMT ran thru neighboring Cambodia
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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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1970 Trying to get the peace talks moving,
Nixon ordered U.S. troops to attack the Vietcong and NVA (North Vietnamese Army)
across the border into Cambodia. Immediate reaction from the anti-war
movement at home: infuriated, it blasted Nixon for widening the war !
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Kent State University
Student protesters set fire to the ROTC building…
The Ohio governor called in the Nat’l. Guard On May 4, 1970 the 2 sides confronted one
another: students threw rocks and bottles Guardsmen answered by firing 65 shots into
the crowd, killing 4 and wounding 13 others
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OHIO performed by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
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My Lai Massacre March, 1968: Lt. William
Calley ordered the village of My Lai destroyed…hundreds of civilians murdered
Calley claimed he was following orders
Life magazine published photos of the event…American public outraged
Calley convicted by military court
Entire episode was more fuel for the “Stop the War” movement
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The Pentagon Papers
Classified gov’t. documents on U.S. in Vietnam
Docs leaked to the NY Times
Co-author Daniel Ellsberg at the eye of the storm
Nixon tried to block publication (NY Times v. United States)…Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Times
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End of the War Paris Peace Accords: January, 1973 American troops coming home N Vietnam to keep troops in S vietnam NLF (the Vietcong) to become legit political
party in S. Vietnam N. Vietnam to return American POWs
(Sen. John McCain was one of them)
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Peace finally…or not
Spring of 1975, N. Vietnamese launched attacks against the South
Without U.S. support, the ARVN was doomed American Embassy in Saigon overrun Vietnam unified under 1 flag…the flag of
communist North Vietnam
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Evacuation of the US Embassy: Saigon 1975
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http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-The-Vietnam-War-1954---1975-Map-117517574