1965, 1972, 1991. Chomsky, Labov, Sinclair. - Alumni€¦ · 1 1965, 1972, 1991. Chomsky, Labov,...
Transcript of 1965, 1972, 1991. Chomsky, Labov, Sinclair. - Alumni€¦ · 1 1965, 1972, 1991. Chomsky, Labov,...
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1965, 1972, 1991.
Chomsky, Labov, Sinclair.
Professor M Stubbs
FB2 Anglistik
12 Feb 2013
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Overview
This talk is the last session of my course Core Readings in 20th
Century Linguistics and my last class before retirement from
the University.
I will discuss three topics:
Paradigms ... Progress ... Curricula ...
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Overview
1. On paradigms
As a student and teacher of linguistics from 1966 to the present,
I have been trained in / have passed through / have taught and
written about three very different paradigms in linguistics,
which have been formed by three major scholars: Noam
Chomsky, William Labov and John Sinclair. Their work is not
always compatible, so it cannot all be true, and shows that
language must be studied from different points of view.
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Overview
2. On progress
Some things which I was taught as a student have turned
out to be untrue. Others have turned out to be poorly
formulated. It is often thought that knowledge progresses
because we discover more and more true facts and
theories about the world. On the contrary: we learn from
our errors. We learn from the past, but keep discovering
new and different ways of visualizing language.
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Overview
3. On curricula
Much educational reform (including the "new" BA-MA
degrees) pays little attention to the past 1,000 years of
curricular theory. I will give an example from the Middle Ages,
and make a proposal for one way of organizing a coherent
curriculum in language, linguistics and literature.
All this has implications for what is (fashionably) called
"transferable skills".
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1. On paradigms.
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Three paradigms.
• Noam Chomsky (1928 -)
1965 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.
• William Labov (1927 -)
1972 Sociolinguistic Patterns.
• John Sinclair (1933 - 2007)
1991 Corpus Concordance Collocation.
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Chomsky et al. TG et al.
Post-1965 or so ...
the cognitive turn
Wikimedia Commons, Gengiskanhg, 2005.
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Labov et al. Sociolinguistics.
Post-1970 or so ...
the social turn
Wikipedia encyclopedia http://wapedia.mobi/en/Sociogram
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Sinclair et al. Corpus linguistics.
Post-1985 or so ...
the computational
turn
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Three paradigms.
• Chomsky 1965
grammar, the mind rationalism
• Labov 1972
variation, social groups empiricism
• Sinclair 1991
lexico-grammar, texts empiricism
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Three paradigms.
• Chomsky 1965
Cartesian Linguistics (1966)
• Labov 1972
"sociolinguistics: an oddly redundant term"
• Sinclair 1991
Trust the Text (2004)
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Three paradigms.
• Chomsky 1965
structure of the human mind
• Labov 1972
structure of society / social groups
• Sinclair 1991
structure of phrasal units of meaning
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Three paradigms.
• Chomsky 1965
introspection universals
• Labov 1972
fieldwork recordings linguistic variables
• Sinclair 1991
digital corpora phrasal units
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New data lead to new paradigms:
• historical-comparative data
• native languages of North America
• native-speaker introspection
• audio-recorded interviews / conversations
• socially stratified surveys
• computer-readable corpora
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The ironies of academic progress.
• Skinner's behaviourism (1940s-50s) purged
psychology of its central problem (i.e. thought!).
• Chomsky (1959) destroyed the credibility of
behaviourism.
• Chomsky's formalism (1950s-60s) purged
linguistics of its central problem (i.e. meaning!).
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2. On progress.
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On progress.
If you are going to be a teacher of English for the
next 30 years ...
... around half of what I've been teaching you will
turn out to be false (at least poorly formulated)
... but the evaluation criteria (empirical, testable,
replicable, public, etc) will still be relevant.
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
Schultz-Lorentzen's dictionary of Inuktitut gives
two words for snow: qanik, aput.
In English ... snow, ice, icicle, hail, sleet, slush, ...
frost, hoarfrost, rime, ... glacier, iceberg, ...
snowball, snowdrift, snowflake, snowman ...
Schultz-Lorentzen, C. (1927) Dictionary of the West Greenlandic Eskimo Language. Medelser om
Grønland 69, C.A. Reitzels 1945.
See: Pullum, G. (1991) The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax. U Chicago Press. p.167.
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As one Eskimo said to another:
"Did you know that American
suburban males have over
100 words for lawn?"
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
Many languages have no egocentric co-ordinate
system, only an absolute frame of reference
(similar to cardinal directions). Guugu Yimithirr
has no words for "left", "right", "front", "back".
S C Levinson (2003) Space in Language and Cognition. CUP.
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
The phoneme is the basic sound unit.
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
The phoneme is the basic sound unit.
• them/then sin/sing singin'/singing
• in Britain in Germany in Greece
bilabial alveolar velar
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
The phoneme is the basic sound unit.
Lexis, syntax and semantics are separate.
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
The phoneme is the basic sound unit.
Lexis, syntax and semantics are separate.
1. Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.
2. Revolutionary new ideas appear infrequently.
3. Miserly dead bicycles ride bananas happily.
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
The phoneme is the basic sound unit.
Lexis, syntax and semantics are separate.
Dictionaries are of no theoretical interest.
"The lexicon is ... a list of basic irregularities."
(Bloomfield 1933)
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Things I was told as a student which are not true:
There are 50 words for "snow" in Eskimo.
You can say anything in any language.
The phoneme is the basic sound unit.
Lexis, syntax and semantics are separate.
Dictionaries are of no theoretical interest.
Etc ...
"Science destroys its past".
T S Kuhn (1969) Comment on the relations of science and art. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 11 403-412.
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The falsification paradigm:
• 1. Theory
• 2. Counter-examples
• 3. Better theory
K R Popper (1963) Conjectures and Refutations.
The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. RKP.
Wikimedia Commons < Flickr Commons
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Linguistic formulation ...
Written language is essential in order to
make statements which are
explicit, clear, and public ...
and which therefore make critical
discussion possible.
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We learn from our errors:
"... all models are wrong, but some are
useful."
George E P Box (British statistician).
G E P Box & N R Draper (1987) Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces. NY: Wiley.
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We learn from our errors:
The most important factor
in intellectual progress is often
• discovering a new problem
• stating it precisely.
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New problems:
Chomsky: Linguistic competence is much deeper
and more abstract than previously thought.
Labov: You cannot understand linguistic
structures if you ignore social structures.
Sinclair: Individual words are not the main units
of meaning.
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Areas of study which didn't exist when I was a student:
first(?) student textbooks
• sociolinguistics (1974: Trudgill)
• discourse analysis (1977: Coulthard)
• pragmatics (1983: Levinson, Leech)
• forensic linguistics (1994: Gibbons)
• corpus linguistics (1998: Kennedy, Biber et al)
• endangered languages (2000: Crystal)
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More on progress.
First applications, then theory:
the case of dictionaries.
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Applied linguistics
and corpus linguistics.
"You have to have linguistics before you can apply
it." (Pit Corder 1973.) ... ??
Wrong way round:
It is real world problems
which lead to practical applications
which lead to theoretical developments
(often with help from new technology).
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Applied linguistics
and corpus linguistics.
Need for better dictionaries
a problem in corpus linguistics
applied
linguistics
developments in
semantic theory
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On progress. Dictionaries.
• Samuel Johnson 1750s
• James Murray 1880s on -
• John Sinclair 1980s on -
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Samuel Johnson, 1755.
Data: collection of
citations
but
highly prescriptive
view of data.
Wikimedia Commons, Joshua Reynolds, 1772 17Drew, 2007.
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James Murray, pre-1910.
Data: collection of
citations
but
still very literary
sources of data.
Wikimedia Commons, Cropbot, 2009.
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John Sinclair, ca 2005.
Data: computer-
readable corpora
but
still problems with
balanced text
collections.
www.aaal.org.
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On visualization.
John Sinclair (1991)
"Language looks rather different when you
look at a lot of it at once."
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Visualization of parallel cases.
variation in sequence, span and word-form
*satis* <<5>> conclu*
hardly a satisfactory conclusion
very satisfied to have concluded as it did
intense satisfaction at this conclusion
an artistically satisfying climax and conclusion
I reach that conclusion with no satisfaction
a conclusion very much to their satisfaction
these conclusions are less than satisfactory
concluded that the offer was unsatisfactory
Data from BNCweb, Hoffmann et al.
Example: Gregory Garretson. Software: Sebastian Hoffmann et al.
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Visualization of parallel cases.
variation in sequence, span and word-form
*satis* <<5>> conclu*
hardly a satisfactory conclusion
very satisfied to have concluded as it did
intense satisfaction at this conclusion
an artistically satisfying climax and conclusion
I reach that conclusion with no satisfaction
a conclusion very much to their satisfaction
these conclusions are less than satisfactory
concluded that the offer was unsatisfactory
Data from BNCweb, Hoffmann et al.
Wikimedia Commons: Drury & Westwood 1837 "Illustrations of Exotic Entomology".
Example: Gregory Garretson. Software: Sebastian Hoffmann et al.
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46
Visualization of parallel cases.
variation in sequence, span and word-form
*satis* <<5>> conclu*
hardly a satisfactory conclusion
very satisfied to have concluded as it did
intense satisfaction at this conclusion
an artistically satisfying climax and conclusion
I reach that conclusion with no satisfaction
a conclusion very much to their satisfaction
these conclusions are less than satisfactory
concluded that the offer was unsatisfactory
Data from BNCweb, Hoffmann et al.
Wikimedia Commons: Darwin, 1845. From "Voyage of the Beagle".
Example: Gregory Garretson. Software: Sebastian Hoffmann et al.
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47
On variation.
"The whole of linguistics is an attempt
to control variation."
Pieter A M Seuren (ca 1969, over coffee).
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48
Text analysis ... technology ... theory ...
Eusebius' Canon
Tables ca 300 AD
Cruden's
Concordance
1737
Luhn's KWIC index
1940s-50s Busa's Concordance
1949-.
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49
All these approaches to semantic analysis ...
were analysing texts for practical reasons
religious textual exegesis, dictionary making, information retrieval
and were using the latest ideas about
textual comparison, visualization / pattern recognition, technology.
By the 1990s, this combination had led to major
progress in semantic theory.
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50
3. On curricula
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51
3. On curricula
... and on the lack of curricular
planning.
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52
The medieval curriculum.
The Trivium: the word.
The Quadrivium: the world.
Basil B Bernstein (1996) Thoughts on the trivium and quadrivium. Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and
Identity. Taylor & Francis.
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53
grammar
rhetoric
dialectic (logic)
The seven liberal arts.
From the Hortus deliciarum of
Herrad von Landsberg ca. 1180.
Source Wikimedia Commons. User GDK 2008.
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54
rhetoric
dialectic (logic)
The seven liberal arts.
From the Hortus deliciarum of
Herrad von Landsberg ca. 1180.
Source Wikimedia Commons. User GDK 2008.
forms of
language
uses of
language
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55
rhetoric
dialectic (logic)
The seven liberal arts.
From the Hortus deliciarum of
Herrad von Landsberg ca. 1180.
Source Wikimedia Commons. User GDK 2008.
grammatical
competence
communicative
competence
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56
astronomy
geometry
arithmetic music
grammar
rhetoric
dialectic
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57
Philosophia
Socrates
Plato Source Wikimedia Commons. User Markus Mueller 2005.
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58
The Trivium and the Quadrivium.
The content and sequence of education.
1. First the WORD, the inner:
Grammar, logic and rhetoric.
Principles of language and mind.
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59
The Trivium and the Quadrivium.
The content and sequence of education.
1. First the WORD, the inner:
Grammar, logic and rhetoric.
Principles of language and mind.
2. Then the WORLD, the outer:
Music, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy.
Applications in the material world.
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60
The Trivium and the Quadrivium.
The content and sequence of education.
1. First linguistics.
2. Then everything else ...
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Curricula: ideal types
classical knowledge- elitist? humanist centred progressivist student- romantic?
centred technocratic skills- measurable? centred reconstructionist society- democratic?
centred
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62
The "curricular standards" model
• interventionist
• centralized
• visible pedagogy
• explicit goals
• strong classification (subject boundaries)
• strong framing (sequence, pace)
• shift of authority away from universities
• knowledge no longer an end in itself
Basil B Bernstein (1971) The classification and framing of educational knowledge. In M F D
Young ed Knowledge and Control. Collier-Macmillan.
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63
Another model ...
none of these ideas are new ...
Decide what general areas students should
learn to analyse ...
• society
• aesthetics
• technology
• rationality
• plus whatever else you think is relevant
Denis Lawton (1983) Curriculum Studies and Educational Planning. Hodder & Stoughton.
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64
Matrix planning ...
linguistic literary language study e.g. ... study e.g. ... study e.g. ...
society aesthetics technology rationality
etc
Fill in your own gaps.
But make a coherent whole.
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65
Matrix planning ... just examples ...
linguistic literary language study study study
society sociology of language in UK
aesthetics quantitative
stylistics of
literary texts
technology corpus linguistics
digital humanities
rationality in/deduction
basic statistics
etc
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66
Matrix planning ... just examples ...
linguistic literary language study study study
society sociology of accents, dialects language in UK text-types
aesthetics quantitative poems, songs, etc
stylistics of fiction/non-fiction
literary texts
technology corpus linguistics computer mediated
digital humanities communication
rationality in/deduction essay planning
basic statistics argument structure
etc
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67
Matrix planning ... just examples ...
linguistic literary language study study study
society sociology of Gothic novel accents, dialects language in UK Lost generation text-types
aesthetics quantitative everything?? poems, songs, etc
stylistics of fiction/non-fiction
literary texts
technology corpus linguistics printed texts computer mediated
digital humanities film adaptations communication
hypertext
rationality in/deduction objective text vs essay planning
basic statistics subjective reader argument structure
reception
etc
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68
On empiricism:
New forms of empiricism arise:
testable statements Chomsky
ethnographic fieldwork Labov
corpus analysis Sinclair
and so on ...
Technology changes what it is possible to
observe ...
The "digital humanities".
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69
The most famous Scottish empiricist.
Wikimedia Commons, Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Huerlisi, 2004. John Soares, 2005.
David Hume (1711–76)
1748:
An Enquiry Concerning
Human Understanding.
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70
Hume (1748).
When we read a book, we should ask:
"Does it contain any abstract reasoning
concerning quantity or number?"
No ...
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71
Hume (1748).
When we read a book, we should ask:
"Does it contain any abstract reasoning
concerning quantity or number?"
No ...
"Does it contain any experimental reasoning
concerning matter of fact and existence?"
No ...
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Hume (1748).
When we read a book, we should ask:
"Does it contain any abstract reasoning
concerning quantity or number?"
No ...
"Does it contain any experimental reasoning
concerning matter of fact and existence?"
No ...
"Commit it then to the flames, for it can
contain nothing but sophistry and illusion."
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73
So, on transferable skills ...
... principles of
empiricism and rationalism
(e.g. from Hume and Popper).
That should be sufficient ...
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74
Thank you
for your attention!
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75
bye bye
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76
drinks and
nibbles
anglistik
essecke
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77