(1943) (Special Series No. 16) Enemy Capabilities for Chemical Warfare

8/17/2019 (1943) (Special Series No. 16) Enemy Capabilities for Chemical Warfare

1/170

SPECIAL

SERIES,

NO.

18

15 JU

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES FOR

T


2/170

MILITARY

INTELLIGENCE

SERVICE

SPECI

Wab

Depabtment

Washington,

15

July

1943 M

NOTICE

1.

Publication

of

Special

Series

is

for

the

purpose

of providing

1

a

reasonably

confirmed

informationnformation fromrom officialfficial

andnd otherther relieli

This issue has been

prepared

repared with

the

assistance and collabo

Intelligence Branch,

Office of

the

Chief

of

the

Chemical

Warfare

2.

Nondivisional

units

are

being

supplied

with copies

on a

bas

a a

the

approved

distribution

for divisional commands,

as

s followsollows

nfantry

Division

Cavalry

Division

Abmored


3/170

FOREWORD

Up

to

the

present

time,

since

the

beginning

War

11,

toxic

gases

have

not

been

employe

European

xis

armies,

but

Japan

has

used

s

on a

limited

scale

many

times

in

China.

Ho

the

field

of chemical

warfare,

the

employment

gases


4/170

FOREWORD

th s

incendiaries

have

caused widespread

de

of

built up

areas.

The tactical value of the

flame-thrower

aga

boxes

and

fixed

emplacements

is

recognized.

particularly

effective

weapon

when

mounted

Also

the

terrifying

effect

of

the

flame-throw

morale

when

first

encountered

cannot

be

ov

is

therefore

proposed

to

present

an est

the

capabilities

of the xis

powers

to

wage


5/170

CONTENTS

Part

I.GERMANY.

Section

I.

CHEMICAL

TROOPS

.

1.

General

2.

Organization

a.

General

b. Chemical

(Smoke)

Regiment

(W

regiment)

:

Heavy

(Smoke)

Regi


6/170

COMTEfISTTS

Part

I.

GERMANY—

Continued.

Section

111

OFFENSIVE WEAPONS—

—

Continued.

2.

Ground

Weapons

Continued.

—

d.

Candles

and Grenades

Continued.

(2)

Smoke-candle

projectors

(a) Improvised

type

(Nb

34)

(b) Tank-mounted

rack

(3)

Grenades

(a)

Smoke hand

grenade

3

Hgr. 39)

(b)

Smoke

hand

grenade

(c)

Gas

grenades

(4)

generators


7/170

CQNTEiNTS

Part

I.GERMANY—

Continued.

Section

111

OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS—

Continued.

—

4.

Flame-Throwers

Continued.

b.

Miscellaneous

Flame-Throwers

(1)

General

(2)

Model

41

c. Flame-Thrower Tanks.

IV.

DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT

1.

Gas

Masks

a. Basic

Type

(1)

Facepieces

(2)

Canisters


8/170

CONTENTS

Part 11. ITALY—Continued.

Section

11.

MANUFACTURE

AND

STORAGE

111.

OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

1.

Agents___

_:

a.

General

b.

Peril

No.1

2.

Ground

Weapons

a.

8.

1-cm

Chemical

Mortar

b.

Artillery

c.

Infantry

d.

Candles

and Grenades

(1) Toxicsmoke candles

(a)

Small candle

(b)


9/170

CONTENTS

Part

11

ITALY—

Continued.

Section

111 OFFENSIVE WEAPONS—

Continued.

4. Flame-Throwers

a.

Portable,

Model

35_

b.

Portable,

Model

40.

.-.

c.

Motorized

IV.

DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

1.

Gas Masks

a.

Facepieces of

Group

A

(1)

P.

(Penna)

(2)M

(M .

31and

M.

33)

(3)

Naval

(R.M.

and

R.M.

F.)

of

Group

B


10/170

X

CONTEEINTS

Part

111

JAPAN—

Continued.

Section

111

OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

1.

Agents

2.

Ground

Weapons

a.

Mortars

(1) 90-mm

chemical

mortar,

mod

(2)

81

-mm

infantrymortar

(3)

00-mm

chemical

mortar

b.

160-mm Gas

Projector

c. Grenade

Dischargers

(1) 50-mm,

model 89

(2) 50-mm,

model

10

(1921)

d.

Artillery


11/170

CONTENTS.

Part

111 JAPAN—Continued

Section

111 OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS—

Continued.

2. Ground

WEAPONS-^Continued.

g

Incendiary

Grenades

(1)

%-kg

incendiary grenade

(2)

Incendiary

hand

grenade

(3)

Molotov

cocktails

h.

Gas

Cylinders

(1) Heavy

(2)

Light

i Gas Mines

j

BulkContamination

(1)

Portable

sprayers

(2)


12/170

CONTENTS

Part

111 JAPAN—

Continued.

Section

IV.

EFENSIVE EQUIPMENT-Continoed.

2. Gas

Detectors

a. Blister-Gas Detection

Satchel

b.

Chemical

Testing

Outfit

c.

Carbon- Monoxide

Testing

Device

3. Gas

Alarms

Clothing.

.

Protective

a. General

b.

Antigas Bag,

Model 96

5.

Collective

Protection

6.

Decontamination

1

a. Personal Decontamination

(1)

Personal

decontamination ki


13/170

CONTENTS

Figure

14.

German

military

gas

mask

.

15.

List of

Italian

gas

bombs

16.

List

of Italian

incendiary

bombs

1

7.

Italian

portable flame-thrower,

model

35

18.

Italian

portableflame-thrower,

model

35,showing

nozzle

1

9.

Italian

portableflame-thrower,

model

40

20.

Italian

flame-thrower

tank

L

3/35)

with

trailer

21. Italian

military

gas

mask,

Penna

type

22. Italian

military

gas

mask^

M.

31

23.

Italian

military

gas

mask,

T.35

24.

Italian

protective clothing

25. List

of

Japanese

war

gases

26. Japanese

90-mm

mortar

gas

bomb,

type


14/170

Part I

Germany

Section

I.

CHEMICAL

TROOPS

1.

GENERAL

As

instigators

of chemical

warfare

during

War

I

it

is

to

be

expected

that the

German

A

be

well

prepared,

both

offensively

and

defensiv


15/170

2

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL WARFA

11l

G

«

Hq

SIG

G

G

I

(Werferabteilung)

(25

officers

540

enlisted

men)*

24

10.5-cm)

mortars

\u25a

I

.'.

.'.

Hq

SIG MET G

G

6

officers,

(1

officer,

(

6

officers,

men)*


16/170

ERMANY

CHEMICAL

TROOPS

c.

Heavy

Chemical

(Smoke)

Regiment

(Schweres

M

Werferregi

merit)

2

Since the

introduction

of

the

sextuple

rocke

known as the

ebelwerfer

41,

or

Werfer

41,

th

ization

of

at

least one

heavy

chemical

(smoke)

(schweres

Werferregiment)

has

been

reporte

regiment

is

said

to

be

organized

likethe normal

(smoke)

regiment,

except

that

its total armam

sists of

54

six-barreled

mortars.


17/170

4

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL WARFAE

the

unit

would

be

known

as

Vergiftungsa

(contamination

battalion).

(3)

Road

decontamination

battalion. L

known

relative

to the

organization

and

dutie

unit.

(4)

Motorized

decontamination

companies.

are

composed

of

medical

troops

attached

to,

pool

and would

be sent

wherever

high gas

c

had

occurred.

o

details are available

conce


18/170

ERMANY CHEMICAL TROOPS

ting

of

gas

masks

and

on

correct

breathin

phasis

is

placed

on tactical

exercises which

movements

over contaminated

ground.

The

of

gas

sentries

Gasspiirer)

is

regarded

as

portant.

The

Army

Gas Schools are

reported

a

stock

of

instructional films

which

are

ex

used.

Each

infantry

battalion

or equivalent uni

antigas officer,

assisted

by

a noncommissioned


19/170

Section

If.

MANUFACTURE

AND

STO

A

recent

compilation

of chemical

plants

in

G

and

German-occupied

Europe

engaged

in

th

facture

of

poison

gases

shows

19

such

establishm

Germany

proper

12 in

France,

11

in

Polan

Czechoslovakia,

3

each in Austria

and

Belgiu

each

in

Hungary

Rumania,

and Holland.


20/170

Section

111

OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

1. AGENTS

a.

General

German war

gases,

generally

speaking,

have

their World

War

lassification,

as shown

in

(For

a

comparison

of German

gases

with

those


21/170

8

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFABD

COMMON NAME

GERMAN

NA

Blister

ases

(Vesicants)

YellowCross

1. Mustard

(H) Lost; Senf;

Gelbkreuz

2.

Lewisite

(L)

Gelbkreug

II

?)

3.

Ethyldichlorarsine

(ED)

Dick;

Oelbkreuz

111

(Mixtures

of mustard

gas

and

Lewisite

may

be

used

in cold

reduce

the freezing point. The mustard

gas

is likely to be

ment on the

1914-18

German

mustard;

it

is

probably

mor

and possibly

more

vesicant

and

more

difficult

to decontami


22/170

ERMANY OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

Green

and

I. t

is

only

one

of several

ga

like

characteristics

that

may

be

referred

to a

gen

mustards.

Generally

speaking,

the

nitrogen

mustards

a

liquids

or

low-melting

solids,

pale yellow

to

and

are

practically

odorless.

Their

volatili

some

being

less

volatile

than mustard

gas

and

so

volatile.

They

are

fairly readily hydrolyzed

but the

products

of such

hydrolysis

are

toxic.

Nitrogen

mustard

gas

has

a low

freezing

p


23/170

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFA

2 GROUND

WEAPONS

a.

Mortars

(1)

10.5-cm

chemical

mortar.

The basic

w

the German

chemical

troops

is

the

10.5-cm

(4

mortar,

two

models

of

which

are

known.

M

closely

resembles a

Stokes

mortar

3

and fires

lined

shell

a distance of

about

3,000

yards.

Th

fire and

capacity

of the

projectile

are

not

kn

it is

probable

that the rate

does

not

exceed

2


24/170

—

GERMANY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS


25/170

12

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFA

—

Ballistic

cap

I

Propellant


26/170

—

GERMANY OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

(about

one-half

gallon).

ts

total

weight

i

be approximately

70

pounds.

Gree

Ballistic

cap

.

for chem


27/170

14

ENEMY CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR

t has

been

reported

that

by

means

of

th

werfer

41

the

Germans

have

fired

HE shells

siderable effect

against

the

Russians.

In

t

that

gas

warfare

starts,

there

seems to be

that

this

sextuple

weapon

would

be

very

eff

laying

down

a

high

concentration

of

gas

short

period

of time. Based

on

the

rate

o

6

rounds

per weapon

each

90

seconds,

it

possible

for

regiment

to

lay

down

324 roun

90

seconds.


28/170

ERMANY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS


29/170

16

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL WARFAR

them on

the carrier

plates.

The

vehicle is the

into

its

firing

position, moving

n

along

the

fire The

projectiles

are

discharged

electrica

tervals of

2

seconds,

beginning

from

the

and

working

forward

on

alternate

sides.

Six

rounds

of

ammunition

are

carried

on

hicle;

five

rounds

are

28-cm

HE,

and the s

32-cm

incendiary.

The

28-cm HE

projectile

82

kg 181 lbs),

contains 50

kg

110

lbs)

and

is

designed

for

demolition

of

field

defens


30/170

GERMANY OFFENSIVE WE PONS

inch)

Nebelwerfer

42,

for

which

only

HE

am

now

seems

to

be

available,

is

probably

a

large

of the

15-cm

Nebelwerfer

41.

A 28/32-cm

mortar

28/32-cm

Nebelwerfer

41)

fires

the

s

munition as the

heavy projector.

The

su

that

t

works

on

the

same

principle

as

th

Nebelwerfer

41,

with an

arrangement

of six

is

questionable.

5)

Spigot

mortar.

Revolutionary

in

desi

20-cm

7.87-inch)

spigot

mortar

leichtsr


31/170

18

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL

WARFAR

up

extensive stocks

of

gas-filled

shells.

The

to

favor

the

10.5-cm

and

15-cm

shells.

Wh

shells

are filled

with

lung irritants, they

u

bursters

when

they

are filled

with

vesicants,

larger

bursters

in

order

to

scatter

the

liqui

considerable

area.

The

area

of

contamination

as

about

60

square yards

for

the

10.5-cm,

square

yards

for the

larger

shell.

A

highly

percussion

fuze would be used to minimiz

formation and

thereby prevent

the loss of


32/170

GERMANY

OFFENSIVE WEAPONS

Type

of

fillin

eapons

Caliber

M

ra ^f

in

Eateofflre

-

range

\u 5a _

Light

infantry

7.5 cm

3,800

yds

15 to

20

rpm...

Smoke

and lacrimat

gun.

Mortar

B.lcm

2,looyds

6

rounds in 8

Smoke

and

lacrimat

to 9

sees.

Heavy

infantry

15

cm

6,000

yds

4to

6

rpm

Lung

irritants

and

howitzer.

cants.

(The

Pz.

Kw.

IV

medium

tank,

equipped

with

a 7.5-cm

gun,

carries

15

smoke,

55

hells.)

d.

Candles

and

Grenades


33/170

20

ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL

WARFAR

thick

is

welded. A

bipod

is

attached

to

the

a

ring just

behind

the muzzle.

Best

results

duced

by

using

an elevation

of

about

45

degree

gives

a

maximum

range

for

any

of

the three

p

charges

that

may

be used. The

charges

are

of

25

50

and

100

grams,

respectively

of

the

p

explosive

in

small

packets

of

gauze

or

ce

The method

of

operation

is

to

insert the

cha

the barrel

and

drop

in the smoke candle with

t

ignites


34/170

ERMAJSTY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS

vidual

tank,

and

it

is

extremely

doubtful

if

be

used

for

the

support

of

other

arms.

3)

Grenades.

a)

Smoke

hand

grenade

Egr.

39).

This

weapon, weighing

0.85

kg (

is

similar

to

the

normal

stick

grenade.

Fi

a

Berger-type

mixture,

7

it

burns

from

to

2

after a 7-second

delay.

—

b)

Smoke

hand

grenade

41.

This

weap

sisting

of

a

small

smoke

generator

in

a

c

metal

casing

weighing

about

1

pounds,


35/170

22

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFA

on 1-ton chassis. Both have a crew of one

in

to

the

driver.

The

medium-type

vehicle

is

reported

to

have

ty

of

1,200

kg

(2,640

lbs)

of

vesicant

gas,

ejected

under

an

excess

pressure

of

2

atm

through

a

nozzle

at

the

rate

of

1.4

kg

(3.08

second.

The nozzle is

mounted

on a

swive

which can be

adjusted

in

height,

and

is

fed

by

hose

of

small diameter

hung

on

support

arm

spray

is

operated

from

a

panel

behind

the


36/170

—

GERMANY OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

3,600

yards,-

had

been

developed

at

the

close

o

war,

but

itis

questionable

if

this

weapon

is

st

—

3)

Contamination

and

gas

mines. There

ports

of

contamination

mines, designed

to

be

the sides

of roads.

They

are

actuated

by

mechanism

or

by

the

passage

of

vehicles,

or

electrically.

Gas

mines

are

also

mentioned

ence to

frontier

fortifications

and to tidal

beac

harassment

of

landing

parties).


37/170

24 ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL

WARFAR

or

gas,

is

reported

to

approximate

a

250-kg

bomb

in

size

and

weight.

Its

capacity

is

sta

25

gallons

of

smoke

liquid

or

vesicant

gas.

9

miles

per

hour

a

strip

about

660

yards,

in

len

be contaminated

during

the emission

period

seconds.

b)

Nebelgerdt

5.300.

—

A

larger appara

5.300

while

intended

primarily

for

the

l

smoke

screens, presumably may

be used for


38/170

GERMANY OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

change

of

nozzles,

and the

size

chosen

prob

pends

upon

the

speed

of

the

airplane.

Thei

characteristics

are

as follows

Capacity

10

90

Weight

empty

Weight

charged

liquid)

(smoke

—

FumaL.9O

90 liters

(23.8

gals)

97

pounds

440

pounds

FumaL

__

190

liters

(

132

pounds

880

pounds

It

is

reported

that

about

1,000

of

these

s

paratuses

had

been

produced

at the

time

the


39/170

26


WARFAR

pact

fuze,

an

area of

about

22

yards

radius

fr

of burst

is

contaminated. t is

provided

wit

burster

for

ground

contamination

and

with

burster

for

personnel

effect.

3)

250-hg

mustard

gas

bomb

X.C.

1S

250

a

time

fuze

to

operate

when

within

several

feet of

the

ground,

this bomb

will

contaminate

of

5,000

to

6,000

square yards.

t

is about

size as the S.C.

250-kg

HE

bomb.

The

Flam

case

may

be as

gas


40/170

—


1) 1-kg

magnesium

bombs.—

These

are

o

lowing

types:

a)

The

normal

type

with

or

without

explosive

char

b)

The

type

with steel

nose

instead

of

ordinary

ele

c)

The bomb

with

six steel tail vanes.

d)

The

bomb

with

eight

light

alloy

tail

vanes.

2) 1-kg explosive-nose

bomb. The so-ca

incendiary

explosive-nose

bomb

actually

weig

(4.84 lbs) fig.

8).

With

the

ordinary

1-kg in

bomb

used

as a

base,

the

explosive charge

has


41/170

28

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR


42/170

—

MSI

GERMANY OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

Screws

by

which

-Filling

cap

(r

tail

is attached

to collar

\

v

Rubb

A

washer

(blo


43/170

30

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR CHEMICAL WARFAR

4) Sprengbrand

C.50

{Combination

in

bomb.)

This

bomb

fig. 10),

weighing

5

fairly

recent

development,

presents

several n

tures.

Upon

impact,

the

bomb case is

ruptu

ejects

6

pre-ignited

fire

pots

of the

magnesium

diary

type

and

60

odd small

incendiary

uni

thermite

type.

This

is followed almost

imm

by

the

detonation of

a

12-pound

charge

of

TN

nose

of the

bomb. The fire

pots

are

shaped

lik

tumbler,

2*4

inches

in diameter

at

the

base,

3


44/170


p<

11

1/2

J


45/170

32


46/170

GERMANY OFFENSIVE:

WEAPONS


47/170

34

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR CHEMICAL.WARFAR

directs

the

flame. A

fuel

cart

with

a

four-ma

said

to

carry

3

refills for this flame-thrower.

b. Miscellaneous Flame-Throwers

(1)

General.

—

Unsubstantiated

reports

ref

type

of

flame-thrower

with

two

jets,

mann

crew of

eight;

another

with

four

jets;

and

tured

by

the Russians which is

reported

to

jets.

—

(2)

41.

A

new

type

of

German


48/170

—

GERMANY OFFENSIVE WE PONS

c.

Flame-Thrower

Tanks

Krupp-type

Mark

anks

fitted

with

flame-

have been

reported

captured

in

Libya.

Th

size flame-thrower is fitted

in

place

of the

p

machine

gun

and three fuel

reservoirs

con

reserve

of

300 liters

l^A

g

s

oi

oil,

are

lo

the tank.


49/170

Section IV.

DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

1. G S MASKS

a.

Basic

Type

The

gas

mask

now

issued to

the

German

rces

is

based on

the

S

mask,

model

30/31, es

a

somewhat

rigid facepiece

with

a

snout-type s

drum canister. The

cylindrical

sheet-metal


50/170

—

GERMANY DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

—

1) Facepieces.

Two

types

of

facepieces

in

use.

The

Gm.

30

consists

of

layers

of

can

ber,

and

cotton

fabric,

with

a

fitting

band

leather and an

adjustable

head harness o

webbing

and

a

coiled steel

spring.

The

eyep

of

cellulose acetate

in

removable brass

rims.

ber-disk

inlet valve and

a

spring-loaded

m

outlet

valve, together

with

a

protective

grid,

ar

in the canister attachment

piece,

which

is

thr

receive

the

neck of

the

canister.

The canis


51/170

38


WARFAR

troops.

The

spare

antidimming

disks are

c

a

pocket

on

the

side

of

the

carrier.

b.

Pioneer

Helmet

Some

pioneer troops

are

issued a

leathe

having under the

front

brim

a

rolled-up

rubber

in

which

eyepieces

are set. This

rolled down

quickly

over

the

face

and

fasten

band

around the head and

neck.

A

flat-appear

covers

the nose and

mouth.

The

purpose

of


52/170

—

GERMANY

DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

containing

a different

reagent ,

a

suction

p

drawing

air

through

the

tubes,

and

a

box

o

containing

200 of

each

of

the

types

of

The total

equipment

weighs

about

16

pounds.

the

presence

of a

gas

is

suspected,

a

phial

is

from

the

container,

and the

end

is

broken

off

nected

to the

pump.

The

reagents

in

the

p

tried in

turn

until a color reaction is obtaine

claimed

that

almost

every

known

gas

can be

with

the

exception

of

Lewisite,

which

can

b


53/170

40


WARFAR

3. PROTE TIVE

CLOTHING

Considerable

attention

has

been

devoted

Germans

toward

the

development

of

gas

p

clothing,

which

consists

of

three

general

typ

a.

Light

Clothing

A

suit

of

light antigas clothing, captured

Middle

East,

consists

of

a

one-piece

suit

w

legs

and

an

open

back, thigh

boots, gloves,

an

The

material

of

the

suit is described as

h


54/170

GERMANY DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

jacket

worn

over

the

trousers

is

provided

substantial

rubber

belt

at

the

waist.

T

attached

to

the

jacket

at

the

neck

band

ca

flaps

which

join

under

the

chin. When

used

junction

with

the

gas

mask

these

flaps

form

tight

joint

The

sleeves

are

provided

wi

bands

of

rubber-covered

steel

wires

at the wr

wires fit under the

gauntlet

of the

glove

to

vapor-tight joint

The trousers

are

of

ample

proportions

a


55/170

42


WARFAR

canvas

carrier,

these

troops

carried

gas-warni

painted yellow,

with

the

inscription

Achtu

and

other

gas signs consisting

of

triangular

yellow

cloth attached

to

a

wire frame

witha

bl

and

erossbones).

d. Protective

Cape

n addition

to

the

above-described

protective

the Germans

have

developed

for

general

Gastilt

a

gas

protective

cape,

which has

suc


56/170

—

GERMANY DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT

mention

has

been made of

experiments

and

gas-proofing

tanks

and

armored cars.

It

is

that

many

of the fixed

fortifications

in

Germ

equipped

with filtered ventilation.

To aid

in

crossing

contaminated

ground, t

provided

with

a

roll

of

impregnated

paper

proof

as well

as

gas-proof)

approximately

wide

and

55

yards long,

known

as

the

Gasldufe

can be

unrolled

at

a moment s

notice,

and

up

to

200

men to

pass

in

file with

d


57/170

44 ENEMY


WARFA

b. Ground

Decontamination

Bleaching

powder

chloride

of

lime)

is

material

for

ground

decontamination.

Accor

German

manual

of

1941

(Manual

on the

Gr

Contaminated

Ground), heavily

contaminated

will

be

cleared

by

the

decontamination

batta

sec.

par.

2d

(2),

above).

As

previously mentioned,

each

platoon

of

t

tamination

battalion

is

equipped

with

six me

ton)

half-track trucks fitted with

hoppers

t


58/170

—

GERMANY DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

back

areas

is

carried

out

by

steaming,

hot

air

and

airing,

and

by

the use of various solvents.

d.

Decontamination of

Equipment

Decontaminant

40

(Entgiftungstoff 40 ,

powder

with

a

penetrating odor

of

chlorine,

ently

intended

for.

use

on

equipment

conta

with

Stickstofflost

presumably

nitrogen

must

against

which Losantin

is

not

sufficient

eve

scale of

1,000

grams- per square

is


59/170

Section V. CIVILIANPROTECTION

During

the first

two

years

of

World

Wa

Germans

gave

only

limited

attention

to

the

p

of

their

civilian

population

against

air

attac

training

as

they

received

was

upon

a

volunta

However,

since

September

1941

the

Air P

League

(Luftabwehrdienst)

has been

respon


60/170

GERMANY CIVILIANPROTECTION

would

possess

a

gas mask

even

to

the extent of

house

to

house canvasses.

ater

information

d

that

gas

masks were

being

collected

and

shippe

armed

forces

at

the

front

together

with

Cz

French

masks leaving

only

the

civilian-defen

sonnel

with masks.

However

t

is probable

towns

where chemicals and war

gases

are

manuf

and

stored gas

masks are

provided

for

local

r

and

war

workers

as

a

precaution against

re

bombing

raids.


61/170

Part 11

Italy

Section

I

CHEMICAL TROOPS

1.

GENERAL

No

doubt the

almost

total

unpreparedness

Italians for

gas

warfare

in

the last

war,

w

sulted

in

many

thousands of

deaths and

c


62/170

—

ITALY CHEMICAL

TROOPS

least

11

chemical

companies

have

been

identified.

Regiment

.

Chemical

An

officialItalian

publication

in

1940

stated

chemical

regiment,

commanded

by

a

colonel,

of

the

following

Headquarters,

One chemical

battalion,

composed

of

Three

chemical

companies,

One mixed battalion

composed

of


63/170

50


WARFAR

—

(1)

(chemical

battalion.

—Thi s

This

battalion,

on

which

is

known

to

exist,

consists

of

two

heav

nies

and one

light company.

The

heavy

comp

said

to

be

provided

with

large

stocks

of

tox

together

with

the

equipment

and

protective

necessary

for their

dispersion,

as

well

as

met

cal

apparatus.

The

light company,

on

the

ot

is

provided

with

a

large

stock of toxic smoke

gas generators.

t is

possible

that this

could function

as

a

depot

for

issuing

and

filli


64/170

—

ITALY

CHEMICAL

TROOPS

s

enemy

documents

examined

in

January

194

no

mention

of

the

existence

of

any

smoke

un

than

the

smoke-

platoons

of

the

chemical

co

d.

Alpine

Chemical

Company

Little

is

known

of

the

Alpine

divisional

company,

except

that

it has

4

platoons,

wit

strength

of

5 officers

and

223 enlisted

men,

ries

larger

stocks

of

mustard

gas

and

chemic

than

the

ordinary

chemical

company.


65/170

52


WARFAR

regimental personnel

who

have

received

spec

ing

in

antigas

duties.

3. SCHOOLS

AND

TRAINING

The

Italian

Military

Chemical

Service

es

in

1923

includes

in

its

activities

the

study

which

might

be

used

in

chemical

warfare

processes

and

plants

necessary

for their

man

of

protective equipment

and

measures

and

vision of the

training

of

troops.

From

headqu


66/170

—

ITALY CHEMICAL

TROOPS

This

manual describes

sound

i rather

ele

methods

of

gas protection

both individu l

lective. t

is

not

known however

whether th

ard

of

training

in

gas protection

is

very

hig

Italian

Army

While little is

known

regardi

ent

f cilities

for

training

officers

and

troops

measures

there

is evidence that the

special

companies

are trained

for

protection

against

wellas

for

offensive

operations

but the defens


67/170

Section

11

MANUFACTURE AND

STO

The

Italian

chemical

industry

has

develop

considerable

extent

in

recent

years

and

ther

dence

of a number of factories in

Italy

for

th

facture

of

war

gases.

According

to

rough

the

following

maximum

quantities

of

chemic


68/170

Section

111

OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

1.

AGENTS

a

General

Should

Italy

resort

to

gas warfare,

it is

that

mustard

gas,

phosgene,

chlorpicrin,

and

smokes

are the

principal agents

that

would


69/170

56


WARFAR

In a

list

of smoke and chemical shells for

among

the

documents

captured

in

Libya

in

1941,

mention was made of shells

filledwith

and also

with a

mixture of

80

percent

chlorp

20

percent

chloracetophenone.

That

the Ita

gard

chlorpicrin

as

a

lacrimator

as

well

as

a

ritant

is

shown

by

the

fact

that

containers

picrin

are

marked with

both

white

and

red

c

b.

Peril

No. 1


70/170

TALY

OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

the

British

3-inch

mortar.

ts

total

weigh

129

pounds

and it fires

both

chemical and

H

at

the

rate

of

18 to

20

rounds

per

minute.

T

ical

shells,

of

2

types,

weigh

approximately

8

"

A short"

type

has

a

maximum

range

of

1,98

whereas

the

range

of

the

"long"

type

is

sa

limited to

1,420 yards.

No information

is

concerning

the

nature of

the chemical

fi

either

type.


71/170

58

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES FOR

CHEMICAL WARFA

all

types

of

hand

grenades

a

distance

of

3

In the

many

Italian

documents

available,

n

mention is

made

of the

guns

or

howitzers

emp

the

infantry.

d. Candles

and

Grenades

1)

Toxic smoke

candles.

Italian toxi

candles are

reported

to

be

of

the

following ty

a)

Small candle.

—

This small

candle

(ca

—


72/170

FFENSIVE;

ITALY WEAPONS

—

(3)

Smoke

candles.

Smoke-screen

gener

candles

include

the

candela

fumogena (smok

ator)

and the candelotto

fumogeno

(smoke

Both

have

bodies of tin

plate equipped

w

igniter

caps.

They

are

filled

with

a

Berger-ty

ture,

3

consisting

of

approximately

50

percen

tetrachloride,

35

percent

zinc

powder,

5

perc

oxide,

and

10

percent

kieselguhr.

The can

painted

dark

green

and have

labels

giving

the

the

generator

and

the directions for

use, toge


73/170

60

ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR

CHEMICAL WARFAR

smoke

in all

types

of

country.

The

followi

ment

is

described

in

Italian

documents

l)i

Knapsack

sprayer irroratore

spalleg

This

apparatus,

while

adaptable

for

producin

is

primarily

designed

for

spraying

mustard

consists

of

a

12-liter

3-gal)

container,

w

pressed-air

bottle and

discharge

jet,

all

carrie

back

by

means of

straps.

When

filled,

it

w

kg

70.4 lbs).

The

time

of emission is 5

min

t may

be

completely

refilled in 8 minutes.


74/170

—

ITALY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS

of

emission is

9

minutes

and the drums

may

b

in

30

minutes.

When

used

as

a

smoke

weapon

hicle

is known as

antodovunque

mibe

cross

smoke

truck).

then carries

500

liters

132

chlorsulfonic

acid

in two

drums. With tw

its

time

of

emission

is

100

minutes;

with

fou

50

minutes.

5)

Four-wheeled

mustard-gas

truck

auto

—

yperite).

This

light

truck

carries two dru

liters)

gas,

a

compressed

air

cylin


75/170

62

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR CHEMICAL

WARFAR

tin-plate

cylinder

with a

capacity

of

6

liters

of

mustard

gas.

It

may

be used

like

a

garde

ing

can

by

screwing

in

a

tube

with

a

sprinkl

end,

or

it

may

be

burst

by

an

explosive

charg

3. AERIAL

WEAPONS

a

Spray

Reports regarding

the

use

of

vesicant

means of

aerial

sprays

in

the

Abyssinian

camp


76/170

ITALY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS

New

desig

Old

designs-

Nature

and

weight

of

Weight

of

com-

Diamet

nation-

tion

filling

pletebomb

bomb

b

Bomba- Bomba

Kg

Kg

Inche

500

C_-._

TV.

_

18

. 500

{^sfard

2 l0

:;:

}

280

«*

298

>

100

C

C. 100

P.K-

p^ j°

g

\

101. 9 10

40C-.-._

47.0 9

C.4OP ^

Q5

1

15

C____.

—-

16.0

4

.

isP._..{^^

5

-

}

4C._-._.p^°

{^niF-

:::

}

(I)

2


77/170

64

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL WARFAR

Not included in

figure

15 is a smoke

(vent

having

a body

diameter

of

5.2

inches

and

an

length

of

17.3

inches. The

nature

and

weig

smoke mixture is

not

indicated.

c.

Incendiary

Bombs

The Italians

are

reported

to

have used

in

bombs

on

relatively

few occasions

to date

known to exist

are

listed in

figure

16.


78/170

—

ITALY OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

a.

Portable,

Model 35

This

apparatus

(fig.

17)

consists

of

two

carried on

the

back

of

the

operator,

a

length

o

tubing,

and

a

jet

tube,

which carries the

tri

ignition arrangement,

the

whole

weighing

27

lbs)

when

filled.

The

two

cylinders

are

identical

and each

nitrogen

under

pressure

and

fuel

oil,

which

off from the lower

end

through

a

connecti


79/170

66

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR CHEMICAL WARFA


80/170

ITALY-—

OFFENSIVE

WE PONS


81/170

68

ENEMY C P BILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL WARFAR

—


82/170

FFENSIVE;

WEAPONS

TALY

After the fuel has

passed

the cone

valve

proportion

is

diverted

through

two

filters

an

ing

sprays adjacent

to

the

main

jet.

Both

jet

and

the

sprays discharge

into

the

ignition

where

a

standard automobile

spark plug ig

spray,

which

n

turn

ignites

the

main

jet.

T

plug

is

actuated

by

the

turbine-driven

magne

The fuel

used

in

this

flame-thrower

is

a

petroleum

distillate

containing

about

15

gasoline.


83/170

Section

IV.

DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMEN

1.

GAS

MASKS

Italian

service

gas

masks are

of

two

gener

Group

A is like

the

U. S.

Army

service

ma

separate

canister

and

corrugated

rubber

co

tube;

group

B is similar

in

appearance

to

t


84/170

is effected

by

a

change

in

the

position

of

pieces so as

to

give

a

better field

of

vision.


85/170

72 ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL

WARFAR

sought by

providing

a

forked

rubber tube

incoming

air

over

the

eyepieces.

This

mode

ignated

B.M.F.

Regia

Marina,

fonic

Roy


86/170

improves

the

speech

characteristic

ttt hmentask.

The haversacks for the

R.M

.

Regia

Marin

type

are

of

rubberized

fabric,

with

two

)ockets

carrying

a

spare

outlet

valve

and

a

anti-dimming

soap.

They may

be

carried

e

he

chest

or

at

the

side

n

the

manner

custom

naval

personnel.

b.

Facepieces

of

Group

B

74

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR


87/170

the

adaptor,

in

which the

canister

is

screwe

the

outlet

valve.

(2)

F.T.

35.

7

This

facepiece

is

the

Navy

v

the T.

35. t

is

provided

with

a

voice-ampli

vice

similar

to

that attached

to

the

B.M.F.

ty

c.

Canisters

The

separate-type

canister

(originally

flat

i

consists of

a

cylindrical

container

made

of a

num

alloy, approximately

8

inches

long

and 4

—


88/170

ITALY DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT

to

determine

whether decontamination of a

complete.

A

cherry

red

liquid,

contained

in

is

packed

with

a

number

of

strips

of

absorbe

board.

The

test

is

carried

out

by

pouring

four

drops

of the

liquid

on one

of

these

st

placing

it

on

the

object

to

be

tested.

the

st

pale blue,

or is

decolorized,

blister

gas

is

sti

and

further

decontamination

is

necessary.

known

i

Army

units

are

equipped

with this


89/170

76

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR

berized

fabric,

probably

Pirelli

cloth,

type

described

is

an

overall

suit

made

of

a

thic

impregnated fabric,

with

hood,

socks

rubbe

and

heavy

rubber

gloves. Wearing

of the

and

heavy

combination suits would be limi

to

20

minutes

in

hot

weather

or

hour

weather;

the overall suit

could

be worn for s

longer

periods.

An

Italian

document

listing

antigas equip

sued to

units that 10

complete

antig


90/170

78 ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

F6R

CHEMICAL

WARFA


91/170

ber

of

persons

in

such

places

as

command

p

phone

exchanges,

and

dressing

stations.

Airtight

shelters are

provided

with

curtains

ably

attached

to a

frame in

an inclined

These

curtains

are to be

kept

dampened con

during

a

gas

attack.

The

number

of

hours

of shelter

may

be

used

without

change

of

a

culated

by

means

of

the formula

T=~=

wher

resents

the

cubic

content

in

meters)

of

the sh

—

ITALY

DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT


92/170

magnesia alba,

particularly

the

latter,

were a

tioned

as

being

satisfactory.

The

use of

ashes

earth was recommended as a makeshift.

An

Army

pamphlet {First

Aid

for

Gas

C

1934)

mentions

the

removal of

liquid

mustard

the

skin

by

means of

absorbent blotting

pa

tained

n

the first-aid

"packet,"

or

by

wash

gasoline

for

3

to

5

minutes,

followed

by

applic

a

special

decontaminating powder"

also c

in

the

packet.

This

powder

was

to

be renewe

80

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR CHEMICAL WARFAR


93/170

wheeled

cross-country

truck

(autodovunque)

light

four-wheeled

truck

(autocarretta)

.

C

and

61,

sec.

HI

par.

2e

4)

and

5),

above.)

The

trucks

carry

drums

of

bleaching

pow

which the

hoppers

are filled.

Details

of thes

and

their

equipment

are

as

follows:

Capacity

of

hopper_

Heavy

truck

1,100 pounds

4

Number of drums of

bleaching

powder

Weight

of

bleaching powder

Weight

of

apparatus

without

drums)

24

2,640

pounds

660

pounds

1

1

2

—

ITALY

DEFENSIVE

EQUIPMENT


94/170

An official

Army

manual

{Defense

against G

describes

the

form zione

automobile

di

bonific

motorized

unit for

the

decontamination

o

nel), consisting

of

autobagno

mobile

bathi

carrying

a

tank

of

approximately

530

gallons

a

pump

for

filling

this

in 15

minutes,

and

a

second

truck

carrying

2

tents;

and

a

th

clothes

and

equipment.

For

use

the

2

tents

up,

at each side of

the

autobagno personnel

in

the first

tent, pass

under

the

12 showers

82


CHEMICAL

WARFAR


95/170

water will ot be sufficient

to

cleanse

it

necessary

to

send it to a

gas protective

cente

special

means are

provided

for

doing

the

6. GAS

ALARMS

Gas alarms

to

be

employed

in

the event

attack

consist

of

sirens

or

klaxons

soundin

short

notes and

one

long

note

repeatedly.


96/170

Section V. CIVILIANPROTECTION

The

TJNPA

(L TJnione

Nazionale

per

la

Pr

Anti-Aerea)

corresponding

to

the

Air

P

League

of

Germany,

undertook

the

matter

of

air

defense

organizations, disseminating

info

and

cooperating

in

the execution of

air defen

ures.

n

some

cases, especially

in

the

large

Pakt

111.

Japan


97/170

Section I CHEMICAL

TROOPS

1.

GENERAL

For

some

years

past

the

Japanese

have

gaged

in

developing

the means of

employing

warfare

in

th ir

Army

and

Air Forces.

—

JAPAN

CHEMICAL

TROOPS


98/170

2. ORGANIZATION

Chemical

warfare

organization

in

the

Army

is of

comparatively

recent

growth

W

tailed

information

on

the

subject

is

meager,

definite

information of undoubted

reliability

Japanese

Army

is

provided

with

some

chemica

The

following

units have been

reported

a.

Infantry

Regimental)

Temporary

Smoke

Compa

86


CHEMICAL WARFAR


99/170

sioned

officer

and

23

men,

7 of

which are

driv

6

horse-drawn

carts.

The

section

works

in

of 3

men

each,

the

remaining

4

men

being

intercommunication

and

protective

duties

"

the

6

carts

carry

6

boxes

of

smoke cand

while the

remaining carry

rations

and

fo

10

days.

The

total number

of

candles

carried

by

the

is

3,240,

but it is not certain •whether this nu

plies

only

to toxic

candles,

ordina


100/170

JAPAN CHEMICAL TROOPS

f Chemical

Warfare

Regiments

In

January

1941

the existence

of

the

sth

Chemical

Warfare

Regiments,

comprising

mately 1,500

men

each,

was

reported.

This is

report

of

chemical warfare units

being

organ

regiments,

and it

remains unconfirmed.

g

Miscellaneous

Units

A

Chinese

communique

19 August 1942)

88

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR CHEMICAL

WARFAR


101/170

out the units to

which

they

were

assigned.

report

of

the

appointment

of

a

lieutenant

g

the head of this school

may

wellindicate its

imp

n addition

to

the

Army

Chemical

Warfar

at

Narashino

recent

reports place

two

other

s

Nagano

Prefecture

and

an

experimental s

Nagoya.

The

training

of

troops

in

defense

against

pears

to

be

well

organized

and

executed. A


102/170

Section 11 MANUFACTURE

ANDSTO

The

Japanese

chemical

industry

shows a n

points

of

resemblance

to

the

Italian.

Both

veloped

mainly

since

1918,

and

under

strong

toward

self-sufficiency,

particularly

for

w

paredness.

90


WARFA


103/170

was

reported

to

have been

filled into

shells

at

arsenals

at

Osaka

and

Kokura

and

at

the

Na

als

at

Maizuru

and

Kure. Mustard

gas

was

manufactured

at

the

Army

arsenals

at

Osaka

and

at

the

Navy

arsenals

at Maizuru

and

H

was

reported

that

lacrimators

were

manufac

Oji

and

Maizuru

and

that

smoke

chemicals

w

duced

at

the

Oji,

Iwahana,

and Hiratsuka

n

addition

to

those

previously mentioned,

—

JAPAN

MANUFACTURE AND

STORAGE


104/170

their

intermediates.

is

sufficient

to

state

Japanese

appear

to

be

adequately

supplied

raw

chemicals

and

equipment necessary

to

ture war

gases

upon

a

large

scale.

The only

storage

depot

mentioned in

r

located

at

Kisarazu,

on

the

eastern

shore

o

Bay

some 30 miles south of

Tokyo


105/170

Section

111

OFFENSIVE WEAPO

1.

AGENTS

The

Japanese

did

not

use

gas

in World

Wa

for

several

years

afterwards

studied

the

prob

from

the

point

of view

of

defense. After

1

began

to

give

serious consideration to the

dev

|

*

jj

S

m

\u25a0


106/170

gases

any

used

now

shells;

aga

in

w eapons.

been

in

these

used

mixture.

us

Remarks

e

improbable

have

projectors

solution

used

fo

of

yet

these

also

might

of

May

improbable .

Ch lo rp ic r in /s ta n n ic

chloride

CCI

4

rea

n

•

Any

Now

J

Crude. In

None

•

and

mines ,

also

bombs

mortar

hand

g r e n a d e s

grenades ..

ont ami

aircraft

Weapon s

bombs

shells,

bulk

bombs

aircraft

bombs

perhaps

bombs.

candles,

hand hand

spray,

Cylinders..

bombs,

bombgj

grenades

and

nation.

Shells, Shells;

aircraft

Shells,

candles.

Shells,

94

ENEMY


WARFAR


107/170

Caliber 90.5 mm

(3

Length

of barrel 49.68 inches

Length

of recoil 5.04

to

7.92

Elevation

45

to

85

de

Weight

of b rrel 75.2

pounds

Weight

of mount 106

pounds.

Weight

of base

plate_

90.2

pounds

Weight

of

sight

2.97

pounds

Total

weight

349.8

pound

Maximum

range 4,155

yards.

Two

types

of

projectiles

for this

weapon

ar

APAN—OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS


108/170

HalfSection

Transit

plug

~

Combination M

9

(not shown)

Burster

Burster contain

K)R


109/170

96

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES CHfiMICAL

WARFAR

Half

Section

Red

tip

Blue band

•

Transit

plug

.

Delayed-action fuze

(not

shown)

Primer, 42

gm

1

1/

t

4

1/2

grooves

JAPAN OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS


110/170

—

2)

81-mm

infantry

mortar. The

characte

the

standard

infantry

mortar

Stokes-Brandt

fig. 28 ,

which has

been

captured,

are as fol

Caliber

81

mm

3.

Total

weight

129

pounds.

Weight

of

projectile

:

Light

7.2

pounds.

Heavy

14.3

pounds

Maximum

range

Light

projectile

3,280 yards

98

ENEMY CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR


111/170

primer.

The characteristics of this

wea

reported

to

be as

follows

:

Caliber 160

mm

(6

\

Length

of

body

100 cm

(39

Total

weight

330

pounds.

Weight

of

projectile (filled)

48.4

pounds

Weight

of

chemical

filling

25.1

pounds

Weight

of

explosive

charge

0.66

pound.

Maximum

range

2 725

yards.

—

JAPAN OFFENSIVE WEAPONS


112/170

By using fillings

of

blister

gas,

considerable

ground

may

be

heavily

contaminated.

Fi

phosgene

or

diphosgene might

also be

expect

projector is

a

simple

weapon

and not

very

and

firing

at

night

is

probably

accompanied

flash.

c. Grenade

Dischargers

—

(1)

50-mm,

model

89.

This

infantry wea

29 ,

known

as

the

model

89

grenade

discharg

100

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR


113/170

The

small

artillery-like

shell is

projected

6

yards,

depending

upon

the

adjustment

of

the

There is no

mechanical

elevation,

the

proj

ing

held

by

hand

at

an

approximate

elevati

degrees.

Different

ranges

are obtained

by

the chamber

capacity

by

means

of

a knurl

attached

to

the

lower

right

of

the

barrel.

The

projectile

is hand-fired

by

means of

leather

thong

attached

to

a

trigger,

located

in

the

base

of the

barrel,

which cocks and

op

—

JAPAN

OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS


114/170

d.

Artillery

Artillery

gas

shells are

reported

to

be

avai

the 75-mm and 105-mm

guns

and for the

150-

itzer

Fillings

are

reported

to

be

phosgene,

gas,

hydrocyanic

acid

(unconfirmed),

and a m

mustard

gas

and Lewisite.

A

distinction

is

made

between

"gas

shell,

the

explosive

charge

is

relatively

small

and

s

to burst the

body

of the

shell,

and combined

102

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR


115/170

Both toxic and non-toxic

smoke

fillings

are

to

be

provided

for

the

three

calibers mentio

French

report

in 1939 refers to

artillery

sh

withDA

diphenylchlorarsine)

and

DM

diph

inechlorarsine),

and a Russian

report 1936)

a CN

chloracetophenone)

filling.

White

phosphorus

WP) appears to

be

t

preferred

by

the

Japanese

for

ordinary

smok

In

1941,

the

Chinese

reported

a 75-mm

field-g

weighing

11

pounds,

which contained

1.1

pou

—



116/170

f. Candles

and Grenades

A

wide

variety

of

candles

and

grenades

h

reported,

many

of which have been

captured

amined

by

the Allied

forces.

The

three

type

lacrimatory

(tear gas),

and

smoke

—

are des

follows

:

—

(1)

Toxic

smoke

candles and

grenades.

—

projecting

smoke

candle/

model

1612-K.

Th

(fig.

30),

captured

by

IT.

S.

troops

in

the S

Pacific,

consists an

light

steel

cyli

104 ENEMY CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL. WARFAR


117/170

Grey green

Black

band

~

White

numbers

Red

.57

inch

—

JAPAN OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS


118/170

8.

Screwed base

of

inner container.

15.

Fuze.

9. Ignition

cap.

16.

Cylindrical

steel

pa

10.

Bottom

lid sealed

with

adhesive

propellant.

tape.

17.

Propellant.

Wooden

disk with abrasive

edging.

18.

Fuze

tube.

12.

two

cardboard

packing

disks.

19.

.Fuze.

3

Bottom of outer

container

with

slot

20.

Lead

cover.

at center

for positioning

wooden

21

Inner container, wallt

block. 2.5 mm

(0.098 inch

14.

Wooden block drilled

for fuze

with 22.

Charge.

positioning

slot

at

bottom.

—

Figure

30.

Japanese

self-projecting

smoke

candle,

mod

ground

at

the desired

angle.

Amatch head

at

106

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR


119/170

Wh

Plan

without

top

cover

Top

cover

JAPAN OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS


120/170

7.

Lid

with

lettering

136 A.

10.

Charge.

8.

Adhesive

sealing

tape.

11

.

Handle,

diameter 0.1

9.

Cylindrical

container, wallthickness

12.

Handle

clip.

0.0124

inch - painted

a bluish-

1

3.

Bottom

of

container.

gray

color.

Figure

31.

Japanese

toxic smoke

candle,

hand-throw

gray color,

with

a

red

band

several inches

top.

After removal

of

the

top cover,

the fuze

i

by

.means

of

a

match head.

This

fuze

ignite

mary

combustible

compound,

which in turn

108


WARFAR


121/170

ribbed cardboard

packing,

which

is

impregna

sodium carbonate

as

a

neutralizing

agent.

tin

container

measuring

5%

inches

in

depth

inches

in

diameter,

khaki

in

color,

has a

%-

band

3%

inches

from

the

bottom.

Three

handles

are

provided,

one

on

the

l and the

o

on

the

side.

The

total

weight

is

4.6

pound

Metal

co

—

JAPAN OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS


122/170

tile

and

is

not

considered

very dangerous

ou

in

a

large

open

space.

2)

Lacrimatory

candles and

grenades.

—

crimatory candle,

model 89.

This

lacrimator

fig. 33),

7 6

inches

long,

weighs appro

8.5

ounces,

including

the chemical

fillingwei

110

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR

CHEMICAL

WARFAR


123/170

ounces.

The

lacrimatory

filling

consists

of

flakes

impregnated

with

CN

chloracetophenone

container

is

painted

a

greenish-gray

color.

The

label

16)

indicates

that the

candle

chief

uses:

to

enable

police

to

disperse

crow

etc., and,

on

maneuvers,

to

represent non-p

gas.

Instructions for

use state that the

candle

m

be

placed

on the

ground

or

be

thrown,

the

g

emitted

approximately

4

seconds

after

ign



124/170

dunces,

including

the

lacrimatory

filling,

whic

4.84 ounces.

is

2.1

inches

in

diameter

and

5

long.

The

label

17)

on

the

body

gives

the

its

use

and

the

method

of

operation.

is

p

silver-gray

color.

112

ENEMY

CAPABILITIES

FOR CHEMICAL WARFAR


125/170

surface

2)

of

the

scratch

block

3),

and afte

of

4

to

5 seconds the

burster

charge

13)

ignited.

On

exploding,

the

grenade

is shatte

the

lacrimatory filling

14)

scattered. The

fil

chloracetophenone)

dissolved in carbon tetra

—

JAPAN OFFENSIVE

WEAPONS

—


126/170

jecting

smoke

candle,

model

99.

This

candle

the same

in

size

and

construction

as the

self

-p

toxic

smoke

candle previously described. O

states

that the

candle is

light gray

in

color wi

sighting

(1943) (Special Series No. 16) Enemy Capabilities for Chemical Warfare

Documents

Transcript of (1943) (Special Series No. 16) Enemy Capabilities for Chemical Warfare