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Glossary of English Grammar Terms
Active Voice
In the active voice, the subject of the verb does the action (eg They killed the President).
See also Passive Voice.
Adjective
A word like big, red, easy,French etc. An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
Adverb
A word like slowly, quietly, well, often etc. An adverb modifies a verb.
Article
The "indefinite" articles are a and an. The "definite article" is the.
Auxiliary Verb
A verb that is used with a main verb.Be, do and have are auxiliary verbs. Can, may, mustetc are modal auxiliary verbs.
Clause
A group of words containing a subject and its verb (for example: It was late when he
arrived).
Conjunction
A word used to connect words, phrases and clauses (for example: and, but, if).
Infinitive
The basic form of a verb as in to work orwork.
Interjection
An exclamation inserted into an utterance without grammatical connection (for example:oh!, ah!, ouch!, well!).
Modal Verb
An auxiliary verb like can, may, mustetc that modifies the main verb and expresses
possibility, probability etc. It is also called "modal auxiliary verb".
Noun
A word like table, dog, teacher,America etc. A noun is the name of an object, concept,person or place. A "concrete noun" is something you can see or touch like aperson orcar. An "abstract noun" is something that you cannot see or touch like a decision orhappiness. A "countable noun" is something that you can count (for example: bottle,
song, dollar). An "uncountable noun" is something that you cannot count (for example:water, music, money).
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Object
In the active voice, a noun or its equivalent that receives the action of the verb. In the
passive voice, a noun or its equivalent that does the action of the verb.
Participle
The -ingand -edforms of verbs. The -ingform is called the "present participle". The -edform is called the "past participle" (for irregular verbs, this is column 3).
Part Of Speech
One of the eight classes of word in English - noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun,
preposition, conjunction and interjection.
Passive Voice
In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb (eg The President was
killed). See also Active Voice.
PhraseA group of words not containing a subject and its verb (eg on the table, the girl in a reddress).
Predicate
Each sentence contains (or implies) two parts: a subject and a predicate. The predicate is
what is said about the subject.
Preposition
A word like at, to, in, overetc. Prepositions usually come before a noun and give
information about things like time, place and direction.
Pronoun
A word likeI, me,you, he, him, itetc. A pronoun replaces a noun.
Sentence
A group of words that express a thought. A sentence conveys a statement, question,
exclamation or command. A sentence contains or implies a subject and a predicate. In
simple terms, a sentence must contain a verb and (usually) a subject. A sentence startswith a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark
(!).
SubjectEvery sentence contains (or implies) two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject isthe main noun (or equivalent) in a sentence about which something is said.
Tense
The form of a verb that shows us when the action or state happens (past, present or
future). Note that the name of a tense is not always a guide to when the action happens.
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The "present continuous tense", for example, can be used to talk about the present or the
future.
Verb
A word like (to) work, (to) love, (to) begin. A verb describes an action or state.
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English Parts of Speech
There are thousands of words in anylanguage. But not all words have the
same job. For example, some words
express "action". Other words express a"thing". Other words "join" one word to
another word. These are the "building
blocks" of the language. Think of themlike the parts of a house. When we want
to build a house, we use concrete to make the foundations or base. We use bricks to make
the walls. We use window frames to make the windows, and door frames to make thedoorways. And we use cement to join them all together. Each part of the house has its
own job. And when we want to build a sentence, we use the different types of word. Each
type of word has its own job.
We can categorize English words into 8 basic types or classes. These classes are called"parts of speech".
It's quite important to recognize parts of speech. This helps you to analyze sentences and
understand them. It also helps you to construct good sentences.
In this lesson, we have an overview of the eight parts of speech, followed by a quiz to
check your understanding:
Parts of Speech Table
Parts of Speech Examples
Words with More than One Job
Some grammar books categorize English into
9 or10 parts of speech. At English Club, weuse the traditional categorization of8 parts of
speech (see Table for more details).
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_1.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_2.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_3.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_1.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_1.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_1.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_2.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech_3.htm -
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Parts of Speech Table
This is a summary of the 8 parts of speech*. You can find more detail if you click oneach part of speech.
part of speech function or "job" example words example sentences
Verb action or state (to) be, have, do,like, work, sing,
can, must
EnglishClub.com is a website. I likeEnglishClub.com.
Noun thing or person pen, dog, work,
music, town,
London, teacher,
John
This is my dog. He lives
in my house. We live in
London.
Adjective describes a noun a/an, the, 69, some,good, big, red,
well, interesting
My dog is big. I like bigdogs.
Adverb describes a verb,
adjective or adverb
quickly, silently,
well, badly, very,
really
My dog eats quickly.
When he is very hungry,
he eats really quickly.
Pronoun replaces a noun I, you, he, she,
some
Tara is Indian. She is
beautiful.
Preposition links a noun toanother word
to, at, after, on, but We went to school onMonday.
Conjunction joins clauses or
sentences or words
and, but, when I like dogs and I like cats.
I like cats and dogs. I likedogs but I don't like cats.
Interjection short exclamation,
sometimes inserted
into a sentence
oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch! That hurts! Hi!
How are you? Well, I
don't know.
* Some grammar sources categorize English into 9 or10 parts of speech. At
EnglishClub.com, we use the traditional categorization of8 parts of speech. Examples ofother categorizations are:
Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech:
o Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)
o Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adjectives.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adverbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/interjections.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adjectives.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adverbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/interjections.htm -
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Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being
categorized under Adjectives
Parts of Speech Examples
Parts of Speech Examples
Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech:
verb
Stop!
noun verb
John works.
noun verb verb
John is working.
pronoun verb noun
She loves animals.
noun verb adjective noun
Animals like kind people.
noun verb noun adverb
Tara speaks English well.
noun verb adjective noun
Tara speaks good English.
pronoun verb preposition adjective noun adverb
She ran to the station quickly.
pron. verb adj. noun conjunction pron. verb pron.
She likes big snakes but I hate them.
Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:
interjection pron. conj. adj. noun verb prep. noun adverb
Well, she and young John walk to school slowly.
Words with More than One Job
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Words with More than One Job
Many words in English can have more than one job, or be more than one part of speech.For example, "work" can be a verb and a noun; "but" can be a conjunction and a
preposition; "well" can be an adjective, an adverb and an interjection. In addition, many
nouns can act as adjectives.
To analyze the part of speech, ask yourself: "Whatjob is this word doing in this
sentence?"
In the table below you can see a few examples. Of course, there are more, even for some
of the words in the table. In fact, if you look in a good dictionary you will see that theword but has six jobs to do:
verb, noun, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjuction!
word part of speech example
work noun My workis easy.
verb I workin London.
but conjunction John came but Mary didn't come.
preposition Everyone came but Mary.
well adjective Are you well?
adverb She speaks well.
interjection Well! That's expensive!
afternoon noun We ate in the afternoon.
noun acting as adjective We had afternoon tea.
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What are Verbs?
The verb is king in English. The shortest sentence contains a verb. You canmake a one-word sentence with a verb, for example: "Stop!" You cannot make a
one-word sentence with any other type of word.
Verbs are sometimes described as "action words". This is partly true. Many verbs givethe idea of action, of "doing" something. For example, words like run, fight, do and work
all convey action.
But some verbs do not give the idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state, of
"being". For example, verbs like be, exist, seem and belongall convey state.
A verb always has a subject. (In the sentence "John speaks English",John is the subjectandspeaks is the verb.) In simple terms, therefore, we can say that verbs are words that
tell us what a subject does oris; they describe:
action (Ram plays football.)
state (Anthony seems kind.)
There is something very special about verbs in English. Most other words (adjectives,
adverbs, prepositions etc) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular and
plural forms). But almost all verbs change in form. For example, the verb to workhas
five forms:
to work, work, works, worked, working
Of course, this is still very few forms compared to some languages which may have thirtyor more forms for a single verb.
In this lesson we look at the ways in which we classify verbs, followed by a quiz to testyour understanding:
Verb Classification
Helping Verbs
Main Verbs
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Verb Classification
We divide verbs into two broad classifications:
1. Helping Verbs
Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says:
I can.
People must.
The Earth will.
Do you understand anything? Has this person communicated anything to you? Probably
not! That's because these verbs are helping verbs and have no meaning on their own.
They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell usvery much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main
verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They need at least amain verb to complete them.) There are only about 15 helping verbs.
2. Main Verbs
Now imagine that the same stranger walks into your room and says:
I teach.
People eat.
The Earth rotates.
Do you understand something? Has this person communicated something to you?Probably yes! Not a lot, but something. That's because these verbs are main verbs and
have meaning on their own. They tell us something. Of course, there are thousands of
main verbs.
In the following table we see example sentences with helping verbs and main verbs.Notice that all of these sentences have a main verb. Only some of them have a helping
verb.
helping verb main verb
John likes coffee.
You lied to me.
They are happy.
The children are playing.
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We must go now.
I do not want any.
Helping verbs and main verbs can be further sub-divided, as we shall see on thefollowing pages.
Helping Verbs
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Helping Verbs
Helping verbs have no meaning on theirown. They are necessary for the
grammatical structure of a sentence, but
they do not tell us very much alone. Weusually use helping verbs with main
verbs. They "help" the main verb (which has the real meaning). There are only about 15
helping verbs in English, and we divide them into two basic groups:
Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)
These are the verbs be, do, and have. Note that we can use these three verbs as helping
verbs or as main verbs. On this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use them
in the following cases:
beo to make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)
o to make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.)
haveo to make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.)
do
o to make negatives (I do not like you.)
o to ask questions (Do you want some coffee?)
o to show emphasis (I do want you to pass your exam.)
o to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she
does.)
Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)
We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way. A
modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in thatsense. These are the modal verbs:
can, could
may, might
will, would,
shall, should
must
Helping verbs are also called "auxiliaryverbs".
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-what_classification-main.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-what_classification-main.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-what_classification-main.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-what_classification-main.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-what_classification-main.htm -
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ought to
Here are examples using modal verbs:
I can't speak Chinese.
John may arrive late. Would you like a cup of coffee?
You should see a doctor.
I really must go now.
Main Verbs
Semi-modal verbs (3 verbs)
The following verbs are often called "semi-modals" because they are partly like modal
helping verbs and partly like main verbs:
need
dare
used to
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Main Verbs
Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".
Main verbs have meaning on their own (unlike helping verbs). There are thousands ofmain verbs, and we can classify them in several ways:
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A transitive verb takes a direct object: Somebody killed the President. An intransitiveverb does not have a direct object:He died. Many verbs, likespeak, can be transitive or
intransitive. Look at these examples:
transitive:
I saw an elephant.
We are watching TV.
He speaks English.
intransitive:
He has arrived.
John goes to school. She speaks fast.
Linking verbs
A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to what is said
about the subject. Usually, a linking verb shows equality (=) or a change to a differentstate or place (>). Linking verbs are always intransitive (but not all intransitive verbs are
linking verbs).
Mary is a teacher. (mary = teacher)
Tara is beautiful. (tara = beautiful) That sounds interesting. (that = interesting)
The sky became dark. (the sky > dark)
The bread has gone bad. (bread > bad)
Dynamic and stative verbs
Some verbs describe action. They are called "dynamic", and can be used with continuous
tenses. Other verbs describe state (non-action, a situation). They are called "stative", and
cannot normally be used with continuous tenses (though some of them can be used withcontinuous tenses with a change in meaning).
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dynamic verbs (examples):
hit, explode, fight, run, go
stative verbs (examples):
be
like, love, prefer, wish impress, please, surprise
hear, see, sound
belong to, consist of, contain, include, need
appear, resemble, seem
Regular and irregular verbs
This is more a question of vocabulary than of grammar. The only real difference between
regular and irregular verbs is that they have different endings for their past tense and pastparticiple forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is
always the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle
ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart.
regular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
look, looked, looked
work, worked, worked
irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
buy, bought, bought
cut, cut, cut
do, did, done
Here are lists ofregular verbsand irregular verbs.
One way to think of regular and irregularverbs is like this: all verbs are irregular and
the so-called regular verbs are simply one
very large group of irregular verbs.
Often the above divisions can be mixed. For example, one verb could be irregular,transitive and dynamic; another verb could be regular, transitive and stative.
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/regular-verbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/regular-verbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/irregular-verbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/regular-verbs.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/irregular-verbs.htm -
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Verb Forms
English verbs come in several forms. For example, the verb to singcan be: to sing, sing,sang, sung, singing or sings. This is a total of 6 forms. Not many, considering that some
languages (French, for example) have more than 30 forms for an individual verb. English
tensesmay be quite complicated, but the forms that we use to make the tenses areactually very simple! With the exception of the verb to be, English main verbs have only
4, 5 or 6 forms. To be has 9 forms. Do not confuse verb forms with tenses. We use the
different verb forms to make the tenses, but they are not the same thing.
In this lesson we look at the forms of main verbs and helping (auxiliary) verbs, followedby a quiz to check your understanding:
Forms of Main Verbs
Forms of Helping Verbs
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-verb-forms_main.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-verb-forms_auxiliary.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-verb-forms_main.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-verb-forms_auxiliary.htm -
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Forms of Main Verbs
Main verbs (except the verb "be") haveonly 4, 5 or 6 forms. "Be" has 9 forms.
V1 V2 V3
infinitive basepast
simple
past
participle
present
participle
present simple,
3rd person
singular
regular (to) work work worked worked working works
irregular
(to) sing(to) make
(to) cut
singmake
cut
sangmade
cut
sungmade
cut
singingmaking
cutting
singsmakes
cuts
(to) do*
(to) have*
do
have
did
had
done
had
doing
having
does
has
infinitive basepast
simple
past
participle
present
participlepresent simple
(to) be* bewas,
werebeen being am, are, is
In the above examples:
to cut has 4 forms: to cut, cut, cutting, cuts
to workhas 5 forms: to work, work, worked, working, works
to sing has 6 forms: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing, sings
to be has 9 forms: to be, be, was, were, been, being, am, is, are
The infinitive can be with or without to. Forexample, to sing and sing are both
infinitives. We often call the infinitive
without to the "bare infinitive".
At school, students usually learn by heart the base, past simple and past participle(sometimes called V1, V2, V3, meaning Verb 1, Verb 2, Verb 3) for the irregular verbs.
They may spend many hours chanting: sing, sang, sung; go, went, gone; have, had, had;
etc. They do not learn these for the regular verbs because the past simple and pastparticiple are always the same: they are formed by adding "-ed" to the base. They do not
learn the present participle and 3rd person singular present simple by heartfor
Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".
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another very simple reason: they never change. The present participle is always made by
adding "-ing" to the base, and the 3rd person singular present simple is always made by
adding "s" to the base (though there are some variations in spelling).
* Note that "do", "have" and "be" also function ashelping or auxiliary verbs, with exactly
the same forms (except that as helping verbs they are never in infinitive form).
Example Sentences
These example sentences use main verbs in different forms.
Infinitive
I want to work
He has to sing.
This exercise is easy to do.
Let him have one. To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Base - Imperative
Workwell!
Make this.
Have a nice day.
Be quiet!
Base - Present simple
(except 3rd person singular)
I workin London.
You sing well.
They have a lot of money.
Base - After modal auxiliary verbs
I can worktomorrow.
You must sing louder.
They might do it.
You could be right.
Past simple
I worked yesterday.
She cut his hair last week.
They had a good time.
They were surprised, but I was not.
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Past participle
I have worked here for five years.
He needs a foldermade of plastic.
It is done like this.
I have neverbeen so happy.
Present participle
I am working.
Singing well is not easy.
Having finished, he went home.
You are being silly!
3rd person singular, present simple
He works in London. She sings well.
She has a lot of money.
It is Vietnamese.
Forms of Helping Verbs
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Primary helping verbs are followed by the
main verb in a particularform:
do + V1 (base verb)
be + -ing (present participle)
have + V3 (past participle)
"Ought" is followed by the main verb in
infinitive form. Other modal helping
verbs are followed by the main verb in
its base form (V1).
ought + to... (infinitive)
other modals + V1 (base verb)
"Do", "be" and "have" can also function as
main verbs.
Modal helping verbs cannot function as
main verbs
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What is Tense?
tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness,of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).
Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to timepast, present and future. Manylanguages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of coursethey can still talk about time, using different methods.
So, we talk about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:
we can also talk about time without using tenses (for example,going tois a
special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense)
one tense does not always talk about one time (see Tense & Time for more aboutthis)
Here are some of the terms used in discussing verbs and tenses.
Mood
indicative mood expresses a simple statement of fact, which can be positive (affirmative)
or negative
I like coffee.
I do not like coffee.
interrogative mood expresses a question
Why do you like coffee?
imperative mood expresses a command
Sit down!
subjunctive mood expresses what is imagined or wished or possible
The President ordered that he attend the meeting.
Voice
Voice shows the relationship of the subject to the action. In the active voice, the subject
does the action (cats eat mice). In the passive voice, the subject receives the action (miceare eaten by cats). Among other things, we can use voice to help us change the focus of
attention.
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Aspect
Aspect expresses a feature of the action related to time, such as completion or duration.
Present simple and past simple tenses have no aspect, but if we wish we can stress withother tenses that:
the action or state referred to by the verb is completed (and often still relevant),
for example:
I have emailed the report to Jane. (so now she has the report)(This is called perfective aspect, using perfect tenses.)
the action or state referred to by the verb is in progress or continuing (that is,uncompleted), for example:
We are eating.
(This is called progressive aspect, using progressive [continuous] tenses.)
Tense & Time
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Past Perfect SimpleI had not eaten for
24 hours.
Past Perfect
Continuous
We had been
working for 3hours.
If I had beenworking now, I
would have missedyou.
If I had beenworking tomorrow, I
could not haveagreed.
Future SimpleHold on. I'll do it
now.I'll see youtomorrow.
Future ContinuousI will be working at
9pm tonight.
Future Perfect
Simple
I will have finished
by 9pm tonight.
We will have been married for ten years next month.
Future Perfect
Continuous
They may be tiredwhen you arrive
because they will
have been working.
In 30 minutes, we will have been working for four hours.
Basic Tenses
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Basic Tenses
For past and present, there are 2 simple tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary verbs).To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using modal auxiliary verbs
will/shall). This makes a total of 12 tenses in the active voice. Another 12 tenses are
available in the passive voice. So now we have 24 tenses.
24 Tenses past present future*
ACTIVE
simple tenses past present future
complex tenses
formed withauxiliary verbs
past perfect present perfect future perfect
past continuouspresent
continuousfuture continuous
past perfect
continuous
present perfect
continuous
future perfect
continuous
PASSIVE
past present future
past perfect present perfect future perfect
past continuouspresent
continuousfuture continuous
past perfect
continuous
present perfect
continuous
future perfect
continuous
Some grammar books use the word
progressive instead ofcontinuous. They areexactly the same.
The use of tenses in English may be quite complicated, but the structure of English
tenses is actually very simple. The basic structure for a positive sentence is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
An auxiliary verb is used in all tenses. (In the simple present and simple past tenses, theauxiliary verb is usually suppressed for the affirmative, but it does exist for
intensification.) The following table shows the 12 tenses for the verb to workin the
active voice.
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structure
past present future*auxiliary main verb
simple
normal I worked I work I will work
intensive do base I did work I do work
perfect havepast
participle
I had
worked
I have
worked
I will have
worked
continuous be
present
participle
-ing
I was
working
I am
working
I will be
working
continuous
perfect
havebeen
present
participle-ing
I had beenworking
I have beenworking
I will havebeen working
* Technically, there are no future tenses in English. The word will is a modal auxiliaryverb and future tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses". The examples are included
here for convenience and comparison.
Regular Verbs
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Basic Tenses: Regular Verb
Regular verbs list
This page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative
or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive: + subject + auxiliary verb + main verbnegative: - subject + auxiliary verb + not+ main verbquestion: ? auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:
base verb past past participle present participle -ing
work worked worked working
past present future
SIMPLEdo + base verb(except future:
will + base verb)
+I did workI worked
I do workI work
I will work
- I did notwork I do notwork I will notwork
? Did I work? Do I work? Will I work?
SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle+ I had worked I have worked I will have worked
-I had not
worked
I have not
worked
I will nothave
worked
? Had I worked? Have I worked?Will I have
worked?
CONTINUOUS
be + ing+ I was working I am working I will be working
- I was notworking
I am not
working
I will notbe
working
? Was I working? Am I working? Will I be working?
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CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
have been + ing
+I had been
working
I have been
working
I will have been
working
-I had notbeen
working
I have notbeen
working
I will nothave been
working
?Had I been
working?
Have I been
working?
Will I have been
working?
Irregular Verbs
Regular Verbs List
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There are thousands of regular verbs in English. This is a list of 600 of the more common
regular verbs. Note that there are some spelling variations in American English (for
example, "practise" becomes "practice" in American English).
accept
add admire
admit
advise
afford
agree
alert
allow
amuse analyse
announce
annoy
answer
apologise
appear
applaud
appreciate approve
argue
arrange
arrest
arrive
ask
attach
attack attempt
attend
attract
avoid
back
bake
balance
ban bang
bare
bat
bathe
battle
beam
beg
behave
belong
bleach bless
blind
blink
blot
blush
boast
boil
bolt
bomb
book bore
borrow
bounce
bow
box
brake
brake
branch
breathe
bruise brush
bubble
bump
burn
bury
buzz
calculate
call
camp
care carry
carve
cause challenge
change
charge
chase
cheat
check
cheer
chew
choke
chop
claim
clap clean
clear
clip close
coach
coil
collect
colour
comb
command
communicate
compare
compete
complain
complete concentrate
concern
confess confuse
connect
consider
consist
contain
continue
copy
correct
cough
count
cover
crack crash
crawl
cross crush
cry
cure
curl
curve
cycle
dam
damage
dance
dare
decay
deceive
deliver
depend
describe
desert
deserve
destroy
disapprove
disarm
discover
dislike
divide
double
dress
drip
drop
drown
drum
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decide
decorate
delay
delight
detect
develop
disagree
disappear
doubt
drag
drain
dream
dry
dust
earn educate
embarrass employ
empty
encourage
end enjoy
enter entertain
escape
examine
excite excuse
exercise exist
expand
expect
explain explode
extend
face fade
fail
fancy
fasten fax
fear
fence
fetch file
fill
film
fire fit
fix
flap
flash float
flood
flow
flower fold
follow
fool
force form
found
frame
frighten
fry
gather
gaze
glow
glue
grab
grate
grease
greet
grin
grip
groan
guarantee
guard
guess
guide
hammer
hand handle
hang
happen
harass
harm
hate haunt
head
heal
heap
heat
help hook
hop
hope
hover
hug
hum hunt
hurry
identify
ignore
imagine
impress
improve
include
increase
influence
inform
inject
injure
instruct
intend
interest
interfere
interrupt
introduce
invent
invite
irritate
itch
jail
jam
jog
join
joke
judge
juggle
jump
kick kiss knit knot
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kill kneel knock
label
land
last
laugh
launch
learn
level
license
lick
lie
lighten
like
list
listen
live
load
lock
long
look
love
man
manage
march
mark
marry match
mate
matter
measure
meddle
melt
memorise mend
mess up
milk
mine
miss
mix
moan moor
mourn
move
muddle
mug
multiply
murder
nail
name
need
nest
nod
note
notice
number
obey
object
observe
obtain
occur
offend
offer
open
order
overflow
owe
own
pack
paddle
paint
park
part pass
paste
pat
pause
peck
pedal
peel
peep
perform
permit
phone
pick
pinch
pine place
plan
plant
play
please
plug
point
poke
polish
pop
possess
post
pour
practise pray
preach
precede
prefer
prepare
present
preserve
press
pretend
prevent
prick
print
produce
program promise
protect
provide
pull
pump
punch
puncture
punish
push
question queue
race
radiate
rain
raise reach
realise
receive
refuse
regret
reign
reject rejoice
relax
release
remove
repair
repeat
replace reply
report
reproduce
rhyme
rinse
risk
rob rock
roll
rot
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recognise
record
reduce
reflect
rely
remain
remember
remind
request
rescue
retire
return
rub
ruin
rule
rush
sack sail
satisfy save
saw
scare
scatter
scold
scorch
scrape
scratch
scream screw
scribble
scrub
seal search
separate
serve
settle
shade
share
shave
shelter
shiver shock
shop shrug
sigh
sign
signal
sin
sip
ski
skip
slap slip
slow
smash
smell smile
smoke
snatch
sneeze
sniff
snore
snow
soak
soothe sound
spare spark
sparkle
spell
spill
spoil
spot
spray
sprout
squash squeak
squeal
squeeze
stain stamp
stare
start
stay
steer
step
stir
stitch
stop store
strap strengthen
stretch
strip
stroke
stuff
subtract
succeed
suck
suffer suggest
suit
supply
support suppose
surprise
surround
suspect
suspend
switch
talk
tame
tap
taste
tease
telephone tempt
terrify
test
thank
thaw
tick
tickle
tie
time
tip tire
touch
tour
tow
trace
trade
train
transport
trap
travel treat
tremble
trick
trip
trot
trouble
trust
try
tug
tumble turn
twist
type
undress
unfasten
unite
unlock
unpack
untidy
use
vanish visit
wail waste whirl work
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wait
walk
wander want
warm
warn
wash
watch
water
wave weigh
welcome
whine
whip
whisper
whistle
wink wipe
wish
wobble
wonder
worry
wrap
wreck wrestle
wriggle
x-ray
yawn yell
zip zoom
Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb
Irregular verbs list
This page shows the basic tenses with the irregular verb sing. It includes the affirmative
or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive: + subject + auxiliary verb + main verbnegative: - subject + auxiliary verb + not+ main verbquestion: ? auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
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These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:
base verb past past participle present participle -ing
sing sang sung singing
past present future
SIMPLE
do + base verb(except future:
will + base verb)
+ I did singI sang
I do sing
I sing
I will sing
- I did notsing I do notsing I will notsing
? Did I sing? Do I sing? Will I sing?
SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle+ I had sung I have sung I will have sung
- I had notsung I have notsung I will nothave sung
? Had I sung? Have I sung? Will I have sung?
CONTINUOUSbe + -ing
+ I was singing I am singing I will be singing
-I was not
singingI am notsinging
I will notbe
singing
? Was I singing? Am I singing? Will I be singing?
CONTINUOUS
PERFECThave been + -ing
+ I had beensinging
I have been
singing
I will have been
singing
-I had notbeen
singing
I have notbeen
singing
I will nothave been
singing
? Had I beensinging?
Have I been
singing?
Will I have been
singing?
The basic structure of tenses for regular verbs
and irregular verbs is exactly the same(except to be). The only difference is that
with regular verbs the past and past participle
are always the same (worked, worked), while
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with irregular verbs the past and past
participle are not always the same (sang,
sung). But the structure is the same! It willhelp you a great deal to really understand
that.
Be
Irregular Verbs List
This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many others, but
these are the more common irregular verbs.
Base Form Past Simple Past Participle
awake awoke awoken
be was, were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
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begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bid bid bid
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk
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eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
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lead led led
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
show showed showed/shown
shut shut shut
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sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
Basic Tenses: Be
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This page shows the basic tenses with the verb be. It includes the affirmative or positive
form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive: + subject + auxiliary verb + main verbnegative: - subject + auxiliary verb + not+ main verbquestion: ? auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
But for simple past and simple present tenses, the structure is not the same. In fact,it's even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here is the structure:
positive: + subject + main verbnegative: - subject + main verb + not
question: ? main verb + subject
These are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses:
base past simple past participle present participle present simple
be was, were been being am, are, is
past present future
SIMPLE
present simple or
past simple
(except future: will + be)
+ I was I am I will be
- I wasnot I amnot I will notbe
? Was I? Am I? Will I be?
SIMPLE PERFECThave + been
+ I had been I have been I will have been
- I had notbeen I have notbeen I will nothave been
? Had I been? Have I been? Will I have been?
CONTINUOUS
be + being+ I was being I am being I will be being
- I was notbeing I am notbeing I will notbe being
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? Was I being? Am I being? Will I be being?
CONTINUOUSPERFECT
have been + being
+ I had beenbeing
I have been
being
I will have been
being
-I had notbeen
being
I have notbeen
being
I will nothave been
being
? Had I beenbeing?
Have I been
being?Will I have been
being?
In the following table, we see be conjugated for 12 basic tenses.
SIMPLE past present future
singular
I was am will be
you were are will be
he/she/it was is will be
plural
we were are will be
you were are will be
they were are will be
PERFECT past present future
singular
I had been have been will have been
you had been have been will have been
he/she/it had been has been will have been
plural
we had been have been will have been
you had been have been will have been
they had been have been will have been
CONTINUOUS past present future
singular I was being am being will be being
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you were being are being will be being
he/she/it was being is being will be being
plural
we were being are being will be being
you were being are being will be being
they were being are being will be being
CONTINUOUS PERFECT past present future
singular
I had been being have been being will have been being
you had been being have been being will have been being
he/she/it had been being has been being will have been being
plural
we had been being have been being will have been being
you had been being have been being will have been being
they had been being have been being will have been being
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