1922, Richmond, what is social casework OCR C.pdf

Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New

York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1922.

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By

ARY E. RI H ; ,

DIRECTOR, CHARITY ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT RUSSET.I. SAGE FOUNDATION

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I' •• AUTHOR OF SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS," THE GOOD NRIGHBOR," IITC.

NEW YORK

RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION

1922

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R , , . ,

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Dy

ARY E. RI H ; ,

DIRRCTOR, CHARITY ORGANIZATION DBPARTMBNT RUSSEJ.I. SAGE FOUNDATION

•

I' •• AUTHOR OF SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS. " THB GOOD NRIGHBOR." nc.

NEW VORK

RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION

1922

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s

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Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New York: Russell

Sage Foundation, 1922.

, i , I , I , ! ! • •

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• • •

COPYRIGHT,I922.BY

THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION

Printed February, 1922, 2540 copies Reprinted March, 1922, 3000 copies

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COPYRIGHT,I922.BY

THK RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION

Printed February, 1922, 2540 copies Reprinted March. 1922. 3000 copies

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Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New York:

Russell Sage Foundation, 1922.

I. INTRODUCnON. . . • • • .

11. SOCIAL CASE WORK IN BEING • • .

Ill. SOCIAL CASE ORK IN BEING Continued .

IV. SOCIAL CASE WORK DEFINED

V. HUMAN INTERDEPENDENCE •

•

•

VI. INJ)IVIDUAL DIFFERENCES . .

VII. THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

• • • • •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

IX. SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL f:OURT •

X. E F OF SOCIAL AND THEIR

I TIONS......

XI. CASE ORK AND DEMOCRACY . • •

I. CONCLUSION • . . • • • .

INDEX. • . . . . . • • •

3

•

PAGE

... :J

26

50

87 126

144

159

175

195

222

244

255

26r

I. INTRoDucnoN. . . • • • .

11. SOCIAL CASE WORK IN BEING • • .

111. SOCIAL CASE ORK IN BEING Continued .

IV. SOCIAL CASE WORK DEFINED

V. Hu MAN INTERDEPENDENCE •

•

•

VI. INnIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES . .

VII. THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

• • • • •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

IX. SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL f:OURT •

X. E F OF SOCIAL AND TREIR

I TIONS......

XI. CASE ORK AND DEMOCRACY . • •

I. CONCLUSION • . . • • • .

INDEX. • . . . . . • • •

3

•

PAGE

... :J

26

5° 87

126

144

159

175

195

222

244

255

261



• •



I

ERE was rea teac ing in t e wor ong

efore t ere was a science or art 0 teac ing;

t ere was social case work long efore social

wor ers egan, not so many years ago, to ormu-

as soon as human beings iscover that their

t eir fellows a few W 0 ha a special gift or

smoothing out the tangles in suc relations;

ai 0 these" straig teners," as Samue But er

calls them. Some teachers have had this skill,

an

I

ERE was rea teac ing in t e wor ong

efore t ere was a science or art 0 teac ing;

t ere was social case work long efore social

wor ers egan, not 80 many years ago, to ormu-

as soon as human beings iscover that their

t eir fellows a few W 0 ha a special gift or

smoothing out the tangles in suc relations;

ai 0 these" straig teners," as Samue But er

eaUs them. SOffie teachers have had this skill,

an



,

WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?

no time has it

• • wrIter w ose stories an ta es are too itt e

For the Doctor, in that age of medical darkness, had what is more useful even to his profession than a knowledge of medicine a great knowledge of character; and was famous for his dia osis of the maladies of the soul as well as of the body. He not only perceived, which was easy, from the look of Hodge's face and the trembling of his hands, the direction of Hodge's wages; but saw, though indeed only in a glass darkly, what few people saw at all in that day, the effect of mind on dy; so that the little dressm er, a meek, frightened thing, who had set up for herself in Basset . . . required, not physic and plaisters, as she believed, but a start, and an order from Mrs. Latimer at the Manor. The very next afternoon, Dr.

· chard wheezed up the Manor drive to see Pollie; obtained her word, which was as good as a bond, to assist

case worker who is able to effect better adjust

ments etween the indivi ual and his environ-

* Tallentyre, S. G.: Basset, A Village Chronicle, p. 93. New York, Moffat, Yard and Co., 1912.

6

,


no time bas it

• • wrlter w ose storles an ta es are too itt e

For the Doctor, in th at age of medical darkness, had wh at is more useful even to hls profession than a knowledge of medicine a great knowledge of character; and was famous for bis dia osis of tbe maladies of tbe soul as weU as of the body. He not only perceived, which was easy, irom the look of Hodge's face and the trembling of hls hands, the direction of Hodge's wages; but saw, though indeed only in a glass darkly, what few people saw at all in that day, tbe effect of mind on dy; so th at the little dressm er, a meek, frightened thing, who bad set up for herself in Basset . . . required, not physic and plaisters, as she believed, but a start, and an order from Mrs. Latimer at tbe Manor. Tbe very next aftemoon, Dr.

· chard wheezed up the Manor drive to see Pollie; obtained her word, which was as good as a bond, to assist

case worker who is able to effect better adjust

ments etween the indivi ua} and his environ-

* Tallentyre, S. G.: Basset, A Village Chronicle, p. 93. New Vork, Moffat, Yard and Co., 1912.

6



INTRODUCTION

writing seemed to Dogberry to come by nature.

To many, sue ease work is neighborliness and

nothing more. There is a half truth in this

must e oth orn an ma e, but its element of

error is the failure to recognize how much is

The ifference of met od an point of view as

between neighbor and specialist is well illustrat

Laura, it will be remem ered, was the untrain

owe, W 0 ha ounded Perkins Institution for

t e ea - lin , one of t eir number un er his

read an write and use her min and hands in a

variety of occupations. Fortunately, Dr. Howe

* Howe, Maud, and Hall, Florence Howe: Laura Bridgman, Dr. Howe's Famous Pupil and What He Taught Her, p. 34. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1903.

INTRODUCTION

writing seemed to Dogberry to come by nature.

To many, suc case work is neighborliness and

nothing more. There is a half truth in this

must e ath orn an ma e, but its element of

error is the failure to recognize how much is

The ifference of met od an point of view as

between neighbor and specialist is weIl illustrat

Laura, it win be remem ered, was the untrain

owe, W 0 ha ounded Perkins Institution for

t e ea - lin , one of t eir number un er his

read an write and use her min and hands in a

variety of occupations. Fortunately, Dr. Howe

* Howe, Maud, and Hall, Florence Howe: Laura Bridgman, Dr. Howe's Famous Pupil and Wh at He Taught Her, p. 34. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1903.



WHAT IS S IAL CASE WORK?

his methods and results. Upon this foundation,

as I s a presently SOW, at ers ave een a le ",

to uild.

I have sai a

hen Laura was a little girl he use to take het

for country walks, and taught her the difference

between land and water by letting her feel, the

splas upon er c ee as she st y the rook

si e an t rew stones into it. At t e time that

Dr.

• • cou teac er anyt lng In t e same way y

w ic she a earn

The worl coul sa

But

8 •

WHAT IS S lAL CASE WORK?

his methods and results. Upon this foundation,

as I s a presently s ow, ot ers ave een a Ie ",

to uilde

I have sai a

hen Laura was a little girl he use to take het

for country walks, and taught her the difference

between land and water by letting her feel' the

splas upon er e ee as she st y the rook

si e an t rew stones into it. At t e time that

Dr.

• • eou teae er anyt lng In t e same way y

w ie she a earn

The worl coul sa

But

8 •



,

•

IN1~RODUCTION

w en to a ection an kin ness we are able to -add that knowledge of the \\rorkings of the human

min an that knowle ge of social resources

which Dr. Howe possessed, we have a new power

in t e worl a ed to the 01 er power of just •

loving one another .

•

In the year 1886 t

"child living in Tuscumbia, Alabama, applied to

Perkins Institution for the Blind for a private

t e institution, Anne ansfield Sullivan, * who

been a most totally blin from early c ild-

restore before her graduation from the institu

tion. In her student days iss Sullivan had

live in the same cottage with lin an eaf

Laura Bri gman. In addition to her observa-

ara tion for her task, to the examination of Dr.

Howe's original records and diaries. Thus Dr.

* Now Mrs. Macy.

9

• •

•

,

•

IN1~RODUCTION

w en to a ection an kin ness we are able to -add that knowledge of the \\rorkings of the human

min an that knowie ge of social resources

which Dr. Howe possessed, we have a new power

in t e worl a ed to the ol er power of just •

loving one another .

•

In the year 1886 t

"child living in Tuscumbia, Alabama, applied to

Perkins Institution for the Blind for a private

t e institution, Anne ansfield Sullivan, * who

been a most totally blin from early c ild-

resto re before her graduation from the institu

tion. In her student days iss Sullivan had

live in the same cottage with lin an eaf

Laura Bri gman. In addition to her observa-

a. ra tion for her task, to the examina ti on of Dr.

Howe's original records and diaries. Thus Dr.

* Now Mrs. Macy.

9

• •

•




Howe's stone was cast not like Laura's into a

• • • • CIrc es contInue to Wl en an WI en.

times, ut not from the angle from which, as an

• • propose to VIew 1 t.

elen Keller was six years and nine months

old when iss SulIivan came to Tuscumbia.

iss Sullivan wrote to a

o t em socia ,wit w ic s e oun ersel con-

On the ucational side, some of iss Sulli-

10


Howe's stone was cast not like Laura's into a

• • • • Clrc es contInue to Wl en an WI en.

times, ut not from the angle from which, as an

• • propose to VIew 1 t.

elen KeIler was six years and nine months

old when iss Sullivan came to Tuscumbia.

iss Sullivan wrote to a

o t em socia ,wit w ie s e oun ersel con-

On the ucational side, some of iss Sulli-

10



ODUCTION

vanee se 00 0 present- ay teac ers. n the

cedure, though under conditions that social

work can seldom command. In 1903 iss

y Life,* and iss Sulli-

anything less than all of these letters, together

There could be no better introduction to social

case work. In fact, certain incidents in the

story are won erful illustrations of what has •

een termed unconscious case work, and I shall

try to describe a few of these incidents before

professional case workers.

Helen had been an "eager, self-asserting" in

fant. At nineteen months an illness, descri

as "acute congestion of the stomac an brain,"

* Keller, Helen: The Story of My Life. New York, ubleday, Page and Co.

11

ODUCTION

vance sc 00 0 present- ay teac ers. n the

cedure, though under conditions that social

work ean seldom commando In 1903 iss

y Life,* and iss Sulli-

anything less than all of these letters, together

There could be no better introduction to social

case work. In fact, certain incidents in the

story are won erful illustrations of what has •

een termed unconscious case work, and I shall

try to describe a few of these incidents before

professional case wor kers.

Helen had been an "eager, self-asserting" in

fant. At nineteen months an illness, descri

as "acute congestion of the stomae an brain,"

* KeIler, Helen: The Story of My Life. New Vork, ubleday, Page and Co.

II




a e t er ea an

ta

egan to tyrannize over eve y, "her mot er,

her father, the servants, the little darkies who

van "ha ,

ames, unti I

charge 0 t e litt e girl.

They have promised to let me have a free hand and help me as much as possible. . . Of course, it is hard for them. I realize that it hurts to see their afflicted little child punished and made to do things against her will. Only a few hours after my talk with Captain and Mrs. Keller and they had agreed to everything Helen took a notion that she wouldn't use her napkin at table. I she wanted to see what would happen. I attempted several tioles to put the napkin round her neck; but each time she tore it off and threw it on the floor and finally began to kick the table. I took her plate away and started to take her out of the room. Her father objected and said that no child of his should be deprived of his food on any account. p. 313 * .

* Page references throughout this summary are to· pas .. sages in Miss Keller's The Story of My Life.

12


a eter ea an

ta

gan to tyrannize over eve y, "her mot er,

her father, the servants, the little darkies who

er, an no

van "ha , ispu te er wil , ex +

ames, unti

charge 0 t e litt e girl.

I

They have promised to let me have a free hand and help me as much as possible. . . Of course, it is hard for them. I realize that it hurts to see their affiicted little child punished and made to do things against her wili. Only a few hours af ter my talk with Captain and Mrs. Keller and they had agreed to everything Helen took a notion that she wouldn't use her napkin at tabie. I thinkl she wanted to see what would happen. I attempted several tinles to put the napkin round her neck; but each time she tore it of! and threw it on the floor and finally began to kick the tabie. I took her plate away and started to take her out of the room. Her father objected and said that no child of his should be deprived of his food on any account. p. 313 * .

* Page references throughout this summary are to· pas .. sages in Miss Keller's The Story of My Life.

12



•

ION

T us iss ullivan ha t e task of winning

over more than one insurgent. This was in

arc .

able to write:

• • • It was evident that every one, especially Captain and Mrs. Keller, was deeply moved at the thought of the difference between this bright Christmas and the last, when their little girl had no conscious part in the Christmas festivities. As we came downstairs, Mrs. Keller said to me with tears in her eyes, "Miss Annie, I thank d every day of my life for sending you to us; but I never realized until this morning what a blessing you have been to us." Captain Keller took my hand, but could not speak. But his silence was more eloquent than words. My heart, too, was full of gratitude and solemn joy_ pp. 343 44

How was this transformation effect ? Cut

heart,

talk wit

iss Sullivan had very early had a frank

rs. eller an suggested that Helen

e separate

ere were "two essential things to teach her,

o ience an love," and neither could be taught

were esta lis e in a little garden house near

13

•

ION

T us iss uIlivan ha t e task of winning

over more than one insurgent. This was in

arc .

able to write:

• • • lt was evident that every one, especially Captain and Mrs. Keiler, was deeply moved at the thought of the difference between this bright Christmas and the last, wh en their Httle girl had no conscious part in the Christmas festivities. As we came downstairs, Mrs. KeIler said to me with tears in her eyes, "Miss Annie, I thank d every day of my life for sending you to us; but I never realized until this morning what a blessing you have been to us." Captain KeIler took my hand, but could not speak. But his silence was more eloquent than words. My heart, too, was fuU of gratitude and solemn JOYe

PP·343 44

How was this transformation effect ? Cut

heart,

talk wit

iss Sullivan had very early had a frank

rs. eller an suggested tha t Helen

e separate

ere we re "two essen tial things to teach her,

o ience an love," and neither could be taught

we re esta lis e in a little garden house near

13




t e ormer ome. t t at time' e en

"was unresponsive an

at rst, an kicke and screamed herself into a

• • •

out on the ot er

e en, to see ow

red chain of Scotch wool or stringing ea s on a -

contente she seemed. One day, uring the two

og, Be e, came too. T e c i • recognlz t e

gan to manipulate her claws. " e coul n't

think for a second," writes iss Sullivan, "what

she was doing; but when we saw her make the

etters' -0-" ' on er own ngers, we new t at

Helen's teacher a

into t e c il's an

P·3I 3

• • • WIt out InstructIng er

14


t e ormer e er ome.

"was unresponsive an

t t at time' • • even lmpatlen

een

of

at rst, an kicke and screamed herself into a

• • •

out on the ot er

een, to see ow

red chain of Scotch wooI or stringing s on a -

contente she seemed. One day, uring the two •

, 15

gan to manipulate her claws. "

e

e coul n't

think for a second," writes iss Sullivan, "what

she was doing; but when we saw her make tbe

etters' -0-" ' on er own ngers, we ew t at

P·3I 3 Helen's teacher a r s

into tee il'5 an • • • WIt out lnstructing er

14



RODU ION

in t e manua

van's letters which escribe her extensions and

mo i cations 0 Dr.

variety of the whole countryside.

Laura Bridgman had not only been trained in

an institution as a c il , ut a oun in it er

eller,

wor. s everyone knows, she was gra uated

from Ra cliffe ollege, has written several books,

is intereste in the education of the deaf-blind,

•

en eavors ave not stoppe ere, owever, but

a the in, an she as also een an active

I

RODU ION

in t e manua

van's letters which escribe her extensions and

mo i cations 0 Dr.

variety of the whole countryside.

Laura Bridgman had not only been trained in

an institution as a c il , ut a oun in it er

eller,

wor. s every one knows, she was gra uated

from Ra cliffe ollege, has written several books,

is intereste in the education of the deaf-blind,

•

en eavors ave not stoppe ere, owever, but

a the in, an she as also een an active

I




champion of woman's suffrage an of other

social reforms. That iss eller was orn with

great natural endowment is obvious, but she

social one, iss ullivan's genius for ignoring

routine and for using life itself as her best in

terpreter has meant the difference between a

ness.

It is from an embarrassing wealth of material

which the first illustrates iss Sullivan's use of

the animals on the

ing the mind of her charge; the second illustrates

turning a community occasion to account; and

• service.

She is much interested in some little chickens that are pecking their way into the world this morning. I let her hold a shell in her hand, and feel the chicken

16

WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?

eh am pion of woman's suffrage an of other

social reforms. That iss eller was orn with

great natural endowment is obvious, but she

social one, iss ullivan's genius for ignoring

routine and for using life itself as her best in

terpreter has meant the difference between a

nesse

It is from an embarrassing wealth of material

whieh the first illustrates iss Sullivan's use of

the animals on the

ing the mind of her charge; the second illustrates

turning a community occasion to account; and

• service.

She is much interested in some Httle chickens that are peèking their way into the world this morning. I let her hold a shell in her hand, and feel the chicken

16



INTRODU ION

"chip, chip." Her astonishment, when she felt the tiny creature inside, cannot be put in a letter. The hen was very gentle, and made no objection to our investigations. Besides the chickens, we have several other additions to the family two calves, a colt, and a penful of funny little pigs. You would be amnsed to see me hold a squealing pig in my anns, while Relen feels it all over, and asks countless questions questions not easy to answer either. p. 325

e go home about dinner-time usually, and Helen is eager to tell her mother everything she has seen. This desire to repeat what has been told her sho'ws a marked advance

in the develo ment 0 her intellect, a is an invaluable stimulus to the acquisition 0 language. I ask her ri s to encourage her to tell them 0 ker doings, a to mani est

as much curiosity a leasure in her little ventures as they ossibly can. This gratifies the child's love of approbation and keeps up her interest in things. This is the basis of real intercourse. She makes many mistakes, of course, twists words and phrases, puts the cart before the horse, and gets herself into hopeless tangles of nouns and verbs; but so does the hearing child. I am sure these difficulties will take care of themselves. The impulse to tell is the important thing. pp. 321 22

I t is interesting to get iss eller's impres

sions as well as her teacher's of that memorable -

year. She writes:

The first Christmas after Miss Sullivan came to Tus-2

INTRODU ION

"chip, chip." Her astonishment, when she feIt the tiny creature inside, cannot be put in a letter. The hen was very gentle, and made no objection to our investigations. Besides the chickens, we have several other additions to the family two calves, a colt, and a penful of funny little pigs. You would be amnsed to see me hold a squealing pig in my anns, while Helen feels it all over, and asks countless questions questions not easy to answer either. p. 325

e go home about dinner-time usually, and Helen is eager to teIl her mother everything she has seen. T his desire 10 repeal whal has been 10U her sho'ws a marked advance

in the develo ment 0 her intellect, a is an invaluable stimulus 10 lhe acquisition 0 language. I ask her ri s to encourage her to tell them 0 ker doings, a to mani est

as much curiosity a leasure in her little ventures as they ossibly can. This gratifies the child's love of approbation and keeps up her interest in things. This is the basis of real intercourse. She makes many mistakes, of course, twists words and phrases, puts the cart before the horse, and gets herself into hopeless tangles of nouns and verbs; but so does the hearing child. I am sure these difficulties will take care of themselves. The impulse to teIl is the important thing. pp. 321 22

I t is in teresting to get iss eHer' s impres-

sions as weIl as her teacher's of that memorabie -

year. She writes:

The first Christmas af ter Miss Sullivan came to Tus-2




cumbia was a great event. Every one in the family prepared surprises for me; but what pleased me most, Miss Sullivan and I prepared surprises for everybody else. The mystery that surrounded the gifts was my greatest delight and amusement. My friends did all they could to excite my curiosity by hints and half-spelled sentences which they pretended to break off in the nick of

• bme. • " On Christmas Eve the Tuscumbia school children had

their tree, to which they invited me. In the centre of the schoolroom stood a beautiful tree ablaze and shimmering in the soft light, its branches loaded with strange, wonderful fruit. It was a moment of supreme happiness. I danced and capered round the tree in an ecstasy. hen I learned that there was a gift for each child, I was delighted, and the kind people who had prepared the tree pernlitted me to hand the presents to the children. In the pleasure of doing this, I did not stop to look at my own gifts; but when I was ready for them, my impatience for the real Christmas. to begin almost got beyond control. p. 4I

All my early lessons have in them the breath of the woods the fine, resinous odour of pine needles, blended with the perfume of wild grapes . . . Indeed, everything that could hum, or buzz, or sing, or bloom, had a part in my education noisy-throated frogs, katydids and crickets held in my hand until, forgetting their embarrassment, they trilled their reedy note, little downy chickens and wildfiowers, the blossoms, meadow-violets and budding fruit trees. I felt the bursting cotton-boIls and

18 •


cumbia was a great event. Every one in the family prepared surprises for me; but what pleased me most, Miss Sullivan and I prepared surprises for everybody else. The mystery that surrounded tbe gifts was my greatest delight and amusement. My friends did all they could to excite my curiosity by hints and half -spelled sentences which they pretended to break of! in the nick of

• tIme. • " On Christmas Eve the Tuscumbia school children had

their tree, to which they invited me. In the centre of the schoolroom stood a beautiful tree ablaze and shimmering in the soft light, its branches Ioaded with strange, wonderful fruit. It was a moment of supreme happiness. I daneed and capered round the tree in an ecstasy. hen I learned that there was a gift for each child, I was delighted, and the kind people who had prepared the tree pernlitted me to hand the presents to the children. In the pleasure of doing this, I did not stop to look at my own gifts; but when I was ready for them, my impatience for the real Christmas. to begin almost got beyond con trol. p. 4I

All my early lessons have in them the breath of the woods the fine, resinous odour of pine needies, blended with the perfume of wild grapes . . . Indeed, everything th at could hum, or buzz, or sing, or bIoom, had a part in my education noisy-throated frogs, katydids and crickets held in my hand until, forgetting their embarrassment, they trilled their reedy note, little downy chickens and wildflowers, the blossoms, meadow-violets and budding fruit trees. 1 feIt the bursting cotton-bolls and

18 •



INTRODUCTION

fingered their soft fiber and fuzzy seeds; I felt the low soughing of the wind through the cornstalks, the silky rustling of the long leaves, and the indignant snort of my pony, as we caught him in the pasture and put the bit in his mouth • • • pp. 34 35

Then came Helen's introduction to a larger

range 0 social contacts, rst through er vi si t

to Perkins Institution, and later through in

struction in N ew York and

First visit to Boston. I was never still a moment; my life was as full of motion as those little insects that crowd a whole existence into one brief day. I met many people who talked with me by spelling into my hand, and thought in joyous sympathy leaped up to meet thought, and behold, a miracle had been wrought! The barren places between my mind and the minds of others blossomed like the rose. p. 50

At the Cambridge school, for the first time in my life, I enjoyed the companionship of seeing and hearing girls of my own age. I lived with several others in one of the pleasant houses connected with the school, the house where ~Ir. Howells used to live, and we all had the advantage of home life. I joined them in many of their games, even blind man's buff and frolics in the snow; I took long walks with them.; we discussed our studies and read aloud the things that interested us. Some of the girls learned to speak to me, so that Miss Sullivan did not have to repeat their conversation. pp. 86 87 .

19

INTRODUCTION

fingered their soft fiber and fuzzy seeds; I feIt thc low soughing of tbe wind through the comstalks, tbe silky rustling of the long leaves, and the indignant snort of my pony, as we caught him in the pasture and put the bit in bis mouth • • • pp. 34 35

Then came Helen's introduction to a larger

range 0 social con tacts, rst through er visi t

to Perkins Institution, and later through in

struction in N ew Y ork and

First visit to Boston. I was never still a moment; my life was as full of mot ion as those little insects that crowd a whole existence into one brief day. I met many people who talked with me by spelling into my hand, and thought in joyous sympathy leaped up to meet thought, and behold, a miracle had been wrought! The barren places bet ween my mind and the minds of others blossomed like the rose. p. 50

At the Cambridge school, for the first time in my life, I enjoyed the companionship of seeing and hearing gids of my own age. I lived with several others in one of the pleasant houses connected with the school, the house where ~Ir. Howells used to live, and we all had the advantage of home life. I joined them in many of their games, even blind man's buff and frolies in the snow; I took long walks with them.; we discussed our studies and read aloud the things that interested us. Some of the gids leamed to speak to me, so that Miss Sullivan did not have to repeat their conversation. pp. 86 87 .

19




t Tuscum ia there had been no one to whom

been thrown upon her own resources and had

been force to work out her own solution of each

was a le to travel, no teacher could have been • • more eager to use expert a VIce an assistance

w erever these coul be foun. Helen heard,

entreate

for her.

w 0 a ,

her teacher to n such instruction

Ithough iss Sullivan drea e for

ai ure, s e i not esitate ong, ut took Helen •• • to a specla 1St In ew or ram w om s e

coul gain t e ru iments 0 articulation. .......are-,

• Y t IS expert, •

iss Sullivan was a le to supp ement t especial • • traInIng.

• • verance an evotlon, as lSS el er testifies,

" cou

• t teal

20

•


t Tuscum ia there had been no one to whom

been thrown upon her own resources and had

been force to work out her own solution of each

was a Ie to travel, no teacher could have been • • more eager to use expert a VIce an asslstance

w erever these coul be foun. Helen heard,

entreate

for her.

w 0 a ,

her teacher to n such instruction

Ithough iss Sullivan drea e for

ai ure, s e i not esitate ong, ut took Helen •• • to a specIa lst In ew or rom w om s e

coul gain t e ru iments 0 articulation. .......are-,

• Y t IS expert, •

iss Sullivan was a Ie to supp ement t e special • • traInIng.

• • verance an evotton, as tSS el er testifies,

" eou

• t t e al

20

•



,

INTRODU ION

As a child Miss Keller says I loved to sit on his knee and clasp his great hand with one of mine, while Miss Sullivan spelled into the other his beautiful words about God and the spiritual world. I heard him with a child"s wonder and delight. My spirit could not reach up to his, but he gave me a real sense of joy in life, and I never left

beauty and depth of meaning as I grew. Once, when I was puzzled to know why there were so many religions, he said: "There is one universal religion, Helen the religion of love. Love your Heavenly Father with your whole heart and soul, love every child of God as much as ever you can, and remember that the possibilities of good

key to Heaven." pp. 133 34

Finally, to bring these extracts to an end, there

is abun ant evidence that one of the elements in

iss Sullivan' s success was the great frankness

corrfidence a een won. Her resemblances to

normal folk were always emphasized; the if-

were minimized.

presse upon others who calne in contact with

her pupil.

No attempt says the editor of Miss Keller's Life is

21 •

•

,

INTRODU ION

As a child Miss KeIler sa ys I loved to si t on his knee and clasp his great hand with one of mine, while Miss Sullivan spelled into the other his beautiful words about God and the spiritual world. I heard him with a child"s wonder and delight. My spirit could not reaeh up to his, but he gave me a real sense of joy in life, and I never left

beautyand depth of meaning as I grew. Onee, when I was puzzled to know why there were so many religions, he said: "There is one universal religion, Helen the religion of love. Love your Heavenly Father with your whole heart and soul, love every ehild of God as mueh as ever you can, and remember that the possibilities of good

key to Heaven." pp. 133 34

Finally, to bring these extracts to an end, there

is abun ant evidence that one of the elements in

iss Sullivan 's success was the grea t frankn ss

corrfidence a Her resemblances to

normal folk were always emphasized; the if-

we re minimized.

presse upon others who calne in contact with

her pupil.

No attempt says the editor of Miss Keller's Life is

21 •

•



WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK? ,

made by those around her either to preserve or to break

unwise and tactless things that were said for her benefit were not repeated to her, thanks to the wise watchfulness of Miss Sullivan. Now that she has grown up, nobody thi s of being less fra with her than with any other intelligent young wom~n. p. 294

et me summarize t is i Iustration of uneon-

__ -.<.-~~------.... " 2" _~7"'-~ •• '-- 7 '." .. _ ....

same time to suggest some of its resemblances • • • to t e conSCIOUS case wor w IC IS to e es-

cri e la ter. This remar a le teacher had a

eneat e

t e unfortunate

the unusual character of the chil . Building

• Vlronmenta resource a t~r anot er,

one en

rst to re

socialized • persona Ity 0 W om we spea to ay w en we

name Helen eller.

lesson in childish 0 edience was

22 •

•

WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK? ,

made by those around her either to preserve or to break

unwise and tactless things that were said for her benefit were not repeated to her, thanks to the wise watchfulness of Miss Sullivan. N ow that she has grown up, nobody thi sof being less fra with her than with any other intelligent young wom~n. p. 294

et me summarize t is i lustration of uneon-

___ .<.-~~-----_ .... " 2·, _~7"'-~ •• '-- 7 '." .. _ ....

same time to suggest some of its resemblances • • • to t e conSClOUS case wor w IC IS to e es-

cri e la ter. This remar a Ie teacher had a

eneat e

t e unfortunate

the unusual character of the ehil . Building

• Vlronmenta resource a t~r anot er,

one en

rst to re

socialized • persona Ity 0 W om we spea to ay w en we

name Helen eller.

lesson in childish 0 edienee was

22 •

•

Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New York: Russell Sage

Foundation, 1922.

INTRODUCTION •

Helen's a ection was soon won. To accomplish

•

until she was able to care for herself.. Here I

again the instructor was too wise to build upon

influence gained through one channel, whether

obedience r affection. Soon she was able to

appea to t e min

through eve thing in the child's world, even

us feel strong; there is another which makes us I

epen ent an weak. iss Sullivan's sympathy ,

. ~

space, ater In time . • ISO ate 0 uman

most completely i entifie with whatever is

best in the world.

I shall have occasion to • In

23 •

,

\

•

,

•

INTRODUCTION •

Helen's a ection was soon won. To accomplish

•

until she was able to care for herself.. Here I

again the instructor was too wise to build upon

influence gained through one channel, whether

obedience r affection. Soon she was able to

appea to t e min

through eve thing in the child's world, even

us feel strong; th ere is another which makes us I

epen ent an weak. iss Sullivan's sympathy ,

. ~

space, ater In time . • ISO ate 0 uman

most completely i entifie with whatever is

best in the world.

I shall have occasion to • In

23 •

,

•

\

•

,

•



IAL CASE WORK?

• t ese p~ges to c ange 0 environment as a means

o social treatment in i cu teases. n t e rst • •• • mont 0 er teac Ing, ISS u Ivan use t IS

to return Helen to er own natura worl at the

not er mar 0 iss u ivan's intuitive

nee s. Traine erse in a se 00 w ich did

• came It. n t e matter 0

t e urgency an t e

to one of the greatest religious teachers of that • tIme.

y 0 t at trust.

"-0 a personality other

than our own -there is a fiel 0 en eavor,

lAL CASE WORK?

• t ese p~ges to c ange 0 environment as a means

o social treatment in i cu t cases. n t e rst • •• • mont 0 er teac lng, tSS u Ivan use t IS

to return Helen to er own natura worl at the

not er mar 0 iss u ivan's intuitive

nee s. Traine erse in a sc 00 w ich did

• came lt. n t e matter 0

t e urgency an t e

to one of the grea test religious teachers of tha t • tIme.

y 0 t at trust.

"-0 a personality other

than our own -there is a fiel 0 en eavor,



INTRODUCTION

most exacting. e are "name an known"

"station an degree."

•

INTRODUCTION

most exacting. e are "name an known "

"station an degree."

•



•

11

T AY well, e-

illustrations of such wor an ater compare

illustrations wit • ISCUSS

• • • IS an w Y It IS.

group is perforce so small as is the one here

search, all work not recorded with a fair degree

of fulness at the time that it was done, I have

26

treatment

pre erence \

•

11

T AY weIl, e-

illustrations of such wor an ater compare

illustrations wit • lScUSS

• • • IS an w y lt IS.

group is perforce sa small as is the one here

search, all work not recorded with a fair degree

of fulness at the time that it was done, I have

26

treatment

pre eren ce \



SOCIAL CASE WORK IN BEING

to work with clients* of different nationalities.

The search was ma e in cities wi ely separated

an in socia agencies 0 more t an one type,

the social treatment was subsidiary to some

tions I ave a de the furt er one 0 an ar itrary

fective

A husband an wife who cannot agree

• • recelvlng proper care

wi ow wit c i ren who is not an e cient

home ma er

An older woman with di cuI ties which her

relatives fail to understand * Few social case workers adopt the practice, permitted

to the physician, of referring to those with whom they have professional dealings as "cases." The social worker's "case" is the particular social situation or problem- -not the person or persons concerned. For the person, as distinguished from his problem, the term now in general use is "dient." As the nature of the relation between the social practitioner and the one receiving social treatment changed;

•

-

•


to work with elients* of different nationalities.

The seareh was ma e in eities wi ely separated

an in socia agencies 0 more t an one type,

the soeial treatment was subsidiary to some

tions I ave a de the furt er one 0 an ar itrary

fective

A husband an wife who eannot ag ree

• • recelvlng proper care

wi ow wit c i ren who is not an e cient

home ma er

An older woman with di culties which her

relatives fail to understand * Few soda! case workers adopt the practice, permitted

to the physidan, of referring to those with whom they have professional dealings as "cases." The social worker's "case" is the particular social situation or problem- -not the person or persons concerned. For the person, as distinguished from his problem, the term now in genera! use is "dient." As the nature of the relation between the sodal practitioner and the one receiving social treatment changed;

•

-

•




I have mentione Dr. Howe's diary records

of his treatment of Laura Bri gman. As social

more intel igent an e ective service to indi-

has become their practice also. At first their

attempts were little more t an a rambling

chronicle 0 motions ma e in the course of their

work,

construct g • •

, c rono oglca accounts ot 0

so ma e

for training other case workers, and for training

social work such as work with neigh orhood

or the con ucting 0

un er-

a

"client" replaced to a large extent the earlier term of "applicant. "

~8 •

I


I have mentione Dr. Howe's diary records

of his treatment of Laura Bri gman. As social

more intel igent an e ective service to indi-

has become their practice also. At first their

attempts were little more t an a rambling

chronicle 0 motions ma e in the course of their

work,

construct g • •

, c rono oglca accounts ot 0

so ma e

for training other case workers, and for training

social work such as work with neigh orhood

or the con ucting 0

un er-

a

"client " replaced to a large extent the earlier term of "applicant. "

~8 •

I



-


social con itions affect the lives of individuals.

The va ue 0 social case recor s exten s farther.

an

tistical stu ies or, more often, of social iscovery

There is one drawback to all these uses of the

fessiona contacts there is no more confi ential

relation than that which exists etween the • • • •

SOCJa wor er an t e person or aml y recelvlng

treatment. But unfortunately a social history

any ot er form of record than the medical case

• • • •• IS con ne to narrow lmlts, t e one aim elng

to reveal w at social case work in its essentials • IS.

greatly to foreshorten the narratives of these

-


social con itions affect thc livcs of individuals.

Thc va ue 0 social case recor sexten s farther.

an

tistical stu ies or, more of ten, of social iscovery

There is one drawback to all these uses of the

fessiona contacts there is no more confi ential

relation than th at which exists etween the • • • •

SOCJa wor er an t e person or aml y recelvlng

treatment. But unfortunately a social history

any ot er form of record than the medical case

• • • •• IS con ne to narrow lmlts, t e one alm elng

to reveal w at social case work in its essentials • IS.

greatly to foreshorten the narratives of these



•

------ ...


no • ••

re atlon to t e pro ems an services escrl

During t •

a a rapl

e last • eca e socla

extension 0 its

case work has

el 0 activity.

At one time, as a vocation, its fiel was confined

•• • e lnquents, Just as t e rst savings an s were

• 10 some orm or ot er as ecome a necessary

factories,

. ",. . .. eClSlons a ectlog t e we are 0 10 IVI ua s

must e ma e. In many 0 t ese paces, ow

ever, the ha it 0 full recor ing is not yet well • esta IS e ,an t e wor

same in ivi uals or amilies, with its surer

measure of successes and failures, is still the

confin

30

•


no

During telast eca e socia case work has

el 0 activity.

At one time, as avocation, its fiel was confined

•• • e lnquents, Just as t e rst savlngs an s were

t e estitute sick. ut t • 10 some orm or ot er as ecome a necessary

factories,

. .,. . .. eClSlons a ectlog t e we are 0 10 lVI ua s

must e ma e. In many 0 tese p aces, ow

ever, the ha it 0 full recor ing is not yet weIl • esta IS e ,an t e wor

same in ivi uals or amilies, with its sûrer

measure of successes and failures, is still the

3°




• • are sOcIetIes. •

...... 0 muc y way 0 aVlng

it in etail ore conferring with the case worker

my account to the case worker for revision an

een unnecessary, ut at least they will have

save me from becoming just one more narrator

of moving little stories. The six narrative

t oug t ey are, eserve a more carefu rea ing

t an the

tern.

MARIA BIELOWSKI*

* All names of real people have been changed throughout these narratives, as well as some other identifying but nonessential details.

31

•


• • are socletles. •

...... 0 muc y way 0 aVlng

it in etail e are conferring with the case worker

my account to the case worker for revision an

een unnecessary, ut at least they win have

save me from becoming just one more narrator

of moving little stories. The six narrative

t aug t ey are, eserve a more carefu rea ing

t an the

tem.

MARIA BIELOWSKI*

* All names of real people have been changed throughout these narratives, as weil as some other identifying but oonessential details.

31

•



WHAT is SOCIAL CASE WO ? ,

years to a Polish girl, w 0 was un er t e care of • • • a sma private society aVlng a sta 0 case

• wor ers an a se 00 or I cu t ut not e-

o cer 0 t e court.

aria Bielowski went to work in a actory

• o er wages to e turne over to t e ami y an

she left orne an uses

an • •

was roug t Into court or stea Ing a ew 0 ars

from a fellow-boar er. To those who saw her

Her features were ar an eavy, • •

er c ot Ing ragge, lrty, an • a y stalne ;

her ead was crowne wit three stran s 0 false

air, later foun to be infeste with vermin.

32 -

WRAT iS SOCIAL CASE WORK? ,

years to a Polish girl, w 0 was un er t e care of • • • a sma private society aVlng a sta 0 case

• wor ers an a sc 00 or I cu t ut not e-

o cer 0 t e court.

aria Bielowski went to work in a ac tory

• o er wages to e turne over to t e aml y an

she left ome an uses

an • •

was roug tinto court or stea lng a ew 0 ars

from a fellow-boar er. To those who saw her

Her features were ar an eavy, • • •

er c ot lng ragge, lrty, an a y stal ne ;

her ead was crowne wit three stran s 0 false

air, later foun to be infeste with vermin.

32 -




• hat 1 as

to her ackgroun? From two p aces of em-

er recor

but a psyc opat ic personality. s regar s er

family, the Bie owskis ha come from Poland

an our chil ren. But the ather a

wife,

tree

• aria, w 0 a

een foun • e commltte

to a similar insti tu tion ?

e socia a ta 0 tain e • Y t e pro atlon

an, er recor be ore she ha gone to work

scholar;

3

At school she ha een a fair

ge of English

33

SOCIAL CASE WORK IN BEING ~ .

1 as hat

to her aekgroun? From two p aces of em-

er recor

but a psye opat ie personality. s regar s er

family, the Bie owskis ha come from Poland

an our ehil ren. But the ather a

wife,

tree

• aria, W 0 a

een foun • e commltte

to a similar insti tu tion ?

n the other

an, er recor be ore she ha gone to work

scholar;

3

At school she ha een a fair

ge of English

33



• , •

, , , , , ,

• , •

, •

•

, .


in our years. oreover, it was learne

she ha

troop an

gra e

that

which woul assure a maximum 0 in ivi ualize

care might bring g results.

after aria a een in its school a few months,

one of their case workers ecame, with t e

court, er lega guar ian. n er t is guar ian~ •• •

S Ip er e aVlor an c aracter aye Improve • stea 1 y.

From a careful rea. ing in t e original recor

o t e treatment w ic olowe an rom con

ference with this guar ian, I have een able to

change in the girl's ha its an in her relations

to t e wor s e ives in as een e eete . T ere

34 '-,

,

, ,


gra e

in our years. oreover, it was learne that

she ha

which woul assure a maximum 0 in ivi ualize

care might bring goo results.

af ter aria a een in its school a few months,

one of their case workers ecame, with t e

court, er lega guar ian. n er t is guar ian~ •• •

S lp er aVlor an c aracter ave lmprove • stea 1 y.

From a careful rea. ing in t e original recor

o t e treatment w ie olowe an rom con

ference with this guar ian, I have een able to

change in the girl' s ha i ts an in her rela tions

to t e wor s e ives in as een e ecte . Tere

34




attention ad to e given to aria's h sical

and her " -' -

teeth cared for. There was no evidence of

irregular sex con uct, but she was foun to have

some symptoms of syphilis of origin unknown,

an

nose and t roat con-

was controlled at the school by suggestion.

Twice

special discouragement, this symptom recurred,

gram w ic improved her mental attitude. Her

less than twenty pupils, that aria ha her first

contact wit American stan ar s of home life. 2 '_" - -

Here she was given careful t in in in habits of - -

mending an washing her clothing, in cooking,

an

others. No borrowing was allowed; each girl

ha her own ureau and closet an her own


attention ad to e given to aria's h sical

and her " -' -

teeth ca red fort There was no evidence of

irregular sex con uct, but she was foun to have

some symptoms of syphilis of origin unknown,

an

nose and t roat con-

was controlled at the school by suggestion.

Twiee

special discouragement, th is symptom recurred,

gram w ie improved her mental attitude. Her

less than twenty pupils, that aria ha her first

contact wit American stan ar s of home life. 2 '_,. - -

Here she was given careful t in in in habits of - -

mending an washing her clothing, in cooking,

an

others. No borrowing was allowed ; each girl

ha her own ureau and closet an her own




• enle

• arIa

confesse to t e ea teacher, for w om s e had

learne to ave a rea a ection, t at s e was t e

one at fault, and this was her last dishonest act.

a year or two later, er emp oyer reporte er

to e so onest t at" she woul not even rrow

an ink ottle."

00 an er com-

• • wor In exc ange or er oar an WIt t e

high school. She has continue

course with cre it ever since, ma ing one change

of school, however, when transferre to another

she has a many a vantages in a ition to er

36


• enle

• arIa

confesse to t e ea teacher, for w om s e had

learne to ave a rea a ection, t at s e was t e

one at fault, and this was her last dishonest act.

a year or two later, er emp oyer reporte er

to e so onest t at" she woul not even rrow

an ink ottle."

00 an er com-

• • wor In exc ange or er aar an WIt t e

high school. She has continue

course with cre it ever since, ma ing one change

of school, however, when transferre to another

she has a manya vantages in a ition to er

36




has wor in five ifferen t families. Though

her own restlessness, aria has at times een a

trou esome charge, eager an emanding an

inor inately fon 0 personal a ornment.

- -~---' "--'._'. -"'--,--" , ~"'7 --~

ican life an ways, ut the most important

influence in her improvement has continued to

• • to name some 0 t e prlnClp es an processes 0

case work that aria's history reveals.

_____ • _ .•• 5 '-

en

37


has wor in five ifferen t families. Though

her own restlessness, aria has at times een a

trou esome charge, eager an emanding an

inor inately fon 0 personal a ornment.

- -~---' "--''--' ---_ ... -_.. -:;""". 7 --~

ican life an ways, ut the most important

influence in her improvement has continued to

• • to name some 0 t e prlnClp es an processes 0

case work that aria's history reveals.

_____ • _ .•• 5 '-

en

37



•

care ul

ten e


• to aVOl

, ~-;;,.;; , ...

• IS

is the too common reaction to irritating e-

havior . • tlon:

henever I can possibly let a girl do what she wants to, I agree to her doing it. The instances are so innumerable where we have to say" no' , that I feel we must be on our guard against increasing them unnecessarily. This is not the same thing as giving in to a girl because she teases or insists on having her own way.

hen aria was troublesome, her guardian

discriminated between the trouble that she

- .---_____ • 4> ..... , • _ -

,

she

eal -

ition, though not so much in set terms as in

aria's earlier tria s in mind when

38

•


• IS

care uI •

to aVOI

ten . ...

is the too common reaction to irritating e-

havior . • tlon:

henever I can possibly let a girl do what she wants to, lagree to her doing it. The instanees are so innumerable where we have to say "no' , that I feel we must be on our guard against increasing them unnecessarily. This is not the same thing as giving in to a girl because she teases or insists on having her own way.

hen aria was troublesome, her guardian

discriminated between the trouble that she

- .---_____ • 4> ..... , • _ -

.

she

eal -

ition, though not 80 much in set terms as in

aria's earlier tria s in mind when

38



S CASE WORK IN BEING '-'

it a owe her a itt e more pocket-money than

was granted to some of its other charges. Her

matter how much it please er at first. At one

to eave se 00 an ta e a sort course whic

woul fit her or 0 ce work. But when the girl

that the break with school

asked permission to remain.

One ay aria receive a circular from a

to her guardian for the loan of the money, and

was to1 that the next time they were both in

the city they could consult some one whose

knowle ge of music would make him a good

ju ge 0 the value 0 the offer. teacher at a

goo music school was asked to test her voice

hen aria

heard the small, wavering sounds that she ma e •

39

S CASE WORK IN BEING '-'

it a owe her a itt e more pocket-money than

was granted to some of its other charges. Her

matter how much it please er at first. At one

to eave sc 00 an ta e a s ort course whic

woul fit her or 0 ce work. But when the girl

that the break with school

asked permission to remain.

One ay aria receive a circular from a

to her guardian for the loan of the money, and

was tol that the next time they were both in

the city they could consult some one whose

knowie ge of musie would make him a good

ju ge 0 the value 0 the offer. teacher at a

goo music school was asked to test her voice

hen aria

heard the small, wavering sounds that she ma e •

39



,


• • • In trYIng to sing to t e master, even s e was

• • not wort consl erlng. • • •• not er way In W IC ar ltrarlness was

avoi e y this case worker was to assume no

ters any more t an s e

T us s e writes:

• • In mUSlca ones.

I can remember speaking to Maria a ut mending her clothes, particularly her stockings, and becoluing conscious at the moment of a long rent in my own stocking, which I had tom that morning in putting it on and had not had time to change. I laughed and showed the rent to the girl, and s ke of my own d· culty in living up to my ideals when pressed by work. From what she afterward said about this to some one else I know that I carried my

t with more effect by this admission.

e ement 0 give an take even into er a moni

tions, an bringing to mind iss Sullivan '5

onest an ran to give the rea reason or a

ecisloii 'werever this was ible. ~ __ "' • .,._, ••• e ," '._ Jcv.... • •

.....,' _ _ ___ "'" I' 'u_ -.. " --..... -'-.. - - .. ,--

40

,


• • • In trylng to sing to temaster, even s e was

• • not wort conSl erlng. • • •• not er way In W IC ar Itrarlness was

avoi e y this case worker was to assume no

ters any more t an s e a

T us s e writes:

• • In muslca ones.

I can remember speaking to Maria a t mending her clothes, particularly her stockings, and becoluing conscious at the moment of a long rent in my own stocking, which I had tom that morning in putting it on and had not had time to change. I laughed and showed the rent to tbe girl, and of my own d· culty in living up to my ideals when pressed by work. From what she afterward said about this to some one else 1 know that I carried my

int witb more effect by this admission.

e ement 0 give an take even into er a moni

tions, an bringing to mind iss Sullivan 's

onest an ran to give the rea reason or a

ecisÎöri "werever this was ·ble. ~ __ "' • .,._, ••• e ," '._

JSPe.... •• ,' __ '''''_,,'","u--.. " --..... -" .. - _ ... _-

4°



CASE WORK IN BEING

Maria questioned me one day in my earlier contacts with her about her trips to the hospital for treatment. I told her about s hilis, about the fact that the hospital had never been willing to state whether her case was congenital or acquired in very early infancy. I stated that the usual causes of s hills were proluiscuity and exposure to an infected person, and also spoke of the possibility of accidental infection.

a s e ew as soon as s e knew it . ..... ntecon-

aria's respect increased

any chance her ward could make right use of,

ut to give this free om un er such conditions

on t e scene w om aria t reatene to marry ..

a tten tions from this

41

CASE WORK IN BEING

Maria questioned me one day in my earlier contacts with her about her trips to tbe hospital for treatment. I told her about s hilis, about the fact that the hospital had never been willing to state whether her case was congenital or acquired in very early infancy. I stated that tbe usual causes of s hilis were prollliscuity and exposure to an infected person, and also spoke of the possibility of accidental infection.

ase ew as soon as s e knew it . ..... ntecon-

aria' s respect increased

any chance her ward could make right use of,

ut to give this free om un er such conditions

on t e scene w om aria t reatene to marrv ..

a tten tions from th is

41




young man, an

season an not

ue

efore, the sma I crisis was suc-

• • • • owever, a comes ac to t e gI to ImagInatIve

sympat y, such as was shown w en she sent one

cepte y the e itor with a small payment in

return, an its acceptance meant a great eal

taking into account the social ackground

i erent girl woul

she faces the future with the advantages of a

high school education, with go health, an at-•• • tractIve persona Ity, an a num er 0 rea rlen s

42


young man, an

season an not

ue

efore, the sma I crisis was suc-

• • • • owever, a co mes ac to t e gl t 0 lmaglnatlve

sympat y, such as was shown w en she sent one

cepte y the e itor with a small payment in

return, an its acceptance meant a great eal

be like t

ithout

taking into account the social ackground

ha

ierent girl woul

now be crossing the threshol into woman 00

she faces the future with the advantages of a

high school education, with goD health, an at-•• • tractlve persona lty, an a num er 0 rea flen s

42



-


course; s e is stil somewhat restless at times,

still magnifies the importance of trifles, and is

are no onger con use an unreasona le.

GEORGE FOSTER

A young American, little George Foster, had

chil ren and then ha been returned to his

parents no less than four times in five years.

Even un er favorable circumstances these re

peate changes of environment are ad for chil

dren, but the home to which George and his

sister went back was not really a home at all.

The father was a drunken bully who worked

sex-

children and household were neglected~

Finally, acting upon a request from the local

overseer 0

many miles away

43 •


course; seis stil somewhat restless at times,

still magnifies the importance of trifles, and is

are no onger con use an unreasona Ie.

GEORGE FOSTER

A young American, little George Foster, had

chil ren and then ha been returned to his

parents no less than four times in five years.

Even un er favorable circumstances these re

peate changes of environment are ad for chil

dren, but the home to which George and his

sister went back was not really a home at all.

The father was a drunken bully who worked

sex-

children and household were neglected~

Finally, acting upon a request from the local

overseer 0

many miles away

43




a free

home or ot c i ren.*

acteristics and health of each member, and the • re atlon 0 eac to ate ot ers. •

e ami Y

nances • ave to e nown, t e P YSlca c ar-

• • acterlstlcs an

an

to receive a child calls for no small egree of

• A "free home" is one in a private family, where the placed-out child becomes a member of the household whether or not its legal adoption is contemplated; the term distinguishes this type of home from a cc boarding home," where the family receives compensation for the child's care, and from" working homes," such as the households in which Maria Bielowski lived while she attended school.


a free

home or ot c i ren.*

acteristics and health of each member, and the • re atlon 0 eac to a t e ot ers. • e aml y

nances • ave to e nown, t e p ySlca c ar-• • acterlstlcs an

an

to receive a child caUs for no small egree of

• A "free home" is one in a private family, where the placed-out child becomes a member of the household whether or not its legal adoption is contemplated; the term distinguishes this type of home from a cc boarding home," wh ere the family receives compensation for the child's care, and from "working homes," such as the households in which Maria Bielowski lived while she attended school.




well

inte ligent p acement gives him no chance at all.

fol . T e armer's wife was not in goo health,

and the care of two children might have een a

the chief difficulty was in the relation of the two • ••

C 1 ren to one anot er. 0 OWIng t e practice

George was nine at this time, an affectionate

acteristics of a self-assertive, mi dIe-age gossip.

school t at t e c it ren atten e , it was eci e

ately. This latter decision was not made lightly;

it was contrary to the society's usual policy .

•


well

inte ligent pacement gives him no chance at all.

fol . T e armer's wife was not in goo health,

and the care of two children might have een a

the chief difficulty was in the relation of the two • ••

C 1 ren to one anot er. 0 oWIng t e practlce

George was nine at this time, an affectionate

acteristics of a self-assertive, mi dle-age gossip.

school t at tee il ren atten e , it was eci e

ately. This latter decision was not made lightly;

it was contrary to the society's usual poliey .

•



WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK? •

distresse at t e thought of leaving the farm,

ing, the chickens, the gar en and ma e him

ures for gOD .

At this time eorge was rought to the city

in whic the chil ren's society a its ea-

quarters, an

a

given a thorough physical an mental testing

and was foun

he once un erstan s that he can gain nothing

by his a sweet, • attractIve . . . appy

most of the time, an gets over his' a times'

that eorge was rea y or anot er ree ome. • • •• • IS tIme an app lcatlon a come rom a c 1 -

46


distresse at t e thought of leaving the farm,

ing, the chickens, the gar en and ma e him

ures for goo .

At this time eorge was rought to the city

in whic the chil ren's society a its ea-

quarters, an

a

given a thorough physical an mental testing

and was foun

he onee un erstan s that he ean gain nothing

by his a sweet, • attractlve . . . appy

most of the time, an gets over his' a times'

th at eorge was rea y or anot er ree ome. • • •• • IS tIme an app lcatlon a come rom a c 1 -

46



SOCIAL CASE WORK'. IN BEING

less small

a

wishe to take anot er somewhat older. On

S e also vi si te ellow ... townsmen given as

was the one selected, and further etails about

him were sent by mail. Soon he was established . . , .. In t IS new ome _ n t e case wor er S VISitS

to im there she gave each of his foster parents

• • ments an 1 ell ties, an a terwar s saw eorge

these visits there were adjustments to be made

between eorge an an

etween

This was in the influenza year. The oy a

a a attac 0 t e isease, w ic le t him wit

47

SOCIAL CASE WORK'. IN BEING

less small

a

wishe to take anot er somewhat older. On

S e also visite ellow ... townsmen given as

was the one selected, and further etails about

him were sent by mail. Soon he was established . . , .. In t IS new ome _ n t e case wor er S VISltS

to im there she gave each of his foster parents

• • ments an 1 cu ties, an a terwar s saw eorge

these visits there were adjustments to be made

between eorge an an

etween

This was in the influenza year. The oy a

a a attac 0 t e isease, w ie Ie t him wit

47




fiel • • IS octo: urlng

ition in

up.

this seeon • to 0 or t elr a opte son, an

the many changes, he had one fairly well in

the fifth gra e .

• pier p ace or eorge

yet known in his rief

made

as

ut somewhat stormy

there are several young people but no other chil

ren.

him; he was not always respectful to his elders

an was not oing well in school. But he was

01 enough to be reasone with and, in an ad

mira le interview with him, t e case wor er • • •• • • succee e In ta 109 lm tnto partners Ip In t e

48


tiel • • IS octo,' urlng

ition in

up.

this secon • to 0 or t elr a opte 50n, an

the many changes, he had one fairly weIl in

the fifth gra e .

• pier p ace or eorge

yet known in his rief

made

as

ut somewhat stormy

there are several young people but no other chil

ren.

him; he was not always respectful to his elders

an was not oing weIl in school. But he was

ol enough to be reasone with and, in an ad

mira Ie interview with him, t e case wor er • • •• • • succee e In ta lOg lm tnto partners lp In t e

48


Foundation, 1922.

,

I

SOCIAL CASE WORK IN BEING •

task of straigh tening Oll this relations both with

the mem ers 0 t e ouse 0 an with is ,

teachers. eanwhile, the family were persuaded

to a opt ess exacting stan ar s of what a oyof

George's behavior and enhanced appreciation • IS goo

4 49

•

'f . \

,

,

•

I I

SOCIAL CASE WORK IN DEING •

task of straigh tening ou t his rela tions both wi th

the mem ers 0 t e ouse 0 an with is ,

teachers. eanwhile, the family were persuaded

to a opt ess exacting stan ar s of what a oyof

George's behavior and enhanced appreciation • IS goo

4 49

'j

,

•



.,

,

,

,

,

" ,

.' ,

,

, , ,

~ " , ,

,. , , ,

" • ,

,

· . , .. ; :; ,. ~: , , · , , • f· ~

'1 , ., , , " " , ~'t ~ ; , ~-~ " .~ ., , , , , · " .( , • ,

.. .. . ,-,. " , .,

, . -'> ,

, i :

.. , e' .;,.. -"

,

, , , ,

..

•

I1I

tinue

• In

to one

• aria

it was necessary uring treatment to utilize the

from his own people , ut, when he

separate home. The case workers whose services

aye

many ot

ut eac

•• • escrl e In t ese two Instances a

er tas an other c ien ts to ea} with,

• un er review. • e narratives t at 0 ow • • 1 ustrate, In eac • Instance, t e treatment 0 two

o

,....: ;

..

.. ..

.. ,

,

..

,

" .. ..

.' , ~ .t .. .. ..

..

,

, ..

.. .. .. , ,

,

, t: , , .. , ,

t .. , ,

..

-" (

.. "

" ,

, .. ,

,

", .. ,

.. , ,

• .. , ,

~ , ,

" '. , J, " , t ~,

, , ,

,

•

III

tinue

• In

to one

• aria

it was necessary uring treatment to utilize the

separate from his own people , ut, when he

separate home. The case workers whose services •• • ave een escrl e In tese two Instanees a

ut eac • un er review. • e narratlves t at 0 ow

• • 1 ustrate, In eac •

Instanee, t e treatment 0 two

o




or more clients instea of one, an their treat

ment in re ation to one another.

MR. AND MRS. RUPERT YOUNG

couple of twenty-five and twenty with a chil of

less than two years, ive in a crowde western

city containing many social agencies. They were

•

sole c arge, the sta of t is istrict 0 ce was

more than four hundre families. *

Though the istrict was in the heart of a city

growing rapidly, its own population was decreas

ing. At the time of which I write the neighbor

hoo containe •

ua arc le y.

One day a Protestant church worker tele-

* These are figures of a panic year. The secretary had at that time four assistant case workers and a dietitian, but much better case work was possible after the industrial depression receded and the yearly totals of the office had fallen, as they did before the war was over, to a little over two hundred families.


or more clients instea of one, an their treat

ment in re ation to one another.

MR. AND MRS. RUPERT YOUNG

couple of twenty-five and twenty with a ehil of

less than two years, ive in a erowde western

city containing many social agencies. They were

•

sole c arge, the sta of t is istrict 0 ce was

more than four hundre families. *

Though the istrict was in the heart of a city

growing rapidly, its own population was decreas

ing. At the time of whieh I write the neighbor

hoo containe •

ua a or C Ie y.

One day a Protestant ehurch worker tele-

* These are figures of a panic year. The secretary had at that time four assistant case workers and a dietitian, but much better case work was possible af ter the industrial depression receded and the yearly tot als of the office had fallen, as they did before the war was over, to a little over two h undred families.




that rs.

er us an . A visitor was sent- -a man who

ecause a t ir of it ha not een pai for, rs. • • • •

er 1 tt e glr staYing Wl t 1 er mot er oung an

f. oung, a ly unnerve

rs.

Young to ave a private talk with the istrict

hus and to do the same at a later hour.

In t is 0 ce interview t e wife, who was three

friends ha a vised her to have nothing more to • • o WIt er us an an to ta e court action

a so. • en oung arrive

moo; e a mitte the rink, a mitte stri ing

i a, is wife, ut claime in extenuation t at

2


th at rs.

er us an . A visitor was sent- -a man who

ecause a t ir of i t ha not een pai for, rs. • • • •

er I ti e glr sta ylng Wl t 1 er mot er oung an

f. oung, a ly unnerve

rs.

Young to ave a private talk with the istrict

hus and to do the same at a later hour.

In t is 0 ce interview t e wife, who was three

friends ha a vised her to have nothing more to • • o WIt er us an an to ta e court action

aso. • en oung arrlve

moo; e a mitte the rink, a mitte st ri ing

i a, is wife, ut claime in extenuation t at

2



CASE WORK IN BEING

Hilda nagged him.

was against him an that

He agre , in answer to ques-

home, that he loved and was proud of his child,

but, though acknowle ging that the fun amental

that is

He was

breakfast, also a letter to a doctor asking for a

morning, where rs. Young and the district

secretary would meet him. Young, who was a

This was his own

ference was as follows: I T at the husban and

rs.

Young and her little girl should have a month's

t e octor to e suffering rom nothing ut over-

stop iscussing their domestic di cuI ties with

53

CASE WORK IN BEING

Hilda nagged him.

was against him an that

He agre , in answer to ques-

home, that he loved and was proud of his child,

but, though acknowle ging that the fun amental

that is

He was

breakfast, also a letter to a doctor asking for a

morning, where rs. Young and the district

secretary would meet him. Y oung, who was a

This was his own

ference was as follows: I T at the husban and

rs.

Young and her little girl should have a month's

t e octor to e suffering rom nothing ut over-

stop iscussing their domestic di culties wit h

53




the" in-laws" on both sides of the house or with

rs .

•

his fear that his wife would not write to him

e was given work

at washing the 0 ce win ows that ay; care was

taken to see that he ha ample food, an a

further medical examination was arranged for,

t is time at a mental clinic. Here hot an cold

diet, and tobacco in moderation. Delirium

tremens was feared at first but it did not develop,

an in ess than two weeks the istrict 0 ce ha

secure

inebriates in another state. rs. Young had

ters to im that woul lea to urther arguments.

of the Home and writing that he "could lick

54


the "in-Iaws" on both sides of the house or with

rs .

•

his fear th at his wife would not write to him

e was given work

at washing the 0 ce win ows that ay; care was

taken to see that he ha ample food, an a

further medical examination was arranged for,

t is time at a mental clinic. Here hot an cold

diet, and tobacco in moderation. Delirium

tremens was feared at first but it did not develop,

an in ess than two weeks the istrict 0 ce ha

secure

inebriates in another state. rs. Young had

ters to im that woul lea to urther arguments.

of the Home and writing that he "could lick

54


Foundation, 1922.

, , , ,

I ,

: I


orld." Frequent

etters to im rom t e istrict 0 ce seeme to e

• o tea co 0 wore 0 ,It e evi ent that

a year later felt that he shoul have been labelled

" fee e-min e ," ut the ental Clinic di not

sent several boxes of flowers to the istrict 0 ce.

woul e much istressed. "Howe did your

mother like them," he wrote to the istrict secre-•

tary; "i et she was tic e to eat wit

them."

Two months after the trou les of the oungs

een rec aime from t e dealer without furt r

payment, a small home had een establis , an

•

r"" ~ -;-

- -• -

-- -

-•

- -

-

-

--- • . .. ..

•


orld." Frequent

etters to im rom t eistriet 0 ce seeme to e

o tea co 0 wore 0 ,it ecame evi ent that

a year later feIt that he shoul have been labelled

" fee e-min e ," ut the ental Clinic di not

sent several boxes of flowers to the istrict 0 ce.

woul e much istressed. "Howe did your

mother like them," he wrote to the istrict secre-•

tary; "i et she was tic e to eat wit

them."

Two months af ter the trou les of the oungs

een ree aime from t e dealer without furt r

payment, a small home had een establis , an

•

r ,. ,, • •

· . .

• •

· .

-

· •

. . •

• . .. ..

•



•

... _------


• ater e returne to IS regu ar emp oyment 0

riving a team. T e social case recor of earlier

haps, the following description of t e home a ded: •

Mrs. Young and her little daughter at home. Front room had been ed up with some old prints, one or two runner rugs, and a few other things that made it appear homelike. The kitchen also had a strong home atmosphere. The wash tubs had been painted by Mr. Young. The dish cupboard . . . . was full of shining dishes • • • • • Mr. Young came in, it being lunch hour, carrying a load of wood on his shoulder. He showed a good deal of pride in what his wife had accomplished in the way of making the house look like home, and also in his own handiwork as a painter.

As a matter of fact, however, social treatment

num er of i eu ties were .

yet to e overcome, some minor an some funda-

mental. The difference in ackground an in

religion etween the two sets of relatives-·

Young's were Irish-American and Catholic, while

Hil a's were German-American and Protestant;

the ha it some of his relatives in uIge in of

tempting him to drink; her tendency to argue

and scol were factors to -

•

... _-~------


• ater e returne to IS regu ar emp oyment 0

riving a team. T e social case reeor of earlier

haps, the following description of t e home a ded: •

Mrs. Young and her little daughter at home. Front room had been ed up with some old prints, one or two runner rugs, and a few other things that made it appear homelike. The kitchen also had a strong home atmosphere. The wash tubs had been painted by Mr. Young. The dish cupboard . . . . was fuU of shining dishes • • • • • Mr. Young came in, it being lunch hour, carrying a load of wood on his shoulder. He showed a good deal of pride in what his wife had accomplished in the way of making the house look like home, and also in his own handiwork as apainter.

As a matter of fact, however, social treatment

num er of i cu ties we re .

yet to e overcome, some minor an some funda-

mental. The difference in ackground an in

religion etween the two sets of relatives.-·

Young's were Irish-American and Catholic, while

Hil a's were German-American and Protestant;

the ha it some of his relatives in uIge in of

tempting him to drink; her tendency to argue

and scol -were factors to e

56

t in minde -




wee a ter t e ome a een re-esta is e

get on in marrie life was to overlook little things

and to co-operate. At the irth of the second

chil Hil a would not go to a hospital nor would

she have a doctor at home, preferring to make

er own arrangements wit a mi wife. T is

trace the ill health that followed.

definite in his statements an lax in meeting

sometimes with an untruth. hen the second

Mr. Young has still not been to work. Makes all sorts of excuses . . . . though we were w' °ng to see that the necessary help was provided to care for his wife. In his boyish, inconsequential way he tries to play up what a wonderful family man he is. He has used this illness of his wife's to take a little rest himself, and shows he has a long way to go yet before he has any real, keen sense of

·bility.

57


wee a ter t e ome a een re-esta is e

get on in marrie life was to overlook little things

and to co-operate. At the irth of the second

ehil Hil a would not go to a hospital nor would

she have a doctor at home, preferring to make

er own arrangements wit a mi wife. T is

trace the ill health that followed.

definite in his statements an lax in meeting

sometimes with an untruth. hen the second

Mr. Young has still not been to work. Makes all sorts of excuses . . . . though we were w' eng to see that the necessary help was provided to care for his wife. In his boyish, inconsequential way he tries to play up what a wonderful family man he is. He has used this illness of his wife's to take a little rest himself, and shows he bas a long way to go yet before he has any real, keen sense of

·bility.

57



•

WHAT IS AL CASE WORK?

t e metho s use to overcome these c ar

acter defects, the first was fri.endly talks with

-

en at t eir worst gave er a strong in uence

over him. He was still more or less unsta e as

---,-z. 7_

metho make the • IS ome.

He was not allowed to forget the health program

chie reliance of t e social wor in tereste

to keep t e ome in t e oregroun .

was

en

wife

about their first- rn, they at once egan to look

to the future and to agree that their little girl

• 00 ut t at s e must aye t e prettIest c ot es

enlarge an rame for her to give to er ather.

eanwhile, Hilda

•

WRAT IS AL CASE WORK?

t e metho s use to overcome these c ar

acter defects, the first was fri.endly talks with

-

en at t eir worst gave er a strong in uence

over him. He was still more or Iess unsta e as

---'-2' 7_

metho make the • IS ome.

He was not allowed to forget the health program

chie reliance of t e social wor in tereste

to keep t e ome in t e oregroun .

was

en

wife

about their first- rn, they at once egan to look

to the future and to agree that their little girI

• 00 ut t at s e must ave t e prettlest c ot es

enlarge an rame for her to give to er ather.

eanwhile, Hilda


Foundation, 1922.


sel -control an ecoming the real hea of the

household. Rupert's proudest boast was that he

in their home life the baby was killed in an acci

dent, an for a while Hil a was in very poor

health. During the first of these crises the dis

trict secretary was with them a great deal; be

fore the second she had gone to another city to

knows their affairs now only through occasional

an the home is now one of four rooms instead of

two.

CLARA V ANSCA AND HER CHILDREN

...... lara ansca ept a • • t y, vermIn-In este

earnings of a drinking husband. hen the fam-•

• ~ , .

•

'f' . . -.,":<

" • •

· · ,

• •


sel -control an ecoming the real hea of the

household. Rupert's proudest boast was that he

in their home life the baby was killed in an acci

dent, an for a while Hil a was in very poor

health. During the first of these crises the dis

trict secretary was with them a great deal; be

fore the second she had gone to another city to

knows their affairs now only through occasional

an the home is now one of four rooms instead of

two.

CLARA V ANSCA AND HER CHILDREN

...... lara ansca ept a • • t y, vermln-ln este

earnings of a drinking husband. hen the fam-•

• ~ , .

•

'f' . . -.,":<

" • •

· · ,

• •



,


• • s e was sen lng t e 0 er 0 er two c t ren, a

girl of eight, to the city ump to collect iron and

• een ever since. ter ansca's commitment is

wit her. S e told a pitifu story, most of it

ut never took

her to care for her home and the two little girls

were wit out avail. She seemed genuinely fond

o t em ut t ey were same u y neg ecte .

c i ren were pace y t e court in a at olic

institution, and their mother was induced by the

• tart y to a convent.

mento rs. ansca may • sal to ave egun.

n erta en istrict assistan t in the

60 •

,


• • s e was sen lng t e 0 er 0 er two c t ren, a

girl of eight, to the city ump to collect iron and

• een ever Slnee. ter ansea's commitment is

wit her. S e told a pitifu story, most of it

ut never took

her to care for her home and the two little girls

were wit out avail. She seemed genuinely fond

o t em ut t ey were same u y neg ecte .

c i ren were pace y t e court in a at olic

institution, and their mother was induced by the

• tart y to a convent.

ment 0 rs. ansca may • sal to ave egun.

n erta en istrict assistan t in the

60 •




y er

. B. a • • • lscovere on y one asset In t e SI tua ...

--

to earn a t at the isters at the convent tried

to teac

rs. Vansca as a goal to strive

• er c arge as t ey were revea e In t e convent

possi e e ore; an in t e course of oing this

parents had come to America from Lower Aus

tria. T e fat er ie w i e s e was sti a little

c i , an er mat er in an institu-

61


y er

. B. a • • • lscovere on y one asset In t e SI tua ...

--

to earn a t at the isters at the convent tried

to teac

rs. Vansca as a goal to strive

• er c arge as t ey were revea e In t e convent

possi e e ore; an in t e course of oing this

parents had come to America from Lower Aus

tria. T e fat er ie wie s e was sti a littJe

c i , an er mot er in an institu-

61




• •• tlon, a marrle again ut a e ore

Clara was grown. Clara had several rothers, all

of whom had prospered; two who had married • •• were oun to e maIntaInIng corn orta e wor -

,. . . men S omes. IS gave . . more alt In er

stoc an

tra itions. But t eir attitu e towar this sister

waywar ness efore her marriage and her con

duct since, they felt that she had isgrace them.

sac il sea not ad the influence 0 a

had all isowne her.

ne resu t of . B. 's visits to rs. ansca's

In fact, one of the married brothers offered to

give her and her children a home as soon as she

. B. rea-• • Ize t e ong strugg e a ea an 1 not act upon

this proposal. She felt that, with the est of in

ten tions, t e rot ers an

62


• •• tlon, a marrle agaln ut a e ore

Clara was grown. Clara had several rothers, all

of whom had prospered ; two who had married • •• were oun to e malntalnlng com orta e wor -

,. . . men s omes. IS gave . . more alt In er

stoc an

tra itions. But t eir attitu e towar this sister

waywar ness efore her marriage and her con

duct since, they feIt that she had isgrace them.

s a c il s e a not ad the influence 0 a

had all isowne her.

ne resu t of . B. 's visits to rs. ansca's

In fact, one of the married brothers offered to

give her and her children a home as soon as she

. B. rea-• • lze t e ong strugg e a ea an 1 not act upon

this proposal. She feIt that, with the est of in

ten tions, t e rot ers an

62




lem,

• • ment t elr sympat yan Interest cou pro a y

•

suitable work for rs. Vansca outsi e the con

vent, er first care was to see that her client

looke that she was in good

oug attention an the scarf that she ha worn

them towar the furnishing of the new home. At

the en of six more mont s, ami great rejoicing,

age an the ome was re-establishe .

The succee ing year was a i cu t one for the

the istrict 0 ce that, no matter where she • •

mlg t e, 1 a te ep one message came rom rs.

Vansca's landlady that her tenant was drinking

at once. Nig t or


lem,

• • ment t elr sympat yan Interest eou pro a y

•

suitable work for rs. Vansca outsi e the con

vent, er first care was to see that her client

looke that she was in good

oug attention an the scarf that she ha worn

them towar the furnishing of the new home. At

the en of six more mont s, ami great rejoicing,

age an the ome was re-establishe .

The succee ing year was a i cu t one for the

the istrict 0 ce that, no matter where she • •

mig t e, 1 a te ep one message came rom rs.

Vansca's landlady that her tenant was drinking

at onee. Nig t or




• •• to er tempte C lent. ne nlg t In zero weat er

so that rs. ansca mig t e so er enough to

work t e next ay.

e found for this clien t

wi thin t e year. I-Ier wor a een well one,

thanks to the convent training, ut some days

at all. A. B. ma e it clear that failure in this

again. S e must no onger orrow money from

she must let

or er

benefit. This arrangement was m ified on rs.

p oyer prove orgiving an helpful. He was

often in communication wit . B., an together

She is still working at this


• •• to er tempte C lento ne nlg t In zero weat er

so that rs. ansca mig t e so er enough to

work t e next ay.

e found for this clien t

wi thin t e year. I-Ier wor a een weIl one,

thanks to the convent training, ut some days

at all. A. B. ma e it clear that failure in this

again. S e must no onger orrow money from

she must let

or er

benefit. This arrangement was m ified on rs.

p oyer prove orgiving an helpful. He was

of ten in communication wit . B., an together

She is still working at this




• • , , •• • courage t e ome InstInct, strong In rs. ansca,

but over ai for a long w iIe y her ear y institu-

tional experiences an

she ha earne to o' so well in the convent. An

cutting out garments. Later, a ietitian gave

• ren. elr

fait lishe , they

were aske to see much of the chit ren, • eSl es

5


• • , , •• • courage t e ome InstInct, strong In rs. ansca,

but over ai for a long w iIe y her ear y institu-

tional experiences an

she ha earne to o' so weU in the convent. An

cutting out garments. Later, a ietitian gave

• ren. elr

fait lishe , they

were aske to see much of the chil ren, • eSl es

5



•


• • • • elng urge to exc ange VISIts Wit t e mot er

on equa terms. t was on equa terlllS t at t e

• were regu ar atten ants. ere atlves ave een

one of the rot ers as ha to e set asi e. He

woe ansca

,J, ose wa tc as a to . ,

ept 0 tee 1 ren s

school recor s. t oug nei t • er IS a ve goo

stu ent, t are at east a e to •

e p t elr

account of er

househol • me so a rlen t at s e cou • •

ta to • rs. ansca ree y a out er occaslona

ve e a

up. Rosa, the el er of the two, is a goo - 00 · ng

girl, an rs. Vansca as ecome more than ever

66

•


• • • • elng urge to exc ange VISltS Wit t e mot er

on equa terms. t was on equa terulS t at t e

• were regu ar atten ants. ere atlves ave een

one of the rot ers as ha to e set asi e. He

W 0 e ansca

,J, ose wa tc as a to . ,

ept 0 tee 1 ren s

school recor s. t oug nei t • er IS a ve goo

stu ent, t are at east a e to •

e p t elr

account of er

househol • me so a rlen t at s e eou • •

ta to • rs. ansca ree y a out er occaslona

ve e a

up. Rosa, the el er of the two, is a goo - 00 · ng

girl, an rs. Vansca as ecome more than ever

66



CASE WORK IN BEING

, utes the complete cessation of the mot er s

• • Ig t wor at service out 0 se 00 ours an was

how to

bank, s e "was encourage to look a ea an try

to ma it 00, thoug s e was a so encourage

to ta e some of the ur en 0 of er mother's . . ,

s ou ers y paying or er younger sister s

c ot es. ot er an aug ter now earn a ut

a month, over and a ve Rosa's oar ,an

to begin uying a home for the three of them.

rs.

• • er to spen er earnings wise y, t e prospect 0

• • ess ot er gains, some 0 t em even more Impor-

6

•

CASE WORK IN BEING

, utes the complete cessation of the mot er s

• • Ig t wor at service out 0 sc 00 ours an was

how to

bank, s e -'was encourage to look a ea an try

to ma it 00, thoug s e was a so encourage

to ta e some of the ur en 0 of er mother's . . ,

s ou ers y paylng or er younger sister s

c ot es. ot er an aug ter now earn a ut

a month, over and a ve Rosa's oar ,an

to begin uying a home for the three of them.

rs.

• • er to spen er earnlngs wlse y, t e prospect 0

• • ess ot er galns, some 0 t em even more lmpor-

6

•




tanto

• •• occasIon a p1cnlCS. en osa was gra ua te

er own

an s to t e ouse 0 • • • er a mlrlng re atlves, er

ual gains of the greatest significance that are not

so easy to i lustrate. The c urc now hol s an

rs.

01 ays, as ecome franker, more c eerful,

• I trust you

WINIFRED JONES AND HER CHILDREN •

next illustration, inifre ones, a wi ow in her

forties with five ehB ren, came of stock that ha

68


tante

• •• occasIon a plcnlcs. en osa was gra ua te

er own

an s to t e ouse 0 • • • er a ffilrlng re atlves, er

ual gains of the greatest significanee th at are not

so easy to i lustrate. The c ure now hol s an

rs.

ol ays, as ecome franker, more c eerful,

• I trust you

WINIFRED JONES AND HER CHILDREN •

next illustration, inifre ones, a wi ow in her

forties with five chil ren, came of stock that ha

68



•


dIe est who had removed later to the nearest

of her mother her home ,vas not a happy one.

The father was a narrow, exacting man, who

inifre in charge of the household. Then the

father married again and, resenting this change,

though her new home proved even more unhappy

Thomas ones, her husban 1 was a mechanic.

He rank, went ,vith other women, was mean at

home in money matters, and lacked interest in

children less obedient, and their mother more

shiftless in her ways. eanwhile, rs. ones's

to have anything whatever to do with her.

enever an a e stroke 0 mis ortune over

took the oneses, an

•

•


die est who had removed later to the nearest

of her mother her home \vas not a happy one.

The father was a narrow, exacting man, who

inifre in charge of the household. Then the

father married again and, resenting this change,

though her new home proved even more unhappy

Thomas ones, her husban 1 was a mechanic.

He rank, went \vith other women, was mean at

home in money matters, and lacked interest in

children less obedient, and their mother more

shiftless in her ways. eanwhile, rs. ones's

to have anything whatever to do with her.

enever an a e stroke 0 mis ortune over

took the oneses, an

•




• In.

confusion amid which the azed mother sat i le.

The corner grocer assured eac successive visitor

t at rs. ones wou a ways e t e same a

o

up the home and to give separate care to its mem-

bers. Its condition was unchanged when ones

Too short a period has elapse since the father's

eath to speak with certainty of the results

agencies to a puzzling situation, but because it

illustrates a social worker's skill in reknitting

family ties that ha long been roken.

or t e

il ness


• In.

con fusion amid which the azed mother sat i Ie.

The corner grocer assured eac successive visitor

t at rs. ones wou a ways e t e same a

o

up the home and to give separate care to its mem-

bers. lts condition was unchanged when ones

Too short a peri ad has elapse since the father's

eath to speak with certainty of the results

agencies to a puzzling situation, but because it

illustrates a social worker's skill in reknitting

family ties that ha long been roken.

or t e

il ness



CASE WORK IN BEING

e had. Asi e from this, how

ever, should the home be roken up as a protec

tive measure or shout the mother e encouraged

clear picture of • • • cent a out er re atlves, an Itt e or not lng

was known a out them ut the social workers

who had visite the home knew that rs. ones

and her chil ren often slept very late, that there

were no regular meal hours, that soiled cloth

ing accumulate , that the dishes remained un

washed, and that the children were not only run

ning wild but were always fighting among them

selves an a ways isrespectful to their mother.

rs. ones said that she ha not een on the

s e wou sit wit er an S 0 e , an when

some one ta with her woul seem to lose the

ri tot e conversation at times an then with

71

CASE WORK IN BEING

e had. Asi e from this, how

ever, should the home be roken up as a protec

tive measure or shoul the mother e eneouraged

clear picture of • • • cent a out er re atlves, an ltt e or not lng

was known a out them ut the soeial workers

who had visite the home knew that rs. ones

and her ehil ren of ten slept very late, that there

were no regular meal hours, that soiled eloth

ing aeeumulate , that the dishes remained un

washed, and that the children were not only run

ning wild but were always fighting among them

selves an a ways isrespectful to their mot her .

rs. ones said that she ha not een on the

s e wou sit wit er an S 0 e , an when

some one ta with her woul seem to lose the

ri tot e conversation at times an then with

71




• I ack later to the su -

ject in hand.

The first attempt to get • •

toms was not very success u . n examInIng

rs. ones was a moron

wit • elg t

months, an a vise t at t e chit ren eremove

As the eath 0 lVIr. ones mig t influence is •

wife's attitu e towar li e or t e etter, an as

• eel e

bers. The social case worker representing the

not all of • or t e cause or causes 0 er Ina e-,

• qUiet searc • •• quacy; secon ,an active program 0 stlmu atlon

and encouragement to discover how far each

72


• I ack later to the su -

ject in hand.

The first attempt to get • •

toms was not very sueeess u . n eXamtnlng

rs. on es was a moron

wit • elg t

months, an a vise t at t e ehi! ren eremove

As the eath 0 lVir. ones mig t influenee is •

wife's attitu e towar ti e or t eetter, an as

• eet e

bers. The social case worker representing the

not all of • or t e cause or causes 0 er lna e-,

• qUlet searc • •• quaey; secon ,an aetlve program 0 stlmu atton

and encouragement to discover how far each

72




mem er of the amily woul respond to better

in t eir affairs, the int uction into t e ome of

those social contacts an recrea tional g times

from whic mother an c il ren ha been so

cut 0 , an , a e to these other

items, irect ut patient suggestion which should

lea , if possi le, to re-education of daily habit

rs. ones coul count

woul not so ve her or the c il ren' s trou les-"-

ut sue an allowance would e a necessary ad-

was 0 taine from special fun s.

eal about boys was enlisted at this stage. In

age twe ve an ten, were "running oose," ut

• • amusements an Interests an ,at t e same tIme,

73


mem er of the amily woul respond to better

in t eir affairs, the int uction into t e ome of

those social contacts an recrea tional g times

from whic mother an c il ren ha been so

cut 0 , an , a e to these other

items, irect ut patient suggestion which should

lea , if possi Ie, to re-education of daily habit

rs. ones coul count

woul not so ve her or the c il ren' s trou les-"-

ut suc an allowance would e a necessary ad-

was 0 taine from special fun s.

eal about boys was enlisted at this stage. In

age twe ve an ten, we re "running oose," ut

• • amusements an Interests an ,at t e same tIme,

73



•


ea • • o regu ar mea tImes was one' t at t e SOCla

upon t eir mot er. hile the socia worker was

them to selecte movies, to the museum of nat

ural history, to the park, an saw that the • younger oy, W 0 was natura y stu IOUS, a

00 s he coul enjoy. ountry vacations were

arrange

tor who ha ma e the mental examination, the

socia wor er saw t at rs. ones's teet an

•

•


ea • • o reg u ar mea tImes was one' t at t e SOCla

upon t eir mot er. hile the socia worker was

them to selecte movies, to the museum of nat

ural history, to the park, an saw that the •

younger oy, w 0 was natura y stu lOUS, a

00 s he coul enjoy. ountry vacations we re

arrange

tor who ha ma e the mental examination, the

socia wor er saw t at rs. ones's teet an

•



,


needed attention. Her school record ha een • •

poor; a ter necessary a enOI an tonsI opera-• • • tlons It contInue so.

-neces-

at

evening and early morning shows no tendency

Pressure was

childhoo an the strictness of her father, she

house 01 management ha been mastere an

I other was rought orwar , exp aine an re-

explaine y the social worker, while at the same

the case worker's ealings with the family ut in

, 75

• ,

•

· •

•

•

•

,


needed attention. Her school record ha een • •

poor; a ter necessary a enOI an tonsI opera-• • • tlons lt contInue so.

-neces-

at

evening and early morning shows no tendency

Pressure was

childhoo an the strictness of her father, she

house ol management ha been mastere an

,other was rought orwar , exp aine an re

explaine y the social worker, while at the same

the case worker's ealings with the family ut in

, 75

• ,

•

· •

•

•

•



~ f, , , , ,

, ,

, >

, , ,

· ,

• •


the relatives on oth sides of the house, thoug

a een a rother of rs. ones.

The rother was interviewed soon after the

• an 1 ,

t at t ey wou quarrel. But e at once ecame

intereste in t e new program explained to him

ferences with this rother. Gra ually he told

gave the social wor er a better understanding of

instance, t at sea een stu ious as a c ild

een t at s e woul ecome a teac er.

ater, a sister 0 r. ones was seen at her

home in a mill town. This sister's plan, ma e

soon after ones die , had . een to move rs.

01 er chil ren at work there, including the two

school oys uring vacation. This suggestion

6

,


the relatives on oth sides of the house, thoug

a en a rother of rs. ones.

The rother was interviewed soon af ter the

ee

• an 1 •

t at t ey wou quarrel. But e at onee eeame

intereste in t e new program explained to him

an offere to ear a g

ferenees wi th this rother . Gra ually he told

gave the soeial wor er a bet ter understanding of

instanee, t at s e a een stu ious as a e ild

een t at s e woul eeome a teac er.

ater, a sister 0 r. ones was seen at her

home in a min town. This sistèr's plan, ma e

soon af ter ones die , had . een to move rs.

ol er ehil ren at work there, ineluding the two

school oys uring vacation. This suggestion

6

•



,

•


er's visit friendly relations were re-esta lished

between the families, and this sister has also een

a valua le source of information.

other relatives ave een iscovere, ut t us

far rs. ones's rother has continue to be the

most useful one. s he i not seem to wish to

see his sister this was not urged, but he was often

of the progress ma e, not omi tting the interesting

motion, he aske the social worker to ta e im to

of course, that he was helping her regularly, but

she valued this visit even more than his assist

ance, for it meant the renewal of personal rela-

to measure an influence so su tIe, ut she seems

what her· brother knew that she once was. His

first visit was followed by many others. Soon the

rot er egan to make suggestions of his own

77

• •

" , . J .. .

,

•


er's visit friendly relations were re-esta lished

between the families, and this sister has also een

a valua Ie souree of information.

other relatives ave een iscovere, ut t us

far rs. ones's rother has continue to be the

most useful one. s he i not seem to wish to

see his sister this was not urged, but he was of ten

of the progress ma e, not omi tting the in teresting

motion, he aske the soeial worker to ta e im to

of course, that he was hel ping her regularly, but

she valued this visit even more than his assist

anee, for it meant the renewal of personal rela-

to measure an influence sa su tIe, ut she seems

what her· brother knew that she onee was. His

first visit was followed by many others. Soon the

rot er egan to make suggestions of his own

77

• •

" , . J .. .



.. • •


teen an ha • • • young man W 0 a een VIsItIng t e oys was

forced ye ange of occupation to cease any regu-

..."hristmas

"was a rea Santa laus." After t at he took

The interest of all these frien s was concen-

trate ones's living • •• ••

room a POSSI e P ace In w IC t e amlY mlg t

an t eir mot er's coul e ma e one. e ree

or rea s:" rs. ones a mitte t at er 01 est

ouse in t e evening, e a never felt like

8

L L i 2 2

r •


teen an ha • • • young man W 0 a een Vlsltlng t e ys was

forced y c ange of occupation to cease any regu-

...... hristmas

"was a rea Santa laus." Af ter t at he took

the two

The interest of all these frien s was concen-

trate ones's living • •• •• room a pOSSI e p ace In W IC t e amly mig t

have a time in the evening an to w ie t e

an t eir mot er' s coul ma e one. e rec-

or rea s:" rs. ones a mitte t at er ol est • rlen s to t e

• • ouse In t e evenlng, never feIt like




ot ering with them. e ha a talk about the

e as never ate

real fami y idea, ut seems willing to begin."

So much for the program of stimulation and

encouragement. But what of the causes of this

mental con ition· for t e social worker, in all

her contacts with her client and with t ose who

• • Query In mIn .

of a sent-min e ness, her mental processes are

agement, in contro 0 the chil ren, an in gen

era c eer u ness. e neig ors W 0 use to e

aye remar e upon t ese c anges. T e mem-

for the home an for one another. Their renewal

of contact wit t e worl outside the home circle

sti remains to e one. The nee 0 t e 0 est

girl or etter outsi e interests has not een sat-

cialize rs.


ot ering with them. e ha a talk about the

e as never a t e

real fami y idea, ut seems willing to begin."

So much for thc program of stimulation and

encouragement. But what of the causes of this

mental con ition· for t e social worker, in all

her contacts with her client and with t ose who

• • Query In mln .

of a sent-min eness, her mental processes are

agement, in contro 0 the ehil ren, an in gen

era c eer u nesse e neig ors W 0 use to e

ave remar e upon tese c anges. T e mem-

for the home an for one another. Their renewal

of contact wit t e worl outside the home circle

sti remains to e one. The nee 0 t e 0 est

girl or etter outsi e interests has not n sat-

cialize rs.



.. ,

,

- -- -- ---


• .. ones can now e escrl e as a g mot er ut

not as a t oroug y competent one per aps s e

social worker has come to ee t at the acks of

key. The only remedy for the results of dis-• couragement IS encouragement encouragement

an how discern-• lng an eye.

LUCIA ALLEGRI AND HER RELATIVES

nli e the ot er clients 0 social agencies

whose circumstances are escri e in this an

rs. Lucia AIIegri, a

Sicilian, has been known for less than a year, to

the social worker now interested in her. It is not

traste with the in ivi ual, character of some

forms of social case treatment. I sha 1 have occa-

80

• ,

,


• .. ones can now e escrl e as a goo mot er ut

not as a t oroug y competent one per aps s e

social worker has come to ee t at the acks of

key. The only remedy for the results of dis-• couragement IS encouragement encouragement

given an how discern-• lng an eye.

LUCIA ALLEGRI AND HER RELATIVES

nli e the ot er clients 0 social agencies

whose circumstances are escri e in this an

rs. Lucia AUegri, a

Sicilian, has been known for Iess than a year, to

the social worker flOW interested in her. It is not

traste with the in ivi ual, character of some

forms of social case treatment. I sha 1 have occa-

80




sion to return to the su

rs.

reat Lakes. The ease and comfort in which his

family to ave en demonstrate when she ex-

rs. AIle-

itt ere; sea to communicate with

an

her

rs.

As this client's story, with the help of visits to

occasional reference elsewhere, was developed by

the social case worker it became two conflicting • storIes.

The first version was as follows: All of rs.

* See pages 138 to 143.

6 81

•

•


sion to return to the su

rs.

reat Lakes. The ease and comfort in which his

family to ave en demonstrate when she ex-

rs. Alle-

itt ere; s e a to communicate with

an

her

rs.

As this client's story, with the help of visits to

occasional reference elsewhere, was developed by

the social case worker it became two conflicting • storles.

The first version was as follows: All of rs.

* See pages 138 to 143-

6 81

•

•


Foundation, 1922.

-' I ' • •

I

i •

i •

, ,

• 1

• • ., · ,

· • • ,

• ,

, •

,

., · , • • • ,1 ,

,

• •

,

,

I

,

, ,

WHAT IS IAL CASE WORK?

iI

ren to c~re for; a aug ter, ntonina, W 0 a

• • e ore a su en yet er exce ent positIon as

eleven. to show little •• • • Interest now In er mot er an young sIster In

• act, none 0 t e re atlves newer a ress.

ater

rs.

that Pao 0, no matter W at his earnings or his re-. .. ., ..

sponsl 1 Itles, a never at any tIme spent IS

• • • o t e ome rom er t Irteent Irt ay untl

• very recent y, wen, to orce two marrle rot ..

e ha • •

stoppe e pIng regu ar y at t e time 0 er mar-

mont . The 01 er marrie aughter was sai to

• • • evera VISits up tea e to a resses given y

82

"" . ,

,

,

.,

. , , , ,

;1 ,

,

, .

,

•

•

,

I

,

· . , , .

, .

WRAT IS CASE WORK?

iJ

ren to c~re for; a aug ter, ntonina, W 0 a

• • e ore a su en y eter exce ent position as

eleven. to show little •• • • Interest now In er mot er an young sIster In

• act, none 0 tere atlves new er aress.

ater

rs.

that Pao 0, no matter w at his earnings or his re-. .. ., ..

sponsliltles, a never at any tIme spent IS

• • • o t e ome rom er t Irteent Irt ay untl

• very recent y, wen, to orce two marrle rot ..

e ha • •

stoppe e pIng reg u ar y at t e time 0 er mar-

mont . The ol er marrie aughter was sai to

• • • evera VISlts up tea e to a resses glven y

82



CASE WOR IN BEING

of her. eanwhile, there could e no doubt that

rs. er

ignorance of merican ways an of life as liv • In • • • a arge city was a stan Ing temptatIon to er

• • a ert, p easure- oVlng, street-ga lng youngest

aug ter Teresa. T e chil was oun to e ab-

who soul or shoul not shoulder the financial •

ur en, t e present ome surroun Ings were a

or the mot er's rheumatism an worse for the

two w en an 0 er marrie aughter, armela,

an er us an were actually oun in a neig -

• gestlon ma e

CASE WOR IN BEING

of her. eanwhile, there could e no doubt that

rs. er

ignorance of merican ways an of life as liv • In • • • a arge city was a stan Ing temptatlon to er

• • a ert, p easure- oVlng, st reet-ga log youogest

aug ter Teresa. T e ehil was oun to e ab-

who soul or shoul not shoulder the financial •

ur en, t e present ome surroun lngs were a

or the mot er's rheumatism an worse for the

two w en an 0 er marrie aughter, armela,

an er us an were actually oun in a neig -

• gestlon ma e



·

•

! • , •

I . I

-'f . ,. . . ,

•

!

, ., . · •

• •

,

,

,

•

-----------,


foun to e there save the 01 est son, w 0 was

un nown to t e socia wor er an w 0 a een • eSCfl e

• tonlna was t ere an er us an an one or two

ot er "in-laws," ut the socia wor er was t e

een scru e as

rs. legri was t e first to arrive. • • •

s are In t e procee Ings was to SIt ac

• er amI y, an to roe

er own

in t e

Antonina, it was generally agree , ha one her

• • • an everyone a IS u say, It seeme eVl ent

8

·

! , , ,

I . I

-"f -.. ----;! .• . ,

•

!

, ., . · •

• •

,

,

,

•

- --- ---- ------~--,


foun to e there save the ol est son, w 0 was

un nown to t e socia wor er an w 0 a een • eSCfl e

• tonlna was tere an er us an an one or two

ot er "in-Iaws," ut the socia wor er was t e

een scru

rs. legri was t e first to arrivee • • •

s are In t e procee lngs was to 51t ac

• er aml y, an to roe

er own

in t e

Antonina, it was generally agree , ha one her

• • • an everyane a IS u say, lt seeme ev! ent

8




that she and her husband, and Carmela, their

mother grew more infirm, she would nee the

affectionate care of an adult mem er of her

by the one, that is, who coul take the most in

telligen t interest in her schooling, her church re

lations, an her recreation.

tions ha to e consi ere and met, of course,

insurmounta le were tri es. At last it was ar

ranged that she was to live with Carmela, the one

of all her children in closest sympathy with her,

an t at Teresa was to go to Antonina's Amer-

an smarter ways.

one, who ad not appeared at the conference, ha

85


that she and her husband, and Carmela, their

hostess, an her hus and were the responsibl

mother grew more infirm, she would nee the

affectionate care of an adult mem r of her

by the one, that is, who coul take the most in

telligen t interest in her schooling, her ch urch re

lations, an her recreation.

tions ha to e consi ere and met, of course,

though usually the obstacles that seemed to he

insurmounta Ie were tri es. At last it was ar

ranged that she was to live with Carmela, the one

of all her children in closest sympathy with her,

an t at Teresa was to go to Antonina's Amer-

an smarter ways.

sans off in a way that it should not, but the olde

utterly, and

8S



•


• • ac slIngs came out.

rs.

t e ul

the fact of the existence of the two other married

c il ren, a concea e

an ha in uce rs.

ntonina's w erea outs,

legri to con rm t eir • • varlOUs mIsstatements.

The role of the social wor at the con erence

o server. owar teen, owever, sea

trie to ring t e discussion to a hea • Y pOlnt-• lng out al were

agree . e story oes not en ere; t ere

affairi, they took a long step fOf,}/ard.

86

•


• • ac s 1 lngs came out.

rs.

t e ui

the fact of the existence of the two other married

c il ren, a concea e

an ha in uce rs.

ntonina's w erea outs,

legri to con rm t eir • • varlOUS misstatements.

The rale of the social wor at the con eren ce

o server. owar teen, owever, s e a

trie to ring t e discussion to a hea • y pOlnt-• lng out al were

agree . e story oes not en ere; tere

affairi, they took a long step fory/ard.

86



IV

HE tentative efinition 0 socia case work

whic ave no

histories. It woul ave een tter, of course,

to e uce a efinition from a arge number of

cited instances, though such an ela orate a -

groun could still have n challenged; proof of • • Its representative c aracter wou ave

necessary. • • escrl ptlon 0

case wor , owever, ave a opte •

t e po ICY 0

perienced practitioners which are called social

case work ut have no relation to its theo or its

practice.· And for the present, at least, all short-

• To the social case worker who chafes under the task of protecting his profession from the indignities it now suffers at the hands of the inexpert and the self-seeking, there may

87

IV

HE tentative efinition 0 socia case work

whic ave no

histories. I t woul ave netter, of course,

to e uce a efinition from a arge number of

cited instances, though such an ela orate ac

groun could still have n challenged; proof of • • rts representatlve c aracter wou ave een

necessary. • • escrl ptlon 0

case wor ,owever, ave a opte •

t e po ley 0

perienced practi tioners which are called social

case work ut have no rel at ion to its theo or its

practice.* And {or the present, at least, all short-

• To the social case worker who chafes under the task of protccting his profcssion from the indignities it now suffers at the hands of thc inexpert and thc self-seeking, there may

87



· WHAT IS S IAL CASE WORK?

term services to indivi uals are exclude , such as

an so on. Al of t ese services have social value,

more

war which are now eing uti ize as a juncts to

pensaries, to mental examinations and treat

teaching in the elementary schools. Some medi-

be some consolation in the thought that practitioners of other professions have shared the experience. Not so many years ago a medical degree could still be bought in these United States; and well into the nineteenth century many of our states relied upon judges without legal training, while the chief justice of Rhode Island was a farmer.

* See Chapter IX.

88

· WHAT IS S lAL CASE WORK?

term services to indivi uals are exclude , such as

an so on. Al of tese services have social value,

more

wor which are now eing uti ize as a juncts to

pensaries, to mental examinations and treat

teaching in the elementary schools. Some medi-

be some consolation in the thought that practitioners of other professions have shared the experience. Not 50 man y years ago a medical degree could still be bought in these United States; and weIl into the nineteenth century many of our states relied upon judges without legal training, while the chief justice of Rhode Island was a farmer.

* See eha pter IX.

88



SOCIAL CASE WORK DEFINED

intensive as caul be wishe, ut to the extent

about it as social case work only, just as there

an 0 cer 0 a court, and therefore ealt wit a

selected group under court supervision and statu

tory control. In a dition to avoiding, for pur-

,

ei ther "the ead hand"

nor the whims of living onors nor the restric

tions put upon some pu lie expen itures should

long-term, intensive care of i cult cases in the

•

•

\ •

• I

•

•


as

intensive as coul be wishe, ut to the extent

about it as social case work only, just as there

an 0 cer 0 a court, and therefore ealt wit a

selected group under court supervision and statu

tory contral. In a dition to avoiding, for pur-

,

ei ther "the ead hand"

nor the whims of living onors nor the restric

tions put upon some pu lic expen itures should

• IS

long-term, intensive care of i cult cases in the

•

•

\ •

• I

•

•



•

. WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?

place. • t Ir group • • •• s ou ring to 19 t consl eratlons 0 va ue to

social treatment in general, for it is treatment of •• • • • t e IntensIve an ong-contlnuIng type W le • •• • • provI es us WIt criticism 0 a our processes-·'

,

with the most sE!arc ing criticism, in fact, t at we

see t em rorn one ang e an no more. ut when

• • • et me, Wit suc a test In mIn ,ma t e

broa est generalization a ut social case work

t at I can. Its t eories, its aims, its est intensive • •

practice a seem to ave een convergIng 0 ate

• at oes t IS • • • term Imp y w en t e SOCla wor er uses It

• IS

90

•

. WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?

place. • t Ir group • • •• s ou ring to tg t conSI eratlons 0 va ue to

social treatment in general, for it is treatment of •• • • • t e IntensIve an ong-contlnulng type W IC • •• • • prOVI es us WIt crlticism 0 a our processes-"

,

with the most sE!arc ing criticism, in fact, t at we

see t em rom one ang e an no more. ut when

• • • et me, Wit suc a test In mln ,ma t e

broa est generalization a ut social case work

t at I can. lts t eories, its aims, its est intensive • •

practlce a seem to ave een converging 0 ate

• at oes t IS • • • term Imp y w en t e SOCla wor er uses It

• IS

90



S IAL CASE WORK DEFINED

socia wor ers woul agree wit the ita icize

portion of this sen tence. Loss of social status and

• • resources WIt In an . . . ..

WIt out, mlg t POSSI iy

ut couI har Iy

• su stl-• • e _ •

tute ~n ~m ua -~ty, ew wou I er rom • lm.

the

y

there is a servicea le distinction etween them

• • • • •• unIqueness 0 a lYIng Ing, or Its 1 erence rom

ot ers 0 its kin an rom t e rest of nature,"*

* Century Dictionary. In the sentences immediately following I may seem to overemphasize the width of the separation in meaning between" individuality" and" personality " by holding the use of the former to very narrow limits. It did not seem wise, however, in so non-technical a discussion to introduce the third word "temperament,"

91 ,

•

CASE WORK DEFINED

socia wor ers woul agree wit the ita icize

portion of th is sen tence. Loss of social status and

• • resources WIt In an . . . ..

WIt out, mIg t pOSSI 1y

ut coul har Iy

• su stl-• • e _ •

~n ~m ua -~ty, ew wou I er rom • lffi.

the

wor s y

there is a servicea Ie distinction etween them

• • • • •• unlqueness 0 a lVlng elng, or lts 1 erenee rom

ot ers 0 its kin an rom terest of nature,"*

* Century Dictionary. In the sentences immediately following I may seem to overemphasize the width of the separation in meaning between "individuality" and "personality " by holding the use of the former to very narrow limits. It did not seem wise, however, in so non-technica I a discussion to introduce the third word "temperament,"

91 ,

•




• • •• t en persona Ity IS tear more Inc USlve term,

• • • IVl ua to a man ut a t at comes to lm y

way of education, experience, and human inter

course.

ties transmitted and unalterable are individual,

environment w ic we ave een a le in ay by

In other words, it is our personality which re-

the socius our brother, but to all the communities

an institutions e as eve ope . T ere is no

conflict etween the idea of individual differ-

t e tone colors in an orchestra, ut the iffer

ences • •

ale, a so resem e t ose 0 orc estra Instru-

now often used by psychologists for innate make-up, but having a different connotation for the general reader.

92

-


• • •• t en persona lty IS t e ar more lnc USlve term,

• • • lVI ua to a man ut a t at comes to lffi y

way of education, experience, and human inter

course.

ties transmitted and unalterable are individual,

environment w ic we ave een a Ie in ay by

In other words, it is our personality which re-

the socius our brother, but to all the communities

an institutions e as eve ope . T ere is no

conflict etween the idea of individual differ-

t e tone colors in an orchestra, ut the iffer

ences • •

ale, a so resem e t ose 0 orc estra lnstru-

now of ten used by psychologists for innate make-up, but having a different connotation for the general reader.

92

-




• ments In t re ate if-

ferences.

change,

hile a man's indivi uality does not: •

• lng. If it oes not expan an grow from day to

• even atrop les.

define social case work, I speak of the develop-• • • •

ment 0 persona Ity, am uSIng a escrIptIve

* My own approach to the subject has been by the way of social science rather than pedagogy or psychology or theology. Though I shall have to return again to this central theme of my discussion, it may be well to reproduce at this point a few brief passages written in quite different connections and each shedding some light on the use of the word personality from their various points of view.

Criticism. ." If the revelation of personality unites men, the stress upon mere individuality separates them, and there are countless poets of the day who glory in their eccentric individualism without remembering that it is only through a richly developed personality that poetry gains any universal values."- ·Bliss Perry, A Study of Poetry, p.

342 •

ligion. ,"What • • • is our statement of human

93

•

•

S lAL CASE WORK DEFINED

• ments In t re ate if-

ferences.

change,

hile a man's indivi uality does not: •

• Ing. If it oes not expan an grow from day to

• even atrop les.

define social case work, I speak of the develop-• • • •

ment 0 persona lty, am uSlng a escrlptlve

* My own approach to the subject has been by the way of soda! science rather than pedagogy or psychology or theology. Though I shall have to return again to this central theme of my discussion, it may be weU to reproduce at th is point a few brief passages written in quite different connections and each shedding some light on the use of the word personality from their various points of view.

Criticism. ." If the revelation of personality unites men, the stress upon mere individuality separates them, and there are countless poets of the day who glory in their eccentric individualism without remembering that it is only through a richly developed personality that poetry gains any universal values."· ·Bliss Perry, A Study of Poetry, p.

342 •

ligion. ,"What • • • is our statement of human

93

•

•


Foundation, 1922.

I t'l1l, ,i, , \' I . . , ' , ,

, ,

,

• •

I

• , . ,

I

•


t t

sidere all are orms 0 teaching, cia case

• toryan a met 0 Its own, an an approac

w ic i ers rom t at 0 t ese ot er orms. In

personality? It is no several or separate thing. Its essentia cannot be found in terms of distinctness. It does not, ideally or practically, signify a new, independent, centrality of being. On the contrary, it is altogether dependent and relative. It is not first self-realized in distinctness, that it may afterward, for additional perfection of enjoyment, be brought into relations. In relation and dependence lies its very essentia."= 'R. C. Moberly, D.D., Atonement and Personality, p. 253.

Psychology., ,H Our personality is thus the result of what we start with and what we have lived through. It is the 'reaction mass' as a whole." '. B. Watson, Psychology

•

from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, p. 420.

"Man's self or personality is the sum total of his specific experiences in so far as they represent the results of organization. Each new experience modifies our personality. I t is not merely an accretion to the sum of our mental data, but it alters our attitude toward the external world and makes a permanent impression, small or great, upon our general character."· ·Howard C. Warren, Human Psychology, p. 384.

Pedagogy. ." The unfolding of personality is due both to inner tendency and to outer influence and agency. In part the work of nature, it is in part also the work of education and of experience. • . . So far, then, the two vital considerations both for the philosopher and for the

I t'l1l, ,i, ,

, ,

,

, ,

I

, ,

, ,

\ 'I . , , ,

I

,

WRAT IS CASE WORK?

t t

all are orms 0 teaching. ocia case

• toryan a met 0 0 lts own, an an approac

w ie i ers rom t at 0 tese ot er orms. In

personality? It is no several or separate th ing. lts essentia eannot be found in terms of distinetness. It does not, ideally or practically, signify a new, independent, eentrality of being. On the contrary, it is altogether dependent and relative. It is not first self-realized in distinetness, that it may afterward, for additional perfection of enjoyment, be brought into relations. In relation and dependenee lies its very essentia."= ,R. C. Moberly, D.D., Atonement and Personality, p. 253.

Psychology.' ,u Our personality is thus the result of what we start with and what we have lived through. It is the 'reaction mass' as a whoie." '. B. Watson, Psychology

,

from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, p. 420.

"Man's self or personality is the sum total of his specific experiences in so far as they represent the results of organization. Each new experience modifies our personality. I t is not merely an accretion to the sum of our mental data, but it alters our attitude toward the external world and makes a permanent impression, small or great, upon our general character.", ·Howard C. Warren, Human Psychology, p. 384.

Pedagogy. ." The unfolding of personality is due both to inner tendency and to outer influence and agency. In part the work of nature, it is in part also the work of education and of experience. • . . So far, then, the two vital considerations both for the philosopher and for the



t

too


• • er pUpI out 0 t e C assroom Into t e corn-

use 0 • • SOCIa contacts as a means 0 eve opIng t e per-

educator are the inner potency and tendency of the individual and the nature and effect of environing reality."-· Thistleton Mark, The Unfolding of Personality as the Chief Aim in Education, pp. I I and 22.

Biology.' ." Of the actual foreignness or imperfection in the environment biology as such can give no account. • • • We seem unable, from the purely biological standpoint, to give any account of progressive evolution except as the outcome of a blind struggle for existence. B ut for conscious personality the struggle is no longer blind: the future is foreseen and fore-ordained if only to a limited extent; and the past is remembered and acted on. This is not only so for individual persons but the traditions and ideals of a race represent its memory and foresight. From the standpoint of personality evolution takes on a new aspect, and is no longer a blind process." . S. Haldane, Mechanism, Life and Personality, pp. 103 and 13I.

Soc' Science. ." Sociality and individuality are the two aspects of the one reality, which is personality. Personality is the final value, the only thing in the world worth ha ving in itself. We do not of course mean that every kind of ~personality is good in itself, rather that nothing but personality can be good in itself. A society is best ordered when it best promotes the personality of its members."R. M. Maclver, The Elements of Social Science, p. 153 .

•

t

too


• • er pUpl out 0 t e cassroom lnto t e com-

use 0 • • SOCla contacts as a means 0 eve oplng t e per-

educator are thc inner potency and tendency of the individ .. ual and the nature and effect of environing reality."-· Thistleton Mark, The U nfolding of Personality as the Chief Aim in Education, pp. I land 22.

Biology.' ." Of the actual foreignness or imperfection in the environment hiology as such can give no account. • • • We seem unable, from the purely biological standpoint, to give any account of progressive evolution except as the outcome of a blind struggle for existence. But for conscious personality the struggle is no longer blind: the future is foreseen and fore-ordained if only to a limited extent; and the past is remembered and acted on. This is not only so for individual persons but the traditions and ideals of a race represent its memory and foresight. From the stand point of personality evolution takes on a new aspect, and is no longer a blind process." . S. Haldane, Mechanism, Life and Personality, pp. 103 and 131.

Soc' Science. ." Sociality and indivîduality are the two aspects of the one reality, which is personality. Personality is the final value, the only thing in the world worth ha ving in itself. We do not of course mean that every kind of ~personality is good in itself, rather that not hing but personality can he good in itself. A society is best ordered when it best promotes the personality of its members."R. M. Maclver, The Elements of Social Science, p. 153 .

•




e ler 0 iterates, I con ess,

all istinction etween the social wor er an t e

teac er.

• • • crI e In my secon an t Ir c apters from

that of t e instructor in the class room? ere

those w 0 effecte • arIa

Bielows i an eorge Foster * ca e socia • to e teac lng

• • • • arIa an eorge an a lustIng t em to 1 e

from a center whic was ca e a socia agency

social

• act, t e so-ca e epen ent, e ectlve, an e-

reason that there is within these separate groups

S • 0 the social case worker will e ouod to be,

•

* See Chapter II.

96

e to t e rest of


e Ier 0 iterates, I con ess,

all istinction et ween the social wor er an t e

teac er.

• • • crI e In my secon an t Ir c apters from

that of t einstructor in the class room? ere

those w 0 effecte • arIa

Bielows i an eorge Foster * ca e socia • to e teac lng

• • • • arIa an eorge an a Justlng t em to 1 e

from a center whic was ca e asocia agency

social

• act, t e so-ca e epen ent, e ectlve, an e-

reason that there is within these separate groups

S • 0 the social case worker will e ound to be,

•

* See Chapter II.

96

e to terest of




the worl as to those who coul be thus labelle .

ithout minimizing for a moment t e impor-

the treatment of dependency; without ignoring

suc

•• • re atlng to w at mlg t e ca e t e mac Inery

o i erent types of social work, are central to

lerns of social relationship

ent y o.

I t is true that social case wor has eal t an

ea th an

social case work will e found to be coterminous

7 9

•

\


the worl as to those who coul be thus labelIe .

ithout minimizing for a moment t e impor-

the treatment of dependency; without ignoring

suc

•• • re atlng to w at mig t e ca e t e mac Inery

o i erent types of social work, are central to

lems of social relationship

ent y o.

I t is true tha t social case wor has eal t an

ea th an

social case work win e found to be coterminous

7 9

•

\



,


wit none of them, ut to ave, in a ition to its

sonality through the conscious an comprehen-

• • Wit In t at e • • t e wor er 15 no more occuple

,

wit a norma ities in t e in ivi ua t an in the

• • IVI ua

there some form of social case wor is an will

continue to . e nee ed. So long as human

- ••• •• • wor ,1 t 18 1 ell t to Imagine a state 0 a aIrs

in whic

ments 0 a etaile sort.

ocial case wor consists 0 t ose rocesses

which evelo

8

,

,

WHAT IS CASE WORK?

wit none of them, ut to ave, in a ition to its

sonality through the conscious an comprehen-

• • Wit In t at e • • t e wor er 15 no more occuple

,

wit a norma ities in t e in ivi ua t an in the

• • lVI ua

there some form of social case wor is an will

continue to . e nee ed. 50 long as human

- ••• •• • wor ,1 t IS 1 CU t to lmaglne a sta te 0 a aIrs

in whic

ments 0 a etaile sort.

ocial case wor consists 0 t ose rocesses

which evelo ents con-

S

,




ividual, between sciously e ected, individual by i

men and their social environment. _ __ a,·2 •

•

The dictionary efines environment as "the ag

grega te of surrounding things and con i tions," *

things aye een exclu e an many su stitutes

included; the environment ceases to e environ-

•• • It as t ese It ecomes a part 0 t e SOCla en-• VIronment.

• • • urnlng ac to t e SIX examp es ere given 0

• ac leve t roug strengt ene an etter

* Century Dictionary.

99 •

•

-


ividual, belween sciously e ected, individual by i

men and their social environment. _

__ Z,·2 •

•

The dictionary efines environment as "the ag

grega te of surrounding things and con i tions," *

things ave een exclu e an many su stitutes

included; the environment ceases to e environ-

•• • lt as tese lt ecomes a part 0 t e SOCla en-• Vlronment.

• • • urnlng ac to t e SIX examp es ere glven 0

t roug strengt ene an etter

* een tury Dictionary.

99 •

•

-



, ,


Henry ames has remarked, in one of his dis

cussions 0 literary craftsmanship, that relations

stop nowhere, and that the pro lern of the artist

is to raw," y a geometry of is own t e circle

O ,,* s .

ear to 0

c oices, have had to deci e what to strive to

un erstan an

ill it not e found, however, t at a mar e a -

been made, an that in another the last one •

Cl te -a etter een

effecte ?

tending that, while the service a its va ue, it

* Preface to Roderick Hudson, New York edition.

100


Henry ames has remarked, in one of his dis

cussions 0 literary craftsmanship, that relations

stop nowhere, and that the pro lem of the artist

is to raw, " y a geometry of is own t e circle

O ,,* s .

ear to 0

c oices, have had to deci e what to strive to

un erstan an

iJl it not e found, however, t at a mar e a -

been made, an that in another the last one • clte -a een

effecte ?

tending that, while the service a its va ue, it

* Preface to Roderiek H udson, New Vork edition.

100




involve t e exercise of no new technical knowl

edge mastered with di culty and pursued there-

tact and goodwill, could have done the same

things.

tually involved in these social treatments.

treatment described. This gave me six long lists

By

general heads of "insights" and "acts." Each of

these two divided once again" . insights to include •

derstan ing of environment"; acts to include

four divisions were:

characteristics

101

• • •

personal


involve t e exercise of no new technical knowl

edge mastered with di culty and pursued there-

tact and goodwill, could have done the same

things.

tually involved in these social treatments.

treatment described. This gave me six long lists

By

general heads of "insights" and "acts." Each of

these two divided onee again" . insights to inelude •

derstan ing of environment"; aets ta include

four divisions we re :

characteristics

101

• • •

personal



•


B.

influence of the social environment

Jo

• • • • Irect action 0 mln upon mln

D.

ronment

to me t at eac

• • out y a non-specla 1St. was

shown in t e com ination 0 these itemize acts,

WOll have achieved. The writer who strives to

worker wit simi ar am itions ave at least this

in common t at eac is ealing wit a material •

W IC appens to e part 0 t e warp an woo

the other in socia relations. T e one must con-• • • trlve to give a new stamp to counters worn

smoot • • • •• • ea e to Iscover new meanIngs an POSSI I Itles

in those familiar situations in which all are

s arers, must n new stimuli in an o

or mln s

t takes

102

•


B.

influence of the social environment • • • • lrect action 0 mln upon mln

D.

ronment

to me t at eac

• • •• out y a non-speCla 18t. ut tralne s 1 was

shown in t e com ination 0 these itemize acts,

wou have achieved. The wrÎter who strives to

worker wit simi ar am itions ave at least this

in common t at eac is ealing wit a material •

W IC appens to e part 0 tewarp an woo

the other in socia relations. T e one must con-• • • trlve to glve a new stamp to counters worn

smoot • • • •• • e a e to lscover new meanlngs an POSSt I ttles

in those familiar situations in which all are

sarers, must n new stimuli in an • or mln s

t takes

102




to

bring to light in either literature or case work the

realize the study and drill, the self-expression and

self -e acemen t w ich lie ehin the achieve

result.

T is

in min an allowe

•

o ows, 0

oun in t

must e ept

Items are arrange un er

A. B.- • own-Into

S ou

these are corn ine that the personality is re-

is, must e iscovere. T e tec nical si e of

these diagnostic processes, in so far as they are

o

\

103

•


to

bring to light in either literature or case work the

realize the study and drill, the self-expression and

self -e acemen t w ich lie ehin the aehieve

result.

T is

in min an allowe

•

o ows, 0

oun in t

must e ept

Items are arrange un er

A. B.- • own-Into

s ou

these are com ine that the personality is re-

is, must e iscovere. T e tee nical si e of

these diagnostic processes, in so far as they are

o

\

103

•



,


• qUIte

e

un erst

• • tIme IS save .

history behind

• at ure to

inifred

earn ear ier t e social

ones's fol e hands, • vacant-mln e ways, an

the

ecision 0 the menta examiner was shape • In

of the case a out this time a the gOD sense to

more facts. *

* See Chapter Ill, pp. 72 and 80. Addressing the family welfare workers at the Milwau

kee National Conference of Social Work Proceedings for 1921 , Dr. Wm. Healy told them that, "Valuable though tests properly administered and interpreted unquestionably are, still one of the best ways to evaluate an adult's capacities is to get knowledge of him as he has been observed in his home, at his work, in his human relationships. One should always consider character tendencies or personality trends. It is very important to think of people

104

,


• qUlte k. Th s si e of the su -• Ject oes not concern us ere. ut it soul e

• • tIme IS save . • al ure to

history behind inifred • vacant-mln e ways, an

whe •

on ce acquire

earn ear ier t e social

ones's fol e hands,

ith the mistake

the • In

more facts. *

* See Chapter 111, pp. 72 and 80. Addressing the family welfare wor kers at the Milwau

kee National Conference of Social Work Proceedings for 1921 , Dr. Wm. Healy told them that, "ValuabIe though tests properly administered and interpreted unquestionably are, still one of the best ways to evaluate an adult's capacities is to get knowledge of him as he has been observed in his home, at his work, in his human relationships. One should always consider character tendencies or personality trends. It is very important to think of people

1°4




• t at were Innate an

aria Bielowski's re

individua or to unfavorable

than this one. The answer was arrive at, as it

will always have to e in similar cases, wit the

from the standpoint of truthfulness, affection, sympathy, cleanliness, promptness, responsibility, stability, etc. Familiarize yourselves with all of these and remember that personality trends and also frequently habits established by focial training have more to do with the success and failure of adults than anything else. They often have much more to do with one's ability to support and bring up children and to meet the exigencies of the world in general than what is learned from the bare results of mental tests."

* See Chapter 11, p. 32 sq.

Dr. Bronner, speaking of mental equipment at the New Orleans National Conference of Social Work (Proceedings for 1920, p. 357 , said: "Practically it is often difficult to determine what is innate personality make-up and what is the result of environment and experience. The interplay of the two is great and the innate make-up can scarcely be extricated from the product of circumstances. Perhaps from one point of view such separation is not needed or desirable, and yet for the offering of prognoses it is sometimes essential to know just what the individual is innately, and what he might be like under different circumstances."

105

•


• t at were lnnate an

aria Bielowski's re

individua or to unfavorable

than this one. The answer was arrive at, as it

win always have to e in similar cases, wit the

from the stand point of truthfulness, affect ion , sympathy, cleanliness, promptness, responsibility, stability, etc. Familiarize yourselves with all of these and remember that personality trends and also frequently habits established by Eocial training have more to do with the success and failure of adults than anything else. They often have much more to do with one's ahility to support and bring up children and to meet the exigencies of the world in general than what is learned from the bare results of mental tests."

* See Chapter 11, p. 32 sq.

Dr. Bronner, speaking of mental equipment at the New Orleans National Conference of Soeial Work (Proeeedings for 1920, p. 357 , said: "Praetically it is of ten difficult to determine what is innate personality make-up and what is the result of environment and experience. The interplay of the two is great and the innate make-up can scarcely he extricated from the product of circumstances. Perhaps from one point of view sueh separation is not needed or desirabie, and yet for the offering of prognoses it is sometimes essential to know just what the individual is innately, and what he might be like under different circumstances."

1°5

•




ai of medical an mental experts; ut part of

aria's ome situation, of her work an school • recor s, t e lscove

as a socia resource these were things t at •• •• nee e to e one not In elsure y as Ion as time

om en ore treatment is at an en. The

pro ation 0 cer was a socia case worker w ose

• turne t etas 0 ong-contlnue treatment over

to another case worker who later ecame aria's

guar ian. his guardian, it should noted,

insig ts into aria's attitu e towar i e, an

• • environments In

./


ai of medical an mental expèrts; ut part of

aria's ome situation, of her work an school • recor s, t e lscove

as a socia resource these were things t at •• •• nee e to e one not In elsure y as Ion as time

om en ore treatment is at an en. The

pro ation 0 cer was a socia case worker w ose

• turne t e tas 0 ong-contlnue treatment over

to another case worker who later ecame aria's

guar ian. his guardian, it should noted,

insig ts into aria's attitu e towar i e, an

• • environments In

./



AL CASE WORK DEFINED

covering the attitude of the various mem ers of

arriving at a so ution of some 0 their i cu ties

rs.

present social environment without having the

insight which this worker showed in grasping,

worthwhile.

under direct action egin with those services,

often 0 t e urn lest sort, which ten to

hen

iss Su livan

107

•

AL CASE WORK DEFINED

covering the attitude of the various mem ers of

arriving at a so ution of some 0 their i cu ties

rs.

present social environment without having the

insight which this worker showed in grasping,

worthwhile.

under direct action egin with those services,

of ten 0 t e urn lest sort, which ten to

hen

iss Su livan

1°7

•




e en el er an care for er herself, when

aria Bielowski's guar ian confesse to the rent

in er own stocking, when A. B. walked the

streets late at night with ha it-ridden Clara

Vansca, when the oung a y was ki le and the

• • etween mln an mln t at ma e or perma-

intercourse, a sence 0 0 ciaIism, an that habit • In

several 0 the accounts . • tlence orn 0 sympat y,o

Examine once more t e accounts 0 ........ ara • • 1nl re

•• • • een 08t y ImpatIence at crltlca moments.

Note, too, how re-education of a it was

of min on min ,an

108


e en el er an care for er herself, when

aria Bielowski's guar ian confesse to the rent

in er own stocking, when A. B. walked the

streets late at night with ha it-ridden Clara

Vansca, when the oung a y was ki Ie and the

• • etween mln an mln t at ma e or perma-

intercourse, asenee 0 0 ciaIism, an that habit • In

several 0 the accounts . • tIenee orn 0 sympat y,o

Examine once more t e accounts 0 ........ ara • • lnl re

•• • • een ost y Impatlenee at crItIca moments.

Note, too, how re-education of a it was

of min on min ,an

108




an

...., ara flexibility combined with no small egree

her guard' to the music teacher's studio illus-

voice culture by mail. Probably I should have • • ••

a enoug presence 0 mIn to aVOI exc aImIng

"Nonsense" .on the spot, perhaps have thought

of 0 ering to take the circular of t e correspon-

merits. But what the guardian did was so much

109

,

•


an

...., ara flexibility combined with no small egree

her guard' to the music teacher' s studio illus-

voice culture by mail. Probably I should have • • ••

a enoug presence 0 mln to avol exc almlng

"Nonsense" .on the spot, perhaps have thought

of 0 ering to take the circular of t e correspon-

merits. But wh at the guardian did was so much

1°9

,

•



•


etter. • e see expert a VIce to • • • opInIon, ut arIa par-

• • • tlclpate In every step 0 • t e process an In ma -• e •

lng t e eClSIon. rs.

• • necessa In IS

ast ree ome; rs. Rupert oung a 50me

-,to contro • • t at 15 as a part 0 pans or t e re-e ucatlon 0

er us an .

worker who is so eager to serve t at she is

tempted to do all the serving and all the eciding

herself.

•

t roug material

many

-throug

• I erent

ot er • • • • Instl tu tlons an agencies,

elusively within his field than are some of the

iss Eliza eth

ute er, "who relies on her own ability to influ-

110

•


etter. • e see expert a VIce to • • • opinlon, ut arIa par-

• • • tlclpate In every step 0 • t e process an In ma -• e •

lng teeClSIon. rs.

• • necessa In IS

ast ree ome; rs. Rupert oung a some

-'to contro • • t at 15 as a part 0 p ans or t e re-e ucatlon 0

er us an .

worker who is 50 eager to serve t at she is

tempted to do all the serving and all the eciding

herself.

•

t roug material

many

-throug

• lerent

ot er • • • • Instl tu tlons an agencles,

clusively within his field than are some of the

iss Eliza eth

utc er, "who relies on her own ability to influ-

110




ence • • er su norma c lent WI sooner or ater ose

out;

or t e in ivi ua socia wor er's efforts will 0

not

e con ne to contacts wit t e su normal. It

proac

justifie

•

.. \ . . or t e In Irect. uti SOCla wor ers are

• reaction

social environment an the indivi uaI, then • les can e trace to t e at-

case work has in view, and it is not exceptional

to fin the case worker turning for gui ance or

• Paper on Possibilities of Home Supervision of Moron Women, p. 275, in Proceedings of National Conference of Social Work for 1921, at Milwaukee.

III

•


ence • • er su norma c lent WI sooner or ater ose

out;

or t e in ivi ua socia wor er's efforts will e 0

not

e con ne to contacts wit t e su normal. I t

proac

justifie

•

.. \ . . or t e In Irect. ut 1 SOCla wor ers are

social environment

reaction etween the tot 1

an the indivi uat, then • les can e trace to t e at-

case work has in view, and it is not exceptional

to fin the case worker turning for gui ance or

• Paper on Possibilities of Home Supervision of Moron Women, p. 275, in Proceedings of National Conference of Social Work for 1921, at Milwaukee.

111

•




•• • agencIes as SOCla sett ements, vocatlona courses,

omes, an so on.

social treatment egan, suc services were nee e • • Inl-

fre ones, an

___ eorge Foster. ne of the duties of t e social

workers interested was to see that t

had the

yt •

eir clients

ealt an

e C il ren

a to e consu te a out t elr sc 00 recor s,

an conferences hel with t eir teac ers, that

social and educational services might be ove

taile .

churc atten

112

to

ere

WH AT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?

•• • agencles as SOCla sett ements, vocatlona courses,

omes, an so on.

social treatment egan, suc services we re nee e • • InI-

fre ones, an

___ eorge F oster. ne of the duties of t e social

workers interested was to see that t

had the

yt •

eir clients

ealt an

e c il ren

a to e consu te a out t elr sc 00 recor s,

an conferences hel with t eir teac ers, that

social and educational services might be ove

taile .

churc atten

112

to

ere



SOCI CASE WORK DEFINED

oes not appear, that is, to -e i:he same wor ing

___ ara ansca were urge to atten their own

cure , an

strengt ene

, . .. '-" ara s re atlons WIt It were

oth y her stay in t e convent an

is worth noting, in passing, that the Austrian

an her relatives were once more a le to meet on

inifre ones is to tee ect that a

eth ist minister ha een aske • • InvIte t e

children to join the Sunday school. The request

a een ma e wit the knowle ge and consent

of rs. ones, who was a etho ist at one time,

ut who ha cut herself off from this contact as

/

T ere is 0 ten nee 0 team p ay as etween

tereste in various members of the same family . •

8 113

•

•

SOCI CASE WORK DEFINED

oes not appear, that is, to -e i:he same wor ing

___ ara ansca we re urge to atten their own

c ure , an

strengt ene

, . .. '-" ara s re atlons WIt lt were

oth y her stay in t e convent an

is worth noting, in passing, that the Austrian

an her relatives were onee more a Ie to meet on

inifre ones is to tee ect that a

eth ist minister ha een aske • • InvIte t e

children to join the Sunday school. The request

a een ma e wit the knowie ge and consent

of rs. ones, who was a etho ist at one time,

ut who ha cut herself off from this contact as

/

T ere is 0 ten nee 0 team p ay as etween

tereste in various members of the same family . •

8 113

•

•



WHAT IS S •

pans. • spen lng was promote

CASE WORK?

these

anscas in care ul

Y t e • •• letltlan, t e

• t em to save. eresa egrl was encourage

to atten a C u at a neigh • ouse, t e ones c 1 ren an t e anscas were

• • • • • • gIven outIngs an entertainments In p enty,

an

year. • ...... ase wor ers are a ways actIng as go- etweens

•• • use 0 t ose organize socla resources 0 nelg -•• • or an communIty W IC , toget er WIt

• • It as even een assume t at t e case wor er IS I

• t e practl-• •

tloner W 0 alms to 0 t oroug wor must 0 ten •

WHAT IS S •

p ans. • spen lng was promote

CASE WORK?

these

anscas in care uI

Y t e • •• letltlan, t e

• t em to save. eresa egrl was encourage

to atten a C u at a neigh • ouse, t e ones C 1 ren an t e anscas were

• • • • • • glven outlngs an entertainments In p enty,

an

year. • ...... ase wor ers are a ways actlng as go- etweens

•• • use 0 t ose organlze socla resources 0 neig -•• • or an eommunlty W IC , toget er WIt

• • It as even een assume t at teease wor er IS I

• t e praet!-• •

tloner W 0 alms to 0 t oroug wor must 0 ten •




- act as a mi leman, ut when it comes to efin-• • • lng IS we must e on our guar agaInst

e means

or teen •

• • resources an expert servIces 0 many In s

whic have so enric e case work ecomes a

ou e c al enge to t at community's case work-•• •• •

ers· 'a c a enge to t elr IngenuIty In eve oplng • •

POSSl e su stltutes or nee e resources an a

pus ar to secure the community agencies still • ac 109, an s ou

• ••• e ectlve arguments an I ustratlons as t elr case

ne relation etween

a vance as een suggeste in t is last sentence.

T ere is a networ of sue re ations, in act, some • • o W le ope to escrl eater; or owever

ea

• envlronmenta a • Justments assume no c ange to -

11

•

S lAL CASE WORK DEFINED

- act as a mi leman, ut when it comes to efin-• • • lng IS we must e on our guar agalnst

e means

or teen •

• • resources an expert servIces 0 many In s

whic have so enric e case work ecomes a

ou e c al enge to t at community's case work-•• •• •

ers· 'a c a enge to t elr tngenulty In eve oplng • •

pOSSl e su stltutes or nee e resources an a

pus ar to secure the community agencies still • ac Ing, an s ou

• ••• e ectlve arguments an I ustratlons as t elr case

ne relation etween

a vance as een suggeste in t is last sentence.

T ere is a networ of suc re ations, in act, some • • o w tC ope to escrl e ater; or owever

ea

• envlronmenta a • Justments assume no c ange to -

11

•




anot er an entirely ifferent environment. It

roun ings; change 0 surroun ings is a 50 an • e c ange 18

• temporary, sometImes permanent. at t e en-

vironment which 5 ould ave een a uil er of

illustrate in eorge Foster's case. Here the

• • ecte outS! e IS own ome; t e y was re-

t e ome t at

maintaine couI not e escri e as anti-social

,

efore the case wor er knew them, a per-• manent c ange or aria seeme necessary.

bring them together in a better mood; Clara

Vansca needed a longer period, folIowe y con-• ••• tlnuous an palnsta lng rea Justment to t e

116

,

•


anot er an entirely iflerent environment. I t

roun ings; change 0 surroun ings is a 50 an • e c ange 18

• temporary, sometlmes permanent. at t e en-

vironment which 5 ould ave een a uil er of

illustrate in eorge Foster's case. Here the

• • ecte outst e IS own ome; t e y was re-

t e ome t at

maintaine coul not e escri e as anti-social

,

efore the case wor er knew them, a per-• manent c ange or aria seeme necessary.

bring them together in a better mood; Clara

Vansca needed a longer period, followe y con-• ••• tlnuous an palnsta lng rea Justment to t e

116

,

•




..

telnporary change.

into the social matrix 0 tee ient's origina sur

roundings, provided a return to these surround-

essary, and without removal to a new environ

ment, as in ini re ones's case. In the llegri

returned to 01 er an more familiar con i tions,

\vhile her daughter Teresa was sent to a new

home which was smartly American, though to

• ognlze .

Another aspect of changed environment is

presen te y the nee s 0 those clients of dif

ferent national and racial backgrounds in which

the c ange ha cen made before they became

known to the case worker and through immigra

tion to the United States. Usually it has been

assume t at a justments in the process of

117

•


..

telnporary change.

into the social matrix 0 tee ient's origina sur

roundings, provided a return to these surround-

essary, and without removal to a new environ

ment, as in ini re ones's case. In the llegri

returned to 01 er an more familiar con i tions,

\vhile her daughter Teresa was sent to a new

home which was smartly American, though to

• ognlze .

Another aspect of changed environment is

presen te y the nee s 0 those clien ts of dif

ferent national and racial backgrounds in which

the c ange ha een made before they became

known to the case worker and through immigra

tion to the United States. Usually it has been

assume t at a justments in the process of

117

•


Foundation, 1922.

•

, t ' · " ,-

. . :, ~ · .;

•

. . ' .

•

-

WHAT IS IAL CASE WOR ?

, Americanization soul all e ma e on t e si e

o the immigrant, who is to learn our language, • • • • stu your InstItutIons, accept our ways, WIt out / . / . .. .

any mo 1 catIons In our own p aDS an pur-

,

a justments on both si es. Even so, t e socia I . .. .

a Juster cannot succee WIt out sympat etlc un-

erstan ing of t e 1 or ackgroun s from

w en

ansca's an

over.

ent to note t at upert

ut t eir ittle gir t an • • a outanyot eronet 109; Itwast et oug to

,

.... ara

ansca's w ome centere

n , .

lIS

. , . , . ,

,

,

,

, ,

, , .

, . ,

WRAT IS lAL CASE WO

Americanization soul all e ma e on t e si e

o the immigrant, who is to learn our language, • • • • stu y our lnstltutlons, accept our ways, WIt out / . / . .. .

any mo 1 cations In our own p ans an pur-

a justments on both si es. Even so, t e socia . .. .

a luster cannot succee WIt out sympat etlc un-

erstan ing of tel or ackgroun s from

ansca's an

over.

ent to note t at upert

• • a outanyot eronet lOg; ltwast et oug to

.., ara

ansca's w ome centere

n

lIS




social ackgroun ha a further bearing upon

elonging once

that ear some relation to one anot er, is est

ones's his-

rs. ones was stirre as she

ha not

re-entrance into her 1i e, an it as meant a great

eal to er c it ren in a new sense 0 social con--

it is evident that the solution must e found, i

foun at all, through the relatives.

or ing homes were foun

or aria Bie owski, one of lara ansca's em

ployers was co-operative and helpful, and the

inifre •

119

•


soeial aekgroun ha a further bearing upon

elonging onee

that ear some relation to one anot er, is t

ones's his-

rs. ones was stirre as she

ha not

re-entranee into her 1i e, an it as meant a great

eal to er c i1 ren in a new sense 0 social con--• ng.

it is evident that the solution must e found, i

foun at all, through the relatives.

or ing homes were foun

or aria Bie owski, one of lara ansca's em

ployers was co-operative and helpful, and the

inifre •

119

•




• In

t e varie things t at case workers can 0 in ad-

e

seems best fitted, in assuring etter training for

in the illustrative material that I have employed • IS accounte

,

these illustrations were gathered just after a

•• • •• cases In W IC more ra lea c anges In ouslng

ment. But here again there has een a house

Rupert

120 •

•


• In

t e varie things t at case workers can 0 in ad-

e

seems best fi tted, in assuring etter training for

in the illustrative material that I have employed • IS accounte

,

these illustrations were gathered just af ter a

•• • •• cases In W IC more ra lea c anges In ouslng

ment. But here again there has een a house

Rupert

120 •

•




Young has move into four rooms lnstead of two,

an t e social worker has een able to get rs.

Vansca's street coul be better, though her rooms

• eavor to Improve • • con ltlons.

ere we have such

esses as have een a le to recognize an to

w ic has for its aim the effecting of etter ad

justments etween the individual human being

and the world in which he must live. 0 scale • • as yet een eVlse Y SOCla wor ers or meas-

* See footnote to p. 1°4.

121

•

•


Young has move into four rooms lnstead of two,

an t e soeial worker has een able to get rs.

Vansca's street coul be better, though her rooms

• eavor to lmprove • • con ltlons.

ere we have sueh

esses as have een a Ie to reeognize an to

w ie has for i ts aim the effeeting of etter ad

justments etween the individual human being

and the world in whieh he must live. 0 scale • • as yet een eVlse y SOCla wor ers or meas-

* See footnote to p. 1°4.

121

•

•



•

WHAT IS L CASE WORK?

•

measure

game of life w ic is no mere game 0 se -seek-

goo wil, ut t at the

corn ination 0 these services WOll ave een

for the task. onsi er, for a moment, what that

corn ination involve

cases.

• most 1 e y to revea

122

•

WHAT IS L CASE WORK?

•

measure

game of life w ie is no mere game 0 se -seek-

goo wil, ut t at the

com ination 0 these services wou ave een

for the task. onsi er, for a moment, what that

com ination involve

cases.

• most 1 e y to revea

122




•

own seeme to e the wrong one, an to in uce

ur-

• • eClSlon.

mitting all mention of the training given to

aria at t e schoo • conSl er a so w at

about the use of m

a out the care ul selection of working homes or a

an the • • tunltles. • •• • one 0 t IS specla lZ experIence was

• In

123

•


•

own seeme to e the wrong one, an to in uce

ur-

• • eClSlon.

mitting all mention of the training given to

aria at t e schoo • eonSl er a so w at

about the use of m

a out the care uI selection of working homes or a

an the • • tunltles. • •• • one 0 t IS specIa lZ experlence was

• In

123

•



•


with the girl herself. It was necessary to know

what aria was doing without discouraging her • ..

whims which woul only have lost her respect.

best results. And the combination of all these

services, lea ing at last to mar e growt • In

were • • aCCl en t aSl e, assure 0 a etter relation to

• • cause 0 t e SOCla case treatment t ey ave re-

ceive ? Given the acts as here set own, and

external condi-

tions of these clients when case wor ers first

found them, has there or has there not been a

egree of growt or all 0 t em an mar e

124

'_'-,._,,' 7 __ '_«"$3 .. 'rE 7 • = ""z_.M_~ ___ ~~_~~' __ 'T'~ _______ '_._~ ___ '~~ _________ ~' ---- - ---------

•


with the girl herself. It was necessary to know

what aria was doing without discouraging her • ..

whims which woul only have lost her respect.

best results. And the combination of all these

services, lea ing at last to mar e growt • In

were

acci ent asi e, assure 0 a etter relation to

• • cause 0 t e SOCla case treatment t ey ave re-

ceive ? Given the acts as here set own, and

tions of these cli en ts when case wor ers first

found them, has there or has there not been a

egree of growt or all 0 t em an mar e

124

._._,._,,' S-_'_,,"r7" 'FE 7 • = ""z_.M_~ ___ ~~_~~' __ 'T'~ _______ '_._~ ___ '~~ _________ ~' _n_ _ ________ _



...... . --' --. • •


the sixteen? I do not attempt to give a categor-• lea ans

•

12 5

•

-' --. ...... . -

• •


the sixteen? I do not attempt to give a categor-• tea ans

•

12 5

•



.,.---; .~--------, ------______ 2 _____ _

,

)

•

•

v

HE era in

orI a hero whose min ha een pre-•• • occuple Wit systems, t eorles, an gospe S,-'

na y earne

single human eing! He is ma e of the same ma-• •• • • r

terla as man In In genera. e In nlte wor •• • IS mlrrore In t e sma. ou, W 0 want to ta e

• everyone WIt you on t e way to t e great awn,

,

Harol • •• • • t e re atlon 0 t e In IVI ua to society ecause,

• • • In any attempt to n an un er ylng p I osop Y

• , slg to. ase w<;>r ers must not orget t at

• •• • out a spirit 0 evotlon to t e uman e ernent In

•• • rl tlng, In a persona etter, 0 t e east ope-

126

., 2 5

.,.---; .~--------, ------______ 2 _____ _

•

)

•

•

v

HE era in

orl a hero whose min ha een pre-•• • occuple Wit systems, t eorles, an gospe S,-'

na y earne

single human eing! He is ma e of the same ma-• •• • • r

terla as man In In genera. e In ntte wor •• • IS ffilrrore In t e sma. ou, W 0 want to ta e

• every one WIt you on t e way to t e great awn,

.

Harol • •• • • tere atlon 0 t e In lVI ua to society ecause,

• • • In any at tempt to n an un er ylng piOSOp Y

• , sig t 0 • ase w<;>r ers must not orget t at

• •• • out a spirit 0 evotlon to t e uman e ement In

•• • rl tlng, In a persona etter, 0 teeast ope-

126

., 2 5



HUMAN INTERDEPENDENCE

ul an

tional work, a social case worker in a certain alms-

house sai • • sees somet lng In an 0 eat er- un copy 0 a

nice, resh, c ot - un st se ler, an it is a

•

on everyone who

• • • SOCla wor ers a vocatlng one type 0 SOCla case

wor

or t ose a ove it, the 0 ha it of making un-

t e poor an anot

sai a wor w ic soul

• ut extlr-

•


ui an

tional work, a soeial case worker in a eertain alms-

house sai • • sees somet lng In an 0 eat er- un copy 0 a

nice, resh, e ot - un st se Ier, an it is a

•

on every one who

• • • SOCla wor ers a vocatlng one type 0 SOCla case

wor

or t ose a ove it, the 0 ha it of making un-

t e poor an anot

sai a wor w ie soul

• ut extlr-

•



•

WHAT IS SOCI CASE WORK?

indee

A reviewer of an earlier 00 of mine on social

were "nothing if not concrete." t the risk of

seeming to go to the other extreme in this book,

must lie a philosophy. If we would understand

zation to its main stream of a vance. If social

* H uxley, Thos.: Evolution and Ethics, p. 39. uoted by Edwin G. Conklin in The Direction of Human Evolution.

128 •

. ; t ,

, -• ,. ' ..

-

•

WHAT IS SOCI CASE WORK?

indee

A reviewer of an earlier 00 of mine on social

were "nothing if not concrete." t the risk of

seeming to go to the other extreme in this hook,

must lie a philosophy. If we would understand

zat ion to its main stream of avance. If social

* H ux1ey, Thos.: Evolution and Ethics, p. 39. uoted by Edwin G. Conklin in The Direction of H uman Evolution.

128 •

. ; t ,

, -• ,. ' ..

-



•


which its significance was gradually brought

grew up in a wor whic hel very romantic,

"solitary horseman" views of the individual. He

encroachments as est he could. I still remem-

an it was many years after that iscovery be-

together laboriously out of his observations of the

actions and reactions of others. ames ark

,

He says in his Social an

The development of the child's personality could not go on at all without the constant modification of his sense of

* In Prince Kropotkin's 1\11 utual Aid, a Factor of Evolu· tion.

•

9 129

•

•


which its significanee was gradually brought

grew up in a wor whic hel very romantic,

"solitary horseman" views of the individual. He

encroachments as est he could. I still remem-

an it was many years af ter that iscovery be-

together laboriously out of his observations of the

actions and reactions of others. ames ark

,

He says in his Social an

The development of the child's personality could not go on at all without the constant modification of his sense of

* In Prince Kropotkin's 1\11 utual Aid, a Factor of Evolu· tion.

•

9 129

•



,

)

,

,


himself by suggestions from others. So he himself, at every stage, is really in part someone else, even in his own thought of himself.

An in a section on social heredity, Baldwin adds:

He is born into a system of social relationships just as he is born into a certain quality of air. As he grows in

by breathing the one, so he grows in mind by absorbing the other. The influence is just as real and as tangible. • • *

Royce • • view In a • num r 0 passages,o W IC t e 0

• • oWing one IS

In brief, then, I should assert here, as a matter of , what I have elsewhere worked out more at

length, that a child is taught to be self-conscious just as he is taught everything else, by the social order that brings him up. Could he grow up alone with lifeless nature, there is nothing to indicate that he would become as selfconscious as is now a fairly educated cat.

Pro essor eorge • • • • t IS post tlon a step • o lcago,

•

* Baldwin, ames Mark: Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development, p. 30 and p. 70. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1902. .

Royce, osiah: Studies of Good and Evil, p. 208. New , York, D. Appleton and Co., 1910.

130

,

)

,

,


himself by suggestions from others. So he himself, at every stage, is really in part someone else, even in bis own thought of himself.

An in a section on social heredity, Baldwin adds:

He is born into a system of social relationships just as he is bom into a certain quality of air. As he grows in

dy by breathing the one, so he grows in mind by absorbing the other. The influence is just as rea1 and as tangible. • • *

Royce • • view In a • num er 0 passages,o W IC t e 0

• • oWlng one IS

In brief, then, I should assert here, as a matter of psychoIo ,what I have elsewhere worked out more at length, that a child is taught to be self -conscious just as he is taught everything else, by the social order th at brings him up. Could he grow up alone with lifeless nature, there is nothing to indicate that he would become as selfconscious as is now a fairly educated cat.

Pro essor eorge • • • • t IS post tlon a step • o lcago,

•

* Baldwin, ames Mark: Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development, p. 30 and p. 70. New Vork, The Macmillan Co., 1902. .

Royce, osiah: Studies of Good and Evil, p. 208. N ew , Vork, D. Appleton and Co., 1910.

130



HUMAN INTERDEPEND

only the m ium in which personality is devel

ope

has pu lished little, and that little is not very

accessi le to t e general rea er.

t e wi er self. It is one of the foun a tion stones

w atever vestige of an i ea still remains with us

that a man's min is somewhere in his hea ,or

At

for the social case worker, the human mind is not

a xe an una tera le t ing, un ess it e e ec-• • n t e contrary, It IS

a iving, growing, changing, ighly suggestible

well as the bad. "Of all animals," says Pro

fessor ocking," it is man in whom here ity

131

•

RUMAN INTERDEPEND

only the m ium in which personality is devel

ope

has pu lished little, and that little is not very

accessi Ie to t e general rea er.

t e wi er self. I t is one of the foun a tion stones

watever vestige of an i ea still remains with us

that a man's min is somewhere in his hea ,or

At

for the social case worker, the human mind is not

a xe an una tera Ie t ing, un ess it e e ec-• • n t e contrary, It IS

a iving, growing, changing, ighly suggestible

weIl as the bad. "Of all animaIs," says Pro

fessor ocking," it is man in whom here ity

131

•




counts for least and conscious uilding forces for

,-,onsider that

keenest, .. and it ecomes clear that nature has • • prOVI e lffi

• • • Other creatures nature coul

finis : t e uman creature must nis imse ."* •

ter w en they aye succeeded in getting a fairly

• •• cure aSSOcIates towar lm an IS towar

or com-

munity institutions, and to his country.

aria Bielowski in a classroom, one

* Hocking, WilIiam Ernest: Human Nature and Its Remaking, pp. 9 10. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1918.

See Chapter II.

•


counts for least and conscious uilding forces for

~onsider that

abit e angin most

keenest, .. and it eeomes cIear that nature has •

prOVl e

• • •

im or her own

Other creatures nature coul

finis : t e uman creature must nis imse ."* •

ter w en they ave succeeded in getting a fairly

-when

ome

• •• assoelates towar lm an IS towar c ure

or com-

munity institutions, and to his country.

aria Bielowski in a classroom, one

* Hocking, William Ernest: Human Nature and lts Remaking, pp. 9 10. New Haven, Vale University Press, 1918.

See Chapter II.

•




while another asked whether she

teac er.

was not a

ave asked

ealth nurse, or as a matter 0 act social case

work an each of these other pro essions occupies

groun in common. That each has its own task,

however, is illustrated by the psychiatrist and

the social worker. Beginning near the center of

trist bores in an in, w ile the social worker's

sp ere 0 action radiates outwar along all the

lines of a client's social relations. here a mal-

ual an mental, one form 0 skill is neede ; where

it is predominantly environmental and social the

other; while both are probably indispensable

where there is a disturbed personality in an un-

or that

133 ,

•


while another asked whether she

teac er.

was not a

ave asked

ealth nurse, or as a matter 0 act social case

work an each of these other pro essions occupies

groun in common. That each has its own task,

however, is illustrated by the psychiatrist and

the social worker. Beginning near the center of

trist bores in an in, w ile the social worker's

sp ere 0 action radiates outwar along all the

Hnes of a client's social relations. here a mal-

ual an mental, one form 0 skill is neede ; where

it is predominantly environmental and social the

other; while both are probably indispensable

wh ere there is a disturbed personality in an un-

or that

133 ,

•




hereisnosuc t ingasa "se -ma eman,"and

• t may appen to anyone 0 us at any time an

our

• • • Itles, some temporary S oc rom Wit out, or

organize the individual, the more elicate, under • any 0 t ese circumstances, oes t e 0 re-

• a Justment e.

• • ro en connection or to supp y a motIve • ac Ing

before. To illustrate:

A former student of mine, working in a part of the count where organized medical-social work was UD-

134


hereisnosue t ingasa "se -ma eman,"and

• t may appen to any one 0 us at any time an

our

• • • ltles, some temporary s oe rom Wit out, or

organize the individual, the more elicate, under • any 0 tese clrcumstances, oes t e 0 re-

• a Justment e.

• • ro en eonneetion or to supp y a motlve • ae lng

before. To illustrate:

A former student of mine, working in a part of the count where organized medical-social work was UD-

134




known, found herself often called upon, as secretary of the family welfare society of the town, to help the local physicians in pellagra cases. As soon as these doctors discovered what her social case work skill could accomplish, they began to seek her aid in cases which were uncomplicated by economic need or family maladjustment. At one stage of this disease the patient suffers from a horrible depression of spirits. Aggressive cheerfulness in the nurse or caretaker only increases the depression, whereas one who knows how to in the social bacygrounds and foregrounds of the patient's past can often find in them some interest to be revived, some taste to be cultivated, and can thus supply the one thing which makes life seem worth living.

Two college mates of my acquaintance became, after their graduation years ago, volunteer assistants in the fanli1y social work societies of their separate cities. One of them made the acquaintance, in the course of her work, of a deserted wife and her three small children. The home conditions were pitiable, and she set to work at once to improve the health and material welfare of the family, while seeking to discover at the same time the whereabouts of the missing husband and father. He was found in the city in which her classmate lived. Accor· gly, this college friend was asked to make his acquaintance. He had travelled there in search of work, had found it, and had gradually drifted into i oring his absent family altogether, spending his money instead upon his own pleasures.

These two earnest women began to devise various plans to bring him back to a sense of his responsibilities,

135

•


known, found herself of ten called upon, as secretary of the family welfare society of the town, to help the local physicians in pellagra cases. As soon as these doctors discovered wh at her social case work skill could accomplish, they began to seek her aid in cases which were uncomplicated by economic need or family maladjustment. At one stage of tbis disease the patient suffers from a horrible depression of spirits. Aggressive cheerfulness in the nurse or caretaker only increases the depression, whereas one who knows how to in the social bacygrounds and foregrounds of the patient's past can of ten find in them some interest to he revived, some taste to be cultivated, and can thus supply the one thing which makes life seem worth living.

Two college mates of my acquaintance became, af ter their graduation years ago, volunteer assistants in the faJl1i1y social work societies of their separate cities. One of them made the acquaintance, in the course of her work, of a deserted wife and her three small children. The home conditions were pitiable, and she set to work at once to improve the health and material welfare of the family, while seeking to discover at the same time the whereabouts of the missing hushand and father. He was found in the city in which her classmate lived. Accor· gly, this college friend was asked to make hls acquaintance. He had travelled there in search of work, had found it, and had gradually drifted into i oring his absent family altogether, spending his money instead upon hls own pleasures.

These two earnest women began to devise various plans to bring him back to a sense of bis responsibilities,

135

•




with such happy results at last that not only was the family pernlanentIy reunited but more prosperous than it had ever been before. hen, long after, I asked the second volunteer what, in her opinion, had been the secret of success in this particular social venture, she replied, "I attribute its beginnings, at least, to the fact that I discovered the man's one serious interest in life and was able to build on that. He was ardently devoted to his tradeunion and, when he found that I too was a unionist and knew a good deal about the details of the movement, we had a common meeting ground. It was in this way that he became increasingly willing to attend to what I had to

•

say about his children and their future."

• • • • atent power 0 ra latlon, 0 ma lng connectIon,

that is, with other interests of equal or greater

• • an JOIn.

hen ave to sit in con erence were such

the ha1 statement of the imme

I 6

• late i culty


with such happy results at last that not only was the family pernlanently reunited but more prosperous than it had ever been before. hen, long af ter, 1 asked the second volunteer what, in her opinion, had been the secret of success in this particular social venture, she replied, "I attribute its beginnings, at least, to the fact that I discovered the man's one serious interest in life and was able to build on that. He was ardently devoted to his tradeunion and, when he found that I too was a unionist and knew a good deal about the details of the movement, we had a common meeting ground. It was in this way that he became increasingly willing to attend to what I had to

•

say about his children and their future."

• • • • atent power 0 ra latIon, 0 ma lng conneetIon,

that is, with other interests of equal or greater

• • an jOln.

hen ave to sit in con erenee w ere such

the bal statement of the imme

I 6

• late i culty



I I


when one is found, is more likely to come from

consideration of the nearest approach to normal

experiences have mol ed him for better or for

worse. Unfortunately, many decisions, involving

the whole future of a client in some cases eci-

tional training, change of occupation, and so on

are still made without any such sense of the value

an significance 0 ac graun ,of natural in ter

ests an na tural ties. Here is the client and here

plans. The assumption is that the situation pre-

desert island, whereas each of us is surrounded by

a network of relationships some no longer ac-

others certain to remain active no matter what

ecisian is made.

In making any decision affecting the welfare of

another and such decisions will have to be made

13

•

I I


when one is found, is more likely to come from

consideration of the nearest approach to normal

experiences have mol ed him for better or for

worse. Unfortunately, many decisions, involving

the whole future of a client in some cases eci-

tional training, change of occupation, and so on

are still made without any such sense of the value

an significanee 0 ac graun ,of na tural in ter

ests an na tural ties. Here is the clien tand here

plans. The assumption is that the situation pre-

desert island, whereas each of us is surrounded by

a network of relationships some na langer ac-

others certain to remain active no matter what

ecisian is made.

In making any decision affecting the welfare of

another and such decisions will have to be made

13

•



WHAT IS CASE WORK?

un • • •• • IS an t eory 0 responSl 1 1 ty to our e OWS IS

the extreme instance even 0 the foun ling on the

bears witness to human relations whic the re-

• • • e sal to aye a on yone ImenSlon, t ere was

,

sourceless. Then the social wor loo • •• somew at an trle to master a routine 0 seeIng,

• one y one, his client's relatives, teachers, em·

e a second

imension to case work. 0 longer was it linear

stage of development is to bring the client and • • t ose to w om e IS SOCla y re ate toget er, or

138

•

•

WHAT IS CASE WORK?

un • • •• • IS an t eory 0 responSl 1 1 ty to our e OWS IS

the extreme instanee even 0 the foun ling on the

bears witness to human relations whic the re-

• • • e sal to ave a on y one lmenslon, t ere was

,

sourceless. Then the social wor 100 • •• somewat an trle to master a routine 0 seelng,

• one y one, his client's relatives, teachers, em·

e a second

imension to case work. 0 longer was it Iinear

stage of development is to bring the client and • • t ose to w om e IS SOCla y re ate toget er, or

138

•

•



I , , • , ,


to ring him in contact with some of these associ

of it at secon hand. These observations should

actions are already giving case work this third di-

one by one wit ifIerent relatives an friends

all had een

a

Years ago an English colony of button makers settled in a New England city. One of the men in the colony, himself the son of a button maker, had several sons of his own who entered the same trade. One of these sons, the subject of the present illustration, married the daughter of a button maker, and her brothers had established a button factory. This married couple had six children, all of them delicate and some with serious physical handicaps.

The particular branch of the industry with which the whole family connection was so closely identified had long periods of · work; the conditions of the work in the past, moreover, had often been unwholesome.

139 •

•

I , , • , ,


to ring him in contact with some of these associ

of it at secon hand. These observations should

actions are already giving case work this third di-

one by one wit ifIerent relatives an friends

all had een

a

Years ago an English colony of button makers settled in a New England city. One of the men in tbe colony, himself the son of a button maker, had several sons of bis own who entered the same trade. One of these sons, tbe subject of the present illustration, married the daugbter of a button maker, and her brothers had establisbed a button factory. This married couple had six children, all of them delicate and some with serious physical handicaps.

The particular branch of the industry witb which the whole family connection was so closely identified had long periods of · work; the conditions of the work in tbe past, moreover, had of ten been unwholesome.

139 •

•



• • . I , , •

•

;~ , , • ,

I

• • • \ .~


Without attempting to unravel in this short summary that interplay of cause and effect which is so character-

" istic of social as distinguished from natural phenomena, it must suffice to record here that the man took to drink, and that, in milder fashion, his wife did the same. Their relatives became estranged from them and their home miserable. It was at this stage that a social case worker found them. She was still able to recognize, beneath the dirt and squalor, marks of refinement. Soon it was discovered, by physical examination, that the man had tuberculosis, but go to a sanatorium he would not. He and his wife were induced to take a journey of inspection to the sanatorium with the social worker, but still he

•

resisted. Then inquiry was made quietly as to which one of his shopmates had the most influence over him. This fellow-workman was induced to intervene and actually accomplished the desired result.

Arrangements were then made to keep the home together and improve its living conditions during the man's absence. The varied details of this part of the social worker's program do not concern us here. But it should be noted that relatives living in several states were all seen, the intercourse broken off years before was renewed, and each relative, as well as the family's church, became an active participator in the new plans.

Details of the button business appear and reappear throughout this record. After the head of the family had been away a few months, the brother-in-law manufacturer, who formerly had had no interest in his sister's husband, offered the man a chance to do less exacting work

• • . I , , •

•

;~ , , • ,

I

• • • \ .~


Without attempting to unravel in this short summary that interplay of cause and effect which is so character-

" istic of social as distinguished from natural phenomena, it must suffice to record here that the man took to drink, and that, in milder fashion, his wife did the same. Their relatives became estranged from them and their home miserabIe. It was at this stage that a social case worker found them. She was still able to recognize, beneath the dirt and squalor, marks of refinement. Soon it was discovered, by physical examination, that the man had tuherculosis, but go to a sanatorium he would not. He and his wife were induced to take a journey of inspection to the sanatorium with the social worker, but still he

•

resisted. Then inquiry was made quietly as to which one of his shopmates had the most influence over him. This fellow-workman was induced to intervene and actually accomplished the desired result.

Arrangements we re then made to keep the home together and improve its living conditions during tbe man's absence. Tbe varied details of this part of the social worker's program do not concern us here. But it should he noted that relatives living in several states were all seen, the intercourse broken off years before was renewed, and each relative, as weIl as the family's church, became an active participator in the new plans.

Details of tbe button business appear and reappear throughout this record. Af ter the head of tbe family had been away a few months, the brother-in-Iaw manufacturer, who formerly bad had no interest in his sister's husband, offered the man a chance to do less exacting work




at fairly good pay. In great excitement the wife had \vritten to her husband, forwarding this offer and urging , him to come home at once. But a ler writing she sought out the case \vorker and told her what she had done. Then followed telegrams to the head of the sanatorium, for the patient was not yet cured, and it was most important that he should remain where he was. An understanding was next arrived at with the prospective employer" -the brother-in-law"· that the same work would be offered a few months later, and the case worker was authorized to dispatch a second message to the sanatorium stating that, for the present, the place had been filled.

Meanwhile the question of the health of the children had been taken vigorously in hand. Several were found to be pre-tubercular and one to have first-stage tuberculosis. For the latter, long-term treatment in a country place was provided; for the former, a period of observa .. tion in a state institution. Another child had home care for a serious eye condition. It was no small task to repair the neglect of years, and the youngest child, a baby, did not survive its second summer. The other children -are all in excellent condition no\v. \Vhen the father re-turned cured and able to do a full day's work, he found a real home awaiting him.

In addition to the social agencies, four groups had participated in this improvement. As all knew just how the change was accomplished and all were likely to be in continuous relation with the family, it is improbable that the services of a social worker will be needed again. To use the expression of the social worker who is responsible for

141

•

HUMANINTERDEPENDENCE

at fairly good pay. In great excitement the wife had \vritten to her husband, forwarding this offer and urging , him to come home at once. But a ter writing she sought out the case \vorker and told her what she had done. Then followed telegrams to the head of the sanatorium, for the patient was not yet cured, and it was most important that he should remain where he was. An understanding was next arrived at with the prospective employer" -the brother-in-Iaw"· th at the same work would he offered a few months later, and the case worker was authorized to dispatch a second message to the sanatorium stating that, for the present, the place had been filled.

Meanwhile the question of the health of the children had heen taken vigorously in hand. Several were found to be pre-tubercular and one to have first-stage tuberculosis. For the latter, long-term treatment in a country place was provided; for the former, a period of observa .. tion in a state institution. Another child had home care for a serious eye condition. It was no small task to repair the neglect of years, and the youngest child, a baby, did not survive its second summer. The other children -are all in excellent condition no\v. \Vhen the fat her re-turned cured and able to do a fuIl day's work, he found a real home awaiting him.

In addition to the social agencies, four groups had participated in this improvement. As all knew just how the change was accomplished and all were likely to be in continuous relation with the family, it is improbable that the services of a social worker will he needed again. To use the expression of the social worker who is responsible for

141

•




this result, the relatives, the family's church, the man's fellow-employes, and his employer have an "learned the game." The family have learned it too .

...... ase work of this intensive sort ta es time an

as a permanence

n 0 very

with mass reactions, an of these accurate 0 -

refuge in the iscussion of abstractions. One

bases his thesis upon a single instinct, anot er

process an

• Waiter Lippmann in The New Republic for December 15, 1920, says, " . . . one can safely assert that no col· lective psychology will go far or go deep which starts from the group as a whole rather than from the disposition of individuals to form groups." See also references to Pro· fessor Dewey's criticisms of present day social psychology in American ournalof ciology, Vol. XXVI, p. 454.

142


tb is result, tbe relatives, tbe iamily's churcb, tbe man's fellow-employes, and his employer have aH "learned the game." The family have leamed it too .

...... ase work of this intensive sort ta es time an

as a permanence

n 0 very

with mass reactions, an of these accurate 0 -

refuge in the iscussion of abstractions. One

bases his thesis upon a single instinct, anot er

process an

• Walter Lippmann in The New Republic for December 15, 1920, says, " . . . one can safely assert that no col· lective psychology will go far or go deep which starts from the group as a whole rather than from the disposition of individuals to form groups." See also references to Pro· fessor Dewey's criticisms of present day social psychology in American ournalof ciology, Vol. XXVI, p. 454.

142




with the smallest social groupings into which men

have formed themselves? The laboratory meth

o coul not e use , ut the method of trained

an accurate observation remains; an an exten-

• too rea y to IS an .

e are al ami iar wit t e in of sixth sense

resi ents 0 a gOD social sett ement. Between

ith feet still • IS re-

ave een

• tlons 0 groups 0 two or tree or more, un er con-

• • • ItlonS w le m • • expert 0 servatlon POSSI e •

143

•

HUMANINTERDEPENDENCE

with the smallest social groupings into which men

have formed themselves? The laboratory meth

o coul not e use , ut the method of trained

an accurate observation remains; an an exten-

• too rea y to IS an .

e are al ami iar wit t e in of sixth sense

resi ents 0 a gOD social sett ement. Between

ith feet still • IS re-

ave een

• tlons 0 groups 0 two or t ree or more, un er con-

• • • ltlonS w tC m • • expert 0 servation posst e •

143

•

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\

•

VI ,

\

sai tha t t e centra aim 0 social

ment of personality, an

pose with a number of other orms of service.

religion, and social case work are not identical;

earn

from the others does not esta !ish identity either

of metho or of ac ievement. -.Jivilization will

advance farther with less breakage by the way if

social worker, each to 0 what eac knows est

how to do.

e have seen that t

case worker to his task is y way of t e study

an . ,..

etter a Justment 0 man s SOCla re atlons.

has

I

•

•

VI ,

\

sai tha t t e centra aim 0 social

ment of personality, an

pose with a number of other orms of service.

religion, and social case work are not identical;

earn

from the others does not esta lish identity either

of metho or of ac ievement. ....... ivilization will

advance farther with less breakage by the way if

social worker, each to 0 what eac knows est

how to do.

e have seen that t

case worker to his task is y way of t e study

an . ,..

etter a ]ustment 0 man s SOCla re atlons.

has

I



INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE'S

min of t e case worker's client an the other in

his environment in the min s, t at is, of other

with efiniteness upon one side of it a man's in

herited traits, an upon the other those of his

c aracteristics w ic are the resu t 0 environ

ment. Life is not so simple as all that. But the

social worker, deeply concerned as he is with the

he i ers from ot er human eings these t ings • • •• In uence, In turn, t e SOCla enVIronment yan

through which e imsel is to e in uence .

iss Follett,

ing recognition of the indivi ual."* An the dual

nature 0 t e case wor er's task is suggeste in

* Follett, M. P.: The Ne\v State, p. 162. New York, Longmans, Green and Co., 1918.

10 ,

, •

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE'S

min of t e case worker's client an the other in

his environment in the min s, t at is, of other

with efiniteness upon one side of it a man's in

herited traits, an upon the other those of his

c aracteristies w ie are the resu t 0 environ

ment. Life is not so simple as all that. But the

social worker, deeply eoncerned as he is with the

he i ers from ot er human eings these t ings • • •• In uence, In turn, t e sOCla enVIronment yan

through which e imsel is to e in uence .

iss Follett,

ing recognition of the indivi ual."* An the dual

nature 0 t e case wor er's task is suggeste in

* Follett, M. P.: The Ne\v State, p. 162. New Vork, Longmans, Green and Co., 1918.

10 ,

, •



WHAT IS CASE WORK?

e

• • environment. must eave t e p 1 osop ers ere

an see the gui ance 0 •• • 10 oglsts an eugenlsts

• • on t e one an an 0 psyc 0 OglstS an SOCIO 0-

gists on the other. ne 0 t e est aut orities in • • t e ormer group states t e situation as 0 ows:

It is plain that environment and education play a greater part in the development of man than in that of other animals, whereas heredity plays the same part; but it is difficult if not impossible to detennine the relative importance of these three factors. In the field of intellect and morals most persons are inclined to place greater weight upon the extrinsic than upon the intrinsic factors, but this opinion is not based upon demonstrable evidence. So far as organisms below man are concerned there is general agreement that heredity is the most important factor, and this opinion is held also for man by those who have made a thorough study of heredity."

•• • ut our praetlca 1 eu ty 18 t at t

aye ma eat oroug stu y 0 • ere Ity aye

stu y 0 t e

• See footnote, p. 95.

Conklin, Edwin Grant: Heredity and Environment, pp. 366-67. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1916.

146 It

WRAT IS CASE WORK?

e

• • environment. must eave t epi osop ers ere

an see the gui ance 0 •• • 10 oglsts an eugenlsts

• • on t e one an an 0 psyc 0 OglstS an SOCIO 0-

gists on the other. ne 0 teest aut orities in • • t e ormer group states t e situation as 0 ows:

It is plain that environment and education play a greater part in the development of man than in that of other animais, whereas heredity plays the same part; but it is difficult if not impossible to detennine the relative importance of these three factors. In the field of intellect and morals most persons are inclined to place greater weight upon the extrinsic than upon thc intrinsic factors, but this opinion is not based upon demonstrabIe evidence. So far as organisms below man are concerned there is general agreement that heredity is the most important factor, and this opinion is held also for man by those who have made a thorough study of heredity."

•• • ut our practIca I cu ty 18 t at t

ave ma e a t oroug stu y 0 • ere Ity ave

stu y 0 t e


Conklin, Edwin Grant: Heredity and Environment, pp. 366-67. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1916.

146 ot



INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

menta an socia i e 0 man. In act, t e more • •• one rea s on t SI es 0 t IS su Ject t e more

•• • Ityan envIronment as actors In uman we are • • • • 18 Stl an unsett e question. r. yerson, In

ass .

..... tate

laws of en e • • o not app y to luman In erlt-

ance or t e reason t at suc con itions of in-

serve • • en elan experIments 0 not • preval among

uman en e ," e ex-

s own to app y or any

• • •• •• p YSlca In erltance IS 0 ten con use ,IS a qUite • • t erent t lng.

• •• • .... ra am a as gives us some 1 umlnatlng • • • pages upon t e atter In IS new 00, ur octa

* Myerson, A.: "Psychiatric Family Studies," The American Journal 0 Insanity, Vol. LXXIII, p. 360. Baltimore, The ohns Hopkins Press, 1917.

•


menta an socia i e 0 man. In act, t e more • •• one rea s on t SI es 0 t IS Su Ject t e more

•• • ltyan envIronment as ac tors In uman we are • • • • 18 Stl an unsett e questlon. r. yerson, In

ass .

..... tate

laws of en e • • o not app y to luman In erlt-

ance or t e reasön t at suc con itions of in-

serve • • en elan experlments 0 not • preval among

uman en e ," e ex-

s own to app y or any

• • •• •• p ySlca In erltance IS 0 ten con use ,IS a qUlte • • terent t Ing.

• •• • .... ra am a as glves us some 1 umlnatlng • • • pages upon teatter In IS new 00, ur octa

* Myerson, A.: "Psychiatrie Family Studies," The American Journal 0 Insanity, Vol. LXXIII, p. 360. Baltimore, The ohns Hopkins Press, 1917.

•



•


eritage.

alone ut

Socia in eritance e ongs not to man

the

no social heri tage, whereas ir s, which are longer-

hat this social

habit formation, have not the unalterable charac

ter of traits transmitte throug the germ plasm.

I t is an in eritance, however, in the sense that

man is otn into it, and, in a ition to this in

eritance, a I the environmental effects of e uca

tion, religion, government, an social intercourse

ing individual, are still to be reckoned with. The

of social work activities and the turning over of

* Wallas, Graham: Our Social I-Ieritage, pp. 14' 23. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1921.

148

•

WRAT IS S lAL CASE WORK?

eritage.

alone ut

Socia in erÏ-tance e ongs not to man

the

no social heri tage, whereas ir s, which are longer-

hat this social

habit formation, have not the unalterable charac

ter of traits transmitte throug the germ plasm.

I t is an in eritance, however, in the sense that

man is orn into it, and, in a ition to th is in

eritance, a I the environmental effects of e uca

tion, religion, government, an social intercourse

ing individual, are still to be reckoned with. The

of social work activities and the turning over of

* Wallas, Graham: Our Social I-Ieritage, pp. 14' 23. New Haven, Vale University Press, 1921.

148




moneys t urt er

eugenic research.

At the same time, the fundamental message of

workers have the great fact of ineradicable in-

Democracy must face it, education must never

lose sight of it. The assertion that folks are dif-

we their inherited and unchangeable differences

to reckon with, but to these are adde all the dis-

ence. evertheless, there are few obvious truths

workers themselves. The correlative truth of

man's common nature is the one stili emphasized

treatment can achieve t e desired result.

Our first vigorous reactions against the auto-

among men ut upon their resem lances and

149

•


moneys t urt er

eugenic research.

At the same time, the fundamental message of

workers have the great fact of ineradicable in-

Democracy must face it, education must never

lose sight of it. The assertion that folks are dif-

we their inherited and unchangeable differences

to reckon with, but to these are adde all the dis-

ence. evertheless, there are few obvious truths

workers themselves. The correlative truth of

man's common nature is the one stili emphasized

treatment can achieve t e desired result.

Our first vigorous reactions against the auto-

among men ut upon their resem lances and

149

•



•


A ler has note ,comes to e

mistakenly taken to mean likeness in the sense of sameness, not in the sense of that fundamental likeness on the background of which the desirable unlikenesses stand forth~ • • • The · erences are to be stressed; they are the coruscating ints in the spiritual life of mankind. That every man is the equal of his fellows means that he has the same right as each of the others to become unlike the others, to acquire a distinct personality, to contribute his one peculiar ray to the white light of the spiritual life. * ,-

s a matter 0 fact there is more t an a trace of

•• • • tlon to Its autocratIc tren In an a

the ational on erence of ocia

ca e atten

ress efore •

or In 1915.

thei ea

•• • ...,ontrl utlon 0 aCla ase or to emoc-

• Adler, Felix: An Ethical Philosophy of Life, p. 142 sq. New York, D. Appleton and Co., 1918.

Then the National Conference of Charities. See Proceedings for 1915, "The Social Case Worker in a Changing World," p. 43.

Proceedings for 1918, p. 263.

15°

•


A Ier has no te ,comes to e

mistakenly taken to mean likeness in the sense of sameness, not in tbe sense of tbat fundamentallikeness on tbe background of which tbe desirabIe unlikenesses stand forth~ • • • The · erences are to be stressed; they are the coruscating ints in the spirituallife of mankind. That every man is the equal of bis fellows means th at he has the same right as each of tbe others to become unlike the others, to acquire a distinct personality, to contribute his one peculiar ray to tbe white light of the spiritual life. * ,-

s a matter 0 fact there is more t an a tra ce of

•• • • tlon to lts autocratIc tren In an a

the ational on erence of ocia

ca e atten

ress efore •

or In 1915.

thei ea

•• • ...,ontrl utlon 0 aCla ase or to emoc-

• Adler, Felix: An Ethical Philosophy of Life, p. 142 sq. New Vork, D. Appleton and Co., 1918.

Then the National Conference of Charities. See Proceedings for 1915, "The Social Case Worker in a Changing World," p. 43.

Proceedings for 1918, p. 263.

15°



•

•


oppor-

were create

of its members, we must also agree that there is

• name y, reat uneQua t ~ngs unequa y.

• •• one an t e same tIme y t e way In w le our

Chinamen, for example. • • ur temptation 15 to

blances to ourse ves; to treat them as a c ass

• Miss Vaile used, and so do I, Dr. Henry Van Dyke's striking paraphrase of Plato's words. The passage will be found in Book VI of the Laws, pp. 273 74 of owett's translation, edition of 187 I .

151

•

•

•


oppor-

we re create

of its members, we must also agree that there is

• name y, reat uneQua t ~ngs unequa y.

• •• one an t e same tIme y t e way In w IC our

Chinamen, for example. • • ur temptatlon 15 to

blances to ourse ves; to treat them as a c ass

• Miss Vaile used, and so do I, Dr. Henry Van Dyke's striking paraphrase of Plato's words. The passage will be found in Book VI of the Laws, pp. 273 74 of owett's translation, edition of 1871.

151

•



WHAT IS CASE WORK?

rien tals look

each examination into the etaiIs 0 t eir lives,

social stratifications would be washe away and

rage, a etermine effort was ma e to reak

WHAT IS CASE WORK?

rien tals look

each examination into the etails 0 t eir lives,

social stratifications would be washe away and

rage, a etermine effort was ma e to reak




formula was never more applicable. r~ever had

race an

unequally .

..... ra am T alIas urging t e full recognition of in

dividual differences upon delTIOCracy. In the

field of education he imagines the teacher asking

himself whether he shall treat all his pupils alike

or base his treatment of them on their ifferences,

No perfectly simple answer to this question will be possible until our rs of psychological testing are increased, and until social equality has sufficiently advanced to make the differences at any moment between children depend much more than they do at present upon" nature," and much less upon the" nurture" of rich and poor, or of educated and uneducated homes. But, broadly speaking, I am convinced that social progress already lies on the line of . cl difference. *

•• •••• y lnte 1gent mass actIon; It recognizes Iver-

* Our cia! Heritage, p. 98.

153 ,

•


formula was never more applicable. r~ever had

race an

unequally .

..... ra am T alIas urging t e full recognition of in

dividual differences upon delTIOCracy. In the

field of education he imagines the teacher asking

himself whether he shall treat all his pupils alike

or base his treatment of them on their ifferences,

No perfectly simple answer to this question will be possible until our rs of psychologie al testing are increased, and until social equality bas suffieiently ad van eed to make the differenees at any moment between ehildren depend much more tban they do at present upon "nature," and mucb less upon tbe "nurture" of rieh and poor, or of educated and uneducated homes. But, broadly speaking, I am convineed that social progress already lies on the line of . cl difference. *

•• •••• y lnte 1gent ma ss action ; lt recognlzes lver-

* Our cia! Heritage, p. 98.

153 ,

•



,

WHAT IS IAL CASE WO ? . . . ". .

SIty Y esta IS lng orms 0 pu le a mlnlstra-

• o owe very C ose y t e stages t at aye Just

once tea

group an

• •• sence 0 unlversa traits In a uman

• • unl ormlty. • t as treate unequa t lngs

equa y.

• • eserters, recent ImmIgrants, an so on-to • •••• rea lze tat t IS a It Stl persIsts an to ree-• • • • ognlze Its angers. ecessary as a startIng pOInt,

• • • tee assl catIon must not e trans orme Into a

name 0 • •• • merlcanlzatlon are lrect y tracea e to

• • ImmIgrants as • • essentla y a an to e treate • ale.

om in ealing

nomic an social con i tions, will • • tlon t at no unl orm program 0 proce ure or a

15

,

WRAT IS lAL CASE WO ? . . . ". .

SIty Y esta IS lng orms 0 pu IC a mlnlstra-

• o owe very C ose y t e stages t at ave Just

onee tea

group an

• •• sence 0 unIversa tralts In a uman

• • unI ormlty. • t as treate unequa t lngs

equa y.

• • eserters, recent lffiffilgrants, an SO on-to • •••• rea lze t at t IS a I t Stl persIsts an to rec-• • • • ognlze lts angers. ecessary as a startlng pOInt,

• • • tee assl catIon must not e trans orme tnto a

name 0 • •• • merlcanlzatlon are lrect y tracea e to

• • lffiffilgrants as • • essentla y a an to e treate • ale.

om in ealing

nomic an social con i tions, wiII • • tlon t at no unI orm program 0 proee ure or a

15




can succee ,

tially even in the one characteristic of their rela-

• • accustome to continuous occupation; some un-

• • • are ale IS so we re ut In anot er vo ume 0

this series· t at nee not mention it ere.

o t em, at east, 0 t e won erfu • • Iverslty • • Iverslty

• against t at ac groun 0 our common nature

w ich more an more COInman s t eir reverence • •• • an IS t e unl ylng e ement In a program 0 many

etails, eman ing no small egree of skill for its

mastery. • y any omnl us term or

• Colcord, oanna c.: Broken Homes. New York, Russell ge Foundation, 1919.

I

•


can succee ,

tially even in the one characteristic of their rela-

• • accustome to continuous occupatlon; some un-

• • • are ale IS so we re ut In anot er vo urne 0

th is series t at nee not mention it ere.

o tem, at east, 0 t e won erfu • • lverslty • • lverslty

• agalnst t at un 0 our camman nature

w ich more an more COInman s t eir reverence • •• • an IS t e unI ylng e ement In a program 0 many

etails, ernan ing no small egree of skill for i ts

mastery. .....on ronte • y any omnl us term or

• Colcord, oanna C.: Broken Homes. New Vork, Russell ge Foundation, 1919.

I

•



•


begin to seek at once for dissimilarities within the

tions in the suggeste socia treatment. The old

dead-and-alive entries of former ays in social

case records, such as "woman tells the same old

all, for clear an aithful pictures of well-dif-

dent of mine writes, "I find that social case work

an

revolution. In act, there can e no true democ-

I a occasion some time since to look over a

ment was beginning to take root in •

merlca.

wrote, "

•


begin to seek at once for dissimilarities within the

tions in the suggeste socia treatment. The old

dead-and-alive entries of former ays in social

case records, such as "woman tells the same old

all, for clear an aithful pictures of well-dif-

dent of mine writes, "I find that social case work

an

revolution. In act, there can e no true democ-

I a occasion some time since to look over a

ment was beginning to take root in •

merlca.

wrote, "




b b · " soon e 0 VIOUS an easy.

The social case worker of to ay deals with a

of charita le relief, but even within that re-

fact is that people in like circumstances are

never so much alike as they appear to be. Never

theless, that mistaken generalization of years ago

eman s an

traine min s and hands nee ed to make such ,

treatment a reality. There is danger that in pub-

lic departments and in many other places the

ly

t an t e essentia skill w ic • • • It requires; In

, •

•


b b · " soon e 0 VIOUS an easy.

The social case worker of to ay deals with a

of charita Ie relief, but even within that re-

fact is that people in like eircumstances are

never so much alike as they appear to beo Never

theless, that mistaken generalization of years ago

eman s an

traine min s and hands nee ed to make such ,

treatment a reality. There is danger that in pub-

He departments and in many other pI aces the

ly

t an t e essentia skill w ie • • • It requlres; In

, •

•



WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WOR ?

• • • W IC case t ere WI e more motIons -many

o en eavor

in ivi ual-• varle pattern 0

• •• umanltyan to strIve, WIt an • e ept an rIe-

•

ness of its color tones.

WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WOR ?

• • • W IC case tere Wl e more motIons -many

o en eavor

in ivi ual-• varle pattern 0

• •• umanltyan to strlve, WIt an • e ept an rlC-

•

ness of its color tones.



VII

R B B • • In IS

the elimiting fact that we cannot treat ople,

• tern. overnments an egls atures to t e con-

• • •• an lcapplng t em crue y. IS app les not

clients, 0 t e statesman to is constituents, it

welt upon t e formative power of suc relations,

• In so far as social insurance applies to everyone instead of to a particular group ·to a group of people qualifying on the basis of destitution, for example ·my argument does not hold. The gradual establishment of reasonable mini-

. mum standards for all the people is one way of equalizing opportunity without ignoring differences.

159

•

• I

I •

VII

R B B • • In IS

the elimiting fact that we cannot treat ple,

• tem. overnments an egls atures to t e con-

• • •• an lcapplng t em crue y. IS app les not

clients, 0 t e statesman to is constituents, it

welt upon t e formative power of suc relations,

• In so far as social insurance applies to every one instead of to a particular group ·to a group of people qualifying on the basis of destitution, for example ·my argument does not holde The gradual establishment of reasonable mini·

. mum standards for all the people is one way of equalizing opportunity without ignoring differences.

159

•

• I

I •



,


• • ut t at power can e exerte In OPPosite ways-• • • •• It may eve 0P persona Ity or It may crlpP e It.

pa

tient, or frien and frien . The first an most

• Cl.

• • omlnatlng an • • •• pOInts at w IC t e growing mln S ou e en-

• • as not seen parents ma e 0 e ore t elr time,

fussy affection of their sons an augh ters? In

wit w atever is est in mo ern e llcation. The •

genuine .teac er seeks to train not disciples ut •

o servers. So with the doctor; at his est he,

selves. As etween frien s the same trut ho ds.

11 of which is 0

,


• • ut t at power can e exerte In Opposlte ways-• • • •• lt may eve op persona lty or lt may crlpp e lt.

pa

tient, or frien and frien . The first an most

• Cl.

• • omlnatlng an • • •• pOInts at W IC t e growlng mln s ou e en-

• • as not seen parents ma eoe ore t elr time,

f ussy affection of their sons an augh ters? In

wit watever is est in mo ern e uèation. The •

genuine .teac er seeks to train not disciples ut •

o servers. So with the doctor; at his est he,

selves. As etween frien s the same trut ho ds.

11 of which is 0



THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

we • • • a ways ave to remtn ourse yes t at It IS so.

whic our human kind are often found to be suf

fering, and the realization of this intolerableness

whic some 0 the con tacts of case work bring,

may betray the case worker into adding one

• • • an leap 0 an unnerving pIty.

have to conten

with. Two who have orne such witness, lin

rt ur earson :

hen I lost my sight, I was between four and five years of age. My father said to the other members of the family, "You must do everything for him." My mother took me by the hand, led me into another room, and said, " oseph, you can learn to work as well as the other children, and I will teach you." . • . . I love and revere the memory of that mother, who encouraged her blind boy to do his full share of the work and have his

11 161

•

,

,

TUE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

we • • • a ways ave to remtn ourse yes t at lt IS so.

whic our human kind are of ten found to be suf

fering, and the realization of this intolerableness

whic some 0 the con tacts of case work bring,

may betray the case worker into adding one

• • • an lcap 0 an unnervlng plty.

have to conten

with. Two who have orne such witness, lin

rt ur earson :

hen I lost my sight, I was between four and five years of age. My father said to the other members of the family, "You must do everything for him." My mother took me by the hand, led me into another room, and said, " oseph, you can leam to work as weIl as the other children, and I will teach you." . • . . I love and revere the memory of that mother, who encouraged her blind boy to do his full share of the work and have his

II 161

•

,

,



WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WO ?

full share of the fun. To the courage and independence gained during those twelve years on a mountain farll} in Tennessee I owe chiefly whatever I have accomplished in after life.·

It seemed to me that blind people had in the past been generally treated entirely in the wrong manner. Sweet kindly folk had talked to them about their affiiction and the terrible difficulties that beset them. If you tell a man often enough that he is a · cted, he will become a · cted and will adopt the mental and physical attitude befitting that soul-destroying word.

• • •• hen I found my sight was doomed I arrived at various decisions of greater or lesser im rtance, and one of the lesser ones was that I had better dispense with the services of the personal attendant who had looked after me for many years, as otherwise he would probably become a stumbling-block in the path of blind proficiency. The great secret of success in learning to be blind is to in-sist u doing everything ssible for oneself.

• • t e ana yses 0 anlma an uman e aVlor.

tout, cc whic • prevents progressive eve op-• • •• • ment, IS t e eXistence 0 Instincts, W IC 0 01'

• Campbell, Dr. F. .: Outlook or the Blind, Val. I, p. 99. Pearson, Sir Arthur: Victory over Blindness, pp. 15and

71. New York, Doran, 1919.

162

WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WO ?

full share of the fun. To the courage and independence gained during those twelve years on a mountain faral} in Tennessee I owe chiefly whatever I have accomplished in af ter life.·

It seemed to me th at blind people had in tbe past been generally treated entirely in the wrong manner. Sweet kindly folk had talked to them about their affiiction and the terrible difficulties that beset them. If you teIl a man of ten enough that he is a · cted, he will become a · cted and will adopt the mental and physical attitude befitting that soul-destroying word.

• • •• hen I found my sight was doomed I arrived at various decisions of greater or lesser im rtance, and one of tbe lesser ones was that I had better dispense with the services of the personal attendant wbo had looked af ter me for many years, as otherwise he would probably become a stumbling-block in tbe path of blind proficiency. The great secret of success in learning to be blind is to in-sist u doing everything ssible for oneself.

• • t e ana yses 0 anIma an uman e aVlor.

tout, cc whic • prevents progresslve eve op-• • •• • ment, IS t e eXlstence 0 Instincts, w tC 0 OP

• Campbell, Dr. F. .: Outlook or the Blind, Vol. I, p. 99. Pearson, Sir Arthur: Victoryover Blindness, pp. 15and

71. New Vork, Doran, 1919.

162



THE BASIS OF PURPOSEF A ION

• • t em w at t e uman elng must 0 or Im-

sel .".

, ut there is every

reason w y we cannot treat a human eing in

this fashion. In fact, social workers, like those

more or less skilled, should be pretty humble-

that what a man oes for himself counts ar more

that are one for him.

e reason or t is will oun in an examina-

• puppy or any ot er young anlma , an is menta

* uoted by Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet in The Standard of Life, p. I 18 Macmillan and Company f to which book I am also indebted for some of the deductions that follow.

163 ,

TUE BASIS OF PURPOSE

• • t em w at t e uman elng must 0 or lm-

sel ." •

• re raln rom

, ut there is every

reason w y we cannot treat a human eing in

this fashion. In fact, social workers, like those

more or less skilled, should be pretty humble-

that what a man oes for himself counts ar more

towar

that are one for him.

e reason or t is win e oun in an examina

he

• puppy or any ot er young anIma , an is menta

* uoted by Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet in The Standard of Life, p. I 18 Macmillan and Company f to which book I am also indebted for some of the deductions that follow.

163 ,




own

circle which so circumscribes him that he is • Incapa

wants.

rep ace

• • • o acquirIng progressive an

ith man there is no suc circle; it is • y a splra .

• • IS career, e IS

to compare one • • • concept WIt anot er an to e uce a t Ir In

other war s, to reason. The reasoning an the

• orlzon an • • communIon WIt ot t e seen an t e unseen.

•• • IS t e I erence etween routine an purpose u

action, between the domestic animal an the

pioneer discoverer. *

* As regards instincts versus habits, note, for example, this passage from Watson's Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, p. 254 Lippincott Company, 1919):

Cl No fair-minded scientific observer of instincts in man

164

•

WRAT IS lAL CASE WORK?

own

circle which 50 circumscribes him that he is • Incapa

wants.

rep ace

• • • o acqulrlng progresslve an

ith man there is no suc circle; it is • y a splra.

• • IS career, e IS

to compare one • • • concept WIt anot er an to e uce a t Ir In

other wor s, to reason. The reasoning an the

• orlzon an • • communlon WIt ot t e seen an t e unseen.

•• • IS tel eren ce etween routine an purpose u

action, between the domestic animal an the

pioneer discoverer. *

* As regards instincts versus habits, note, for example, this passage from Watson's Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, p. 254 Lippincott Company, 1919):

Cl No fair-minded scientific observer of instincts in man

164

•



I , ,

I

THE BASIS OF PURPOSEF A ION

It is true that a man can become so weighed

·-that it is

these circunlstances an estimate of his na ti ve

should claim that the genus homo possesses anything like the picturesque instinctive repertoire of the animal, • . • Instinct and the capacity to form habits, while related functions, are present in any animal in inverse ratio. Man excels in his habit-forming capacities. So quickly are habits formed upon the basis of whatever instinctive activity is present, that man is usually accredited with as long a list of instincts as the animals."

Or take the following passage from Arthur George Heath's The Moral and Social Significance of the Conception of Personality, p. I I Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1921 :

"Not merely to be a self, but to have a developed con-sciousness of self: to realize definitely the existence of our outer world against which the self acts and reacts: to form deliberate plans in which memory serves to guide, and rational criticism to control the will; powers such as these would seem inseparable from personality, and yet it appears very doubtful whether such autonomy of interest and purpose against the surrounding world is realized in the life of any animal but man himself."

Nothing said here, however, should be interpreted to mean that a great leap was made as between man's mind and that of the other animals. The differences have come not by leaps but by a very long series of short steps.

165

I , ,

I

TUE BASIS OF PURPOSEF A ION

It is true that a man ean become so weighed

,-that it is

these circunlstances an estima te of his na ti ve

should claim that the genus homo possesses anything like the picturesque instinctive repertoire of the animal, • . • Instinct and the capacity to form habits, while related functions, are present in any animal in inverse ratio. Man excels in his habit-forming capacities. So quickly are habits formed upon the basis of whatever instinctive activity is present, that man is usually accredited with as long a list of instincts as the animais. "

Or take the following passage from Arthur George Heath's The Moral and Social Significanee of the Conception of Personality, p. I I Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1921 :

"Not merely to he a self, hut to have a developed con-sciousness of self: to realize definitely the existence of our outer world against which the self acts and reacts : to form deliberate plans in which memory serves to guide, and rational criticism to control the will; powers su eh as these would seem inseparahle from personality, and yet it appears very doubtful whether sueh autonomy of interest and purpose against the surrounding world is realized in the life of any anima} but man himself."

Nothing said here, however, should be interpreted to mean that a great leap was made as bet ween man's mind and that of the other anima Is. The differences have come not by leaps but by a very long series of short steps.

165



•


oes not ta e

the circumstances into account can e as un air

as a ju gment on the thrift of a p ant that has

lation of wants ' of wants that his own exertions

must ema eta • • • • , ree sornet Ing tter t an se -PIty In) IS

. ;

•

them to do!" This· is not the social wor er's • I ea 0

ence in such situations as ini re ones's, were • ••• t e eve 0 POSSI e particIpatIon on er part

• • • IS very I erent, owever, rom ecornlng a spe-

cial rovi ence to one's c ient. The true case

work attitude takes full account of man's great-• est 'asset t e asset W IC

••• • lstlnguls es Im

166 ...

•

•


oes not ta e

the circumstances into account can e as un air

as a ju gment on the thrift of a p ant th at bas

lation of wants ' of wants that his own exertions

must erna eto • • • • , ree somet Ing tter t an se -PI ty In) IS

. ;

•

them to do!" This· is not the soeial wor er's • I ea 0

ence in su eh situations as ini re ones's, w ere • ••• t e eve 0 pOSSl e partlclpatlon on er part

• • • IS very 1 erent, owever, rom ecomlng a spe-

cial rovi ence to one's c ient. The true case

work attitude takes fuH account of man's great-• est ässet teasset W IC

••• • lstlnguls es lm

166 ...

•



THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL A ION

from all other animals, in that he can acquire pro--.

can acquire these, the case worker realizes, only

through action whic is not automatic ut pur

pose ul. 0 step etween a man an t e spur to

worse to him than what we meant when we us

That term ha always a materialistic slant.

hat we really were in danger of doing was not

material relief; 'many W 0 have never lacke for

material things as well as the estitute have been

of service to all forms, that is, which are with-

wise service can e ill distinguished in the fol

lowing illustration, for example:

stranger to me, a ormer teac

167

TUE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL A ION

from all other animaIs, in that he can acquire pro--.

can acquire these, the case worker realizes, only

through action whic is not automatic ut pur

pose ui. 0 step etween a man an t e spur to

worse to him than what we meant when we us

That term ha always a materialistic slant.

hat we really were in danger of doing was not

material relief; 'many W 0 have never lacke for

material things as weIl as the estitute have been

of service to all forms, that is, which are with-

wise service can e ill distinguished in the fol

lowing illustration, for example:

stranger to me, a ormer teac

167




been

as it true t at relie was an evil al-

ways

erect attitu e t at sea 0 serve e was

work with which she was i entifie , or to dis-

,

the case of a father and mother with one child, a

valided that the mother ha to e at home to • Im.

he p ul person at first, ut as time ad gone on-

relief that was so much needed she had become

more an more an more • • • graspIng an ISlngenuous.

168


been

as it true t at relie was an evil al-

ways

erect attitu e t at s e a 0 serve e was

work with which she was i entifie , or to dis-

,

the case of afather and mother with one child, a

valided that the mother ha to e at home to • lm.

he p uI person at first, ut as time ad gone on-

relief that was so much needed she had become

more an more an more • • • grasping an lSlngenuous.

168



THE BASIS OF PURPOSEF ACTION

visitor, t oug a woman of more than ordinary

thoughtfulness, had never attempte to work

That, I

ask ,were the relations between mother and

were affectionate

hat 0 t e • • •• en InquIre Into.

not know.

It ha not

hat were the mother's

he visitor did

tion. This teacher must have known far etter

come the head of the household later on and a

good citizen

exclusively upon making the relief adequate to

mate of her client's character was the correct one,

• • a Justment y er mIS ortunes, was y no means

169

TUE BASIS OF PURPOSEF ACTION

visitor, t oug a woman of more than ordinary

thoughtfulness, had never attempte to work

7hat, I

ask ,were the relations between mother and

were affectionate

hat 0 t e • • •• en lnquire lnto.

not know.

It ha not

hat were the mother's

he visi tor did

tion. This teacher must have known far etter

come the head of the household later on and a

good ci tizen

exclusively upon making the reHef adequate to

mate of her client's character was the correct one,

• • a Justment y er mIS ortunes, was y no means

169



WHAT IS CASE WORK?

• mot er 0 a growIng

him; she was a le to give affection an to corn ...

man it. at she nee e ,a ter t e sh an

•

woul • • • •• t e VIS1 tor toget er cou s are t e responSl 1 1 ty

e taken, al 00 ing • towar assurIng t e uture success 0 er ome.

In other wor s, what the client nee e was an

open window, an outlook. It seeme to me that

• ave een IS-

• I have hesitated to use the word Cl motivation" in this and the earlier examples of case work given in this book because the psychologists are not agreed as to its exact meaning, but here at least we have an illustration of the way in which the discov and acceptance of a motive must precede any genuine participation by the client in the social treatment. " Motive" is defined by Baldwin and Stout as Cl anything whatsoever which, by influencing the will of a sensitive being, is supposed to serve as a means of determining him to act, or voluntarily to forbear to act,

I 0

WRAT IS CASE WORK?

• mot er 0 a growlng

him; she was a Ie to give affection an to com ...

man it. at she nee e ,a ter t e sh an

•

woul • • • •• t e VIS1 tor toget er eou s are terespons! 1 1 ty

e taken, al 00 ing • towar assurlog teuture success 0 er ome.

In other wor s, what the client nee e was an

open window, an outlook. It seeme to me that

• ave een lS-

• I have hesitated to use the word Cl motivation" in this and the earlier examples of case work given in this hook because the psychologists are not agreed as to its exact meaning, but here at least we have an illustration of the way in which thc discov and acceptance of a motive must precede any genuine participation by the client in the social treatment. " Motive" is defined by Baldwin and Stout as Cl anything whatsoever which, by influencing the win of a sensitive being, is supposed to serve as a means of determining him to act, or voluntarily to forbear to act,

I 0



THE BASIS OF PURPOSE A ION •

mora e: uman

ne

seeming unselfishness in which they are forcing

others to 0 all the receiving. To contrive some

how to give that mother a new vision 0 her im-

• • supp y er Wit an a equate motive a equate to

• • • rig t p ace rig t not on y In our se erne 0

upon any occasion." See Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, edited by ames Mark Baldwin.

* Dr. Felix Adler, in An Ethical Philosophy of Life, describes the characteristics of egocentric philanthropy, of

I I

TUE BASIS OF PURPOSE A ION •

mora e: uman

have een a e, to the limit of t eir abilit , to

seeming unselfishness in which they are forcing

others to 0 all the receiving. To contrive some

how to give that mother a new vision 0 her im-

• • supp y er Wit an a equate motlve a equate to

• • • rlg t pace rlg t not on y In our sc eme 0

upon any occasion." See Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, edited by ames Mark Baldwin.

* Dr. Felix Adler, in An Ethical Philosophy of Life, describes the characteristics of egocentric philanthropy, of

I I




• • at t IS pOInt a

Relief • • • as argess IS so ope ess y un emocratlc t at Its

• WI er istri ution 0 relief -t e same thing or

• eve as a sort 0 su stl tu te

puts any faith in the eneficence of relief only, it

altruism, and finally of his own ethical philosophy which, in a word, is U so to act as to elicit the unique personality in others" and thereby in oneself. "Incontestably, in the attempt to change others we are compelled to try to change ourselves. The transformation undergone by a parent in the attempt to educate his child is an obvious instance." As an illustration of the typical error of altruism, he names the wife or mother H who slaves for her husband or children, obliterating herself, never requiring the services due her in return and the respect for her which such services imply, degrading herself, and thereby injuring the moral character of those whom she pampers." Egocentric self-sacrifice is described in a brilliant passage p. 212 sq. too long to be reprod uced here but well worth more than one reading by social workers.


• • at t IS pOInt a

Relief • • • as argess IS so ope ess y un emocratlc t at lts

curses

wi er istri ution 0 relief -t e same thing or

puts any faith in the eneficence of relief only, it

altruism, and finally of his own ethical philosophy which, in a word, is uso to act as to elicit the unique personality in others" and thereby in oneself. "Incontestably, in the attempt to change others we are compelled to try to change ourselves. The transformation undergone by a parent in the attempt to educate his ehild is an obvious instance." As an illustration of the typical error of altruism, he names the wife or mother H who slaves for her husband or ehildren, obliterating herself, never requiring the services due her in return and the respect for her which such services imply, degrading herself, and thereby injuring the moral character of those whom she pampers." Egocentric self-sacrifice is described in a brilliant passage p. 212 sq. too long to be reprod u eed here but weil worth more than one reading by social workers.



THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

maladjustment is soun an fits the true situa-

• • moreover, t e Interest an co-operatlon 0 t e

person or persons most concerned have somehow

een won

• • stan lng a C ient an 0

with him, a program of participation is in essence

that there is no such

ear-

work. an-

TUE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

maladjustment is soun an fits the true situa-

• • moreover, t e Interest an co-operatlon 0 t e

person or persons most concerned have somehow

een won

• • stan lng a C îent an 0

with him, a program of participation is in essence

that there is no such

ear-

work. an-




• ne s W le •

Wl •• • eve op persona 1 ty In t elr

clients, i t ese c ients are • • • ginning to acquire • Ig er wants y a purpose u

. .." action W le IS In-

• ~ng

• • coming more C ose y re ate to t e various com-• • munlty groups to w IC eac natura y e ongs,

t en we nee not worry a out t e re ie si e of

our program or a out any ot er mere y secon ary • • cons! era tlon.

,

WRAT IS lAL CASE WORK?

• • ••• ne s W IC Wl eve Op persona lty In t elr

. . .." 19 er wants y a purpose u action W IC IS In-

ng

• • comlng more c ose y re ate to t e varlous com-• • munlty groups to W IC eac natura y e ongs,

t en we nee not worry a out tere ie si e of

our program or a out any ot er mere y secon ary • • eonSl era tlon.

,



VIII

RNIN • rom t e more a stract consl era-

• • •• Iverslty, It IS now • time to u-

• ••• man elngs an t elr socla environment rorn a

wor

cou

in its re ation to future social

of case

eve op-

ments, ut strengt en an • a Just social re a-

• • tlons In our own ay an • time are even more

ur own wor as we n

consi er eac one in reI a tion to certain Oll tstan -

17 ,

,

VIII

RNIN • rom t e more a stract consl era-

• • •• lverslty, lt IS now • time to u-

• ••• man elngs an t elr socia environment rom a

wor

cou

in its re ation to future social

of case

eve op-

ments, ut strengt en an • a Just social re a-

• • tlons In our own ay an • time are even more

ur own wor as we n

consi er eac one in rel a tion to certain ou tstan -

17 ,

,




• lng an ese are

an t e court -a ist whic cou e somew at

exten e . • • • escrlptlon 0 case wor ,not even so fIe a one,

• •• t e I erent orms 0 socla wor WIt one an-

For purposes 0

case

an

intensive care of i cult cases. Let me now , .

roa en Its use to Inc u e once more a t ose 50-

• •• an or In IVl ua s, w et er or not t ey ea • • Irect y to t e eve opment 0 persona Ity. e

intensive case work about which I have een . . ... .

writIng t e type W le lrect y concerns Itse

• • to ear a separate name In tIme a name 0 not • more t an one wor , et us ope, ut at t IS

• • •• • • SOCla servIces or In IVl ua s ea t WIt one y

one.


• lng an ese are

an t e court -a ist whic cou e somew at

• • • escrlptlon 0 case wor ,not even 80 rle a one,

• •• tel erent orms 0 socla wor WIt one an-

For purposes 0

case

an

intensive care of i cult cases. Let me now , .

roa en lts use to lnc u e once more a t ose so-

it • •• an or In lVI ua s, w et er or not t ey ea

• • lrect y to t e eve opment 0 persona lty. e

intensive case work about which I have een . . ... .

wrltlng t e type W IC lrect y concerns ltse

• • to ear a separate name In tIme a name 0 not • more t an one wor , et us ope, ut at t IS

• • •• • • SOCla serVIces or In lVI ua s ea t WIt one y

one.



THE HOME

First, t e ome . •

ear to t e I e 0 t

hat re ation oes case work

e present- ay family?

w ic come to t e case wor er owing to t e fact

that the relationships wit whic ·s task has to

deal are the warp an woof of daily life. This is

born into real homes an

eop e

privileged to have

• •• • -to assume t at t e su Ject 0 ami y 1 e IS too

sacre a one to e iscussed. On the other hand, • ••

muc 0 t e Iterature 0 revo t against t e ami Y

as now constitute ears internal evi ence of the

critics. Surely the questions involve are too

• sett e y persona las. • • • ISPOSl tlons too, no

12 I •

THE HOME

First, t e ome . •

ear to tel e 0 t

hat re ation oes case work

e present- ay family?

w ie come to t e case wor er owing to t e fact

that the relationships wit whic ·s task has to

deal are the warp an woof of daily life. This is

born into real homes an

eop e

privileged to have

• •• • -to assume t at t e su Ject 0 aml y 1 e IS too

sacre a one to e iscussed. On the other hand, • ••

mue 0 t e lterature 0 revo t agalnst t e aml y

as now constitute ears internal evi en ce of the

critics. Surely the questions involve are too

• sett e y persona las. • • • lSpOSl tlons too, no

12 I •



WHAT IS CASE WOR ?

• • arge y upon t e In 0 ome In

ey grew up, ut t ose W 0 care most or • earn to set pre IS-

• • • posItIons aSI e, or at east to a owance or

I aye se om •

nown a t oroug case wor er w ose vIews a ut • •• t e ami y, w et er conservatIve or ra lea, a

• • • a woman engage In case wor on t e west SI e • • In ew or soon a ter ta lng post-gra uate

en

to • • t e group 0 extreme emlnlsts W 0 accepte

no use for

• • •

WIt W le am con ron te • • am comIng to see • • tat, w en t e Wor IS rema e, somet 109 more

,

• • • t an t e experIences 0 a sma coterle 0 Inte-

ectuals wiI aye to e ta en into account."

•• •• orms 0 socla conSCIousness rom conSI eratlon.

I 8

WRAT IS CASE WOR?

• • arge y upon t e In 0 ome In

ey grew up, ut t ose W 0 care most or • earn to set pre IS-

• • • posltl0ns aSI e, or at east to a owance or

I ave se om •

nown a t oroug case wor er w ose vIews a ut • •• t e aml y, w et er conservatlve or ra tea, a

• • • a woman engage In case wor on tewest SI e • • In ew or soon a ter ta lng post-gra uate

en

to • • t e group 0 extreme emlnlsts W 0 accepte

no use for

• • •

WIt W IC am con ron te • • am comlng to see • • t at, w en t e wor IS rema e, somet lOg more

,

• • • t an t e experlences 0 a sma coterie 0 Inte-

ectuals wil ave to e ta en into account."

•• •• orms 0 SOCla conSClousness rom conSl eratlon.

I 8



I

I i

THE HOME

aye on y to remem er ow comp ete y, at • • certain perlo so • • Isto , t e power 0 t e ami y

has overri en t

stan t at the interest 0 social wor ers in t e

institution of the home shoul not be in the in-

'stitution or its own sa e ut or t e sa of

strengt an pro a le sources 0 wea ness. To • • • w at extent IS t IS ome a p uct 0 a socla

• •• • con Itlons W IC nee to reme I y mass • • • action r to w at extent IS It mar

• •• • Initiative • • • t IS easier to as t ese questions t an • to answer t em; t e answer was not easy tn t e

case 0

--' ara ansca's emoraIize ouse 01 , or in

ini r ones's. =10

t e clients 0 social workers live in families they

are so accessi le to visitors. any people come

* See Chapters 11 and Ill.

I 9

[

I , ,

THE HOME

e ave on y to remem er ow comp ete y, at • • certaln peri • •

S 0 lsto , t e power 0 t e aml y

strengt an pro a Ie sources 0 wea nesse To • • w at extent IS t IS ome a pro uct 0

• •• • con ltl0ns W IC nee to ererne I y mass • • • action r to w at extent IS lt mar

re its mem-

bers • •• un In su Jectlon to testrongest 0 t

• •• • lnltlatlve • • • t IS easler to as tese questlons t an • to answer t em; t e answer was not easy In t e

case 0

...... ara ansca's emoralize ouse ol , or in

ones's. =10

t e clients 0 social workers live in families they

are so accessi Ie to visitors. any peopie come

* See Chapters 11 and 111.

I 9



•


• an go on one SOCla wor erran or anot er, eac •• • one In uenclng to some extent t e 1 eo t e am-

• conscIous y. •• •• • ImagInary la ogue wrItten y a case wor er, In

w ic " ane," a

to er rien ," t e

•

. .,' I ant roplst.

"I understand. You mean that in a few years the specialized agencies will have entirely decentralized the family the truant officer will deal with the boy, the friendly society with the girl, the child hygienist with the child, and the baby welfare with the baby; the different nurses will have visiting days, while the industrial clinic will follow up the man. There will be psychiatric specialists for middle and old age and a budget specialist for relief. Everyone will have a different plan for the family "

"Dear me, what a lot of specialized persons there seem to be," said the Philanthropist. There was a pause~ " hat are you thi ing t now?" he asked.

"Oh, I was just thi ·ng about the family," said anc.

have een the •

• a 0 IS e , •• • • • ea Ing elt er WIt amlles or mem ers 0 am-

• • lIes, S ou owa gOD ea a ut t e acts 0

180

•


• an go on one SOCla wor erran or anot er, eac •• • one In uenclng to some extent tel eo t e am-

• 1 asa ,

conscious y. T i •• •• • lmaglnary la ogue wrltten y a case wor er, In

w ie " ane," a

to er rien ," t e

•

. ." 1 ant ropist.

"I understand. You mean that in a few years the specialized agencies will have entirely decentralized the family the truant officer wilt deal with the boy, the friendly society witb the girl, tbe child bygienist with tbe child, and tbe baby welfare witb the baby; the different nurses will have visiting days, while the industrial clinic win follow up the man. There wiU be psychiatrie specialists for middle and old age and a budget specialist for relief. Everyone will have a different plan for the family "

"Dear me, what a lot of specialized persons there seem to be," said tbe Philanthropist. There was a pause~ " hat are you thi ing a t now?" he asked.

"Oh, I was just about thc family," said anc.

ane wou have een the •

utt e • a 0 IS e , • • ea lng elt • er WIt

• • aml les or mem ers 0 am-• • 1 les, S ou now a go ea a ut teacts 0

• • • aml y 1 e an S ou now e ge In

180



,

I

THE HOME

min in all their work. ithout attempting to

these acts are. •

I am aware, of course, that many regard t e

there are in the world today homeless in the

backgroun of the heart stone." ut none of

woul seem that c ildren have a right to two

• • crue oss. pea lng roa y, C 1 ren 0 not

mot ers w 0 love

t em an love one another. If this is true, then

we ave a certain efinite goal to work toward, no

matter how far the institution of marriage may

now lag e in .

ISI

•

,

I

THE HOME

min in all their work. ithout attempting to

these acts are. •

I am aware, of course, that many regard t e

there are in the world today homeless in the

backgroun of the heart stone." ut none of

woul seem that c ildren have a right to two

• • crue oss. pea lng roa y, C 1 ren 0 not

mot ers w 0 love

t em an love one another. If this is true, then

we ave a certain efinite goal to work toward, no

matter how far the institution of marriage may

now lag e in .

ISI

•




• o t e Istur anee

struggle within • In

• e quotes • t e ami y or greater

• eartl y agree, ut we must a -

• • tlnue to perpetuate elt er anarc y or autocracy • • •• • Wit In t e amI y untl a way 0 preventing sue

• • - marriage IS oun . • •••• • ow ere In tee 0 pu IC a minIstratIon IS

marriage laws iverse it is true, ut not ra-

competent to oun rea omes, t ere s ou e • • proper sa eguar s against t e marrIage 0 t ose

too young to marry, 0 t ose w 0 are • elng .. , .

coerce Into marriage, an 0 t ose W 0 WI In-

182

WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WOR ?

• t e lstur anee • • In a y IS ue to t struggle within

• t e aml y or greater • e quotes

• eartl y agree, ut we must a -

• • tlnue to perpetuate elt er anarc y or autocracy • • •• • Wit In t e aml y untl a way 0 preventlng sue

• • - marrlage IS oun . • •••• • ow ere In tee 0 pu IC a minIstratIon IS

rnarriage laws iverse it is true, ut not ra-

competent to oun rea omes, tere s ou e • • proper sa eguar s agalnst t e marrlage 0 t ose

too young to marry, 0 t ose w 0 are • ng .. , .

coeree tnto marriage, an 0 t ose W 0 Wt ln-

182



THE HOME ,

• mlt

on y now our present marriage laws an their

, ut S OU

ance 0 • • • • Istere. ractlca a aptatlon 0 t e Intent 0

the aw to t e in ivi ual circumstances will

evelop certain case work

features in time. • • • ....... as es 0 tastes an am Itlons, varYing re-

sponses to su en externa c ange, re usa to

• •• • t elr part In marlta un applness. e mere

eorge

l\1er

• For necessary modifications of this too briefly expressed principle, see "The Right to Marry" by Dr. Adolf Meyer in The Survey for une 3, 1916.

As an illustration of the close relation between social case work and social reform, it may be mentioned in passing that the studies made by the Russell Sage Foundation, first of American Marriage Laws and now of marriage law administration this latter still in process), have grown directly out of my relations with family case work.

183

TBE HOME ,

• filt

on y now our present marriage laws an their

ac , ut s ou

anee 0 • • • • lstere. ractlca a aptatlon 0 telntent 0

the aw to t e in ivi ual circumstances will

evelop certaÎn case work

features in time. • • • ..., as es 0 tastes an am 1 tlons, varylng re-

sponses to su en externa c ange, re usa to

• •• • t elr part In marlta un applness. e mere

eorge

l\1er

• For necessary modifications of this too briefly expressed principle, see "The Right to Marry" by Dr. Adolf Meyer in The Survey for une 3, 1916.

As an illustration of the close relation bet ween social case work and social reform, it may be mentioned in passing that the studies made by the Russell Sage Foundation, first of American Marriage Laws and now of marriage law administration this latter still in process), have grown directly out of my relations with family case work.

183



•


Lovers neath the singing sky of May They wandered once; clear as the dew on flowers: But they 'ed not on the advancing hours:

•

Their hearts held cravings for the buried day .

• o resist c ange an • • to ose eyeryt Ing In • • a uman re atlon t at IS

There can e no per-

his aw 0 growt • • app le , 0 course, In •• • ISCUSSlons 0 t e ami y.

r. Fe ix er ma es a ye • It to t e

wit the u. etermination to aye our own way

• •• ucatlon or marriage IS pro a y t e most neg-

ma

an

* Adler, Felix: Marriage and Divorce, p. 35 sq. New York, McClure, 1905.

,

•


Lovers th the singing sky of May They wandered once; clear as the dew on flowers: But they 'ed not on the advancing hours:

•

Their hearts held cravings for the buried day .

• o reslst c ange an • • to ose everyt Ing In

e •

a uman re atlon t at IS

There can no per-

wit the u. etermination to ave our own way

• •• ucatlon or marrlage IS pro a y t e most neg-

ma

an

* Adler, Felix: Marriage and Divorce, p. 35 sq. New Vork, McClure, 1905.

,



THE HOME

soun i eals of marriage and the family" every-

• In

• • In merlca,

• • • • • autocracy IS a tra Itlon. ere IS an opportunIty

change in a new environment an are una

a apt t e training 0 their c il ren to • • • or Instl tu tlons.

ew •

•

,

an Italian father's social conventions with American ways . of restoring a dangerously ill girl to health. An operation was needed and the hospital in which it could be performed had been found. But no entreaties moved the father,

* Ross, E. A.: Principles of Sociology, p. 590. New York, Century Co., 1920 .

•

•

TUE HOME

soun i eals of marriage and the family "every-

• In

• • In merlca,

• • • • • autocracy IS a tra ltlon. ere IS an opportunlty

change in a new environment an are una

a apt t e training 0 their c il ren to • • • or lnstl tu tlon8.

ew •

•

,

an Italian fatber's social conventions with American ways . of restoring a dangerously ill girl to health. An operation was needed and tbe hospita! in which it could be performed had been found. But no entreaties moved tbe father,

* Ross, E. A.: Principles of Sociology, p. 590. New Y ork, Century Co., 1920 .

•

•



•

•


deteuuined that his child should not leave her home. At last the case worker discovered that he regarded a young unmarried woman as permanently disgraced who spent a night away from the protection of the parental roof. The adaptation made was an arrangement by which father could accompany daughter to the hospital and stay there long enough to assure her restoration to health without blasting her reputation.

• • ••• • n t IS Incomp ete enumeration 0 Inequa Itles • ••••• aVlog t elr origin Wit In t e ome we _ aye to

ree •

personal relations with the outsi e world re-

the home nest

the nest ings

• ometlmes

as een so over-protecte t at

ave never learn to y. T is • • • IS a sItuation now muc we t upon y t e men-

o pur

pose ul action an are no etter, on some si es, • • • t an t e omestlcat anlma s to W IC re er-

words, their homes have fail • • t ese younger mem , to reconCl et e two prln-

• ence an 0 purpose U ,In e-

186

•

•


deteuuined that his child should not leave her home. At last the case worker discovered that he regarded a young unmarried woman as permanently disgraced who spent a night away from the protection of the parental roof. Tbe adaptation made was an arrangement by which father could accompany daughter to the hospital and stay there long enough to assure her restoration to health without blasting her reputation.

• • ••• • n t IS Incomp ete enumeratlon 0 Inequa Itles • ••••• aVlog t elr orlgln Wit In t e ome we _ ave to

ree •

personal relations with the outsi e world re-

the home nest

the nest ings

• ometImes

as een so over-protecte t at

ave never loorn to y. T is • • • IS a sltuatlon now muc we t upon y t e men-

o pur

pose uI act ion an are no etter, on some si es, • • • t an t e omesticat anIma s to W IC re er-

words, their homes have fail • • tese younger mem , to reconCl et e two prln-

• ence an 0 purpose u ,In e-

186



THE HOME •

one in W ose early life they ,have fail . of recon

ciliation.

not be ignore . arping may come in quite other

ways, such as in lack of sensitive response to social

• • • • • Imaginative lterature t an t e Wl ow at er

..... hil ren .

.

•• •• us In, W lC e oes not eSltate to reiterate,

an azarov's mother must give him er blessing • • y stea t , so emanCIpate IS e.

course we have to reckon with the fact that

the case worker must learn to ma e t e distinc

tion etween sham an rea, invi ious t oug it

seem, i he is to ace his task with courage.

egalizes a relation must constitute t

•

• •

TUE HOME •

one in W ose early life they,have fail . of recon

ciliation.

not be ignore . arpingmaycomein quiteother

ways, such as in lack of sensitiveresponse to social

• • • • • lmaglnatlve lterature t an t e Wl ow at er

..... hil ren .

.

•• •• us In, W IC e oes not eSltate to relterate,

an azarov's mother must give him er blessing • • y stea t , so emanClpate IS e.

course we have to reckon with the fact that

the case worker must learn to ma e t e distinc

tion etween sham an rea, invi ious t oug it

seem, i he is to ace his task with courage.

egalizes a relation must constitute t

•

• •



,

,


on , an this

something more is not only a sent ut ac ing

past all human power to restore or create. here

there are c i1 ren, the test is this: an the chil-

e ecent ea s of amities later? If this is not

parenta rights are a solute are those who have

our

court than the child has.

• • • • constitutes an In lctmen 0 t e ami y, an

makes it clear that man could etter get his first J

188: .

,

,


on , an this

something more is not only a sent ut ac ing

past all human power to resto re or create. here

there are c i1 ren, the test is this: an the chil-

e ecent ea s of amilies later? If this is not

parenta rights are a solute are those who have

our

court than the child has.

• • • • constltutes an In lctmen 0 t e aml y, an

makes i t clear tha t man could etter get his first J

18S: .



THE HOME

• •

-

crow e classroom upon t e personality of ehB-

re

relation of natural ties, of affection and undivi ed

man eing, even when the attention is relatively

uns ille .

the originals of the case recor s from w ich I

ave rawn t e stories given ear ier, they would

• oster 1 tter y regrette

free omes in which he a

going to is present one. He had the normal

The external con itions in t e inifr ones

regard it as a good home for small chit ren, ut a

,

TUE HOME

• •

-

crow e classroom upon t e personality of chil-

re

relation of natural ties, of affection and undivi ed

man eing, even when the attention is relatively

uns ille .

the originals of the case recor s from w ich I

ave rawn t e stories given ear ier, they would

• oster 1 tter y regrette

free omes in which he a

going to is present one. He had the normal

The external con itions in t e inifr ones

regard it as a good home for small chil ren, ut a

,




home together as long as possi le, and gave her • • •• e reason or olng everyt Ing y W IC It

cou a tter one. T ere are some

at cannot e turne out at wholesale,

an a man or woman w 0 can coun te an

se 00, t e c u ,t e wor sop, tetra e or pro-

• • • • • • activities come In successIon to exercIse t ose •

51 es 0 c aracter, t ose nee S 0 contact, 0

• • t e amI y cannot supp y; ut t e protectIve an --

• • •• • nevo en t InstIncts ave t elr genesIs In t e ,

•

supp ement an • e p to enrlc • t e ex rlence

• tlon8.

mean, t e rst 0 W • • IC IS ta en rom t e etters

• • t t rows a suggestive 19 t o • • I lam ames.

• I


home together as long as possi Ie, and gave her • • •• an a e reason or olng everyt Ing y W IC It

cou me a tter one. T ere are some

at cannot e turne out at wholesale,

an a man or woman w 0 can coun te an

sc 00, t ecu ,t e wor sop, tetra e or pro-

• • • • • • ac tt VI ties come In successIon to exerClse t ose •

SI es 0 C aracter, t ose nee S 0 contact, 0

• • t e aml y cannot supp y; ut t e protectlve an --

• • •• • nevo en tlnstlncts ave t elr genesIs In t e ,

•

supp ement an • e p to enrlC t e ex • ce

• tlon8.

mean, t e rst 0 W • • IC IS ta en rom t e etters

o • • I lam ames. • • t t rows a suggestlve tg t

• I



THE HOME

u n t • • tlons W IC

• • • IS more c aracterlstlc 0 t e ome

e etter

illiam ames, • IS at er, angerous y

In that mysterious of the past into which the pres-ent soon will fall and go back and back, yours is still the central All my intellectual life I derive from you; and though we have often seemed at odds in the expression thereof, I'm sure there's a harnlony somewhere, and that our strivings will combine. hat my debt to you is goes beyond all my wer of estimating, early, so penetrating and so constant has been the influ-ence. • • •

•

. As for myself, I know what trouble I've given you at various tirnes through my peculiarities; and as my

boys grow u ,I shall learn more more 0 the ki er • you h to overcome in su erint ing the o a creature di erent rom yoursel, or whom you 'ell responsible. I say this merely to show how my sympathy with you is· to grow much livelier, rather than to fade and not for the sake of regrets. *

• • y secon examp e rom lograp y IS ta en

* The Letters of William ames. Edited by his son. Vol. I, p. 219 sq. Boston, The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1920. The italics are mine.

, 191

TUE HOME

u nt • • tlons W IC

• • • IS more c aracterlstlc 0 t e ome

eetter

illiam ames, • IS at er, angerous y

In that mysterious of the past into which the pres-ent soon will fall and go back and back, yours is still tbe central All my intellectuallife I derive from you; and though we have of ten seemed at odds in the expression thereof, I'm sure there's a harnlony somewhere, and that our strivings will combine. hat my debt to you is goes beyond all my wer of estimating, early, so penetrating and so constant bas been tbe influ-ence. • • •

•

. As for myself, I know what trouble I've given you at various tÎJnes through my peculiarities; and as my

boys grow u ,I shall karn more more 0 the ki er • 'JOU h la overcome in su erint ing the o a creature di erent rom yoursel, or whom you 'ilt responsible. I say this merely to show how my sympathy with you is· to grow much livelier, rather than to fade and not for tbe sake of regrets. *

• • y secon examp erom lograp y IS ta en

* The Letters of William ames. Edited by his son. Vol. I, p. 219 sq. Boston, The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1920. The italics are mine.

, 191


Foundation, 1922.

•


rom t e i e 0 Pasteur. t seems to me to i us-• trate not on y, as my rst 1 , t e on etween

e

range 0 eu tura attaInments can e e to-• • •

get er In re atlons 0 mutua e p u ne ss In one

ura, not ar rorn t e wiss or er, eonsiste of

e at er was 0 peasant stoc, ut a n

one 0 apo eon

sen

scoo,an

ne ss the rst such venture faile . •

• contrive

t was a

oy away to

hen at last

an ater e was care u to see t at eac mem

• • • • •• al lng VISIon 0 t e crysta ormatlons W le

were "Tell me

a out the e er asteur,

et's.

192 •

.. •


rom t e i e 0 Pasteur. t seems to me to i us-• trate not on y, as my rst 1 , t e on etween

e

range 0 cu tura attalnments can e e to-• • •

get er In re atlons 0 mutua epu ne SS In one

ura, not ar rom t e wiss or er, consiste of

e at er was 0 peasant stoe, ut a . n • Iers. t was a one 0 apo eon

sen oy away to

scoo,an

ne ss the rst sueh venture faile . hen at last •

• eontrlve

an ater e was care u to see t at eac mem r

• • • • •• al lng vIston 0 t e crysta ormatlons W IC

were "TeIl me

a the e er asteur, ua

192



THE HOME

atten

one science hampers another? I should think

the other." The principle of co-ordination ap-

• 2 iI a '. _ _ _.

ears after these parelits ha

an edica te a ronze ta let a xe to t e small

house in whic Pasteur was orn. e was there,

revolu-

relation between the" first practical syllogism"

o at er, mother, an child, and the life of the

feeling, than y quoting Pasteur's own wor s to

his old neigh

part,

Oh! my father, my mother, dear departed ones, who lived so humbly in this little house, it is to you that I owe everything. Thy enthusiasm, my brave-hearted

13 , 193

TUE HOME

atten

one science hampers another? I should think

the other." The principle of co-ordination ap-

• 2 dl a '. _ _ _.

ears af ter these parelits ha

an edica te a ronze ta let a xe to t e small

house in whic Pasteur was orn. e was there,

revolu-

relation between the "first practical syllogism"

o at er, mother, an child, and the life of the

feeling, than y quoting Pasteur's own wor s to

his old neigh

part,

Oh! my father, my mother, de ar departed ones, who lived so humbly in this little house, it is to you that I owe everything. Thy enthusiasm, my brave-hearted

13 , 193




mother, thou hast instilled it into me. If I have always associated the greatness of Science with the greatness of France, it is because I was impregnated with the feelings which thou hast inspired. And thou, dearest father, whose life was as hard as thy hard trade, thou hast shown to me what patience and protracted effort can accomplish. It is to thee that I owe perseverance in daily work. Not only hadst thou the qualities which go to make a useful life, but also admiration for great men and great things. To look upwards, learn to the utmost, to seek to rise ever higher, such was thy teaching. I can see thee now, after a hard day's work, reading in the evening some story of the battles in the orious epoch of which thou wast a witness.

hilst teaching me to read, thy care was that I should learn the greatness of France.

Be ye blessed, my dear parents, for what ye have been, and may the homage done today to your little house be yours! * .

* Vallery-Radot, Rene: The Life of Pasteur, Vol. 11, p. 155. London, Constable and Co., 191 I.

194


mother, thou hast instilled it into me. If 1 have always associated the greatness of Science with the greatness of France, it is because I was impregnated with the feelings which tbou bast inspired. And thou, dearest father , whose life was as hard as thy hard trade, thou bast sbown to me what patience and protracted effort can accomplish. It is to thee that I owe perseverance in daily work. Not only badst thou the qualities wbich go to make a usefullife, but also admiration for great men and great things. To look upwards,leam to the utmost, to seek to rise ever higher, sucb was thy teaching. I can see tbee now, af ter a hard day's work, reading in the evening some story of tbe batties in the orious epoch of which thou wast a witness.

bilst teaching me to read, tby care was that I should leam the greatness of France.

Be ye blessed, my dear parents, for what ye have been, and may tbe homage done today to your little house be yours! * .

* Vallery-Radot, René: The Life of Pasteur, Vol. 11, p. 155. London, Constabie and Co., 191 I.

194



•

IX

•• •• • to Ive In a Cl ty In w IC one 0 t e

lea

• • or newspapers evotlng most attention to e u-

ur • e ucatlona yau-

• • • • • tort ties W 0 stu le t e SU Ject too aca emlC-

ally. As atthew rno sai 0 t e renc

• • text to t e same page an memorizing t e same

facts. "* ne can imagine the jealous guar ians

• New York Evening Post for October 13, 1921.

,

•

. -f"l ('

- 'I .1 , , , ; i 1 . .

,

•

•

IX

•• •• • to Ive In a el ty In w Ie one 0 t e

lea • •

nanclng, ouslng, an

• • or newspapers evotlng most attention to e u-

ur • e ueatlona yau-

• • • • • t ort ties W 0 stu te t e su Ject too aca emlC-

ally. As atthew rno sai 0 terene

• • text to t e same page an memorlzIng t e same

facts. "* ne can imagine the jealous guar ians

• New Vork Evening Post for October 13, 1921.

,




for everybo y in the same way without fear and

without favor.

come some variations of met 0

han s, an so on, with t e result that a muc

rom t e elemen tary to t e secon ary schools.

It is stil i cult, however, as iss ott re-

- -.

: iI 2 _

Behind stan ar measurements, standar cur-

first tentative intro uction of socia case wor

These ideas and

• • • • • VISl tors, or VIS1 tlng teac ers, nance at rst y

• • • private agencIes an Stl ostere y t em, ut

* Abbott, Edith, and Breckenridge, S. P.: Truancy and Non-Attendance in the Chicago Schools, p. 227. University of Chicago Press, 1917.


for everybo y in the same way without fear and

without favor.

come some variations of met 0

han s, an 50 on, with teresuIt that a mue

rom teelemen tary to tesecon ary schools.

It is stil i cult, however, as iss ott re-

- -.

: iI 2 _

Behind stan ar measurements, stand ar cur-

first tentative intro uction of socia case wor

These ideas and

• • • • • VISt tors, or Vist tlng teac ers, nance at rst y

• • • private agencles an stl ostere y tem, ut

* Abbott, Edith, and Breckenridge, S. P.: Truancy and Non-Attendance in the Chicago Schools, p. 227. University of Chicago Press, 1917.



SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL- COURT

tions. The new venture, as one educator phrases

it, was an effort "to rescue the child from the

children an the teachers from the sc 001." If

ever a huge problem neede to be separated into •

, It

century. -

ven now t e visiting teacher movement as

ma e no more than an encouraging start. It is

an mental testing in t e schools, to vocationa

guidance, an to the various ot er in ivi ua izing 'I.

etween

ome an sc 00 over w ic t ere is stil no well

use pat. T ere are ve se 00 ours in a

hours.

• • IS e u le

SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL· COURT

tions. The new venture, as one educator phrases

it, was an effort "to rescue the child from the

children an the teachers from the sc 001." If

ever a huge prohlem neede to he separated into •

, lt

century. •

ven now t e visiting teacher movement as

ma e no more than an encouraging start. I t is

an mental testing in t e schools, to vocationa

guidance, an to the various ot er in ivi ua izing 'I.

etween

ome an sc 00 over w ic t ere is stil no weIl

use pat. T ere are ve sc 00 ours in a

hours.

• • IS e U IC



, , , I ! I • ,

!


ucation Association 0 New

the results of correspon ence

teac ers in 28 cities.

• WIt

• • • vIsIting

• porte to er y t e sc 00 or poor se 0 ars lp,

• • • a vice an assistance 0 m lca an menta ex-

. " .... use y a socla case wor ers. ange 0 •

changes wit

198

, , , I ! I • ,

!


ucation Association 0 New

the results of correspon ence

teac ers in 28 ci ties.

• WIt

• • • vlsltlng

• porte to er y t e sc 00 or poor sc 0 ars lp,

• • • a vice an assistance 0 m lca an menta ex-

. " .... use y a socla case wor ers. ange 0 •

changes wit

198



SCHOOL ' WORKSHOP HOSPITAL COURT

as a promotion, a emotion, and a transfer to a

t at 0 his ome. The analysis 0

Even in·schools where the children have been reclassified on the basis of mentality, visiting teachers re rt having found children whose scholastic attainlnents did not tally with their intelligence quotients, and whose "physical condition,"" out-of-school i uences," "fa · y history," "character disab· · ies," etc., had to be taken into account in interpreting their failures. Adjustment of the adverse home conditions, whatever they were, resulted in bringing these c · dren up in lessons to the level where their intelligence showed they should be. The follo · g history illustrates this t e of child: A boy of nine with an intelligence quotient of 120 was doing very

work, in the 4th grade. The visiting teacher found that he read till 11 at night "any books he found in the

•

library." He rarely went out "not in this neighbor-hood!" The visiting teacher correlated his reading with his lessons; interested him in outdoor athletics; and '\\ith the mother worked out a vigorous daily program which left hint at night physically tired and ment y satisfied, and ready to retire early. Interest and oversight brought this c · d up to the standard which his ability warranted,

199 •

,

SCHOOL ' WORKSHOP HOSPITAL COURT

as a promotion, a emotion, and a transfer to a

t at 0 his ome. The analysis 0

Even in·schools where the children have been reclassified on the basis of mentality, visiting teachers re rt having found children whose scholastic attainnlents did not tally with their intelligence quotients, and whose "physical condition," "out-of-school i uences," "fa · y history," "character disab· · ies," etc., had to be taken into account in interpreting their fallures. Adjustment of the adverse home conditions, whatever they were, resulted in bringing these c · dren up in lessons to tbe level wbere their intelligence showed they should beo The follo · g history illustrates this t e of cbild: A boy of nine with an intelligence quotient of 120 was doing very

work, in tbe 4th grade. Tbe visiting teacher found that he read tillIl at night Hany hooks he found in the

•

library." He rarely went out "not in this neighbor-bood!" The visiting teacher correlated his reading with his lessons; interested him in outdoor athletics; and '\\ith the mother worked out a vigorous daily program which left hint at night pbysically tired and ment y Sàtisfied, and ready to retire early. Interest and oversight brought this c · d up to tbe standard which his ability warranted,

199 •

,




and in addition changed him from a dreamer and laggard into an energetic boy and pupil. *

teac er W 0 has to deal with more t an 200 chil

ren a year is not oing social case work or very

much else of a socially productive character. In

for each

case- oa 0 1,000. Even t e gure 0 200 chi -•

• • • • Yle nee e Inslg ts an to ma e Its u con-

mig t well cut in al. As it is, the figures sub-

E ucation Association show that in some of the

* The Visiting Teacher in the United States, p. 33 sq. A Survey by the National Association of Visiting Teachers and Home and School Visitors. New York, Public Educa· tion Association, 1921.

200


and in addition changed him from a dreamer and laggard into an energetic boy and pupil. *

teac er W 0 has to deal with more t an 200 chil

ren a year is not oing social case work or very

much eIse of a socially productive character. In

for each

case- oa 0 1,000. Even t e gure 0 200 chi -•

• • • • yle nee e lnslg ts an to ma e lts u con-

mig t weU e cut in al. As it is, the figures sub

mitted in

E ucation Association show that in some of the

* The Visiting Teacher in the United States, p. 33 sq. A Survey by the National Association of Visiting Teachers and Home and School Visitors. New Vork, Public Educa· tion Association, 1921.

200



SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL ·COURT

"visiting teaching" without the service.

e stu ie save against a ackground of all the

ot ers.

rela tions existing etween the home and the

works Ope

meeting of social workers, ventur to take the

national relations, government itsel , could be

s

of the home or else be scrappe or reorganized.*

be t e winners in what seeme to them an un-

son to c ange my mind on this point. If, for ,

example, the railroad trainman cannot see his

* Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction now the National Conference of Social Work for 1908, p. 77.

201

SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL ·COURT

"visiting teaching" without the service.

e stu ie save against a ackground of all the

ot ers.

rela tions existing etween the home and the

works op.

meeting of social workers, ventur to take the

national relations, government itsel , could be

s

of the home or else be scrappe or reorganized.*

be tewinners in what seeme to them an un-

son to c ange my mind on this point. If, for ,

example, the railroad trainman cannot see his

* Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correct ion now the National Conference of Sodal Work for 1908, p. 77.

201




ehil

or t em to now im; i it e true t at long • wor lng ours, or ow wages, or su en trans ers

reaction against such social •• • organIzatIon 0 In ustry

• •• •• • CIVI Izatlon IS to survive.

lin ness, an a re

ecomes inevitable if

a out an emonstrate t at some 0 teases 0 • • • •• • amI y I e Itse a t elr roots In economIc an

• • • ••• a con Itlons. us Inogra 0 ,In IS rle • • • reVIew 0 trl a aw, sows ow 0 ten t trl a

•

organization an marital customs were shaped by

in ustria condi ..

tions. * e two views are not irreeoncila e;

uture

eve opments.

rela-• • • tlons etween In ustry an socla case wor may

• Vinogradoff, Sir Paul: Outlines of Historical urisprudence, Vol. I, pp. 163 212. Oxford University Press, 1920•

202


chil

or t em to now im; i it e true t at long • wor lng ours, or ow wages, or su en trans ers

reaction against such social •• • organlzatlon 0 In ustry

• •• •• • CIVI lzatlon IS to surVlve.

lin ness, an a re

ecomes inevitable if

a out an emonstrate t at some 0 t e ases 0 • • • •• • aml y I e ltse a t elr roots In economlc an

• • • ••• a con ltlons. us Inogra 0 ,In IS rle • • • reVIew 0 tri aaw, S ows ow 0 ten t trI a

•

organization an marital customs were shaped by

in ustria condi ..

tions. * e two views are not irreconcila e;

uture

eve opments.

rela-• • • tlons etween In ustry an socla case wor may

• Vinogradoff, Sir Pa uI: Outlines of Historical urisprudenee, Vol. I, pp. 163 212. Oxford University Press, 1920•

202



SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL OURT

suggest what certain tren s in industry now are.

One 0 the rst contacts 0 case work ,,,it in us

try came a out t roug tee i a r cam-

• • •• • Istratlve SI eo In ustry IS very recent. anges

• • new eparture were In lcate

lin . Lane w en e wrote, at teen 0 his

ior, H

we aye ealt W 0 esa e wit men an t ings,

o the in ivi ual unit, wether t at unit an

acre 0 esert, a arre • t e ow 0 a river, or t • e capaclty 0 t e urn est

omen."

ere u t e etai s

203

SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL OURT

suggest what certain tren s in industry now are.

One 0 the rst contacts 0 case work ,vit in us

try came a out t roug tee i a r cam-

• • •• • Istratlve SI eo In ustry IS veryrecent. anges

• • new eparture were In lcate

lin . Lane w en e wrote, at teen 0 his

ior, H

we ave ealt W 0 esa e wit men an t ings,

o the in ivi ua} unit, wether t at unit an

acre 0 esert, a arre • t e ow 0 a rlver, or t • e capaclty 0 t e urn est

omen."

ere u t e etai s

203




• • In actorles an wor sops,

to t e socia case worker.

, Another interesting application 0 case work to

• • • ~ommlsslon as emp .oy two tralne case

workers to collect the social facts which will be

ommission in making indivi ual

. ~

tion. eir services a so inc u e suc tasks as "'-

selecting proper guar ians were t e ene-

,

t e awar

so on ,an making connection with the social re-

are rought to light with which the Commission

cannot possi 1 y eal. iss rances Per ins, to

204


• • In actorles an wor s ops,

to t e socia case worker.

, Another interesting application 0 case work to

• • • ~ommlSSlon as emp .oy two tralne case

workers to collect the social facts which wiII be

ommission in making indivi ual

. ~

tion. eir services a so inc ti e suc tasks as "'-

selecting proper guar ians w ere t e ene-

,

teawar

50 on ,an making connection with the social re-

are rought to light with which the Commission

cannot possi 1 y eal. iss rances Per ins, to

2°4



SCHOOL· WORKSHOP T ,HOSPITAL· COURT

w om testate owes the inauguration of this

among

others, 0 its va ue:

The father of the Hogan family was burned to death in 1916. The mother was already dead. The Commission at that time had the children's uncle, Mr. Craig, assume the 'p of the children and receive the money for their support. Some time in 1920 it was noted that Mr. Craig no longer signed receipts for the money and a letter brought the response from Mrs. Craig that her husband was not home and that she was receiving the money instead. The After-Care Service was later asked to look into the case, chiefly because the Commissioner remembered the unusual beauty and charm of the Hogan children and wondered how they were getting along.

The family was found living in wretched surround-,-

jngs. Mr. Craig was serving a five years' sentence for burglary. Mrs. Craig was doing work by the day and Mary Hogan was kept out of school to care for the small children. Tom Hogan, the eighteen-year-old boy, was found to be badly crippled as a result of a street accident, and much in need of medical care. It proved to be easy to secure a grant from the widow's pension fund for Mrs. Craig which, with the Hogan children's compensation and help from some of the Hogan relatives who were visited, enabled Mrs. Craig to remain at home and care for the children. Mary Hogan was sent to school, Tom was placed under the care of a good ortho-

, 205

SCHOOL· WORKSHOP T ,HOSPITAL· COURT

w om t e state owes the inauguration of this

among

others, 0 i ts va ue:

Thc father of tbe Hogan family was burned to death in 1916. The mother was al ready dead. The Commission at th at time had the children's uncle, Mr. Craig, assume tbe 'p of the children and receive the money for their support. Some time in 1920 i t was noted that Mr. Craig no longer signed receipts for the money and a letter brougbt tbe response from Mrs. Craig that her husband was not home and that she was receiving the money instead. The Af ter-Care Service was later asked to look into thc case, chiefly because the Commissioner remembered the unusual beauty and charm of the Hogan children and wondered how they we re getting along.

The family was found living in wretched surround-,-

ings. Mr. Craig was serving a five years' sentence for burglary. Mrs. Craig was doing work by the day and Mary Hogan was kept out of school to care for the small children. Tom Hogan, the eighteen-year-old boy, was found to be badly crippled as a result of a street accident, and mucb in need of medical care. It proved to be easy to secure a grant from the widow's pension fund for Mrs. Craig which, with the Hogan children's compensation and help from some of the Hogan relatives who were visited, enabled Mrs. Craig to remain at home and care for the children. Mary Hogan was sent to school, Tom was placed under the care of a good ortho-

, 205



•


predic clinic and is just recovering from an operation which · straighten the twisted leg to nearly nOIlual. In this case our advice to the Commission was to continue pa ents for the children in the Craig home, but it was only after considerable work that conditions were such as to warrant this recommendation. *

• • • vo vlng t e re atlon 0 I t e economlca y stronger . \ . .

to t e economlca y wea er In w IC a aw, ow-

ever well rawn, or t e routine 0 a minis-

• ••• ••• Ing essentla JustIce un ess a mInIstratIon can

• • pass on to t e one ot er questIon un er t IS gen-

era can attempt • n In wor • . ' --.. -

• t IS • •

ong w 1 e, ut t e actua wor lng out 0 a

st

we are 0 eac in ivi ual ealt wit as arrive

ve trace some

• Perkins, Frances: "An Experiment in the Application of Case Work Methods to a New Problem," in The Family for April, 192 I.

•


predie clinic and is just recovering from an operation which · straighten the twisted leg to nearly nOIJna!. In this case our advice to the Commission was to continue pa ents for thc children in the Craig home, but it was only aft er considerable work that conditions were such as to warrant this recommendation. *

• • • vo vIng tere atlon 0 1 t e economlca y stronger . \ . .

to t e economlca y wea er In w IC aaw, ow-

ever weIl rawn, or t e routine 0 a minis-

• ••• ••• lng essentla Justlce un ess a mlnlstratlon can

• • pass on to t e one ot er questlon un er t IS gen-

era can attempt • n In wor • . ' --.. -

• t IS • •

ong wie, ut t e actua wor lng out 0 a

st

we are 0 eac in ivi ual ealt wit as arrive

ve trace some

• Perkins, Frances: "An Experiment in the Application of Case Work Methods to a New Problem," in The Family for April, 192 I.



SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL COURT

of the serious reakdowns of our after-t e-war • vocatlona program.

• perl

ureaus 0 t e war

, necessary as t ey were, a some 0 the

same

task:

an t e man in nee of a wor er. But the as-• ••

sumptlon t at t ese two parties to a argaln

t e acts. Here, too, in time, must come the

• •• In some 0 t e Juvenl e epartments 0 state em-

• p oyment ureaus were, as one 0 cia • ••• It, t eyare trying, In pacing a young

tu es,

expresses

rson, to • • la aptl-

an

care u

ment. • o emp oyment ureau can ma e eCI-•• •

Slons or elt er wor er or emp oyer, ut It can

y •• •

putting at t e Isposa 0 eac a c earer picture

o t e concrete situation.

This is not t • le to attempt a e·

20 '.

I , f

i \ I

SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL COURT

of the serious reakdowns of our after-t e-war • vocatlona program.

• perlO

ureaus 0 t e war

, necessary as t ey were, a some 0 the

same

task:

an t e man in nee of a wor er. But the as-• ••

sumptlon t at tese two partles to a argaln

te acts. Here, too, in time, must come the

• •• In some 0 t e juvenl e epartments 0 state em-

• p oyment ureaus w ere, as one 0 cia • ••• 1t, t eyare trylng, In p aClng a young

tu es,

expresses

rson, to • •

.... a aptl-

an

care u

ment. • o emp oyment ureau can ma e eCI-•• •

slons or elt er wor er or emp oyer, ut lt ean

y •• •

putting at t e Isposa 0 eac a c earer picture

o t e concrete situation.

This is not t • IC to attempt a e-

20 '.

I , f

i \ I



P E


• tal e

an • een a case wor ur en at t ese times, an t e

over. Violent fluctuations between times of great

o wor are • • ue to causes over w IC t e SOCla • agencies 0 ave

• • ey rea lze t IS, an • t e very agencIes t at

•

• • slstent y urge preventive measures upon gov-

w en t ey are a , we can try to re orm t em; •

ut w en t ey are out 0 wor t ere IS on y one • • • e ectlve reme y or t elr trou es an tat 18

owever, wit • continue to nee • t e tee nlque 0 t e case

208 •

2 2


• tal e • ustrla

an • n a case wor ur en at tese times, an t e

• • perlo 0 epresslon was

over. Violent fluctuations between times of great

o wor are • • ue to causes over W IC t e SOCla • agencles 0 ave

• • • ey rea lze t IS, an t e very agencles t at

•

• • sIstent y urge preventlve measures upon gov-

W en t ey are a , we can try to re orm t em; •

ut w en t ey are out 0 wor t ere IS on y one • • • e ectlve reme y or t elr trou es an t at 18

• • contInue to nee t e tec nlque 0 t e case

208 •



I

, I

I ,

i I I

I I I I I

,

i i

i , r

I I , I

I

, , , , , , , , ,

SCHOOL- ,WORKSHOP -HOSPITAL COURT

tion in t eir treatment.* The more varie an

eanwhile, the

to one, sen another to the woo yar to work for

for a third, fin a chance 0 wor outsi e or a

• VI e cas

14 ,

* See Chapter VI, p. 154.

209

e

I

, I

I ,

i I I

I I I I I

,

i i

i , r

I I , I

I

, , , , , , , , ,

SCHOOL- ,WORKSHOP -HOSPITAL COURT

tion in t eir treatment.* Thc more varie an

eanwhile, the

to one, sen another to the woo yar to work for

for a third, fin a chance 0 wor outsi e or a

• VI e cas

14 ,

* See Chapter VI, p. 154-

2°9

e



• ,

r

,


• ••• nlnt over to t e c arIty t at IS a rea y carIng

or im." • ••• • • ut, lust as a ter a pu IC Isaster a Isa 1 I-

•• •• ties are In anger 0 elng cre I te to t e eart -

• • o t e preoccuple mlg t aye wrec e t e treat-•

ment 0 upert oung an IS

us .. • •• • • trla organization w IC perl

socia case wor t e an ing 0 a mass problem • •••• Wit w IC It 15 1 tte to cope. n 5 arp con-

•• • •• • • organization ac leve In t IS generation y me I-

• • ctne an t e osplta. ot on y aye t e won-

• •• pu IC sanitation

and those engage in children's social work with

•

* See p. 239 sq.

210

• ,

r

,


• ••• nlnt over to tee arlty t at IS a rea y carlng

or im." • ••• • • ut, lust as a ter a pu IC lsaster a lsa 1 1-

•• •• ties are In anger 0 elng cre I te to teeart -

• • o t e preoccuple mIg t ave wrec e t e treat-•

ment 0 upert oung an IS

us .. • •• • • trla organlzatlon W IC perI

socia case wor t e an ing 0 a mass problem • •••• Wit w IC It 15 1 tte to cope. n 5 arp con-

•• • •• • • organlzatlon ac leve In t IS generation y me 1-• • Clne an t eospita. ot on y ave t e won-

• •• pu IC sanltatlon

and those en gage in children's social work with

•

* See p. 239 sq.

210



SCHOOl, WORKSHOP HOSPITAL" COURT

• • a so eve ope Wl t In t e

war s.

foun

diagnosis, an

-~". . . .-. Its egln-,

• ,

,

t • I • • • ,

• • • •• ere, In me lClne, note again t e Ine 0 eve ':._--

ment to w ic ave ca e attention more than • • • once In ot er connections: rst, In t e ong, s aw

• • progress t ere was promiSCUOUS aSlng, t en a • • ogmatlc same-t lng- or-every 0 y, t en t e

more or less scientific classification of diseases and

a stan ar ize treatment for eac . Now, how-

ut the patient in is in ivi ual en-

an socia wor. Preventive me icine owes its •• • •• vlta Ity an Its continUIng a vance not on y to

• • new Iscoverles,

iscoveries to ife,

211 ,

"

•

•

SCHOOI, WORKSHOP HOSPITAL" COURT

• • a so eve ope Wl t In t e

war s. , . . ". ..

lts egln-, • , •

foun t at soeial insights strengthene thei

diagnosis, an • • • •• ere, In me IClne, nûte agaln t e lne 0 eve -

ment to w ie ave ca e attention more than • • • onee In ot er eonneetIons : rst, In t e ong, s ow

• • progress t ere was promiscuous oSlng, t en a • • ogmatlc same-t lng- or-every 0 y, t en t e

more or less seientific classification of diseases and

a stan ar ize treatment for eac • Now, how-

ut the patient in is in ivi ual en-

an socia wor. Preventive me icine owes its •• • •• vita Ity an lts contlnulng a vance not on y to

• • new lseoverles,

iscoveries to ife,

211 ,

, , , I , t , I , , • ,

"

•

,



,

•

•


• to tea aptatlons an new pro ems presente • • • •

Y t e me lca C lnlClan, an y t e reports 0

end results.

A out three hun re an

Unite States now have social service epart

rnents. This evelopment has sometimes out-

• • OSpl ta s, y t e ten ency to over oa t e SOCla

case wor ers wit a ministrative uties w ic

couI • types 0 SOCla case wor owe a great e t to

modifications in meth worked out in ispen-

have een oing their work un er new con itions

matter of hospital admissions an ischarges, the

ments that are time-saving and life-saving. At

212 •

,

•

•


• to tea aptatlons an new pro ems presente • • • •

Y t e me lca C lnlclan, an y tereports 0

end results.

A out three hun re an

Unite States now have social service epart

rnents. This evelopment has sometimes out-

• • OSpl ta s, y t eten ency to over oa t e SOCla

case wor ers wit a ministrative uties w ic

couI • types 0 SOCla case wor owe a grea t e t to

modifications in meth worked out in ispen-

have een oing their work un er new con itions

matter of hospita} admissions an ischarges, the

ments that are time-saving and life-saving. At

212 •



SCHOOL ·WORKSHOP " HOSPITAL COURT

t e same time, however, iss Ida Cannon's

warning should be heeded when she says:

At present, the administrative function of the social worker in the clinic is crowding out her social case work. She is too busy to get into the homes, to keep fresh and clear before her the social situation in the background. Thus she becomes an institutionalized person and loses the biggest contribution she has to give to the hospital, that of never thinking in routine, of keeping fresh always the community's and patient's point of view.*

A rane of me ica -social ease wor which

is known as psychiatric socia work. t is only

when such social work is undertaken in C ose col

laboration with a thoroughly competent psy

chiatrist that it concerns us here. The value of

collaboration must be apparent, since, in the

• eVl ence, an the treatment whic 0 lows is so

* Cannon, Ida M.: Address before the American Hospital Association, October, 1920. See also Miss Cannon's book, Social vVork in Hospitals, of which a revised edition, to be published by the Russell Sage ~'oundation, is now in press.

21 3

SCHOOL -WORKSHOP " HOSPITAL COURT

t e same time, however, iss Ida Cannon's

warning should be heeded when she says:

At present, the administrative function of the social worker in the clinic is crowding out her social case work. She is too busy to get into the homes, to keep fresh and clear before her the social situation in the background. Thus she becomes an institutionalized person and loses the biggest contribution she has to give to the hospital, that of never thinking in routine, of keeping fresh always the community's and patient's point of view.*

A ranc of me ica -social case wor which

is known as psychiatrie socia work. t is only

when such social work is undertaken in C ose col

laboration with a thoroughly competent psy

chiatrist that it concerns us here. The value of

collaboration must be apparent, since, in the

• eVl ence, an the treatment whic olows is so

* Cannon, Ida M.: Address before the American Hospital Association, October, 1920. See also Miss Cannon's book, Sodal \Vork in Hospitais, of which a revised edition, to be published by the Russell Sage ~'oundation, is now in press.

21 3



,

•

,

• •

•


arge y a matter 0

. vironmen t. *

• etter a J ustmen t to teen-

agree t at tradition

an prece ent are more heavi y weighing down

and class-conscious the social worker in the court

is important, t ere ore, or the socia case worker

-... eorge E iot, "t at t e wal S 0

hoarse and feeble." e • • • •

e court IS t east 0 t e socla Instl tu tlons • t at can ere consl er, an y court must

• e un erstoo to mean t e woe mac Inery 0 • • • •• • • • Justice, Inc u Ing Its unctions 0 InterpretatIon


21 •

,

•

,

• •

•


arge y a matter 0

. vironmen t. *

• etter a J ustmen t to teen-

agree t at tradition

an prece ent are more heavi y weighing down

and class-conscious the social worker in the court

is important, tere ore, or the socia case worker

eorge E iot, eet at t e wal S 0

hoarse and feebIe. " e • • • •

e court IS t e ast 0 t e socla Instl tu tlons • t at can ere conSl er, an y court must

• e un erst to mean tew 0 e mac lnery 0 • • • •• • • • ]Ustlce, Inc u lng lts unctlons 0 Interpretatlon


21 •



SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPIT - ~ URT

the punishment fit the crime.

just beginning to realize that we should make the • • • punts ment t e treatment rat er t t e crlml-

nal. Dean- - 'oscoe Poun tells us that

The nineteenth century was hostile to individua · ation and to a inistrative discretion, which is the chief agency of individualization, seeking to reduce the whole a inistration of justice to abstractly just, formal, rigid rules, mechanically administered. This was true the world over. It was specially true, and true to an exaggerated degree, in America. . • . Hence, we got rigid detailed procedure and hard-and-fast schemes of penal treatment, lest prosecutor or court or prison authorities do somet · g spontaneous in view of the exigencies of a particular case.*

• • • specla Ists no onger as expert wItnesses, sum-•

mane y t e prosecutIon an tee ense to

-

white after all, but as isinterested advisers 0 . -

• Pound and Frankfurter: Criminal ustice in Cleveland. Cleveland Foundation, 1922.

215

•

SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPIT - ~ URT

the punishment fit the crime.

just beginning to realize that we should make the • • • punts ment t e treatment rat er t t e crlml-

nal. Dean- - 'oscoe Poun tells us that

The nineteenth century was hostile to individu a · ation and to a inistrative discretion, which is the chief agency of individualization, seeking to reduce the whole a inistration of justice to abstractIy just, formal, rigid rules, mechanically administered. This was true the world over. lt was specially true, and true to an exaggerated degree, in America. . • . Rence, we got rigid detailed procedure and hard-and-fast schemes of penal treatment, lest prosecutor or court or prison authorities do somet · g spontaneous in view of the exigencies of a particular case.*

• • • speCIa lsts no onger as expert wItnesses, sum-o

ma ne y t e prosecutlon an tee ense to

-

white af ter all, but as isinterested advisers 0 . -

• Pound and Frankfurter: Criminal ustice in Cleveland. Cleveland Foundation, 1922.

215

•




involve may be said to meet. ith the gradual

that shoul

one

an con trol of the state. • • • • e p an 0 Juvenl e an aut pro atlon IS

e ective. n t is e 0 xe • • tra Itlon8 an • orma JU gments c anges come s ow y. us,

• • • •• 1 Cll t eClS1on; It IS

still used, moreover, in cases in which pro ation

216 •


involve may be said to meet. ith the gradual

that shoul

one

an con trol of the sta te. • • • • e p an 0 Juvenl e an a u t pro atlon IS

e ective. n t is e 0 xe • • tra ltlon8 an • orma JU gments c anges come s ow y. us,

• • • •• 1 CU t eClS1on; lt IS

still used, moreover, in cases in which pro ation

216 •



SCHOOL WORKSHOp· ·HOSPITAL· COURT

is boun to be ineffectual. * I t follows from these

method that con

scien tious pro a tion 0 cers are ur ene with

more cases than they can possi ly treat effec-

isa vantage of unwieldy

case work has been done, but it is truer than it

shoul be. In

cor e

it will

• t e gOD wor 0 a pro atlon 0 cer W 0,

e remem ere , ga there t e social evi-

ence

nounce .

on t e law 0 evidence to rea

o my c apters. e was gOD

an

hen

on

• • • an crItIcIze some

* See, for example, Bulletin 2 of the Seybert Institution of Philadelphia on the Handling of Cases by the uvenile Court and Court of Domestic Relations in that city.

21 7

SCHOOL WORKSHOp· ,HOSPITAL· COURT

is boun to be ineffectual. * I t follows from these

method that con

seien tious pro a tion 0 cers are ur ene wi th

more cases than they can possi Iy treat effec-

isa vantage of unwieldy

case work has been done, but it is truer than it

shoul bet In

cor e

it will

• t e gOD wor 0 a pro atlon 0 eer W 0,

eremem ere , ga there t e social evi-

ence

nounee .

on t e law 0 evidence to rea

o my c apters. e was goo

an

hen

on

• • • an crltlclze some

* See, for example, Bulletin 2 of the Seybert Institution of Philadelphia on the Handling of Cases by the uvenile Court and Court of Domestic Relations in that city.

21 7




severe. But he a ed that he had not realized

e ore w at a rich e 0 use u ness t ere cou

e for evi ence ou tsi e the court room. "The

workers, these materials an methods will e the

tter • a Justments tween men an their socia en-

• •• Interest an Instruction.

It must not be inferred t at the home, the

• • •• • a rea y prove 0 serVIce, or In W le It WI aye

to bear an important part in shaping future

ew 0 t e case work

218


severe. But he a ed that he had not realized

e ore w at a rich e 0 use u ness tere cou

e for evi ence ou tsi e the court room. "The

workers, these materials an methods win e the

tter • a Justments tween men an their socia en-

• •• Interest an lnstructlon.

It must not be inferred t at the home, the

• • •• • a rea y prove 0 serVIce, or In w IC lt Wl ave

to bear an important part in shaping future

ew 0 t e case work

218



SCHOOL- WORKSHOP HOSPIT URT

of omes which must follow public disasters.

lect is one ranch of child welfare service, while

a ministration of trust estates, where financial

an a u ts cou

serve the social as ,veIl as the material welfare of

their clients .

• • socla one. e Issuers 0

21 9 ,

SCHOOL· WORKSHOP HOSPIT URT

omes tic science an case work in im rove

of omes which must follow public disasters.

lect is one ranch of child welfare service, while

a ministra tion of trust esta tes, where tinancial

• an to ma a Juste a u ts eou

serve the social as ,veIl as the material welfare of

their clien tso

• • SOCla one. e lssuers 0

21 9 ,




school children an I. . : tlona gUt ance s OU

voca

ave some nowle ge 0 , , , , ! , I , \

volves many of these same processes. Commis

sions for the blind, societies for the care of

• country t IS way 0

an a ter-care agents s ou e case wor ers.

Legal ai societies were organize,

closer re ations with familv wel are societies in of

order to corn ine, in suc service, the social with

has

the

skilful individualize

• 220

I


school children an I. . : tlona gUl anee s OU

voca

ave some nowle ge 0 , , , , ! , I , \

volves many of these same proeesses. Commis

sions for the blind, societies for the care of

• country t IS way 0

an a ter-care agents s ou e case wor ers.

Legal ai societies were organize '

closer re ations with familv wel are societies in ol

order to com ine, in suc service, the social with

has

the

skilful individualize

• 220

I



SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL I :OURT

of ten or has not een discharge a ta, so tat

tion has een called to this serious lack, an t ere

Every mont or so, some new and beneficent

-often from an entirely unexpecte quarter-

comes to my attention. Sometimes the new

vice in which case work originated. One of these,

or example, comes in t e private practice 0

what case work can do in their free clinics, are

seeking t e services 0 case \vorkers for their

•

cannot be predicted, but it should be evident

from the examples given in this 00 that the

• t . warte an re tar e , eve ope an enrIe •

221

SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL I :OURT

of ten or has not een discharge a t a , sa t at

tion has een called to this serious lack, an tere

Every mont or so, some new and beneficent

-of ten from an entirely unexpecte quarter-

comes to my attention. Sometimes the new

vice in which case work originated. One of these,

or example, comes in t e private practice 0

what case work can do in their free clinics, are

seeking teservices 0 case \vorkers for their

•

cannot be predicted, but it should be evident

from the examples given in this 00 that the

• t . warte an retar e , eve ope an enrie •

221



x

INTE- EU E te Is 0 a surgeon in t e time

of Louis IV who once sai to Chancellor

etween surgery an

e

• • eve opIng an Insu ar

occasionally even within the oun aries 0 socia

work.

worker into our homes, courts, sc 00 s, me ical

t ese institutions is t e case wor er's sense 0 t e

222

x

INTE- EU E te Is 0 a surgeon in t e time

of Louis IV who onee sai to Chancellor

etween surgery an

e

• • eve oplng an lnsu ar

occasionally even within the oun aries 0 socia

work.

worker into our homes, courts, sc 00 s, me ical

tese institutions is t e case wor er's sense 0 t e

222



,

•

THE FORMS OF SOCIAL WORK

woe 0 socia work an of the re ation of each

T e other orms 0 socia wor , al of which

interplay with case work, are three· "'group work,

social reform, and social research. Case work"

•

• ,

•

nlate group of t e family. But social work also :: •

achieves the same general ends in these oth

ties sett ement wor , recreational wor , c u ,

neig or an local community wor in

which the in ividual, though still met face to

e etter ousing, etter ealth, etter working

erent socia re orms sti 1 is to a vance t e • • • eve opment 0 our uman In y lmprovlng

223

,

•

TUE FORMS OF SOCIAL WORK

w 0 e 0 socia work an of the re ation of each

T e other orms 0 socia wor , al of which

interplay with case work, are three" "'group work,

social reform, and social research. Case work""

•

• ,

•

nlate group of t e family. But social work also :: •

achieves the same general ends in these oth

ties sett ement wor , recreational wor , cu,

neig or an local community wor in

which the in ividual, though still met face to

eetter ousing, etter ealth, etter working

erent socia re orms sti 1 is to avance t e • • • eve opment 0 our uman In y lmprovlng

223




social •

, -. -'-"~ ---. ,

• tee s cove re y SOCla ",·or, as a so t e •

I have sai earlier that social case wor would • e on y a ragment 1 separate rom t e mue

I t is not enoug to say t is, owever; t e inter-

epen ence 0 a

must e illustrate . '

As regar s t e re ation etween social work

with in ivi

S ou • e eVl ent to anyone W 0 as rea t e

iss Su livan's wor wit • • • e er an t e S1X case 1 ustratlons 0 ow-•

lSS

e isolate in ivi ual or

224


social ,~, .;...:...:.~ - . -'_ .. ~---.

,

• tee s covere y SOCla ",·or, as a so t e •

I have sai earlier that social case wor would • e on y a ragment 1 separate rom t e mue

I t is not enoug to say t is, owever; t e inter-

epen ence 0 a

must e illustrate . '

As regar s tere ation etween social work

with in ivi

s ou • e eVl ent to any one W 0 as rea t e

iss Su livan's wor wit • • • e er an t e SlX case 1 ustratlons 0 ow-•

tSS

e isolate in ivi ual or

224




• •• • norma In IVl ua or _ami y. ote, or examp e,

to the assistance of inifred ones an her chil

ren e ore t at ome egan to assume a more

field al way

__ hapter V,

o better advice coul

case wor ers, I ieve, •

eve op t elr wor

wit

with social reform or mass betterment. This •

oes not mean t at t ey s ou rop t elr war

e • • •

ma ng SOCla lscaverles as a

rs . •

earlng

faithful witness to t e nee 0 socia re orms

IS 225 •


• •• • norma In lVI ua or _aml y. ote, or examp e,

to the assistance of inifred ones an her chil

ren e ore t at ome egan to assume a more

field al way

__ hapter V,

o better advice coul

case wor ers, I ieve, •

eve op t elr wor

wit

with social reform or mass betterment. This •

oes not mean t at t ey s ou rop t elr wor

e • • •

ma ng SOCla lscoverles as a

rs . •

earlng

faithful witness to t e nee 0 socia re orms

IS 225 •



•


s ou • e tal s necessary • urIng

• tl0n, an

worka measures

case work.

a • • occasIon to examIne a

num er 0 outlines 0 • •

SOCI0 ogy In ten e as

ents. Eac evoted at

the su ject with a polite caution and an absence

o rst- an 0 servation w

• •• t e su ject matter 0 SOCIO ogy IS ue not so

muc

most total a sence 0 case stu ies w ich ear ". ..

upon amI y I e. ere, In t IS 0 est 0 uman

lems of • •• •

P YSlca an SOCla ere 1 ty an 0 P YSlca an

social environment. -,ase work cannot solve • t ese pro ems, 0 course, ut It can eve op a

ai in their solution. •• • • • •

octa Iscovery IS a rea y In e te to ami y

226

•


5 OU • e tal s necessary

• urlng • tl0n, an

worka measures

case work.

a • • occasIon to examlne a

num er 0 outlines 0 • •

SOCIO ogy In ten e as

text ents. Eac evoted at

the SU ject with a polite caution and an absence

o rst- an 0 servation w

• •• t e su ject matter 0 SOCIO ogy IS ue not so

muc

most total a sence 0 case stu ies w ich ar ". ..

upon aml y 1 e. ere, In t IS 0 est 0 uman

lems of • •• •

p ySlca an SOCla ere 1 ty an 0 p ySlca an

social environment. ...,ase work cannot solve • tese pro ems, 0 course, ut lt can eve op a

ai in their solution. •• • • • •

CIa lscovery IS a rea y In e te to aml y

226




• • case wor or certain ouslng re orms an or t e

first tu

share, to indica te later, in chil la or re-

zation of the family itself, its best work is still to

e • a esertlon

shoul

• • SOCla sCience an

wor whic

Par , "of the attractions, tensions, and accom

m

o oun no

22 ,


• • case wor or certaln ouslng re orms an or t e

first tu

share, to indica te la ter, in chil la or re-

zation of the family itself, its best work is still to

e • a esertlon

shoul

• • SOCla SClence an

wor whic

Par , "of the attractions, tensions, and accom

m

o oun no

22 ,




concrete • • • • escrlptlon or a equate ana YSIS In

tion at present, an will continue to ac it until

t e case met 0

o serva tion an etail w ich will • eve op Its • meaning.

But what relation can t ivi ualize

•

tection 0 minors, such as t e se 00 atten ance •

an c il a or aws. T eir service to socia re-• • • •

orm, 1 t e service 0 t e amI Y case wor er, IS

ore-

have not een content to en their work with the

* Park and Burgess: Introduction to the Science of Sociology, p. 216. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1921 •

228


concrete • • • • escrlptlon or a equate ana ySls In

ti on at present, an win continue to ac it until

t e case met 0

o servation an etail w ich will • eve op lts • meanlng.

But what relation can t ivi ualize

•

teetion 0 minors, sueh as tese 00 atten anee •

an c il a or aws. T eir service to socia re-• • • •

orm, 1 e t e service 0 t e aml y case wor er, IS

ore-

have not een content to en their work with the

* Park and Burgess: Introduction to the Science of Sociology, p. 216. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1921 •

228




ut have

Again, the child is a social animal, and there is

tions an deal with them than to see them first

in their effect for good or ill upon some one small

of his bent. David H. Holbrook tells in The

new life into those neighborhood activities of a

certain district which centered within the school

itself.

social war er who knew them and could make

them feel at home in the school. r. Holbrook

school should

s. "

calle 'better' schools discover what advantages

,

* opus cit., p. 6 I.

229

e a


ut have

Again, the child is a social animal, and there is

tions an deal with them than to see them first

in their effect for good or ill upon same ane small

of his bent. David H. Holbrook tells in The

new life into those neighborhoad activities of a

certain district which centered within the school

i tself.

social wor er who knew them and could make

them feel at home in the school. r. Holbrook

school should

s. "

calle 'better' schools discover what advantages

,

* opus cit., p. 6 I.

229

e a



WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORKl

•

schoo curriculum."*

an socia research. T e two c inicians the

social and the me ical have their part to play

ealth.

legislation, or example, esigned to control the

regulation of communica le and industrial is-• • • • • eases. e practlclng p YSlClan an t e SOCla

laws by trying to utilize them to the utmost.

stan

* The Family for February, 1921.

230

WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORKl

•

schoo curriculum."*

an socia research. T e two c inicians the

social and the me ical have their part to play

ealth.

legislation, or exampIe, esigned to control the

regulation of communica Ie and industrial is-• • • • • eases. e practlclng p ySlclan an t e SOCla

laws by trying to utilize them to the utmost.

stan

* The Family for February, 1921.

23°



•


presiding 0 cer of a court an the socially inter-

court service make it especially important that

the court worker should know the istory of

social work and should have a clear grasp, not

tion to ate ot er orms 0 socia wor. No

narrow specialization, no coaching for civil ser

vice examinations, can possibly fit him for his

iscover the case work fiel in which the full-time

goo all-roun social work training .

industrial reform shoul have begun with the at-

chit ren. The earlier child labor reform cam-

first insight in to the share that every kin of

labor fiel has been striking, despite the fact that

23 1 , •

•


presiding 0 cer of a court an the socially inter-

court service make it especiaIly important th at

the court worker should know the istory of

social work and should have a clear grasp, not

tion to a t e ot er orms 0 socia wor. No

narrow specialization, no coaching for civil ser

vice examinations, can possibly fit him for his

iscover the case work fiel in which the fuIl-time

gOD all-roun social work training .

industrial reform shoul have begun with the at-

chil ren. The earlier child labor reform cam-

first insigh t in to the share tha t every kin of

labor fiel has been striking, despite the fact that

23 1 , •



•


la or 0 chil ren on farms remains unregulated.

T e original national program 0 c il labor re

orm, a opte

in the min of a woman a socia wor er elong

ing to the social and legislative reform group. It

won hospitab e support at once from neighbor

hood and settlement workers, and from the social

these two groups, sometimes the other helped to

gather the detailed facts necessary to arouse the

y

social research they happened to have at com

mand, neighborhood and case workers supplied

vi e at t is stage the know e ge 0 ow to edu-

to conduct legislative campaigns. At t e propa-

232

•


la or 0 chil ren on farms remains unregulated.

T e original national program 0 e il labor re

orm, a opte

in the min of a woman a socia wor er elong

ing to the social and legislative reform group. I t

won hospitab e support at on ce from neighbor

hood and settIement workers, and from the social

these two groups, sometimes the other helped to

gather the detailed facts necessary to arouse the

y

social research they happened to have at com

mand, neighborhood and case workers supplied

vi e at t is stage the know e ge 0 ow to edu-

to conduct legislative campaigns. At t e propa-

232



•


ganda stage all the ifferent social work groups

watch ul oversig t which has since been nec

essary.

ers again just after the new child labor measures

in a certain state where there was, at the time , greater in ustrial emand for the la r of children

For

trators 0 t e aw were in ifferent. The case

t em to e su jecte to e ore or since. But

• • ar s Ip every In-••• • stance, tat IS, In w IC parents c alme tat

233 •


ganda stage all the iflerent social work groups

watch uI oversig t which has since been nec

essary.

ers again just af ter the new child labor measures

in a certain state where there was, at the time , greater in ustrial emand for the la r of children

For

trators 0 t e aw were in ifferent. The case

t em to e su jecte to e ore or since. But

• • ar s lp every lU-

••• • stance, t at IS, In w tC parents c alme t at

233



,


t ey must

ourteen -t

• • ave t e earnings 0 a e I un er • •• ey were a e In co-opera tlon WI t t e

oeal e uca tion association to ren er non -en orce-

there were workers in children's societies and fam-

ments, there the assimilation of a new standard

went forward unchecked."* here there is no

day to day, it often happens that a law upon the

* See a paper of mine, "The Social Case Worker in a Changing World," in the Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities now National Conference of Social Work for 1915, p. 48.

234

,


t ey must

ourteen -t

• • ave t e earnlngs 0 a c 1 un er • •• ey were a e In co-opera tlon Wl t t e

ocal e uca tion associa tion to ren er non -en orce-

therewere workers in children's societies and fam-

ments, there the assimilation of a new standard

went forward unchecked."* here there is no

day to day, it of ten happens that a law upon the

* See a paper of mine, "The Social Case Worker in a Changing World," in the Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities now National Conference of Sodal Work for 1915, p. 48.

234



\


• ater It as 0 owe a ter t e mass movement,

an has a lied t e new standar in individual

a r aw enforcement, when social research must

prejudice and inertia have been overcome. Such

work is still continued in the national and state

Child Labor Committees today, and it must not

come a su stitute or such social reform 0 ies.

I t is sometimes claime that social case work-

ers are not as much intereste in ttering the

t

t

235

e towar "re ie

\


• ater lt as 0 owe a ter t e mass movement,

an has a lied t e new standar in individual

a or aw enforcement, when social research must

con

lds of

prejudice and inertia have been overcome. Such

work is still continued in the national and state

Child Labor Committees today, and it must not

come a su stitute or such social reform 0 ies.

I t is sometimes claime tha t social case work

ers are not as much intereste in ettering the

t

t

235

e towar "re ie




Harrison on oeial Case

dustrial Conditions:

orkers an

•

etter In-

I was recently told of the case of a bricklayer who had come to one of the charitable societies in N ew York for aid. He was a foreigner, and at the time was not working at his trade, but was employed as a porter in one of the large downtown buildings. He had a large family, and, since his pay was only 12 a week, the children were not getting enough to eat. The question before the committee was what to do. Four alternatives emerged from the discussion: First, the society could supplement the man's w~ges by a regular weekly allowance to the fanlily and let him continue at work where he was; second, the society might try to get his employer to pay him more wages and let him still stay where he was; third, it might try to get him back into his trade of bricklaying where he could earn a larger wage, the society underwriting the family's needs until he should become re-established; fourth, it might find him better paying work outside his trade.

It will be seen that anyone of the other courses would be better than the first. . . . Instead of taking the simple and easy course involved in supplementing the man's wages, the only course that some of the committee would have thought of, it was far more serviceable to the family, and impressed an important principle upon that part of the committee, when the rule was followed which de-

,

elared in effect that "industrial conditions and personal

. 236

•


Harrison on ocial Case

dustrial Conditions:

orkers an

•

etter In-

I was recently told of tbe case of a bricklayer who had co me to one of the charitable societies in N ew Y ork for aid. He was a foreigner, and at the time was not working at his trade, but was employed as a porter in one of the large downtown buildings. He had a large family, and, since his pay was only 12 a week, the children were not getting enough to eat. The question before tbe committee was wh at to do. Four alternatives emerged from the discussion : First, the society could supplement the man's w~ges by a regular weekly allowance to the family and let him continue at work where he was; second, the society might try to get his employer to pay him more wages and let him still stay where he was; third, it might try to get him back into his trade of bricklaying where he could earn a larger wage, the society underwriting the family's needs until he should hecome re-established; fourth, it might find him better paying work outside his trade.

It win be seen that any one of the other courses would he better than the first. . . . Instead of taking the simple and easy course involved in supplementing the man's wages, the only course that some of the committee would have thought of, it was far more serviceable to the family, and impressed an important principle upon that part of the committee, when the ruie was followed which de-

,

clared in effect that "industrial conditions and personal

. 236

•




capacities are far from being as inelastic" as most of us suppose. "

The careful consideration of this case brought out other lessons also. It showed that social case workers must be interested in the general mobility of labor; in getting workers into jobs where they can do their best, into places where wages for them are highest relatively or the cost of living lowest. The case worker must think of cases in terms of the whole state or the whole country and consequently must be interested in the many agencies established for the efficient exchange of labor. There may have been still other lessons, but this case will illustrate some of the reasons for urging that the treatment must be on a broad scale and for believing that in so treating them fundamental industrial principles will be taught.·

• r. arrlson suggests some 0 t e

• • • • e ucatlon on In ustrla questIons. ey can 0

cases under trea tmen t, by using single cases to

classroom, an • •

y proper emp aSIS gIven to t e

....,ociaI case recor s in numbers can

also furnish in ustrial research with cues to e

* Harrison, Shelby M., in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work for 1918, p. 305.

237


capacities are far from being as inelastic" as most of us suppose. "

The careful consideration of this case brought out other lessons alsof It showed that social case workers must be interested in the general mobility of labor; in getting workers into jobs where they can do their best, into places where wages for them are highest relatively or the cost of living lowest. The case worker must think of cases in terms of the whole state or the whole country and consequently must be interested in the many agencies established for the efficient exchange of labor. There may have been still other lessons, but this case will illustrate some of the reasons for urging that the treatment must be on a broad scale and for believing that in 50 treating them fundamental industrial principles wil! be taught.·

• r. arrlson suggests some 0 t e

• • • • e ucatlon on In ustrla questlons. ey can 0

cases under trea tmen t, by using single cases to

classroom, an • •

y proper emp aSlS glven to t e

..... ociaI case recor s in numbers can

also furnish in ustrial research with cues to e

* Harrison, Shelby M., in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work for 1918, p. 305.

237




followe

stu ies ma e y case wor agencies themse ves.

ment of a law in the successful operation of which

• • • • •• IS In tereste ,Wl 0 ten n IS est ac lng In a

,

01 one. iss E ith A • ott wrItes:

On two successive committee days in the old est Side office of the Chicago United Charities we had the difficult problem of providing for the family of a tubercular man who was doing" light work." One, I remember, was

, a flagman on the elevated railroad. I t occurred to some one to ask for the industrial histories of these men in the hope that some former employer might be found who would assist. Both men had had a history of intermittent light jobs since their physical breakdown, but it appeared when a report was made at a later meeting of the commi ttee that both men had contracted tuberculosis during their employment in the same West Side foundry, where both had worked for a series of years. This interesting fact was promptly reported to a new chief in the Department of Factory Inspection, who promptly investigated this place and found a large number of violations of the so-called "Health, Safety and Comfort law." *

* Abbott, Edith: Paper on "The Social Case Worker and the Enforcement of Industrial Legislation." Proceedings of National Conference of Social Work for 1918, p. 315.

238 ,


followe

stu ies ma e y case wor agencies themse ves.

ment of a law in the successful operation of which

• • • • •• IS In tereste ,Wl 0 ten n IS t ac lng In a

,

oIone. iss E ith A • ott wrltes:

On two successive committee days in the old est Side office of the Chicago United Charities we had tbe difficuIt problem of providing for the family of a tubereular man who was doing" light work." One, I remember, was

, a fIagman on the elevated railroad. I t occurred to some one to ask for the industrial histories of these men in the hope that some former employer might be found who would assist. Botb men had had a history of intermittent light jobs since their physical breakdown, but it appeared when a report was made at a later meeting of the commi ttee that both men had contracted tuberculosis during their employment in the same West Side foundry, where both had worked for a series of years. This interesting fact was promptly reported to a new chief in the Department of Factory Inspection, who promptly investigated this place and found a large number of violations of tbc so-called "Health, Safety and Comfort law." *

* Abbott, Edith: Paper on "The Social Case Worker and the Enforcement of Industrial Legislation." Proceedings of National Conference of Social Work Cor 1918, p. 315.

238 ,




• o etter serVIce cou e ren ere y a case

• ISS

Abbott also gives illustrations in her valuable

• evasive. • • t IS not so state In my story, ut Rupert

applied for material relief. After consultation

with former employers, some assistance was

case was close." The true situation in the

operating at that time which \vere sure to lead to

further trou le later, were not discovere . The

failure is fully accounted for. The size of the

ut to t e

* See Cha pt er I I I.

239


• o etter serVIce cou e ren ere y a case

• lSS

Abbott also gives illustrations in her valuable

• evaSlve. • • t IS not so state In my story, ut Rupert

applied for material relief. Af ter consultation

with former employers, some assistance was

case was close." The true situation in the

operating at th at time which \vere sure to lead to

further trou Ie later, were not discovere . The

failure is fully accounted for. The size of the

ut to t e

* See eha pter I I I.

239



•


• rea case wor er most unsatls actory sort. • ter

• • IS usua a ter a panIc.

1915, and real social treatment then began.

eanwhile, usiness ha revive an t e num er

two years. u ge

it continued to do might have seem

cent ess necessary, ut anyone who knows case

wor also knows that its est an most construc-•• •• tlve servIces were ren POSSI e y t IS

• C ange to etter times. s a rea y state ,none

than most that t e est reme ial service to an

most va ua le services 0 case wor , such as • •

t ose actua y ac In t e oung ami y,

2 0

•


• rea case wor er most unsatls actory sort. • ter

• • IS usua a ter a panIc.

1915, and real social treatment then begane

eanwhile, usiness ha revive an t e num er

two years. u ge

it continued to do might have seem

cent ess necessary, ut any one who knows case

wor also knows that its est an most construc-•• •• tlve servIces were ren pOSSI e y t IS

• C ange to etter times. s a rea y state ,none

than most that teest reme ial service to an

most va ua Ie services 0 case wor , such as • •

t ose actua y ac In t e oung aml y,

2 0



THE FORMS OF SOC WORK

aye, or ac 0 time, to e set asi e • urlng • • pert SO trregu ar emp oyment.

iss . C.

National Conference of Social ork for 1919:

For four years we have been without immigration and for two without unemployment, other than seasonal. I hope you are planning a survey which will tell us:

I. How much charity organization work social case work with families has been reduced thereby.

2. How much further reduction we may expect from the coming abolition of the liquor traffic.

3. How much additional reduction could be effected by other social and industrial reforms now under considera-

• hone 4. hat the irreducible minimum for the near future

of charity organization work is. *

ave

summary 0 Rupert Young's case and of all the

cases in hapter Ill. It mig t e argue that,

amendment was al t at was nee e to solve his ,

trou les. But, given the con itions of aw en-

* See Proceedings, p. 317.

16

THE FORMS OF WORK

ave, or ac 0 time, to e set asi e • urlng • • perI S 0 Irregu ar emp oyment.

iss . C.

National Conference of Social ork for 1919:

For four years we have been without immigration and for two without unemployment, other than seasonal. I hope you are planning a survey which will tell us:

I. How much charity organization work social case work with families has been reduced thereby.

2. How much furtber reduction we may expect from the coming abolition of the liquor traffic.

3. How much additional reduction could be etIected by other social and industrial reforms now under considera-

• hon. 4. hat the irreducible minimum for the near future

of charity organization work is. *

ave

summary 0 Rupert Young's case and of all the

cases in hapter 111. It mig t e argue that,

amendment was al t at was nee e to solve his ,

trou les. But, given the con itions of aw en-

* See Proceedings, p. 317.

16




orcement as we fin them • •• •

City, It IS certain t at t e amen ment alone

•• • oreover, It IS a mlS-•

ta e to app y t e quantitative test, to as " ow

much" in connection with case work, until we

sibili ties. i th regard to the "other social and

in ustrial reforms now under consideration" to

iss olcor," t e more the etter." ase

social work eserves fuller treatment than I have

een a le to give it, but t at all forms are inex-

ing social a vance shoul e evi ent. A colleague

S ogans an un er

etails of t etas to


orcement as we fin them • •• •

City, It IS certaln t at t e amen ment alone

•• • oreover, 1 t IS a ffilS-•

ta e to app y t e quantitative test, to as " ow

much" in connection with case work, until we

sibili ties. i th regard to the "other social and

in ustrial reforms now under consideration" to

iss oIcor," t e more the etter." ase

social work eserves fuller treatment than I have

een a Ie to give it, but t at all forms are inex-

ing social avance shoul e evi ent. A colleague

s ogans an un er

etails of t e tas to




e one. s a matter of act, t ere can e no

soli advance without patient attention to detail

hind a glib use of catch-words and high-sounding

p rases. n t e ot er

nize them and" put them together without ab

straction," is also likely to be the one who can be

trusted to see their larger relations. The great

tee nicians, like OsIer in medicine and Pasteur in

relations of the part to the w oleo

work soul strive to 01 an even alance be

tween the specializing and the generalizing ten-• enCles .

• SOCla wor toget er an

we -Cll tivate el w ic y all in

common.

243


e one. s a matter of act, tere can e no

soli advance without patient attention to detail

hind a glib use of catch-words and high-sounding

p rases. n t e ot er

nize them and "put them together without ab

straction," is also likely to be thc one who can be

trusted to see their larger relations. The great

tee nicians, like Osler in medicine and Pasteur in

relations of the part to the w ole.

work soul strive to 01 an even alance be

tween the specializing and the generalizing ten-• enCles .

• SOCla wor toget er an

we -cu tivate el w ie y all in

common.

243



XI

N ID

this view of his work: "I should never have

een

forth the highest in tellectual strain, an yet keep

Socia case workers have this same fee ing a out

their task. Their pro ession is an ar uous one,

but it puts upon each practitioner the highest in-• •• •• te ectua straIn 0 W le e IS capa e, W I e IS

• •• contacts WIt t e uman 51 e 0 1 e are warm,

continuous, an richly rewar ing.

• Isa van-

tage • • amlles an • WIt -a

XI

N ID

this view of his work: "I should never have

een

forth the highest in tellectual strain, an yet keep

Socia case workers have this same fee ing a out

their task. Their pro ession is an ar uous one,

but it puts upon each practitioner the highest in-• •• •• te ectua straln 0 W IC e IS capa e, wie IS

• •• contacts WIt t e uman SI e 0 1 e are warm,

continuous, an richly rewar ing.

• Isa van-

tage • • amlles an • WIt -a



•

CASE WORK AND DEMOCRACY

courage an no

ot er en in view, however, t an to 0 t eir est

some 0

The earlier case work, in the light 0 our accu-

ern case workers should realize that their own

aYLmake a like impression upon their successors.

cial work to which I have referr more than once

can now e an ever-present reality. • •• n Important part 0 t at woe IS t e servIce

.. . . . \

a mInIstratIon. t must e eVl ent rom my IS-' • CUSSlon 0

245

,

•


courage an no

ot er en in view, however, t an ta 0 t eir est

same a

The earlier case wark, in the light 0 our accu-

ern case workers should realize that their own

aYLmake a like impression upon their successors.

cial work to which I have referr more than once

can now e an ever-present reality. • •• n Important part 0 t at W 0 e IS t e servIce

.. . . . \

a ffilnlstratlon. t must e eVl ent rom my lS-' • CUSSlon 0

245

,




an

• • tratlon seems to me one 0 t e great en s W le

eve form 0 soeia en eavor must have in view.

the label minus the contents is all that remains.

draws to its close, I should like to add a few

n sai about the

relation 0 socia work, an of case work more

of what constitutes democracy, some one makes

work shoul Others

• •••• eSlra e orms 0 aSsociatIon In a ree SocIety


an

• • tratlon seems to me one 0 t e great en s W IC

eve form 0 socia en eavor must have in view.

the label minus the contents is all that remains.

draws to its close, 1 should like to add a few

n sai about the

relation 0 socia work, an of case work more

of what constitutes democracy, some one makes

work shoul Others

• •••• eSlra e orms 0 aSSOCla tlon In a ree SocIety




safeguar against autocracy, are not enthusiastic

wide and varied a group of functions, though

aye to c ange from time to time. hether or

not these changes mean, as they probably will

an should, that certain case work tasks ini tia ted

privately and still under private management are

to become public functions later, all will agree

tions have a opted case work policies in name

only, because it was not possible at the time

or possi le to control the size of the task. Lack

ing that control, pressure of numbers meant low

•

• •• • W 0 leve most SIncere Y In t e extenSIon 0

247

•


safeguar against autocracy, are not enthusiastic

wide and varied a group of functions, though

ave to c ange from time to time. hether or

not these changes mean, as they probably will

an shouId, tha t certain case work tasks ini tia ted

privately and still under private management are

to become public functions later, all will agree

tions have a opted case work policies in name

only, because it was not possible at the time

or pass i Ie to control the size of the task. Lack

ing that control, pressure of numbers meant low

•

• •• • W 0 e leve most SIneere y In t e extenslon 0

247

•



•


• an vo untary contro are most anXIOUS to see

• • eac a vance e eete un er con Itlons t at as-

essen tial. emocra tic

, • ••

un er t ose w 0 aye t e autocratIc SpIrit. ut

some social case war

• IC agency must a e to assure some egree

control, efore case workers will enter its service

•


• an vo untary contro are most anXIOUS to see

• • eac avance e ecte un er con ltlons t at as-

essen tial. emocra tic

, • ••

un er t ose w 0 ave t e autocratIc SpIrit. ut

some social case wor

• IC agency must a e to assure some egree

control, efore case workers win enter its service




ance 0

ing staff mem ers a larger measure of represen-• • ••• •

tatlon upon Its a mlnlstratlve commIttees.

emoc-

• • •• conVIctIon 0 t e In nIte wort 0 our common

social wor whatsoever. Life itself achieves sig-,

nificance an value not from the esoteric things

share ut from the great common

- rom the issues 0 irth

an eath,o affection satisfie an affection frus-

to us, or until they 0, we are not ready to adopt

social case work as our major in terest.

of members selected from among the professional

249

•


anee 0

ing staff mem ers a larger measure of represen-• • ••• •

tatlon upon lts a mlnlstratlve commlttees.

emoc-

• • •• convIction 0 t e In nite wort 0 our common

social wor whatsoever. Life itself achieves sig-,

nifieance an value not from the esoterie things

share ut from the great common

- rom the issues 0 irth

an eath,o affection satisfie an affection frus-

to us, or until they 0, we are not ready to adopt

soeial ease work as our major in terest.

of members selected from among the professional

249

•




een

• • • • • aSls, c anges In InstItute personne urlng t e

• appenlng to case wor

1921 was no etter t an the t in t e institute

of 1910; but no longer is there a wide gap etween

th most an the least a le.

at there is

no ac 0 emocracy among tern.

field of professional social work is the increasing

emand for well trained case workers, whether in

In some rane es 0 socia wor • •

uctua tlons In t e eman,

t ere aye n

epen ent upon

was one of war or peace. But or social case

wor ers who can 0 their wor well the em an

•

• ay IS not


een

• • • • • aSls, c anges In lnstltute personne urlng t e

• appenlng to case wor

1921 was no etter t an the st in t e institute

of 1910; but no longer is there a wide gap tween

th most an the least a Ie.

at there is

no ac 0 emocracy among tem.

field of professional social work is the increasing

emand for weIl trained case workers, whether in

In some rane es 0 socia wor • •

uctua tlons In teeman ,

t ere ave n

epen ent upon

was one of war or peace. But or social case

wor ers who can 0 their wor well the eman

•

• ay IS not




the extension of case work activities to

an not w et er sue wor soul e pu HeIy or

can e assure

. life ean only follow, they cannot precede, the find-

arvest.

•

•


the extension of case work activi ties to

a goal,

an not w et er suc wor soul e pu Hely or

can e assure -·free om to 0

at holds

. life ean only follow, they cannot precede, the find-

arvest.

•

•




• ••• In our own ay an time In re easing expen e

y teste an case

wor ers rom pressure 0 overwor , an t us en-

small an 0 stu ents not more t an our at any • • one tIme mIg t serve un er t ese se eete ea-

su ts 0 one met 0 an anot

itions un er whic eae ha

er, an 0 t e con

n trie . • • • •

e SIX women W 0 1 t e wor eserl e In

ost

o t em 0 not now an ave never even eard

of one another. They have no a equate time at ••• • presen t In W IC to t In , to stu y, or to Iseover

• • • • time IS gIven to eeplng a reast 0 tear uous

suc as t ese rom some 0 the etails of their

• • ume 0 t elr present wor In a , wou ena e • • • •

t em to Ul a so 1 oun atlon 0 s an e-

enrich the socia resources 0 t e wor at a • • stra teglc pOln t.

• 252 ,


• ••• In our own ay an time In re easlng expen e

y teste an case

wor ers rom pressure 0 overwor , an t us en-

small an 0 stu ents not more t an our at any • • one tIme mIg t serve un er tese se ecte ea-

su ts 0 one met 0 an anot

itions un er whic eac ha

er, an 0 t e con

n trie . • • • •

e SIX women WOl t e wor escrl e In

ost

o t em 0 not now an ave never even eard

of one another. They have no a equate time at ••• • presen t In W IC to t In , to stu y, or to Iscover

• • • • time IS glven to eeplng areast 0 t e ar uous

suc as tese rom some 0 the etails of their

• • urne 0 t elr present wor In a , wou ena e • • • •

t em to UI a SO 1 oun atlon 0 S an e-

enrich the socia resources 0 t e wor at a • • stra teglc pOln t.

• 252 ,




tee S 0 scien ti c researc an 0 e uca tion

serve

• ut a umanlty. • e are to t at t e aw IS no respecter 0

persons. Be t at as it may, we are s owly

realizing that a ministrators of the law not in

courts alone

herever these admin-

,


tee S 0 seien ti e researe an 0 e uca tion

serve

• ut a umanlty. • e are to t at t e aw IS no respecter 0

persons. Be t at as it may, we are s owly

realizing that a minÎstrators of the law not in

courts alone

herever these admin-

,



•


•• • equa y Instea , t e Intent 0 t e aw an Its

actual ac ievement ecome so itt e relate t at

they often appear to gli ~ by one another like

ships t at pass in the nig t. Socia a vance

coul not be better serve than by suc a series of

this count a new generation of administrators '

lie intent

to the individual circumstances.

•


•• • equa ylnstea , telntent 0 t e aw an lts

actual ac ievement ecome so itt erelate t at

they of ten appear to gli ~ by one another like

ships t at pass in the nig t. Socia avance

coul not be bet ter serve than by suc a series of

this count a new generation of administrators '

lie intent

to the individual circumstances.



,

XII

•

ET E now attempt to sum up in a few para-

direct an indirect insigh ts, and direct an indi .. I

relations can be improved an their personalities

develope .

and of the effects of environment upon the indi-

2

,

,

XII

•

ET E now attempt to sum up in a few para-

direct an indirect insigh ts, and direct an indi .. I

relations can be improved an their personalities

develope .

and of the effects of environment upon the indi-

2

,



•

•


pathy, to such radical meas as complete • • e organization 0 re-

• • sources were none eXIste e ore, an t.e re nlt-

ting 0 ties ong broken. cialism is to e

social case worker is not, however, a sort of be .. • • nevo ent ml eman. t IS true t at e acts

is c ient's own ut, in

• IS an sot e consequences 0 t e contacts

w ic s al ac ieve t e esire socia resu t. t is •

the corn ination of all these enumerate services,

•

•


pathy, to such radical meas as complete • • e organlzatlon 0 re-

• • sources w ere none eXlste e ore, an t.e re nlt-

ting 0 ties ong broken. cialism is to e

social case worker is not, however, a sort of be .. • • nevo ent mi eman. t IS true t at e acts

is c ient's own ut, in

• IS an S 0 t e consequences 0 t e contacts

w ie s al ac ieve teesire soeia resu t. t is •

the com ination of all these enumerate services,



CONCLUSIUN

which constitutes social case work of professional • gra e.

he must have. The foundation stones of such a

philosophy are suggeste in this ook; they are

given, however, wit t e fullest realization that

e reveale. These suggeste foun ations, to

I Human beings are interdependent. There

is a spiritual unity about this conception which

fessor

its mem ers." The converse is also true. e

case work is the art of discovering an assuring to

17 2

CONCLUSIUN

which constitutes social case work of professional • gra e.

he must have. The foundation stones of such a

philosophy are suggeste in this ook; they are

given, however, wit t e fullest realization that

e reveale. These suggeste foun ations, to

I Human beings are interdependent. There

is a spiritual unity about th is conception which

fessor

its mem ers." The converse is also true. e

case work is the art of discovering an assuring to

17 2




• same tIme or •• • •

an a mlnlstratlve po ICY

oes ifferent things for an with ifferent

3 Human eings are not ependent and

omestic anima s. is act 0 man's ifference

from ot er anima s esta lis es t e nee of his

for is welfare. In ivi • poses 0 t elr own an are not tte to p ay a

• ; t ey eterlora te w en

they o.

attention, the ome is the social institution

this tas , an it is in t e ome tat t e rst • case wor a Justments were attempte • e

• •• wor op IS anot er p ace In w IC t e case

wor metho is estine to e ect eneficent

c anges, tough its int uction t ere is recent

2 8


• same tIme or •• • • an a mlnlstratlve po ICy

oes ifIeren t things for an with ifferent

3 Human eings are not ependent and

omestic anima s. is act 0 man's ifference

from ot er anima s esta lis es t e nee of his

for is welfare. In ivi • poses 0 t elr own an are not tte to p ay a

• ; t ey eterlora te w en

they o.

attention, the ome is the social institution

this tas , an i t is in t e ome t at t e rst • case wor a justments were at tempte • e

• •• wor op IS anot er p ace In w IC t e case

wor metho is estine to e eet enefieent

c anges, t ough its int uction t ere is recent

2 8



CONCLUSION

·an not yet u y erever case wor

becomes a serviceable adjunct of some other an

the school, the hospital, and t e court, it is even

the work of ot er specialists .

• o Its parts.

ifferent ways.

better a justments etween in ivi uals an their

known facts for the use of these other •

o social work. T e case wor er shoul • somet lng 0 a orms -t e more now

as 0 ate etter' -an s ou

t e types 0 •

forms

know

ge e

CONCLUSION

·an not yet u y erever case wor

becomes a serviceable adjunct of some other an

the school, the hospital, and t e court, it is even

the work of ot er specialists .

• o lts parts.

ifferent ways.

better a justments etween in ivi uals an their

known facts for the use of these other •

o social work. T e case wor er shoul • somet lng 0 a orms -t e more now

as 0 a t eetter' ·an s ou

t e types 0 •

forms

know

ge e




its clients change, an 'change in the right irec-

in the irection of higher an etter wants an

• • sona Ity or t e case wor er Imse . • e service

is reci procaI.

•

•

260

,


its clients change, an 'change in the right iree-

in the ireetion of higher an etter wants an

• • sona lty or t e case wor er lmse . • e service

is ree i procal .

•

•

260

,



Abbott, Edith, 196, 238 Action, direct, of mind on mind,

102, 107-110; indirect, through the social environment, 102, 110-121

Adjustment: between the individual and his social environment will always be necessary, 98; out of. 134

Adler, Felix, ISO, 171-172, 184 Administrators of the law. 253-

254 Aimless dosings of social ills, 87 Allegri, Lucia: story of, 80-86;

case of, cited, 107, 109, 114, 117,118,119,120,121, 139

Allowance, regular weekly, 73 Almshouse worker Quoted, 127

Americanization, 118, 154 American Marriage Laws, 183

(footnote) Analysis of acts and poIicieR in

six case illustrations, 101-121

Applicant. term not used in case work. 28 (footnote)

Arbitrariness avoided, 40 Arnold, Matthew, 195 Associated Charities. See Family

Wel/are Societies Atonement and Personality. R. C.

Moberly, D.D., 94 (footnote) Attendance officers, 219

Autocracy: in the policy of the same thing for everybody, ISO; case work cannot progress under an, 248

Background of husband and wife, differences in, 56

•

•

Back history, 33-34, 70, 76, 80, 83. 106, 137

Baldwin, James Mark, 129-130, 171

Basset a Village Chronicle. S. G. Tallentyre, 6

Begging, 60

Belonging, the sense of, 119. 189

Bielowski, Maria: story of. 31-43; case of, cited, 96, 105-106. 108, 109. 112, 114, 116. 118, 119, 122-124,217

Biography and the study of family life, 190-194

Blind: the greatest single handi-cap of the, 161-162

Boarding homes, 44

Bojer. J ohan, 126

BosanQuet, Mrs. Bernard, 163

Breaking up the home, 72

Breckenridge. Sophonisba P., 196

Bridgman, Laura. 7, 9, 15 Laura Bridgman. Dr. Rowe's Fa

mous Pupil. Maud Howe and Florence Howe Hall, 7

Broken Homes. Joanna C. Col. cord, 155

Bronner. Dr. Augusta, 105 (footnote)

Brooks, Phillips, 20

Campbell, Dr. F. J., 161-162

Cannon, Ida M., 213

Case: a term applied to the situation, not the person, 27

Case conferences, 136-137

Abbott, Edith, 196, 238 Action, direct, of mind on mind,

102, 107-110; indirect, through the social environment, 102, 110-121

Adjustment: bet ween the individual and his social environment will always be necessary, 98; out of. 134

Adler, FeHx, ISO. 171-172. 184 Administrators of the law. 253-

254 Aimless dosings of sodal ills, 87 Allegri, Lucia: story of, 80-86;

case of, cited, 107, 109, 114, 117,118,119,120,121, 139

Allowance, regular weekly, 73 Almshouse worker Quoted, 127

Americanization, 118, 154 American Marriage Laws, 183

(footnote) Analysis of acts and policieR in

six case illustrations. 101-121

Applicant, term not used in case work, 28 (footnote)

Arbitrariness avoided, 40 Arnold, Matthew, 195 Associated Charities. See Family

Wel/are Societies Atonement and Personality. R. C.

Moberly, D.D., 94 (footnote) Attendance officers, 219 Autocracy: in the policy of the

same thing for everybody, ISO; case work cannot progress under an, 248

Background of husband and wife, differences in, 56

•

•

Back history, 33-34, 70, 76, 80, 83. 106, 137

Baldwin, James Mark, 129-130, 171

Basset a Village Chronicle. S. G. Tallentyre, 6

Begging, 60

Belonging, the sense of, 119. 189

Bielowski, Maria: story of. 31-43; case of, cited, 96, 105-106, 108, 109. 112, 114, 116, 118, lIg, 122-124,217

Biography and the study of family life, Ig0-194

Blind: the greatest single handi. cap of the, 161-162

Boarding homes, 44

Bojer , Johan, 126

BosanQuet, Mrs. Bernard, 163

Breaking up the home, 72

Breckenridge, Sophonisba P .• 196

Bridgman, Laura, 7, 9, 15 Laura Bridgman. Dr. Howe's Fa

mous Pupil. Maud Howe and Florence Howe Hall, 7

Broken Homes. Joanna C. Col. cord, 155

Bronner, Dr. Augusta, 105 (footnote)

Brooks, Phillips, 20

Campbell, Dr. F. J., 161-162

Cannon, Ida M., 213

Case: a term applied to the situation, not the person, 27

Case conferences, 136-137



INDEX

Case records: Dr. Howe's, 8, 10, 28; Mis8 Sullivan's letters, 10; choice of, 26-31; uses of, 28-30; confidential nature of. 29

Case Work and Democracy, 244-254. See also Social Case Work

Causal factors, search for, 79

Change of environment, 13, 24. 43, 53, 66, II6-118, 198

Charity organization societies. See Family Welfare Societies

Child labor: 76; campaigns, 203, • 231-235; commIttees, 235

Child-placing societies: work of. with George Foster, 43-49; early case work in, 244-245

Child welfare work: fuller records of, 30-3 I; illustrations of, 26~ 49; and daily life, 177; for neglected and difficult children, 219; in child labor campaigns, 234

Children: building upon affection for, 58, 61, 66-67; the rights of, 181, 186, 188

Choosing illustrations, process of, 26-31

Church attendance, 113 Client, use of the term, in case

work,27 Club work, 223

Colcord, Joanna C., 155, 241, 242 Combination of many itemized

insights and acts involved in case work of professional grade, 102, 124

Community resources: 15, 16, 18, 19; case workers' duty in the absence of. 115; utilization of, by case workers, 225

Community work, 223 Conclusion, 255-260 Confidential nature: of case his

tories, 29; of relation of social worker to client, 29

Conklin, Edwin Grant, 146 Continuity of policy, 248

Court: decision based on social

and, 123; c ildren's rights in the, 188; probation in the, 216-217; procedure in the, 215, 217; social evidence in the, of the future, 218

Criminal Justice in Cleveland. Pound and Frankfurter, 215

Criticism of case work processes on basis of long-term, intensive treatment, 90

Definition, a tentative, of social case work, 98; basis of, 87-90

Democracy: and individual difference, 149-154; in the fame ily, 182, 228; case work and. 244-254, 248-249; a daily habit of life, 249

Dewey, John, 142 (footnote) Difficult girl, a, 31-43; Teresa

Allegri, 83 Disasters and rehabilitation, 219 Discipline, 12-13, 22, 64, 109

Drinking man, SI-59 Drinking woman, 59-68 Dutcher. Elizabeth, 110

Elements of Social Science, The. R. M. Maclver, 95 (footnote)

Eliot, George, 214, 244 Employers, 119-120

Endowment of special ability in the social case work field, 251-254

Enuresis, 35 Environment: 22, 23; social and

physical, distingUIshed, 99; heredity versus, 146-149. See also Change of and Social

Equality: not likeness, 150; the essence of, 151

Ethical Philosophy of Life, An. Felix Adler, ISO

Eugenics, 148-149

262

INDEX

Case records: Dr. Howe's, 8, 10, 28; Mis8 Sullivan's letters, 10; choice of, 26-31; uses of, 28-30; confidential nature of. 29

Case Work and Democracy, 244-254. See also Social Case Work

Causal factors, search for, 79

Change of environment, 13. 24. 43, 53, 66. II6-II8, 198

Charity organization societies. See Family Welfare Societies

Child labor: 76; campaÎgns, 203, • 231-235; commlttees, 235

Child-placing societies: work of. with George Foster, 43-49; early case work in. 244-245

Child welfare work: fuller records of, 30-3 I; illustrations of, 26~ 49; and daily life. 177; for neglected and difficult children, 219; in child labor campaigns, 234

Children: building upon affection for, 58, 61, 66-67; the rights of, 181, 186, 188

Choosing illustrations, process of, 26-31

Church attendance. 113 Client. use of the term, in case

work,27 Club work, 223

Colcord, Joanna C., 155, 241. 242 Combination of many itemized

insights and acts involved in case work of professional grade, 102, 124

Community resources: 15, 16, 18, 19; case workers' duty in the absence of. 115; utilization of. by case workers, 225

Community work, 223 Condusion, 255-260 Confidential nature: of case his

tories, 29; of relation of social worker to dient, 29

Conklin, Edwin Grant, 146 Continuity of policy, 248

Court: decision based on social

and, 123; c ildren's rights in the.188; probation in the, 216-217; procedure in the, 215. 217; social evidence in tbe, of tbe future, 218

Criminal J ustice in Cleveland. Pound and Frankfurter, 215

Criticism of case work processes on basis of long-term, intensive treatment, 90

Definition, a tentative, of sodal case work, 98; basis of, 87-90

Democracy: and individual difference, 149-154; in the fam. ily. 182, 228; case work and. 244-254, 248-249; a daily habit of life, 249

Dewey, John, 142 (footnote) Difficult girl, a, 31-43; Teresa

Allegri. 83 Disasters and rehabilitation, 219 Discipline, 12-13, 22, 64, 109

Drinking man, 51-59 Drinking woman, 59-68 Dutcher. Elizabeth, 110

Elements of Social Science, The. R. M. Maclver. 95 (footnote)

Eliot. George, 214, 244 Employers, 119-120

Endowment of special ability in the social case work field, 251-254

Enuresis. 35 Environment: 22, 23i social and

physical, distingUlShed, 99; heredity versus, 146-149. See also Change of and Social

Equality: not likeness, 150; the essence of, 151

Ethical Philosophy of Life, A n. Felix Adler, ISO

Eugenics, 148-149

262



INDEX

Evolution and Ethics. Thomas Huxley, 128

Expert advice, 20, 24

Face of the World, The. Johan Bojer, 126

Family, the: a council of, 84-86; personal equation in discussions of, 177-178; specialists should know facts of the life of, 180; children the test of, 181; that fails, 187-188; as a test of industrial organization, 20 1-202; in current outlines of sociology, 226. See also The Home

Family deserters, 135, 154-155 Family Social Work, Institute of,

249-250 Family welfare societies: fuller

records of. 30-31; case work of. illustrated, 51-86, 134-136, 139-142, 185; and housing, 227; and tuberculosis campaigns, 227; and studies of desertion and non-support. 227; and social research, 227-228; in child labor campaigns. 232-234; early case work in. 244-245; an index of what is hap-

• • pemng In, 250

Fathers and Children. Ivan Tur-genev, 187

Feeble-minded, the, SS. II I, 182

Finding work, 206-210

Follett, M. P., 145

Forms of Social Work, the, 222-243

Foster, George, story of, 43-49; case of. cited, 96. IIO, 112. 116.

179, 189

Foster homes. selection of, 44 Frankness, 21, 40

Free homes, selection of, 44

Freedom of growth the impor-tant thing in case work, 251

,

Fundamental principles restated, 257-258

Group character of some case treatment, 80, 111, 139-142

Group thinking, ~4-86 Group work, 223, 224, 229

Habit, re-education of. 73. 108 Haldane, J. S., 95 (footnote) Hall. Florence Howe. 7 Hamilton, eice!y. 178 Handicapped. work with. 220

Harrison. Shelby M .• 236 Health. see Physical Condition Healy, Dr. Wm., 104 (footnote)

121 Heath. Arthur George. 165 Heredity and Environment. Ed.

win Grant Conklin, 146 Heredity versus environment,

146- 149 Hocking, Wm. Ernest, 132 Holbrook, David H., 229

Home. the, 175-194; developing affection for. 58; re-established, 63; instinct of, 65; breaking up, 72; as a family center. 78; and children. 118; not the institution of, for its own sake f 179; many kinds of social work visits to, 180; proposed substitutes for. 181; and the school, 197; and the workshop. 201-202; rehabilitation of, after disasters. 219; as a preparation for life. 258. See also The Family

Hospital social work, 210-214, 230

Housing conditions, 120-121

Eowe. Maud, 7 Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley, 7-9,

10 Human Interdependence, 126-

143. 257 Human Nature and Its Remaking.

Wm. Ernest Hocking, 132

Human Psychology. Howard C W n, 94 (footnote)

INDEX

Evolution and Ethics. Thomas Huxley, 128

Expert advice, 20, 24

Face of the World, The. Johan Bojer, 126

Family, the: a coundl of, 84-86; personal eQuation in discussions of, 177-178; specialists should know facts of the life of, 180; children the test of, 181; that fails, 187-188; as a test of industrial organization, 20 1-202; in current outlines of sociology, 226. See also The Home

Family deserters, 135, 154-155

Family Social Work, Institute of, 249-250

Family welfare societies: fuller records of. 30-31; case work of. illustrated, 51-86, 134-136, 139-142, 185; and housing, 227; and tuberculosis campaigns, 227; and studies of desertion and non-support. 227; and sodal research, 227-228; in child labor campaigns. 232-234; early case work in. 244-245; an index of what is hap-

• • pemng In, 250

Fathers and Children. Ivan Tur-genev, 187

Feeble-minded, the, SS. II I, 182 Finding work, 206-210

FolIett, M. P., 145

Forms of Sodal Work, the, 222-243

Foster, George, story of, 43-49; case of. cited, 96. IlO, 112. 116.

179, 189

Foster homes. selection of, 44 Frankness, 21, 40

Free homes, selection of, 44 Freedom of growth the impor-

tant thing in case work, 251 ,

Fundamental principles restated, 257-258

Group character of some case treatment, 80, 111, 139-142

Group thinking, ~4-86 Groupwork, 223, 224, 229

Habit, re-education of. 73. 108 Haldane, J. S., 95 (footnote) Hall. Florence Howe. 7 Hamilton, eicely. 178 Handicapped. work with. 220

Harrison. Shelby M .• 236 Health. see Physical Condition Healy, Dr. Wm., 104 (footnote)

121 Heath. Arthur George. 165 H eredity and Environment. Ed.

win Grant Conklin, 146 Heredity versus environment.

146- 149 Hocking, Wm. Ernest, 132 Holbrook, David H., 229

Home. the, 175-194; developing atIection fort 58; re-established, 63; instinct of, 65; breaking up, 72; as a family center, 78; and children. 118; not the instîtution of, for its own sake f 179; many kinds of sodal work visits to, 180; proposed substitutes fort 181; and the school, 197; and the workshop. 201-202; rehabilitation of, af ter disasters. 219; as a preparation for life. 258. See also The Family

Hospital sodal work, 210-214, 230

Housing conditions, 120-121

Eowe, Maud, 7 Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley, 7-9,

10 Human Interdependence, 126-

143. 257 Human Nature and lts Remaking.

Wm. Ernest Hocking, 132

Human Psychology. Howard C Wanen, 94 (footnote)



INDEX

Humble services as a means of treatment, 23, 58, 64, 107-108

Husband and wife disagree, 51-59, 184

Huxley, Thos., 127-128

Illustrations: Miss Sullivan and Helen Keller, 9-25; process of choosing, 26-31; Maria Bielowski, a difficult girl. 31-43; George Foster, a dependent child placed out, 43-49; Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Young, husband and wife who cannot agree, 51-59; Clara Vansca and her neglected children, 59-68; Winifred Jones and her children, widow not an efficient home maker, 68-80; Lucia Allegri and her relatives, who fail to understand her situation, 80-86; pellagra cases, 134-135; desertion case, 135-136; group case work, 139-142; unwise service, 167-171; of visiting teaching, 199-200; of case work in compensation field, 205-206; relief in aid of wages, 236; reports to public departments, 238

Imaginative sympathy, 23,37,42, 106, 107

Immigrant family, 80-86, 185-186

Immigration: 117-118; recent, 154; and case work, 220-221

Individual Differences, 144-158, 257-258

Industrial: employment of women and equality, 152-153; conditions, 237

Industrial disease legislation, 230

Infallibility, no claim of, 40

Innate make-up: and prognoses, 105 (footnote); not easily distinguished, J45

Insight into individuality and social environment, 101-102, 103-107

Instinctive responses versus the reasoning and habit-forming processes, 164

Institutional care, 43, 60, 189 Intensive case work, 90, 142, 176,

251 Interest, any serious, has power

of radiation, 136 Interrelation of the different

forms of social work, 222-243

Introduction, 5-25 I ntroduction to the Science of

Sociology. Park and Burgess, 228

Irresponsibility, 57

James. WiIliam, 191

Jones. Winifred: story of. 68-80; case of, cited. 104. 108, I 12. 113, 114, 117, 119, 121, 166, 179. 189, 225

Keeping faith, 24, 108

Keller, Helen. 10-25

Knowing what is happening, 41 Kropotkin, Prince, 129

Lane, Franklin K., 203 Legal aid societies, 220 Letters 0/ William James, The.

Edited by his son, 191 Level of participation, 170

Life 0/ Pasteur, The. Rene VaIlery-Radot, 192-194

Lippmann, WaIter. 142 (footnote) Long-term services to individuals,

90, 142, 176, 251

MacIver, R. M., 95 (footnote), 146

Macy, Mrs., see SullifJan Marital difficulties, 52-59 Mark, Thistleton, 9S (footnote) Marriage: current discussions of,

177; the rights of children and, 181; laws relating to, 182; administration of, laws, 183, 227; education for, 184-185

INDEX

HumbIe services as a means of treatment, 23, 58, 64, 107-108

Husband and wife disagree, 51-59, 184

Huxley, Thos., 127-128

Illustrations: Miss Sullivan and Helen KeIler, 9-25; process of choosing, 26-31; Maria Bielowski, a difficult girt 31-43; George Foster, a dependent child placed out, 43-49; Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Voung, husband and wife who cannot agree, 51-59; Clara Vansca and her neglected children, 59-68; Winifred jones and her children, widow not an efficient home maker, 68-80; Lucia AUegri and her relatives, who fail to understand her situation, 80-86; pellagra cases, 134-135; desertion case, 135-136; group case work, 139-142; unwise service, 167-171; of visiting teaching, 199-200; of case work in compensation field, 205-206; relief in aid of wages, 236; reports to public departments, 238

Imaginativesympathy, 23,37,42, 106, 107

Immigrant family, 80-86, 185-186

Immigration: 117-118; recent, 154; and case work, 220-221

lndividual Differences, 144-158, 257-258

lndustrial: employment of women and equality, 152-153; conditions, 237

Industrial disease legislation, 230

Infallibility, no claim of, 40

Innate make-up: and prognoses, 105 (footnote); not easily distinguished, J45

Insight into individuality and sodal environment, 101-102, 103-107

Instinctive responses versus the reasoning and habit-forming processes, 164

Institutional care, 43, 60, 189 Intensive case work, 90, 142, 176,

251 Interest, any serious, has power

of radiation, 136 Interrelation of the different

forms of sodal work, 222-243

Introduction, 5-25 Introduction to the Science of

Sociology. Park and Burgess, 228

Irresponsibility, 57

James. William, 191

jones. Winifred: story of. 68-80; case of. cited. 104. 108, I 12. 113, 114, 117, 119, 121, 166, 179. 189, 225

Keeping faith, 24, 108

KeIler, Helen, 10-25

Knowing what is happening, 41 Kropotkin, Prince, 129

Lane, Franklin K., 203 Legal aid societies, 220 Letters of William James, The.

Edited by his son, 191 Level of participation, 170

Life of Pasteur, The. René Vallery-Radot. 192-194

Lippmann, Walter . 142 (footnote) Long-term services to individuals.

90, 142, 176, 251

Maclver, R. M. , 95 (footnote), 146

Macy, Mrs., see SullifJan Marital difficulties. 52-59 Mark, Thistleton, 9S (footnote) Marriage: current discussions of.

177; the rights of children and, 181; laws relating to, 182; administration of, laws, 183, 227; education for, 184-185



INDEX

M arriage and Divorce. Felix Adler, 184

Mead. George M .• 130

M echanism. Life and Personality. J. S. Haldane. 95 (footnote)

Medical-social work. 210-214; pressure of numbers in, 212-213

Mendelian laws and human in-heritance, 147

Mental examination, 72, 112

Mental experts, 106

Mental hygiene: of industrial workers, 204

Mental testing, 46; value of, 104 (footnote) ; and social evidence, 72, 104-1 05

Meredith, George. 183

Meyer, Dr. Adolf, 183

Moberly. R. C .• D.D .• 94 (footnote)

M oral and Social Significance of the Conception of Personality. Arthur George Heath. 165

Motive. 170-171 Mutual Aid, a Factor in Evolution.

Prince Kropotkin, 129 Myerson, Dr. Abraham, 147

Neglected children, 59-68

Neighborhood: opportunities of a new, 66; work, 223; condi-

• bons, 229

New generation of administrators, 254

New State, The. M. P. Follett, 145

Numbers, pressure of: in visiting teaching, 200; in hospital social work, 212-213; in family social work, 208, 210, 227, 239-241;. in probation work, 2 I 7; in public service, 247; in all forms of social case work, 252

Obedience. lessons in, 12-13, 22

Occupational resources. 119-120

Officialism, absence of, 108

OsIer. Sir William, 243

Our Social Heritage. .Graham Wallas, 148, 153

Outlines of Historical J urisprudence. Sir Paul Vinogradoff. 202

Panic year. figures of a, 51

Parent: and child, 160, 185; ob. ligations to, 187

Park, Robert E., 227

Parole officers. 220

Participation of the client in making and carrying out plans for his welfare. 39, 48, 109-110, 170 -171, 173

Pasteur. Louis, 192-194, 243 Patience, 108 Pauperism, 167

Pearson. Sir Arthur, 162 Pedagogy and personality. 94

(footnote) Pellagra, 135 Perkins, Frances, 204-206 Perkins Institution for the Blind,

7, 9, 19 Permanent welfare as a test of

case work, 90. 142

Perry, Bliss. 93 (footnote) Personal equation, the, in dis

cussions of the family, 177-178 Personal influence. 108 Personal side of case work, 126-

128, 244 Personality: of Helen Keller, 22;

the service of, 24-25; development of, the aim of case work, 90, 97, 260; effect of loss of social status or health upon, 91; nature of, 92; and individual differences, 92; must grow or atrophy, 93; no scale for

• • measunng. 121-122; not static. 122, 131 i society the source and origIn of. 129-132 , 257; reverence for, 158, 248; all forms of social work serve. 259

INDEX

M arriage and Divorce. Felix Adler, 184

Mead. George M .• 130

M echanism. Life and Personality. J. S. Haldane. 95 (footnote)

Medical-sodal work. 210-214; pressure of numbers in, 212-213

Mendelian laws and human in-heritance, 147

Mental examination, 72, 112

Menta! experts, 106

Mental hygiene: of industrial workers, 204

Mental testing, 46; value of, 104 (footnote) ; and sodal evidence, 72, 104-1 05

Meredith, George. 183

Meyer, Dr. Adolf, 183

Moberly. R. C .• D.D .• 94 (footnote)

M aral and Social Significance of the Conception of Personality. Arthur George Heath. 165

Motive. 170-171 Mutual Aid, a Factor in Evolution.

Prince Kropotkin, 129

Myerson, Dr. Abraham, 147

Neglected children, 59-68

Neighborhood: opportunities of a new, 66; work, 223; condi-

• bons, 229

New generation of administrators, 254

N ew State, The. M. P. Follett, 145

Numbers, pressure of: in visiting teaching, 200; in hospital sodal work, 212-213; in family sodal work, 208, 210, 227, 239-241;. in probation work, 2 I 7; in public service, 247; in all forms of social case work, 252

Obedience,lessons in, 12-13, 22

Occupational resources. 119-120

Offidalism, absence of, 108

Osler, Sir William, 243

Our Sodal Heritage. .Graham Wallas, 148, 153

Outlines of Historical J urispruden ce. Sir Paul Vinogradoff. 202

Panic year, figures of a, SI Parent: and child, 160, 185; ob.

ligations to, 187 Park, Robert E., 227

Parole officers. 220

Participation of the dient in making and carrying out plans for his welfare. 39, 48, 109-110, 170 "171, 173

Pasteur, Louis, 192-194, 243 Patience, 108 Pauperism, 167 Pearson, Sir Arthur, 162

Pedagogy and personality. 94 (footnote)

Pellagra, 13S Perkins, Frances, 204-206

Perkins Institution for the Blind, 7, 9, 19

Permanent welfare as a test of case work, 90, 142

Perry, Bliss, 93 (footnote) Personal eQuation, the, in dis

cussions of the family, 177-178 Personal influence. 108 Personal side of case work, 126-

128, 244 Personality: of Helen Keller, 22;

the service of, 24-25; development of, the aim of case work, 90, 97, 260; effect of loss of soda! status or health upon. 91; nature of, 92; and individual differences, 92; must grow or atrophy, 93; no seale for

• • measunng. 121-122; not static, 122. 131 i society the source and origln of. 129-132 , 257; reverence for, 158, 248; all forms of sodal work serve. 259



INDEX

Philosophy of social case work. 128, 257

Physical condition, 35, 46, 48, 54,57,63.74,79,112,141

Physicians: and social case work, 135, 144; and patients, 160; private practice of, 221

Pity, the handicap of an un-nerving, 161-162

Placement work, 37. 44-49 Plato on equality, 151 Pound, Roscoe, 215 Prevention, 230 Preventive medicine, 211 Principles of Sociology. E. A. Ross,

185 Privately supported agencies:

staff representation in, 248-249; continuity of policy in, 248

Probation: for Maria Bielowski, 32-35, 42; insights needed in, 122-123; pressure of numbers in, 216-217; need of good social training for, work. 231

Professional organization of social workers, national in scope, 243

Prohibition, 241-242 Psychiatric Family Studies. Dr.

Abraham Myerson, 147 Psychiatry and social case work,

133, 144, 213, 221 Psychology from the Standpoint of

a Behaviorist. J. B. Watson, 94 (footnote), 164-165

Public administration and case work, 238-239, 245-248, 253-254

Public Education Association of New York, 198, 200, 228

Public employment bureaus, 207 Purposeful Action: the Basis of,

159-174; routine and, 164

Recreation, 37, 68, 73, 114, 223 Reid, Thomas, 91

Relatives, 12; participation of, in case work, 16; of Rupert Young, 53-59; of Clara Vansea, 62, 65, 113; of Winifred Jones, 69, 77; of Lucia AlIegri. 84, 85; of a button maker's family, 140

Relief, material: 167-174; as a substitute for justice, 172; in aid of wages, 236-237

Religious instruction. 20-2 I, 24, 113, 144

Repetition. 75, 109, 166 Rigidity, no permanence with

extreme of. 184 Ross. E. A., 184-185 Royce, Josiah, 130

Sainte-Beuve. Charles-Augustin, ~22

Schoolrecords,4S,48,66,74. 112, 169

School Workshop . Hospital --Court, 195-221

Schools: policy of same thing for everybody in, 196; case work in. 196-201

Self-respect, appeal to. 38 Sense of the whole in social work,

223, 245, 259 Sham families, 187-188 Shopmates, co-operation of, 140 Short· term services to individu-

als, 88, 176 Social agencies, team play be

tween, 113-114. 141 Social Case Work: in Being, 26-

86; defined, 87-125; unconscious, 5-'1, 11; as neighborliness, 7; when subsidiary to some other professional service, 27. 88-89, 214. 259; widening scope of. 30, 251; profession of, not well estab .. lished. 87 (footnote); of the short-term variety, 88, 176; of the long-term and intensive type, 89-90, 142, 176, 251; a form of teaching, 94, 96; the

266

INDEX

Philosophy of soda} case work. 128, 257

Physical condition, 35, 46, 48, 54,57,63.74,79,112,141

Physidans: and sodal case work, 135, 144; and patients, 160; private practice of, 221

Pity, the handicap of an un-nerving, 161-162

Placement work, 37. 44-49 Plato on equality, 151 Pound, Roscoe, 215 Prevention, 230 Preventive medicine, 211 Principles ol Sociology. E. A. Ross,

185 Privately supported agencies:

staff representation in, 248-249; continuity of policy in, 248

Probation: for Maria Bielowski, 32-35, 42; insights needed in, 122-123; pressure of numbers in, 216-217; need of good sodal training for, work. 231

Professional organization of social workers, national in scope, 243

Prohibition, 241-242 Psychiatrie Family Studies. Dr.

Abraham Myerson, 147 Psychiatry and social case work,

133, 144, 213, 221 Psychology Irom the Standpoint of

a Behaviorist. J. B. Watson, 94 (footnote), 164-165

Public administration and case work, 238-239, 245-248, 253-254

Public Education Association of New Vork, 198, 200, 228

Public employment bureaus, 207 Purposeful Action: the Basis of,

159-174; routine and, 164

Recreation, 37, 68, 73, 114, 223 Reid, Thomas, 91

Relatives, 12; participation of, in case work, 16; of Rupert Young, 53-59; of Clara Vansca, 62, 65, 113; of Winifred Jones, 69, 77; of Luda Allegri. 84, 85; of a button maker' s family, 140

Relief, material: 167-174; as a substitute for justice, 172; in aid of wages, 236-237

Religious instruction. 20-2 I, 24, 113, 144

Repetition. 75, 109, 166 Rigidity, no permanence with

extreme of. 184 ROBs. E. A., 184-185 Royce, Josiah, 130

Sainte-Beuve. Charles-Augustin, ~22

Schoolrecords,4S,48,66,74. 112, 169

School Workshop . Hospita} --Court, 195-221

Schools: policy of same thing for everybody in, 196; case work in. 196-201

Self-respect, appeal tOt 38 Sense of the whole in sodal work,

223, 245, 259 Sham families, 187-188 Shopmates, co-operation of, 140 Short· term services to individu-

als, 88, 176 Sodal agencies, team play be

tween, 113-114. 141 Sodal Case Work: in Being, 26-

86; defined, 87-125; unconscious, 5-'1, 11; as neighborliness, 7; when subsidiary to some other professional service, 27. 88-89, 214. 259; widening scope of. 30, 251; profession of, not weil estab .. lished. 87 (footnote); of the short-term variety, 88, 176; of the long-term and intensive type, 89-90, 142, 176, 2S I; a form of teaching, 94, 96; the

266



INDEX

special approach of. 96; distinguished from mass treatment, 98; is, a specialized form of skill? 100; material with which, deals a part of daily life, 102, 177; personal side of, 126--128, 244; must have a philosophy, 128, 257; and psychiatry, 133, 144. 213, 221; of one, two. and three dimensions, 138-142; and social psychology, 142-143; field of, not identical with that of other professions dealing with personality, 144; and reverence for personality, 158; present-day. 17S; intensive. may bear a separate name later, 176; short-term, 176; in schools. 196-201; in workshops, 204; in hospitals, 210-214; in courts, 216; private practice of, 221; and group work, 224; and social reforms, 225, 234; and social research, 227, 230; in child Iabor campaigns, 232-234; and industrial conditions, 237; and public officials, 238; under public and private auspices, 248

Social case workers, increasing demand for, 250

Social diagnosis, skill in, saves • time, 103-104

Social environment: 99; insight into the resources, dangers, and influence of the, 102. 103-107; approach through the. characteristic of case work, 1 I I; indirect action through the. illus., 139-142

Social and Ethical I nterpretations in M ental Development. James Mark Baldwin, 130

Social heritage, 147-149

Social psychology and social case work, 142-143

Social reform, 223. 227, 228, 23 I

Social relationship: no one, can serve for all, 1 I I; a key to client's life, 132; the approach by way of, 133-134

Social research, 224, 227. 230, 251 -253

Social settlements, 143, 223. 232

Social W·ork in Hospitals. Ida M. Cannon, 213 (footnote)

Social work and social case work, 115

Society the source and origin of personality, 129-132

Special ability. endowment of, 251-254

Spiritual gains, 20-2 I. 68 Staff representation on commit

tees of private agencies. 249

Stages of development: in social case work. 154; in medicine, 2 I I ; in the administration of justice. 215

Standard of Life, The. Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet, 163

Stimulation: and encouragement, progtam of, 72, 75, 80, 109; of wants, 166

Story of My Life, The. Helen Keller, 11-22

Stout. G. F .• 162

Stranded travelers, 220

Studies in Good and Evil. Josiah Royce, 130

Study of Poetry, A. Bliss Perry, 93 (footnote)

Subsidiary case work, supplementing service of another profession, 27, 88-89. 214, 259

Suggestion. 73 Sullivan, Anne Mansfield (Mrs.

Macy). 9-25. 40, 95. 107, 117, 224

Summary of ground covered, 255-260

Sympathy, two kinds of, 23; • • • lmagmatlve, 37. 42

Syphilis, 35. 41

Tallentyre. S. G., 6 Teacher and pupil, 160

INDEX

special approach of. 96; distinguished from ma ss treatment, 98; is, a specialized form of skiU? 100; material with which, deals a part of daily life, 102, 177; personal side of, 126--128, 244; must have a philosophy, 128, 257; and psychiatry, 133, 144. 213, 221; of one, two. and three dimensions, 138-142; and sodal psychology, 142-143; field of, not identical with that of other professions dealing with personality, 144; and reverence for personality, 158; present-day, 17S; intensive. may be ar a separate name later, 176; short-term, 176; in schools. 196-201; in workshops, 204; in hospitaIs, 210-214; in courts, 216; private practice of, 221; and group work, 224; and social reforms, 225, 234; and social research, 227, 230; in child labor campaigns, 232-234; and industrial conditions, 237; and public officials, 238; under public and private auspices, 248

Social case workers, increasing demand for, 250

SodaI diagnosis, skill in, saves • time, 103-104

Sodal environment: 99; insight into the resources, dangers, and influence of the, 102. 103-107; approach through the. characteristic of case work, I I I; indirect action through the. illus., 139-142

Social and Ethical I nterpretaHons in Mental Vevelopment. James Mark Baldwin, 130

Sodal heritage, 147-149

Socia! psychology and sodal case work, 142-143

Sodal reform, 223. 227, 228, 23 I

Sodal relationship: no one, can serve for all, 1 I I; a key to client's life, 132; the approach by way of, 133-134

Sodal research, 224, 227. 230, 251 -253

Sodal settlements, 143, 223. 232

Social W·ork in Hospitals. Ida M. Cannon, 213 (footnote)

Sodal work and soda! case work, 115

Society the source and origin of personality, 129-132

Special ability. eudowment of, 251-254

Spiritual gains, 20-2 I. 68 Staf! representation on commit

tees of private agendes. 249

Stages of development: in social case work. 154; in medicine, 2 I I ; in the administration of justice. 215

Standard of Life, The. Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet, 163

Stimulation: and encouragement, progtam of, 72, 75, 80, 109; of wants, 166

Story of My Life, The. Helen KeIler, 11-22

Stout. G. F .• 162

Stranded travelers, 220

Studies in Cood and Evil. Josiah Royce, 130

Study of Poetry, A. Bliss Perry, 93 (footnote)

Subsidiary case work, supplementing service of another profession, 27, 88-89. 214, 259

Suggestion. 73

Sullivan, Anne Mansfield (Mrs. Macy). 9-25. 40 , 95. 107, 117, 224

Summary of ground covered, 255-260

Sympathy, two kinds of, 23; • • • lmagmatlve, 37. 42

Syphilis, 35. 41

Tallentyre. S. G., 6 Teacher and pupil, 160



INDEX

Teaching and social case work, 95, 133, 144

Technique: and constructive imagination, 107; versus slogans, 242; and a sense of the whole. 243

Temperament, 91 (footnote) Thrift. lessons in, 64-65. 67, II4

Trade union a serious interest, 136

Trained social workers, need of, 157, 251

Training schools of social work, 243

Truancy and Non-Attendance in the Chicago Schools. Abbott and Breckenridge, 196

Trust estates, administration of. a field for social case work, 219

Tuberculosis. 140

Turgenev, Ivan, 187

Unemployed, the, 154, 208-210. 239-242

Unfavorable conditions, 165-166 Unfit, the, 127-128, 182 Unfolding of Personality, the, as

the Chief A im of Education. Thistleton Mark, 95 (footnote)

Unwise,service, 167-171

Vaile, Gertrude, 150-151 VaJlery-Radot, Rene, 194

•

Van Dyke, Dr. Henry, 151

Vansca, Clara, story of. 59-68; case of, cited, 108, 109, I13, 114, 116, 118, 119, 121, 179

Victory Over Blindness. Sir Arthur Pearson, 162

Vinogradofi, Sir Paul, 202

Visiting Teacher in the United States, The. A survey by the National tion of Visiting Teachers and Home and School Visitors, 200

Visiting teachers, 197-201, 228

Vocational guidance, 206, 220

Wallas, Graham, 147-148, 153 Wants: stimulation of, 166; pro-

gressive and higher, 167

Warren, Howard C., 94 (footnote) Watson, J. B., 94 (footnote), 164

Wider self, theory of the, 131

Widow with children, 68-80

Working homes, 36, 44 Workmen's compensation ad-

ministration and case work, 204-206

Workshop, the: and the home, 201-202; case work in, 204, 220

Young, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert, story of, SI-59; case of, cited, 108, 110, 112, 113, 116, lIS, 120, 121,210,239-242

268

INDEX

Teaching and sodal case work, 95, 133, 144

Technique: and constructive imagination, 107; versus slogans, 242; and a sense of the whoIe, 243

Temperament, 91 (footnote) Thrift, lessons in, 64-65, 67, II4

Trade union a serious interest, 136

Trained soda! workers, need of, 157, 251

Training schools of soda} work, 243

Truancy and Non-Attendance in the Chicago Schools. Abbott and Breckenridge, 196

Trust estates, administration of. a field for sodal case work, 219

Tuberculosis. 140

Turgenev, Ivan, 187

Unemployed, the, 154, 208-210. 239-242

Unfavorable conditions, 165-166 Unfit,the, 127-128, 182 Unfolding of Personality, the, as

the Chief A im of Education. Thistleton Mark, 95 (footnote)

Unwise,service, 167-171

Vaile, Gertrude, 150-151 VaJlery-Radot, René, 194

•

Van Dyke, Dr. Henry, 151

Vansca, Clara, story of, 59-68; case of, cited, 108, 109, 1I3, 114, 116, 118, 119, 121, 179

Victory Over Blindness. Sir Arthur Pearson, 162

Vinogradoff, Sir PauI, 202

Visiting Teacher in the United States, The. A survey by the National Association of Visiting Teachers and Home and School Visitors, 200

Visiting teachers, 197-201, 228

Vocational guidance, 206, 220

Wallas, Graham, 147-148, 153 Wants: stimulation of, 166; pro-

gressive and higher, 167

Warren, Howard C., 94 (footnote) Watson, J. B., 94 (footnote), 164 Wider self, theory of the, 131

Widow with children, 68-80

Working homes, 36, 44 Workmen's compensation ad-

ministration and case work, 204-206

Workshop, the: and the home, 201-202; case work in, 204, 220

Young, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert, story of, 51-59; case of, cited, 108, 110, 112, 113, 116, 118, 120, 121,210,239-242

268

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