191592910 BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 4

8/20/2019 191592910 BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 4

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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014

4551/2 © All right reserved SULIT

4.1 gamete formation

No Marking Criteria Marks

(a) There are two type of reproduction: sexual and asexual. state four differences between these

two types of reproduction

Sexual Asexual

D1-Sexual reproduction involving gametes Asexual reproduction not involving gametes

D2-It involves two individual It involves only one individual

D3-Gamete formed in meiotic division The process relies on mitotic division

D4-The offspring are genetically different

form parents

The offspring are genetically identical with

parent

1

1

1

1 4

(b) Diagram shows the reproductive structures of a flower

Based on diagram, name the type of reproduction carried out by this plant

Sexual reproduction 1 1

(c) What is the importance of the type of reproduction mentioned in (a) (i).explain your answer3

F1-there is variation /diversity (in gene composition of the offspring)

F2-When conditions become unfavorable some individual may survive

F3-and able to reproduce

F4-this will prevent the extinction of the species

1

111 4

Ovary


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The male reproductive system


(a) In which organ does cell R is formed

Testis 1 1

(b) Name the process of the formation of cell R

Spermatogenesis 1 1

(c) Name the organelle M which is found abundantly in Part A

Mitochondria 1 1

(d) What is role Organelle M?

To produce energy through cellular respiration for the sperm to swim to the ovum 1 1

(e) State the function of the tail

To propel the sperm forward when swimming toward the ovum 1 1

(f) Explain the importance of both the process of W (mitosis) and X (meiosis) in sperm formation

F1-to produce haploid sperm /gamete

F2-To ensure continuous species //to ensure the zygote formed through fertilization is diploid

F3-Form genetic variation

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1 3

(g) What are the main function of male gonad,testes?

P1- testes produce male gamete

E1-and male hormone

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1 2

(h) In which part of testes does spermatogenesis occur?

Seminiferous tubules 1 1

(i) Explain the function of scortum?

F-to provide optimum temperature

E-which is 2-3oC lower than normal body temperature

1

1 2


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Diagram shows a portion of the schematic diagram of formation of sperms


(a) State the chromosome numbers of cells P, Q and R

P: 2n

Q: n

R: n

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1 3

(b) Name the cell division at W and X

W: Meiosis I

X: Meiosis II

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(c) The female reproductive system

(d) Name the structure labeled P,Y and R

P:Ovary

R:Corpus luteum

Y :Secondary oocyte

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1 3


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(a) Name the hormone released by pituitary gland stimulates the development of follicles in P

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) 1 1

(b) Write the sequence of development of follicle P

Ooogenium Primary follicle Graafian follicle Secondary oocytes 3 3

(c) Name the process that occurs in P that produces secondary oocyte

Oogenesis 1 1

(d) What is process X?

Ovulation 1 1

(e) What is ovulation ?

Ovulation is a process of the releasing of secondary oocyte form ovary 1 1

(f) In human, explain when the secondary oocyte will change into ovum

Secondary oocyte will change into ovum if a sperm penetrate /fertilizes it 1 1

(g) State the process occurs in Y

Fertilization 1 1

(h) What would happen if structure R is degenerated immediately after zygote is formed?

P1-Level of progesterone will decrease

P2-Endometrium will break down

P3-Fertilised egg would not implant in endomentrium and wound be aborted

1

1

1 3

(i) Formation of primary oocyte takes place during development of a female foetus ,at stage of celldivision events does the development stops?

Prophase I of meiosis1 1


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(a) Diagram shows the fanges of four types of hormones which control the menstrual cycle follicledevelopment in the ovaries

Figure shows follicle development in an ovary. A woman has a problem conceiving due to the

failure of process Z.A doctor advises her to take Human chorionic gonadothrophin Hormone

(HCG) that has similar function to hormone PBased on the above situation, explain how the HCG injection enables the pregnancy to occur

F1-The HCG hormone stimulates ovulation //causing the graafian follicle to release secondary

oocyte

F2-Corpus luteum secretes progesterone to maintain the thickness of the endomantrium

F3-Thus enables implantation to occur

F1and any F2&F3

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1 2

(b) Explain what happen if the woman fail to produce hormone Q?

F1-did not stimulates growth of follicle in the ovary//follicle does not develop into graafian (in

the ovary)

F2-Primary occyte does not develop into secondary oocyte

F3-did not stimulate the production of oestrogen

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1 2

(c) What are the functions of Q in the process showed in figure above?

F-Graafian follicle will release secondary follicle and develop into corpus

E-Which will secrete progesterone and oestrogen if pregnancy happen

1

1 2

(d) Explain how the intake of contraceptive pill affects the development of follicles

E1-Contraceptive pill contain oestrogen and progesterone hormone

E2-High level of oestrogen inhibit secretion of FSH//inhibit development of occyte

E3-No ovulation occur

E4-Highh level of progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH//inhibit development of occyte Any 3

1

1

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1 3

Z

Q


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Essay enhancement corner


Diagram shows a physiological process in a human

Based on the diagram above ,describe the physiological process

P1-the process is oogenesis

P2-germinal epithelial cells undergoes mitosis to form diploid oogonia

P3-oogonia grow to form diploid primary oocytes

P4-the primary oocytes undergoes meiosis I to form haploid secondary oocyte and first polar body

P5-secondary oocyte undergo meiosis II and form ovum and (second) polar body

any 4P

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4.2 The role of hormones in the menstrual cycle


(a) What is the menstrual cycle?

F1: Monthly reproductive cycle controlled by hormones

F2: consist of follicle development, ovulation, thickening of endometrium and menstruation

1

1 2

(b)

Based on diagram, state the meaning of menstrual cycle? 2

P1-The production of ovum by the ovary of female

P2-follow by a cycle in 28 days1

1 2

(c) Secondary oocyte,copus lutuem,ovulation ,graafian follicle, primary oocyte

Using the term given ,write the correct sequence of a complete menstrual cycle

Primary occyte ,secondary occyte ,graffian follicle ,ovulation, corpus luteum 1 1

(d) Pituitary gland is important in the regulation of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

Explain its important

P1: The pituitary gland produces FSH to stimulate the development of follicles in the ovary.

P2 : The follicle secretes oestrogen to repair the uterine WallP3 : After the 14th day, the pituitary produces LH that causes ovulation.

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11 3

(e) Menstrual cycle is a monthly reproductive cycle consisting of follicle

development2ovulation ,the changes of the thickness of the endomentrium ,and

menstruation .State its importance2

P1-Produce female gamete (Ovum for fertilization)

P2-Thickening endomentrium – prepared for implantation of the embryo

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2


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Days Marking Criteria Marks

0-7

What is hormone X and Y/P and Q

X/P: Follicle stimulating hormone / FSHY/Q:LH

1

1 2

Give a reason for your answer

P:On day 13, the hormone is highest/at the peak/maximum level (to stimulate ovulation )

Q:Increase in level form day 1 to day 7/8

1

1 2

State its function of hormone X

To stimulate the formation of follicles in the ovary 1 1

Explain the effect of follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) on structure P(Primary follicle)

P1- (FSH) stimulates the growth / development of the primary follicle

P2-Structure P will grow / develop / becomes secondary follicle / Grafiaan follicle.

1

1 2

Name hormone P and Q

Hormone P:Oestrogen

Hormone Q:Progesterone

1

1 2

State the function of hormone X(FSH) and Y(LH)

Hormone X: stimulate growth and development of several primary follicle (in the ovary

to become a Graafian follicle)

Hormone Y: Cause ovulation to occur//Promotes development of the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and oestrogen//

Stimulate completion of meiosis I by changing primary oocytes into a secondary oocyte

1

1 2

State the process which took place at X

Menstruation 1 1

Based on diagram above ,State one reason to support your answer

Thickness of the endomentrium is decreasing 1 1


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0-7

An imbalance of hormones P (Oestrogen) and Y (LH) causes the disruption of the

ovulation process. Explain.

Pt. 1 : If P secretion is reduced, Y is inhibited.

Pt. 2 : Ovulation is delayed / does not occur

Pt. 3 : If P secretion is excessive, secretion of Y is stimulated.

Pt. 4 : Inhibits X, no follicle development / ovulation is hastened

Pt 5.The size of structure T is smaller than its size on 20th day

1

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1

1 4

Explain why an imbalance of hormones P and Y causes the disruption of the ovulation

process.

F1: Hormone P is oestrogen and hormone Y is luteinizing hormone

F2: undersecretion of hormone P( oestrogen )inhibits secretion of Follicle stimulating

hormone from pituitary gland

F3: No development of Graafian follicles so no ovulation occur// no secretion ofluteinising hormone from pituitary gland so no ovulation occur

F4: Oversecretion of hormone P stimulates secretion of hormone Y from pituitary gland

F5-Ovulation occur early

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1

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1 2

Name hormone Q and structure T.

Hormone Q : Progesterone

Structure T : Corpus luteum

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1 2


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0-7

Based on the graph in diagram ,Name the hormone 2

P:LH

Q:FSH

1

1 2

Give a reason for your answer

P:On day 13, the hormone is highest/at the peak/maximum level (to stimulate ovulation )

Q:Increase in level form day 1 to day 7/8

1

1 2

8-14

State the function of hormone Y

Hormone Y:Cause ovulation to occur//

Promotes development of the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and oestrogen//

Stimulate completion of meiosis I by changing primary oocytes into a secondary oocyte

1 1

Explain the effect if the level of hormone Y is low

P1- Ovulation will not occur

P2-Grafiaan follicle will not release the secondary oocyte (into the Fallopian tube).

1

1 2

Explain one difference between primary oocyte and secondary oocyte

Difference: primary oocyte is diploid while secondary oocyte is haploid.

Explanation : Primary oocyte has undergo meiosis (I)

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1 2


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15-21 Explain the importance of structure Q (corpus luteum)during development

F- Q secrete progesterone

P1-(progesterone will thickened and) maintained the endometrium wall

P2-Endometrium wall ready for implantation of embryo // prevent misscarriage / abortion.

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1

1 3

Complete the follicle development in boxes M and N2 2

Based on the diagram ,explain the relationship between the

P1-After ovulation /corpus luteum secretes S /Progestrone

P2-The level of S /progrestrone increase to maintain the thickness of the endomentrium

P3-When the M /corpus luteum degenerates, the level of S progesterone decreases, the

endomentrium begi to disintegrates

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1

1 3

If the fertilization occurred, the level of hormones S is maintained and the pregnancy is

proceed

Explain the important of hormone S[GnRH]

P1-To inhibit the secretion of FSH of LH form pituitary gland

P2-no development of follicle /secondary oocyte

P3-then the secretion of oestrogen is reduced

P4-Repair rejuvenation of endomentrium is not happened

P5-Hence no new early embryo develops

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1

1

1

1 3

Explain the relationship between structure Y and the level of hormone X form 16th day to

28th day

P1-16th day to 28th day: Y is formed ,hormone X is secreted,endometrium thickens

P2-23th -28th days: Y degenerated, the level of hormone x declines resulting in the foetus

1

1 2

Hormone X

Structure Y


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22-28

Complete the graph starting for point X in diagram to show the change in the thickness of

endometrium wall if fertilization does not occur

wall is decreasing / thinning. 1 1

Explain the graph that you draw in above

P1- Corpus luteum degenerate

P2-No progesterone is secreted (to thicken the endometrium wall).

1

1 2

Draw in Diagram 6, structure T on the 26th day if fertilization did not take place.

The structure T shrinks. 1 1

Draw in Diagram 4, structure T on the 26" day if fertilization did not occur.1

Corpus luteum had shrunken/ become smaller in size 1 1

Give the relationship between the structure Q and the level of hormone Q(Progesterone)

from the 16th to 28th day2

Pt.1 : On the 16th day, T is formed, hormone Q is secreted.

Pt 2 : On the 24th day, T degenerates, the level of hormoneQ declines.

1

1 2


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22-28

Explain the relationship between the structure T and the level of hormone Q

from the 16" to 28" day.2

16" to 28"

F1: hormone Q( progesterone) rises to a high level to induce endomentrium to thicken and

vascuiarisedE1-stucture T (corpus luteum) developed and become active

F2: hormone Q decreases to a very low level resulting in menstruation

E2: Structure T degenerated and not active

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1

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Essay Enchancement Corner


(a)

Based on diagram, state the meaning of menstrual cycle?2

P1-The production of ovum by the ovary of female

P2-follow by a cycle in 28 days

Starting with hormone produced by pituitary gland and ovary, describe how the hormoneregulate the menstrual cycle and an ovary produced an ovum8

F1-What FSH/hormone P does

it stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovariesUsually one follicle ripens to

become the graafina follicle in one of the ovaries during each cycle

It also stimulates the follicle in the ovary to secrete oestrogen

F2-Effects of oestrogen /hormone X

After menstruation ,it causes the repair and growth of the uterine lining(endomentrium)

The urine lining become thick and spongy with blood vessels

A high concentration of oestrogen in the blood inhibitsFSH production ,preventing theripening and growth of more follicles

It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone(LH)

F3-Function of LH/Hormone R

It causes ovulation

It also causes the formation of the corpus

F4-Corpus luteum

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The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and also some oestrogen

F5-Function of progesterone /Hormone Y

It keeps the uterine lining thick and well supplied wiuth blood Preparing it for implantation of the embryo

It inhibit both FSH and LH production

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1

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1 10


(b)

Explain the relationship between development of the follicle , changing of the respectivehormonal level in the blood and the thickening of the uterine endometrium in a female.10

Day 0 – 7

Follicle

– very small

– start to develop when receive FSH from pituitary

– the wall of follicle will produce estrogen

FSH

- pituitary start to release FSH, FSH will go to the ovary

- FSH stimulate development of follicle Endometrium

- stimulate by estrogen; undergo thickening / repairing

Day 8 – 14

Follicle

- become larger, develop to form follicle Graaf FSH / LH/ Estrogen/progesterone

- FSH decrease, LH at maximum level , estrogen at maximum level

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- LH stimulate ovulation / completion of meiosis I, estrogen stimulate the thickening of

endometrium

- Progesterone level very low Endometrium

- endometrium become very thick (ready to implantation (of embryo))

-

Day 15 – 21

Follicle

- Follicle undergoes ovulation/ released oocyte II

- The remaining follicle tissue / corpus luteum secreted small amount of estrogen but largeamount of progesterone

FSH/ LH/ Estrogen/ Progesterone

- Progesterone stimulated the thickening of endometrium , halted the secretion of FSH/LH

- Development of new follicle and ovulation stop. Endometrium

- more thicker and highly vascular

- ready for implantation of embryo

Day 22 – 28

Corpus luteum

- if no fertilisation, corpus luteum become disintegrate FSH/ LH/ Estrogen / Progesterone

- FSH, LH and estrogen at minimum level; progesterone level also drop Endometrium

- endometrium become breakdown & disintegrate

- blood and tissue are shed / lining of uterus discharge through vagina as menstrual flow.

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(c)

Based on the above diagram, explain how pituitary hormones and sex hormones control the

menstrual cycle

F1-During day 1 to day 5, endopsperm wall break down and slough off

F2-Pituitary land starts secreting FSH

E1-FSH causes a Graafian follicle to develop in the ovary

E2-during day 5 to day 10 FAH stimulate the wall of follicle and the tissue of the ovary tosecrete oestrogen

E3-Oestrogen starts to repair of the uterine wall

F3-Ion day 12 to day 14 Oestrogen inhibits pituitary gland form secreting FSH

E4-and stimulates pituitary glands to produce LHF4-Lh causes ovulation to occur on day 14

E5-After day 14,the graafian follicle to change into corpus luteum

F5-Corpus luteum secretes progesterone

E5-Progresteron make up the endometruim become thicken and filled with numerous bloodvessel for implantation

E6-Increase in the concentration of progesterone will inhibit the production of FSH and LH

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Digram shows the hormonal secretion and regilaiton the menstraul cycle .Based on the diagram

dicuss the relationship between the following

i.

hormonal level and the development of follicles

P1- Pituitary secrete more FSH

P2- FSH reansport to the ovary by blood

P3- FSH stimulate development of the follicle

P4- When the follicle dvelops into graafian follicle ,level if FAH will reduce

ii.

Ovulation and formaiton of the luteum

P1- When graafian follicle form ,LH will secreted by pituirary

P2- Level of LH become maximum at day 10-14/fertile time form women

P3- LH will stimulate the ovulaiton

P4- When follicle release the secondary oocyte into fallopian tube ,the folliucle

withoutsecondaryoocyte called carpos luteum

iii.

Homonal levels and changes in thickness of the endomantrium

P1- Wall of the follicel secretes oestrogen

P2- It wil stimulate the thickening of endomentrium for implatation

P3- When ovulaiton ovvurs,the secretion of oestrogen stops

P4- Corpus luteum will secretes progestron to continue the funciton of oestrogen

P5- When menstrual occur ,oestrogen and progesterone level will decreas

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Explain the changes and the functions of each type of hormone produced by

Pituitary and ovary.

FSH (Follicle – stimulating hormone)

P1 - From day 1 to day 5, pituitary gland stars to secrete FSH

P2 - FSH stimulates the development of follicle

P3 - And stimulates the tissue of ovary to secrete oestrogen

Oestrogen

P4 - From day 5 to day 13, concentration of oestrogen continue to increase

P5 - Oestrogen causes the repair and heal of the endometrium lining

P6 - Endometrium lining becomes thicker and ( filled with blood vessels)

LH (Luteinising Hormone)

P7 - On day 13, the LH level increases

P8 - Causing ovulation / Graafian follicle releases secondary oocyte.

P9 - LH causes the formation of corpus luteum

P10 - Corpus luteum secretes progesterone

Progesterone

P11 - Progesterone maintains the thickening of endometrium for implantation

P12 - Progesterone inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH

P13 - If the secondary oocyte is not fertilised by a sperm, corpus luteum disintegrate /

progesterone decreases

P14 - Endometrium lining begins to breakdown and menstruation starts

Any 8 P

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Based on the diagram state the meaning of menstuaration

F1-breakdown of the lining of the uterusP1-diacharge through the vagina

P2-small amount of blood and some cell

1

1

1 3

Describe how the menstrual cycle is affected if the pituitary hormones peak up seven days later.

F1 - Menstruation / menses will occur a week later (than usual) // on the 7 th day of the following

cycle / month.

E1 - FSH peaks up on day-20 / a week later / just before day-21.

E2 - LH peaks up on day 20 / a week later / just before day-21.

F2 - ovulation only occur a week later / day-21

E3 - due to stimulation / from a rise of LH

F3 - level of estrogen remains high until day-21 because

E4 - graafian follicle that release estrogen remains intact / due tono LHF4 - corpus luteum will only be formed on day-21 / a week later

E5 - this causes level of progesterone to increase after day 21 andremains high

E6 - as level of progesterone high, the lining of uterine wall / endometrium will remains thick

longer

E7 - when corpus luteum degenerate, level of progesterone drops

E8 - this causes the lining of endometrium to disintegrate causing menses which occurs a week

later than usual Any 10

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4.3 Early Development of human zygote

Diagram 1 shows the development of a human zygote .

Label the diagram

Stage Name of the stage / process

X Ovulation

Y Fertilisation

P Zygote

Q Morula

Z Implantation

Q

P

P Q


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Early Development of human zygote SPM 2012


(a)

Describe the development in detail 8

P1-A fertilization ovum is known as a zygote

P2-Zygote divides repeatly by mitois

P3-Morula develops into balstula/blastocytst

P4-It is a hollow ball of cells

P6-Blastocyst forms inner mass cells and trophoblast

P7-Blastocyst implants at the endomentrium /uterus

P8-Inner mass cells /zygotes develops into embryo

P9-trophoblast will form villi of placenta any 8P

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1 8

(b)

Describe the process which occurred form P and Q 4

P1 – Ovulation releases a secondary oocyte , which enters the oviduct.P2 – The secondary oocyte starts meiosis II which progresses until metaphase II.

P3 – The nuclei of a sperm cell (n) and the ovum (n) fuse and form a diploid zygote (2n). // A

sperm fertilize the ovum to form a zygote.

P4 – Zygote begins to divide repeatedly by mitosis as it travels along the fallopian tube

towards the uterus.

P5 – Morula is form followed by blastula.

P6 – Implantation occur / The blastocyst attaches itself to the endometrium.

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(c)

Based on the diagram above

(i) Explain briefly process A

F1-ovulaiton

P1-he release of secondary oocyte form the ovary

(ii) Describe the early development of a zygote form process B until process C

P1-after fertilization the zygoite divide repeatly/undergoes mitosis

P2-as its travel along the (fallopian) tube toward uterus

P3-first division form two-celled embryo

P4-further division formed a solid mass of cells called morula

P5-then morula is ball of about 100 cells called blastocyts/blastula

P6-Blastocyst/blastula is a fluid filled sphere with outer layer of cells and inner cell massP7-The cilia in the (fallopian ) tube helps developing embryo to reach the uterus

P8-Blascocyts/blastula undergoes implantation to attach itself to the endomentrium

P9-The inner cell mass becomes firmly embedded in the endomentrium

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8

The formation of twins


(a) Diagram shows the formation of two pairs of twins

Based on the diagram ,explain how the formation of twin occurs6

F-Siamese twin

P1-One sperm and one ovum are involve in fertilization

P2-to produce one /single zygote

P3-Zygote undergoes mitosis repeatly to form blastocyst

P4-Blastocyts does not divide completely

P5-the blastocyt does not dvide completely

P6-The two blastocyst implant/embedded into endomentrium wall and develop to embryo)

P6-The are joined at certainly part of body

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Comparison of the twins

Refer to SPM 2005 Q7 Pg 312-314

No Marking Criteria Marks(b)

Based on diagram ,explain the role of placenta as endocrine gland

P1 : After the placenta is formed, it secretes progesterone

P2 : The level of progesterone continues to increase

P3: The hormone maintains the thickness of the uterus lining

1

1

1 3


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(a) Diagram 4.1 shows a graph on how the endometrium in the human uterus varies in thickness

with time. Fertilization took place on the 16th day of the second month.

State the process which took place at X.1Menstruation

1 1

(b) Based on the Diagram 4.1, state one reason to support your answer in (i)1

The endometrium begins to break down1 1

(c) Complete the graph in Diagram 4.1 to show the changes in the thickness of the endometriumafter day 22 in the second month until day 28 of the third month.1 1 1

(d) Explain why the thickness of the endometrium changes in the way shown in (b) (i).2

P1 : The endometrium begin to became thicker, for preparation for the implantation of afertilized ovum

P2 : The endometrium keep thickening due to the level of progesterone and oestrogen continue

to rise because fertilization occurs.P3 : The corpus luteum continues to secrete oestrogen and Progesterone

1

1

13

(e) Based on the changes in Diagram 3.1, complete Diagram 3.2 to indicate the level of thehormone progesterone from the first to the third months.2

Explain the changes in the level of progesterone in the three months as shown in Diagram

P1 : Increasing in progesterone level will stimulate the uterine wall to became thicker

P2 :When the fertilization occur, the level of progesterone continue to rise to ensure the uterine

walls continue to grow and nourish the embryo

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(f) Explain the changes in the level of progesterone when the women faces menopause.

P1 :The level of progesterone become lower

P2: Ovaries are less stimulated by FSH and LH

P3: lead to inhibits the development of the follicles and ovulation

1

1

1 3

(g)

Diagram 4.3 shows the process of sperm formation in the human testis.2 Are cells V, cell Wand cell X genetically identical? Explain.

F : Cell V is similar to cell W but is different from cell X.

P : Cell V and cell W are products of mitosis whereas cell X is a product of meiosis.

1

1 2

The function of the placenta in foetal development


(a)

Name two materials that pass via R(Placenta) form mother to the foetus

Water/amino acid/glucose/nutrient/oxygen /antibodies 1 1

(b)(i)

Name MAmniotic fluid 1 1

(ii) State the importance in fluid M

P1-Protect the foetus by absorbing shock

P2-Protects foetus form physical damage

P3-Allow movement of the foetus any one

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1 2

R


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(c) Explain how the structure R (Placenta) enable exchange of material to take place 2

F1-Placenta has a large surface area to volume ratio

P1-to increase exchange rate

OR

F2-Material and embryonic bloods are brought into close contact

P2-Diffusion can take place efficiently

OR

F3-Seperated only by a thin membrane

P3-Diffusion can take place efficiently

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(d)

Structure P consists of two type of blood vessels. Name both vessels

1. Umbilical artery

2. Umbilical vein

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(e)(i)

State the function of each blood vessel named in above/ Give the diference between both bloodvessel

1. Carry waste product/deoxygenated blood form the foetus to the placenta

2. Carry oxygenated blood form placenta to the foetus

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(ii) State two substances which are carried by the blood in Y, in the direction of the arrow

1. Carbon dioxide

2. Nitrogenous waste products

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(f) A pregnant woman of blood group A is having a foetus of blood group B. Based on diagram

5.1 and the statement above , state whether agglutination will occur in the foetal blood or not.

Explain your answer.

F- No

E- The foetal circulatory system and the maternal circulatory system are separated // not

directly connected (due to the presence of the placenta)

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(g) Placenta also involved in endocrine system ,discuss how placenta act as endocrine system

P1-placenta secretes oestrogen and progesterone

P2-helps maintain a thicked ,blood enriched endomentrium during pregnancy

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(a) State the differences between the content of R (placenta) and foetal blood

R (placenta) Foetal blood

Oxygen High Low Nutrient High Low

Carbon dioxide Low High

Waste /example Low High

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(b) Diagram 5.2 shows a negative habit of a pregnant mother. .

Explain the effect of this habit to the foetus3

P1 : Cigarette contain nicotine / DDT / lead particles.

P2 : Nicotine are small in sizes so it can diffuse from maternal blood capillaries to foetal blood

capillaries through the placenta

P3 : The substances are carried by umbilical vein to the foetus.

P4 : The substances can cause miscarriage // birth defect // illness in the resulting baby

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(c) In the 16th week, pregnant mother was infected with disease .the infection caused structure n to

stop functioning the mother miscarriage, explain the statement

F1-N secrete progesterone to stimulate/induce the thickening endomentruim

E1-Infection caused N not to secrete progesterone

E2-Endometrium are no longer thicken //endometrium break down o foetus is aborted

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(d) Human chorionic gonadtrophin hormones (HCG) has a similar role to luteinizing

hormone(LH).A wife .A wife has a problem conceiving due to the failure in ovulation . The

wife becomes after doctors has given her injections of HCG

Based on above statement, explain how HCG injection enable the process of pregnancy.

P1-HCG stimulates ovulation

P2-ovum/secondary oocytes is released form the ovary to the fallopian tube

P3-Ovum fuses with sperm in fallopian tube forming a zygote

P4-corpus luteum secretes progesterone

P5-progesterone maintains the thickeness of the uterine wall /endometrium

P6-the thickness of the uterine wall enables implantation to occur any three

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Essay Enhancement corner


(a) Diagram shows the structure of placenta

Explain the function of placenta in foetal development 6

P1-Seperates foetal blood form maternal blood

P2-Exchange of substances between foetus and mother

P3-Oxygen and nutrient diffuse form the maternal blood to the foetal blood

P4-Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste products diffuse form the feotal blood into the

maternal blood

P4-Carbon dioxide and( nitrogenous) waste products diffuses form the foetal blood into the

maternal blood

P5-Some antibodies diffuse for the maternal blood into the foetal blood

P6-Protect the feotus form the high pressure of maternal blood

P7-Prevents large organism like bacteria form entering the foetal blood

P8-Prevents mixing of foetal blood with maternal blood/agglutination any 6P

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(b) The developing foetus is nourish and protected in the mother‟s uterus

Explain the above statement10

N1-Nutrients/oxygen/antibodies /hormones/any 2 example

N2-Form maternal are transported to the foetus through umbilical vein

N3-Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste products form the foetus are transported to the

maternal (vein)through umbilical arteries

N4-The numerous blood capillaries ( in the chorionic villi provide a large surface area fro

diffusion of materials

P1-The foetal circulatory system and the maternal circulatory system are separated

P2-Prevents certain harmful bacteria and their toxins form entering the foetus

P3-Prebents the action of meternl hormones/chemical in mother‟s blood that could harm thedeveloping foetus

P4-Prevents the mixing of blood groups of mother and the foetus

P5-Which cause Aggulutination

P5-Prevents the fine blood vessel of the foetus di not burst

P7-Due to blood pressure of the maternal circulation 4N +6P

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Foetal blood

Umbilical artery

Umbilical vein

Placenta

Space filled with maternal blood


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The advantage of having separate foetal and maternal circulatory system


(a) Explain why the foetus has a separate blood circulatory system form his mother2

F-Prevent the mixing of blood groups of the mother and the foetus which may be incompatibles

E1-If incompatible bloods mix, they clot agglutinate

E2-and cause blockage in important organs/death

Or

F-Protect the foetus form the high blood pressure of the mother

E1-Foetus has fine and delicate blood vessel

E2-high blood pressure of mother„s blood will cause the feotl blood vessel burst and damage

OrF-Prevent the action of maternal hormone /chemical /harmful bacteria

E1-From crossing the foetal blood

E2-which could harm the development of the foetus any two

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(b) Name two the materials that partially prevented by placenta form entering the blood of foetus

Drug/alcohol/caffeine/nicotine /HIV/rubella virus 1 1

(c) R regresses and cause miscarriage

Explain the above statement

F-Placenta acts as an endocrine gland//secreting

E-(these hormone) help to maintain a thickened /blood enriched endomentrium throughout the

pregnancy

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(d) Explain why colostrums valuable to the baby immediately after birth 2

F-Colostrums contain antibodies

P-To help/baby survive form pathogen

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Essay enchancement corner


(a) Diagram 9 shows relationship between K and L of placental blood circulatory system.

Explain why K and L circulatory system are not directly connected to each other.

F1 both system separated

E1 blood of both not mixing

E2 permits exchange of gases/food

E3 waste product

E4 between the foetus and the mother

F2 prevent the action of maternal hormone/other chemical

E5 in mothers blood

E6 which could harm the development of the foetus

E7 but the protection is incomplete.

E8 Harmful chemical/alcohol/nicotine/morphine/bacteria/toxine/viruses

E9 can enter the foetus from mothers blood

E10 cause permanent damage

F3 (protect foetus) from high blood pressure of maternal circulation.Any ten

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4.4Appreciating the contribution of science and technology t human reproduction


(a) A married couple, who has been married for 10 years, fail to have baby. Examination by a

doctor revealed that the husband has a low sperm count. Describe one method that would helpthe couple to have a child

F1-Artificial insemination

E1-Sperm form a donor can be obtained form a sperm bank

E2-Sperm is injected into the uterus of a woman during ovulation any two

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(b) If the sperm counts of a husband are too low, artificially insemination can be carries out to

overcome this infertility problem. Discuss the appropriate technique should be used

P1-the sperm are collected for the husband/taken form sperm banks

P2-An inserted directly into the fallopian tube of the wife during ovulation phase1

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Refer to: SPM 2011 State two infertility problem and explain the various method to overcome infertility

problem [6m] Pg 316


(a) A married want to have a baby. But he‟s wife has fallopian tubes blocked problem.it make

impossible for her to conceive through the natural process.They insist to have their own child.

Describe one modern technique that may be able to help this couple to have their own child.

Explain the moral issues related to the suggested technique10

F-The couple can use the intro-vitro fertilization (IVF) method

P1-Mother undergoes hormonal treatment to produce more secondary oocyte

P2-A fine laparoscope is used to remove the secondary oocyte form her ovary

P3-the secondary ooctye are placed in a Petri dish of culture solution

P4-then, sperm form the husband are added to secondary oocyte

P5-the sperm and ova fused and become zygote//fertilization is occurred to form zygote

P6-The zygote undergoes mitosis to become embryo/eight-cell stage

P7-The embryo formed is implanted in the wife uterus

P8-A baby born is called as a test-tube baby

(f+any7P)

Able to explain the moral issues related to the suggested technique of reproductive

technology

M1-Frezzing and destroying living embryo

M2-Vitro fertilization morally acceptable

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(b) Preventing pregnancy and difficulty in having children are two main problems in human

reproduction.Based on the statement, discuss the moral issues related to applicationof Science and

Technology in overcoming human reproduction‟s problems.

Preventing pregnancy

F1 Contraceptive method

P1 stop ovum from being formed

P2 stop the fertilize ovum from developing in the uterus.

P3 stop sperm from reaching ovum.

F2 Could harm the foetus when a women has the ability to bear a child.

F3 Only use contraception for health

P4 for health

P5 financial reason

F4 (Prevention of fertilize egg from developing) is an act of killing.

F5 The use of spermicides kills life

F6 Religious believe there is only accept natural method of contraception.

Overcoming infertility

F7 Infertility is the failure of the couple to have a baby

P6 due to block fallopian tubes.

P7 low sperm count

F8 Sperm bank

P8 not allowed (religion) if used sperm not from husband,

F9 In-vitro fertilization IVF

P9 it is wrong to destroy extra embryos

P10 abuse the technique to select the sex /zygote

P11 to produce perfect offspring

F10 Surrogate mother

P12 Life of surrogate mother is threatened.

Many women assume that as long as they are still getting their

menstruations , they have plenty of healthy eggs left. But this is

not quite true.

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(c) Explain the contribution of science and technology to human reproduction

F-name the methods to overcome infertility

E - give explanations

F-Art ificial insemination

E1-Impotence in the husband/ erectile dysfunction requirethe sperm to be collected and then

injected into the cervixof the wife time of the woman's ovulation.

E2-Low sperm count /immobile sperms/ abnormal sperms of the Husband to be overcomed by

obtaining healthy sperms form suitable donor in a sperms bank and then inject into the

fallopian tubes of the wife during ovulation.

F-In vitro fertilisation ( inoperable blocked fallopian tubes)

El: Permanent blocked oviducts in the wife prevent Secondary occytes from being fertilized by

the sperms.

E2: Wife treated with follicle – stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) to

increase the oocyte production.

E3: Oocytes collected and placed in a Petri dish containing a suitable medium similar to the

fallopian tubes.

E4: The oocytes are mixed with the husband's sperms.

E5: 2 days old embryos are transferred into the wife's uterus for implantation.

F: In vitro fertilization ( Postponement of motherhood ) /

having children later in life.

El : Eggs / oocytes of women are collected , frozen and stored when less than 34 years old.

E2: Oocytes are used: later when the women decide to stad a family.

F: Surrogate mother

El : Wife unable to have babies herself. And need another younger , healthier woman to bear

her child.

E2: Woman become pregnant by artificial insemination or by in vitro fertilization.

Any 9 correctKS: Ability to describe one treatment method correctly

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(d) Pregnant woman are advised not to smoke and avoid form drugs and alcohol

Explain this statement- Cigarette contain nicotine / DDT / lead particles.

- The wall of maternal blood capillaries and the wall of foetal blood capillaries are semi-

permeable.

- Nicotine, drugs and alcohol are small in size.

- Nicotine, drugs and alcohol can diffuse from maternal blood capillaries to foetal blood

capillaries

- through the placenta

- The substances carried by umbilical vein to the foetus.

- Nicotine, drugs or alcohol can affect the development of foetus

- (example) cause disable / miscarriage . birth defect/ illness in the resulting baby.

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(e) Mrs. Ali is a married woman, she has a problem to get pregnant

Explian under what type of condition Method A can be used to help Mr. and Mrs. Ali 5

- Method A is known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF)

- Method A is use if the fallopian tubes of Mrs. Ali are blocked.- sperm cannot reach the ovum, fertilization fail to occur.

- fertilization has to be done outside the body.

- developed zygote/embryo then retransfer and implant in the uterus of Mrs. Ali.

- the embryo then undergo normal development in the uterus of Mrs. Ali as normal pregnancy.

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(f) Discuss the role of Madam X in Method B and issue may arise

- Method B is used if the uterus of Mrs. Ali fail to carry the implanted embryo because of

damaged or abnormal uterus.- Madam X is the woman who is willing / hired to carry the implanted embryo to full term.

- Madam X is known as surrogated mother.

- Genetically the baby belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Ali.

- Who is the real biological mother of the baby, Mrs. Ali or Madam X

- There are cases that the surrogated mother refuse to return the baby to the couple after giving

birth

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(g) A married do not wish to start a family soon after marriage. Explain the following methods of

contraception

(i)

Natural method

F1-avoid sex during fertile period/after ovulation /around day 14 ( to prevent conception)

P1-Detect ovulation by measuring body‟s temperature daily/rise in body temperature

(ii)

Mechanical methods

F2-Using intrauterine device(IUD)

P2-Prevents implantation of embryo

F3-Using diaphragm

P3-Prevnts sperm form entering uterus

F4-Using condom

P4-Prevent sperm form entering uterus

(iii)

Chemical method

F5-Taking oral contraceptive pills

P5-Prevent formation of foliciles in the ovaries

F6-Using spermicides

P6-Kill sperm

Any F corresponding P

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(h) A husband and wife with seven children plan not to have anymore child. Based on your

biological knowledge, explain the method that can be recommended to them 6

F1-DiaphragmP1-Inserted into vagina to cover the cervix to stop sperm ofmr entering the uterus

F2-IUD

P2-Fitted into uterus by doctor and can be left in the uterus (2 years) and prevent implantation

F3-Spermicide

P3-Chemical cream /gel /foam is applied to vaginal walls before copulation and kill the spermejaculated into vagina

F4-Contraceptive pills

P4-Prevents ovulation (by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH)

P5-noth the fallopian tubes are cut and tied ( in an operation ) causes the ovum cannot reach the part of fallopian tube ,fertilization is not occurred

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(i)

Explain the advantages of the following birth control methods family planning

(i)

Contraceptive pill

P1-Contains oestrogen /progesterone

P2-(oestrogen/progesterone hormone) can prevent the formation of follicle in the ovary

P3-Prevents ovulation //inhibits the secretion of follicle stimulating Hormone/FSH /Luteinizing

hormone/LH

P4-No fertilization occur//the woman is not pregnant

P5-Effeceint /safe method (of birth control)

(ii)

Intrauterine device (IUC)

P6-(intrauterine) device is inserted into the uterus (by doctors)

P6-Left in the uterus (for approximately two, three and five years)

P8-irritates the endomtrium /prevents the thickening of the uterine wall

P9-Prevent the implantation of embryo

P10-No development of zygote /no pregnancy

P11-effeicent/safe method (of birth control)

(iii)

Vasectomy

P12-the vas deferens are tied cut in a surgical operation

P13-The sperm re still produced but cannot be transferred out/reach the uterus/fallopian tube

P14-No fertilization

P15-effeceint/safe method (of birth control) (P5, P11 and P15, mark awarded once only)

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Technology in human reproduction has given great contribution to

family planning .contraceptive pills, intrauterine deceive (IUD) and

vasectomy are example of birth control method in family planning


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(g) Reproduction technology has contributed a lot to human health and population growth.

Describe how infertility is overcome in humans using the following methods:

Sperm banking [Bank sperma] Artificial insemination [Permanian beradas]

In vitro fertilization [Persenyawaan in vitro]

Surrogate mother [Ibu tumpang]

Sperm bank

Used when the man/spouse/male suffers from low sperm count/production ofweak/unhealthy sperms

Sperms are donated and donor‟s identity is recorded/secret

Genetic biodata of donor and the woman recipient should match for successful fertilization

Artificial insemination

Practiced by a couple when the man is sterile

Donor‟s sperm are injected into the womans uterus

during ovulation

No sexual intercourse is involved

The genetic background and health of donor is screenned before acceptance

In vitro fertilization

Practiced when the woman‟s ovum cannot be fertilized due to blockage of fallopian tube

Ovum is extracted (from the woman) and fertilized outside the body/in Petri dish/test tube Fertilized ovum/zygote grows in culture medium

Than it is implanted into the woman‟s uterus

Surrogate mother

Method practiced when a woman cannot be pregnant in normal way

The zygote is obtained by invitro fertilization

Another woman is implanted with the couple zygote

(Surrogate mother) carries the baby only until it is born

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(h) Menstrual cycle is regulated by hormone which is secreted by pituitary gland and ovary.

Married woman usually plans their families by taking contraceptive pill.Based on your knowledge in biology, explain how this pills react as with negative feedback to

prevent pregnancy.

P1 – Contraceptive pills contain (a combination of low) oestrogen and (high) progestronhormone

P2 – the pills should be taken between any day from the 1st -5th day of the menstrual cycle, fora duration of 21 days

P3 – Oestrogen promotes/causes repair / growth of the endometrium (in preparation forimplantation)

P4- Progestrone maintain the thickness of uterus lining

P5 –High level of progesterone inhibit the pituitary‟s production

P6- no secretion of FSH / follicle-stimulating hormone

P7 – no follicle develops in the ovaryP8 – no Graafian follicle

P9 – less / no secretion of LH by the pituitary gland

P10 – Ovulation is low / does not occur

P11 – no fertilisation occur

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(i) Describe briefly the method of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in human.

P1 - Woman is injected with FSH hormone

P2 - stimulates growth / developments of follicle in the ovary

P3 – (A laparoscope is inserted at the navel to) collect immature ova /ovum from the ovaries //

the immature ova/ovum are harvested from the ovaries

P4 - then, the ova are placed in (glassware with) culture solution to matureP5 – Sperms are collected and placed in the culture solution . Fertilisation occurs. // the ova

then, fertilised with the sperm

P6 – leave it within 2 days (48 hours) to enable the zygote to develops/ divide themselves into

eight cells

P7 – the zygote / embrsyos are placed into the woman/mother uterus (by using a catheter)

P8 – the embryos/zygotes are allowed to develop in her uterus until birth

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(j) Based on your knowledge in biology, what are the moral issues related to this method?

M1 – Storage techniques used in IVF produces more than one zygote. What will happen to this

zygote

M2 – If the uterus of the mother is not strong/ healthy, who is going to accept the zygote? Whatis the relationship between zygote/child with the surrogate mother

M3 – If the husband is infertile, who is going to donate the sperm? What is the relationship between zygote/child with the father

M4 – Unmarried women can have their own children / can get pregnant

M5 – Tendency of choosing the children gender

M6 – There were cases where the surrogate mother develop emotional ties and refuse to beseparated from their babies REJECT – RELI GIOUS ORDERS

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(l)

Based on your biological knowledge in reproduction technology, explain how the couple can

have children

F : In-vitro technique

P1 : means fertilization occurs outside of the body

P2 : the wife injected with hormone to fasten the development of the secondary oocyte / ovum

in ovary

P3 : secondary oocyte / ovum release out by using laparoscope (from ovary before

ovulation)

P4 : sperms from husband fertilize with the secondary oocyte in a Petri dish (contains culture

medium)

P5 : (after fertilization) zygote will divide by mitosis

P6 : (after 2 days) formed embryo until eight cells stage

P7 : embryo transferred to the endometrium of the uterus wall through cervix (using pippet)

P8 : embryo implant at the endometrium of uterus wall and develop

P9 : baby that is delivered is called test tube baby

P10 : This technique is complicate

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A couple, Mr Zafrie and Mrs Munirah had married almost ten years but still do not have

any child. After undergone an inspection, they found that the husband does not have

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(m) “In Malaysia, it is estimated that one baby is abandoned every 10 days in the

Klang Valley, and 100 babies abandoned every year nationwide.”

The Star Online, September 27, 2008

Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages in the application of science and technology in

human reproduction in handling the issue.

Advantages:

F1 - Sterilise method; vasectomy / by cutting the vas deferens intestes

E1 - to prevent the sperms from going to prostate glands// ejaculation does not contain sperms

F2 - use of (male) condoms

E2 - prevent / reduce chances of sperms from going into cervix / uterus

F3 - Use female diaphragm that covers the cervix // Use of female condom which is fitted

inside vagina

E3 - Block entrance of sperms into the uterus // Prevent entrance of sperms into uterus //

sexually transmitted diseaseF4 - Contraceptive pills // Contraceptive implant// Depo-vera injection

E4 - prevent development of follicle // inhibit ovulation // difficulties in implantation of zygote

F5- Morning after pill

E5- Prevent fertilization/

F6- Sterilization by cutting and tying the fallopian tube

E6- Prevent the egg travelling along the fallopian tube / sperms reaching the ovum. Any 8

Disadvantages:

B1 - Sterilising method cause permanent disabilities to produce sperm / ovum hence the person

is not able to produce off springs anymoreB2 – Condoms; sometimes sperms can still penetrate therefore chances of getting pregnant is

still there

B3 - Pills are unreliable because they have to be taken consistently

B4 - All these methods will cause teenages / unmarried adults to increase their sexual activities

(because they are not afraid to get pregnant thus increasing the moral issues in the societies).

Any 2

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A married woman has her uterus removed ,making it impossible for her to conceiving the

natural process, If she still wants to have a baby with her husband, suggest what she can do.

Justify the technique that can ba used by the couple to conceive 6

F-surrogate mother

P1-Another woman is utilized as a surrogate mother

P2-the sperm and ovum are contribute by the couple

P3-Ovum are fertilized in a petri dish /in-vitro

P4-Fertilized egg are allowed to develop to become embryo

P5-embryo are transferred to the surrogate mother‟s uterus

P6-the surrogate mother become pregnant and the foetus develop in her uterus until birth

Any 5

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(n) Diagram, 8.3(i) and (ii) show the methods related to human reproduction

Based on the diagram ,describe the method

M1-IVF/In vitro fertilizationP1-a laparoscope is inserted at the navel to collected immature ovum form ovary

P2-The ovum is placed in cultured solution to matureP3-sperm are collected and added to the cultureP4-Fertilization occurs//sperms and ovum fused and develop into embryo

P5-(after 2-4days) the embryo si transferred/inserted into uterus (through cervix)

M2-DiaphragmP6-For female contraceptive methodP7-inserted into vagina to cover the cervixP8-to stop sperm entering the uterus

M1+4P=5M2+2P=3

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4.5 Sexual reproduction in Flowering plants


(a) What is fertilization ?2

P1-Process where nucleus o f male gamete fuse with nucleus of female gameteP2-Both gametes are haploid

P3-Zygote diploid will form

4.5.1 The formation of pollen grains in the anther


(a) Diagram shows the formation of Y through process X in a typical plant

Name X and Y

X:Meiosis

Y:Pollen grains

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(b) State two characteristic of Y

F1-Have 2 nuclei I.e. tube nucleus and generative nucleus

F2-Hapliod

F3-Have very rough surface

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(c) Name the process when Y is transferred to stigma

Pollination 1 1

(d) Explain how the process you named in (b) take place

P1-Pollinating agent (wind/water/animal)

P2-transfer the pollen onto the stigma

P3-pollen grain will stick onto the surface of the stigma

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(e) Based on the diagram, explain the formation of pollen grain

F-Pollen grains are formed in anther, an anther has four pollen sacs

E1-Each pollen sac contains hundreds f cells called pollen mother cells (2n)

E2-Each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to produces four haploid pollen cells/micro pores (n)

E4-The nucleus of each microspores then divided by mitosis to form a tube nucleus and

generative nucleus

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(a) Diagram shows the transferring of pollen grains onto the stigma and fertilization between male

and female gamete

Describe the process that take place in diagram 8

P1- Pollen grains transfer onto stigma

P2- By pollinating agent e.g. animal /water/wind

P3- Pollen grain will stick onto the stigma because stigma is sticky//pollen grain have rough

surface

P4- The sucrose solution on the stigma stimulate pollen grain to germinate

P5- Pollen tube will grow until it reaches the pore at the embryo sac /microphyll

P6- Nucleus tube lead the elongation of pollen tube

P7- As nucleus tube moved forward ,generative nucleus followed behind

P8- Generative nucleus undergoes mitosis to form 2 male gamete

P9- One of the gamete fertilized the egg cell in the embryo sac to form diploid zygote

P10- The other male gamete fertilized 2 polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm

P11- Both processes take place at the same time ,so it called double fertilization

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(b) Sexual reproduction in plants involve the production of pollen grains and ovules

(a) By using a flow chart describe how pollen grains are formed in plants.

C1

C2

C3

C4

Able to describe how pollen grains are formed in plants

Pollen grains are male gametes (produced in the anther/pollen sac

(pollen sac) contains diploid pollen parental cell/ pollen mother cell/ microspore

mother cell

(each pollen mother cell) undergoes meiosis

Producing 4 haploid microspores(n)

nucleus of (every) microspore undergoes mitosis forming two nuclei

The generative nucleus and the tube nucleus

Microspore with surfaces adapted for dispersion and is now called pollen

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Pollen sac Pollen parental

cell

Meiosis

microspores

Pollens


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(c)

Diagram (i) and (ii) shows the formation of pollen grain and development of the embyo

sac .Describe both processes 8

Pollen grains

G1-Pollen is produced in the anther (which consists of four pollen sacs)

G2-each pollen sac contain hundred of pollen mother cells which is diploid

G3-each mother cells undergoes meiosis to form four haploid microspores/cells/tetrad

G4-The nucleus of each cell/microspore/tetrad indergoes mitosis to form (pollen )tube and a

generative nucleus

Embryo sacs

E1-Embryo sac mother cell (diploid /2n)undergoes meiosis to form four haploid cells

/megaspores

E2-three of the/megaspores degenerate, leaving only one (in the ovule)

E3-Nuclues of megaspores undergoes mitosis three times to form eight haploid bnuclei

E4-Three of eight nuclei migrate to one end of the cell to form antipodal cells

E5-Another two nuclei/polar nuclei move to the centre

E6-(near the opening of ovule /micropyle) one of three nuclei develops into egg cell/femaleflanked by two synergid cells

E7-The structure is known as embryo sac

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(d)

Based on diagram ,Describe the process that occurs in the anther

P1 Pollen mother cells in the pollen sac are diploid cells

P2 These cells undergoes meiosis

P3 to produce four haploid microspores/ tetrad

P4 Nucleus of each microspore divides by mitosis

P5 Forming haploid tube nucleus and generative nucleus

P6 These microspores develop into pollen grains

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(e) Diagram shows the formation of pollen grain in anther of a plant

Based on the diagram, explain the formation of pollen grain

F-Pollen grains are formed in anther, an anther has four pollen sacs

E1-Each pollen sac contains hundreds f cells called pollen mother cells (2n)

E2-Each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to produces four haploid pollen cells/micro

pores (n)

E4-The nucleus of each microspores then divided by mitosis to form a tube nucleus and

generative nucleus

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4.5.2The formaiton of the embyyo sac in the ovule


(a)

Name the structure Y

Mega spore/Embryo

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(b) In diagram, complete and label the mature embryo sac

Based in diagram, Explain the formation of a mature embryo sac

P1-Embryo sac mother cell divides by meiosis to form haploid cells

P2-(three haploid cell degenerate,while one haploid cell develop into a haploid megaspore

P3-The nucleus in the mega spores divides 3 times mitotically ) to produce 8 haploid cells

P4-One cell form the egg cell,2 cell form the polar nuclei.3 cells form the anti podal cells and 2

cells form the synergid cells

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Fertilization in plant occurs when receive nucleus in pollen grain fused with the nucleus in

embryo sac in ovule .Based on your biology knowledge ,explain the development of ovule to

form mature embryo sac

F-The ovule develops form the ovarian tissue

E1-Inside the ovule is a central mass of parenchyma tissue/nucellus

E2-only one diploid cell megaspores /embryo sac mother cell(2n) enlarges

E3-Embryo sac mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a row of four haploid/megaspores

E4-three of the four megaspore enlarges and nucleus undergoes mitosis three times to form

eight haploid nuclei

E5-The left megaspore enlarges and nucleus undergoes mitosis three times to form eight

haploid nuclei

E6-Three of the eight (migrate to one end of the cell) to form antipodal cells, another two

nuclei to form polar nuclei develops into an egg cell/female gamete/ovum and to synergids cell

any 6

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4.5.3Formation of the pollen tube, zygote and triploid


(a) Diagram shows the germination of pollen tube towards the embryo sac in flowering plants

Based on diagram 5.2, explain the fertilization process in embryo sac

P1-One male gamete will fuse the egg cell to form a diploid zygote

P2-Another male gamete will fuse with 2 polar nuclei to form triploid nucleus

P3-Both process take place at the same time //double fertilization occurs

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(b) Reproduction in plants involves the fusion of male gamete and female gamete.diagram 4.2

shows a male gamete 4.3 shows the early stage of double fertilization in flowering

Based on the diagram name the structure S

Polen grain 1 1

(c) Explain what happen to structure S when it land on structure T

F1-Sucrose solution /sugar on structure T stimulate germination of S

F2-Pollen tube grows out the ovary

F3-It grows down (the style) into ovary

F4-enter ovule through microphyle

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T


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(e) Complete diagram 4.4 below to shows how double fertilization occurs

The diagram 4 shows the process of double fertilization in a flowering plants

Criteria of the diagram :

Correct drawing with pollen tube enter through the microphyle end -1

Correct drawing of embryo sac with 2 polar nuclei and egg nucleus inside- 1

Correct drawing of pollen tube with 2 male nuclei with correct labels -1

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(f)

Name the cells contains in Y that involves in double fertilization process

2 polar nuclei//1 egg cell 1 1

(g) How structure W cause the formation of structure X

F-W rough sticky wallE1-(sticky wall)stimulate the germination /elongation of structure X to embryo sac

11 2

(h) State the two nuclei found in the structure X

Nucleus tube and generative nucleus /male gamete 1 1


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(i) Describe briefly the movement of structure X

P1-X secretes enzymes to digest the surrounding tissue as it grows downward

P2-the direction of growth of structure X is controlled by the nucleus tube which at the tip ofthe structure

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(j) Explain why the fertilization process is process is known double fertilization

P1-because there are two fertilization

P2-First fertilization happen when one of the male gamete fuses with the egg to form zygote

P3-The second fertilization happens when the other male gamete fuses with the two polar

nuclei to form a triploid nucleus (3n)/endosperm

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(k) Explain what happen happens to the structure Y after double fertilization?

P1-Nuclues triploid /zygote triploid undergoes mitosis

P2-Then develop to endosperm

P3-Zygote develop to embryo

P4-(endosperm) store the food for the development of embryo/seed germination

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(a) The product form the process in (a) is transferred onto the stigma through pollination Explain

the process that will occur in the style and ovary after pollination

P1 On the stigma, sugar stimulates pollen grains to germinate

P2 Form pollen tube

P3 Pollen tubes grows into the style and towards the ovule, led by tube nucleus

P4 Generative nucleus undergoes mitosis and form two male gamete nuclei

P5 Pollen tube penetrates the ovule through micropyle

P6 Tube nucleus disintegrates

P7 One male nuclei fuses with the egg cells to form diploid zygote

P8 Another male nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form triploid zygote

P9 This process is known as double fertilization

P10 Triploid nucleus divide to form endosperm (ie nutritive tissues)

P11 Diploid zygote divides and grows into embryo

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(b) Diagram shows the proves of fertilization in flowering plants

Based on diagram describe how this process occurs 10

P1-Pollen grains have been released form the anther to the stigma for pollination by insect to

wind

P2-When pollen grain lands on stigma, epidermal cell secrete sucrose solution

P3-(sucrose solution) stimulates the pollen grain to germinate and pollen tube

P4-the pollen tube grows down the style to ward th ovule

P5-it secretes enzyme to digest surrounding tissues as it grow downward

P6-The generative nucleus (follows behind it) divides by mitosis to form two male gamete

nuclei

P7-the male gamete nuclei move down the pollen tube lead by the tube nucleus

P8-when the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it penetrates the ovule through the microphyle

P9-The tube nucleus degenerates, leaving a clear passage for the male nuclei to enter the

embryo sac

P10-one male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid nucleus which divide by

mitosis to form endosperm tissue

P12-this fertilization is called double fertilization any 10 point

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Mature embryo sacOvary

Pollen grains


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(c)

Based on the diagram ,explain how double fertilization occurs in the plant10

P1-Anther produces pollen grains .male gamete

P2-Polen mother cell (in the anther) undergoes meiosis to produce (four) megaspores

(n)/haploid cells /tetrad

P3-Megaspores (n)/haploid cells /tetrad develop into pollen grains

P4-The nucleus of each megaspores (n)/haploid cell /divides by mitosis

P5-to form one tube nucleus and one generative nucleus

P6-When a pollen grain falls on the stigma

P7-Stimulates (the pollen grain to germinate to) form pollen tube

P8-(during the growth of pollen tube) the generative nucleus divides mitotically

P9-to produce two male gametes

P10- to the male gametes move/follow behind the tube nucleus (down the pollen tube until they

reach the microphyle

P11-The tube nucleus disintegrates and the two male gametes enter the embryo sac

P12-(during double fertilization ), one male gamete fuses with the egg cell/ovum to form a

diploid zygote andP13-The other male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus (so double

fertilization occurs) any 10

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(d) Diagram shows the process of double fertilization in the flowering plant

Describe the process

P1-One of the male nuclei which is x fuses with egg cell nucleus which is D

P2-the other form a diploid Zygote

P3-The other male nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei which is C

P4-To form nucleus divides to form the endosperm

P5-This triploid nucleus divides to form the endosperm

P5-That will provide food to the embryo

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(e) Diagram 7.2 shows the growing of pollen tube in the style and the process of double

fertilization in flowering plant.

Describe the growing process of pollen tube in the style and the process of double fertilizationin flowering plant7

Growing of pollen tube process

P1- Sugary/sucrose solution stimulate the growing of pollen tube

P2 - pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule

P3 - The generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes nuclei

P4 - Leading the front is the nucleus tube

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Pollen grains

Pollen tube

Embyro sac

Integumens

Sytle

Antipodal cell

Polar

Egg cell

Pollen tube


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Double fertilization

P6 - Pollen tube penetrate the micropyle to reach the egg cell

P7 - Nucleus tube disintegrateP8 - one of male nucleus fuses with egg cell to form a diploid zygote

P9 - other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid nucleus.

P10 - which later develops into the endosperm

P11 - the synergid cells and the antipodal cells disintegrate Any 7 P

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4.5.4 The development of seed and fruits after fertilization


(a) Based on your answer in above, describe the formation of fruit and seed

P1-The diploid zygote divides via to form the embryoP2-The embryo develops and differentiates into three part, a radical (young root),plumule

(young shoot) and one two cotyledons (seed leaves)

P3-(at the same time) the triploid endosperm cell undergoes repeated mitosis to beome

endosperm (a food store that nourish embryo after germination )

P4-The intergument forms the testa (seed coat)

P5-The ovule develops into a seed/multiple protect the seed I the ovary

P6-the ovary becomes a fruit (which protect the seed and help in its dispersal)

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4.5.5The importance of fertilization


(a) Explain the significant of double fertilization in flowering plant Structure Question

P1-Diploid zygote will developed to form an embryo

P2-Triploid nucleus will develop to form endosperm tissue

P3-Endosperm tissue nourishes the developing embryo any 2

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(b) Explain the significant of the process(double fertilization ) that occur in ovaries of flowering plants4

P1 After double fertilisation, the outer layer of ovule dries up and develops a hard seed coat

P2 To protect both embryo and endosperm

P3 Ovule will develop into seed

P4 Ovary enlarges and form fruit

P5 Ovary wall develops into fruit wall that cover & protect the fruit

P6 This will ensure the flowering plant to survive

P8 The endosperm of the seed provides nutrition and energy to the embryo for its growth

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4.6 Growth in multicellular organism

Refer to: SPM 2007 Q7 Based on the diagram explain meaning of growth [4 marks] Pg 318


(a)

Based on the diagram name the diagram labeledT1: Zone of cell division

T2: Zone of expansion /elongation

T3: Zone of differentiation

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(b) Name the zone where the primary xylem tissue starts to form?

T3//zone of elongation 1 1

(c) Give two example of cells that undergoes the process in zone t3

Epidermal cell//phloem cell/xylem cell/root hair cell 1 1



(a) Diagram shows a longitudinal section of shoot tips of a plant

Describe the process of growth in each zone

Zone I

F1-Cell division stage

E1-The number of cells in an organism increase by repeated mitosis

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191592910 BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 4

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Transcript of 191592910 BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 4