1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

WeatherfordWeatherfordHigh SchoolHigh SchoolWeatherfordWeatherfordHigh SchoolHigh School

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

1. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

1. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

European nations compete for colonies in Africa and Asia. France and Germany nearly go to war over Morocco in 1905 and 1911. Distrust grows among rivals.

1. Economic & Imperial Rivalries Colonial rivalries created conflicts around the world. Thailand remained independent because Britain and

France wanted a “buffer state” between British India and French Southeast Asia (Vietnam).

Conflicts in Africa, such as the Fashoda Crisis and the Boer War, brought European countries to the brink of a global war.

Germany was late to the imperial game and aggravated the French and British by trying to turn natives against their colonial masters (Moroccan Crisis).

2. Aggressive Nationalism

Competition for industrial dominance develops between Great Britain and Germany; territorial disputes over Alsace-Lorraine after the Franco-Prussian War promote rivalry between France and Germany; Austria-Hungary and Russia compete for dominance of the Balkan Peninsula, where independence movements of various Slavic people develop.

2. Aggressive Nationalism

Absolutely no sense of a community of nations or that nations should work together.

All alliances are motivated by self-interest. In the Balkans, the desire for national boundaries to

correspond with national or ethnic groups living in the regions (Pan Slavism) (Serbian nationalist organizations)

Each country considered themselves superior to all others.

Democratic nations feel they are superior to monarchies - and vice versa.

2. Aggressive Nationalism

2. Aggressive Nationalism

3. Militarism & Arms RaceIncreasing nationalism led to a European arms race.

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

3. Militarism & Arms Race Prussia, already with a strong military heritage, unites the German states into

the Empire of Germany, giving them even more resources that can be used towards the military.

A united Germany, because of the lack of natural barriers and central European location, relies on their military for protection.

Russia has a million-man army; under-equipped and poorly trained but the German military referred to them as the “Russian Steamroller”

Industrialization enabled mass-produced weapons in vast amounts. The British built the “dreadnoughts,” a class of super ships and soon the

Germans copy the design. The British Two Power Policy: The British navy would be larger than the next

two powers combined. Innovation and scientific progress was applied to military purposes (gas

warfare, airplanes). Germany begins to build a navy to compete with the British. Military officers would create plans for certain scenarios. When the scenario

took place, they just put the pre-developed plan into action (Schlieffen Plan).

4. The Alliance System

Alliances between the great powers of Europe were complicated and shifted constantly during the last half of the 19th century. Nations pledged to intervene if an ally was attacked.

There were two major alliances at the outbreak of World War I in 1914: Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente

From 1870 – 1914, the major powers create, let slip, rearrange, and recreate a number of alliances.

The purpose of the alliance was to increase a nation’s power and security.

Many of the treaties were made in secret.

4. The Alliance System Franco-Russian Alliance British-French Entente Cordial (1905)

Many of the royal families of Europe were related:

The emperors of Germany, the Czar of Russia and the King of England were first cousins. Many felt that this relationship would keep them from fighting each other. (the Willy-Nicky Letters were sent from Wilhelm of Germany to his Cousin Nicholas of Russia right before the war to keep Russia from supporting the Serbs, often beginning “Dear Nicky”)

4. The Alliance System

Triple Entente Triple Alliance(Central Powers)

Great Britain Germany

France Austria-Hungary

Russia Ottoman Empire

Italy

Note: Italy, though allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary before the war through trade, refused to join them when the war started. Instead, Italy entered the war on the Allied side in May 1915.

4. The Alliance System4. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Main Causes of WWI

RAQ # 1

Rank the main causes of WWI from 1-4 with 1 being the cause that you feel was the most important reason the war began. Explain why you believe this way.

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

The Balkans, 1914The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The Balkans, 1914The "Powder keg of Europe“ refers to the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century. In this time period there were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as Russia and Austria-Hungary and, to a lesser degree, Imperial Germany, Great Britain, and Italy. In addition to the imperialistic ambitions and interests in this region, there was a growth in nationalism with the indigenous peoples of this region leading to the formation of the independent states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania.

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

The Assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated while traveling to inspect troops in Sarajevo, Bosnia.

His assassin was Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand organization that was calling for Serbian independence from Austria.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Part of the group “The Black Hand” -a secret society that was formed in 1911 by Serbian army officers whose goal was to create an independentSerbia by use of violent acts.

The Assassination

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuLviBGy7Yc

RAQ #2 After watching the video discuss the following questions with your partner:

Do you think World War I would have happened if the assassination would not have taken place? Explain why or why not.

Why did the assassin’s take the cyanide poison after their mission was complete? Is this true Nationalism?

The Archduke's death set into motion an unstoppable mechanism based on entangling alliances whereby most of Europe was pulled into World War I.

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Notice how Italy has it’s arms crossed!

Who’s To Blame for Starting WWI?Although Austria started the war, in response to the actions of the Serbian terrorist group, The Black Hand, Germany was largely responsible for the war becoming a global conflict.

Germany sided with Austria, due to their alliances.

This in turn provoked Russia, who feared a teutonic (German) expansion.

Germany had had a plan to invade France (the Schlieffen Plan) for over a decade, and took the hostilities as a chance to enact their plan. They invaded France partly by going through Belgium, despite the fact that Britain had an agreement to defend Belgium for around 60 years.

Germany had never expected Britain to uphold the agreement, and was surprised when the British sent an invasion force.

By 1917 America was deciding whether to actively join the war, and the excuse came when a German U-boat sunk a US hospital ship, the Lusitanian.

Timeline Of World War I

RAQ #3

After receiving the timeline handout of WWI find two interesting facts concerning the order in which the war progressed and then discuss the impact of these facts (politically, economically or socially) with your partner.

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen PlanThe German plan to attack France consisted of sweeping through Belgium to quickly knock France out of the war. At the same time, a Belgium invasion would keep the British military off of the continent.

The Germans then planned to turn on the Russians who would be slower to mobilize.

The plan was meant to “AVOID” a two-front war: for various reasons the Schlieffen Plan failed and Germany found itself battling enemies on both sides.

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go;It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary,To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know!Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly,Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square,It's a long, long way to It's a long, long way to Tipperary,Tipperary,But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go;It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary,To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know!Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly,Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square,It's a long, long way to It's a long, long way to Tipperary,Tipperary,But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Germany -Home by Germany -Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Germany -Home by Germany -Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

During the First World War the Irish regiment “the Connaught Rangers” were witnessed singing this song as they marched through Boulogne on 13 August 1914. The song concentrated on their longing for home and became one of the most popular songs during the war.

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD WAR I

Total war – belligerents use all available resources against their enemies

– Mobilization of large numbers of soldiers that results in their removal from production jobs

– Food rationing– Use of propaganda to divert attention to the war effort– Changes in government policy to address wartime

economicsRAQ #4Discuss with your partner at least (3) sacrifices you would have to make for our country if we were involved in “Total War”.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD WAR I

High casualty rates:

8.5 million soldiers killed, 21 million soldiers wounded; countless civilian deaths due to starvation, disease, and slaughter

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD WAR I

Trench warfare

Western Front in France; little gains for each side resulting in high casualties for both sides

Modern military technology: • Poison gas: caused blinding, blistering, and death by choking• Machine guns: improved during WWI; large numbers of casualties at

one time made it difficult for forces to advance and created stalemates• Tanks: armored vehicles that moved across wide areas but did not

promote the fast-moving war that was planned• Airplanes: photo reconnaissance, dropping of bombs, warfare in the air• Submarines (U-boats): unrestricted warfare on naval ships• Flame throwers: used to flush soldiers out of trenches

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

RAQ #5Until the recent passage of a law permitting womento fight in war, the United States never allowed women to be on the front lines in battle.

Why did countries heavily involved in WWI allow this?

Do you agree that we should allow women to fight in war?

Should the United States make it mandatory that everycitizen serve at least one year in the military? Why or Why not? What would be the benefit of this?

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

RAQ #6

Propaganda is a powerful tool that governments must use to gain support when involved in war.

Analyze this propaganda poster put forth by the Australian government and explain the symbolism it is referring to so as to gain support from the citizens.

Why would Australia be willing to get involved in the war in Europe?

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!

RAQ #7What emotion is being used in this German propaganda poster ?

Do you agree with the use of such an emotion to gain support?

With your elbow partner, create a propaganda poster and slogan that would create support for the citizens of the United States if we were to go to war. Be creative! Don’t use slogans/posters from the past.

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of Attrition” or Attrition” or

“Trench Warfare”“Trench Warfare”

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of Attrition” or Attrition” or

“Trench Warfare”“Trench Warfare”

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Western FrontTrench Warfare

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU

RAQ # 8

After watching the video clip, analyze the following quote:

“The honor of fighting for your country tends to fade as the reality of war sets in. All men do it for the honor and pride of defending their countries at first but in the end they fight for each other. War is part of the human character, it's never going away. One must devote a good part of life learning its history as to not forget its lessons……. less we repeat our mistakes.”

Here is the horror, savagery and pointlessness of trench warfare. Opening scene of All Quiet on the Western Front, 1979 version.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

Battle of Verdun War MemorialFebruary, 1916

Battle of Verdun War MemorialFebruary, 1916

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Battle of The Somme

July, 1916

Battle of The Somme

July, 1916

War Is Hell!War Is Hell!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

Video – War on the Eastern Front

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijN9B-OpiYQ

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915On April 24th, 1915, an amphibious

force of British, French, Australian, and New Zealand troops began landing on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli. Their aim, to knock Germany's ally, Turkey, out of the war. Only a small Turkish force awaited them on the cliffs overlooking the shore. However, the Gallipoli landing was a disaster caused by inadequate intelligence, insufficient attention to the terrain, an underestimation of the enemy's strength and resilience in defense of their native soil. Nine months after landing, the allies withdrew after incurring over 250,000 casualties, including over 46,000 dead.

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

TheThe“Colonial”“Colonial”

FrontsFrontsWar of ImperialismWar of Imperialism

TheThe“Colonial”“Colonial”

FrontsFrontsWar of ImperialismWar of Imperialism

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

Events that led to US involvementIn WWI

The Zimmerman

Telegram

The Zimmerman

Telegram

Events that led to US involvementIn WWI

The Zimmerman Telegram A 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to

Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April.

The message came as a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on 16 January 1917 to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt.

The telegram instructed Ambassador Eckardt that if the U.S. appeared likely to enter the war, he was to approach the Mexican Government with a proposal for military alliance, with funding from Germany. Mexico was promised territories in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona that had been lost to the United States starting in 1836 as parts of the former Republic of Texas.

America Joins the Allies

When war erupted in 1914, the United States attempted to remain neutral and was a proponent for the rights of neutral states.

Isolationist foreign policy was encouraged by Congress's apprehensions about giving other countries a political door into US policies and the cultural melting pot of the United States' population.

In spite of these factors, the United States did enter World War I when President Wilson asked Congress for permission to go to war, and on April 6, 1917, congress officially declared it. President Wilson, along with many Americans, justified their involvement as "an act of high principle and idealism...[and]...as a crusade to make the world safe for democracy."

RAQ #9The United States is currently part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) where member nations (28 current members) are in alliance with each other. There are numerous reasons to be allied with other countries.

List some of those reasons.

Would we go to war if any of our NATO allies are attacked?

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TanksTanks

Armored vehicles that moved across wide areas but did not promote the fast-moving war that was planned.

French Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

German U-BoatsGerman U-Boats

Unrestricted warfare on naval ships

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Dots represent Allied ships sunk by U-Boats! 12,547 were sunk around 1500 were out of action!

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Used for photo reconnaissance of trenches, dropping of bombs and eventually warfare in the air

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Used to flush soldiers out of trenches

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

Caused blinding, blistering, and death by choking

Improved during WWI; large numbers of casualties at one time made it difficult for forces to advance and created stalemates in trench warfare.

War of the Industrial Revolution

RAQ #10

Explain the effects of the major new military technologies on World War I.

Which new weapon do you think was responsible for the high causality rates in WWI?

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

Another Disaster!!!1918 Flu Pandemic

(Depletes All Armies)

Another Disaster!!!1918 Flu Pandemic

(Depletes All Armies)

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The End Of The GREAT WAR!

The Armistice is signed!

On November 11, 1918, a depleted Germany agreed to an armistice in what was then known simply as the Great War, putting a merciful end to four years of conflict that killed some 10 million soldiers and left 21 million more wounded.

The Versailles Treaty required Germany to acknowledge its guilt in causing the war, and to pay hefty economic reparations in compensation for the losses and damages of the Allies.

Widespread hatred of the treaty in Germany helped fuel the rise of Adolf Hitler, whose unchecked aggression led directly to a second devastating world war just three decades later.

Lasting effects of the War on Germany: Food Rationing Had to pay billions in reparations Lost overseas colonies

The End Of The GREAT WAR!

The AftermathThe Aftermath

10,000,00010,000,000 DeadDead

The AftermathThe Aftermath

10,000,00010,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetery, France

The Somme American Cemetery, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Impact of WWI Treaty of Versailles – required Germany to accept full responsibility for the

war. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points - became the basis for the terms of the German

surrender at the end of the First World War. The League of Nations – organization created to help reduce the future

possibility of war The Great Depression -

United States emerged as a major creditor and financier of post-War restoration.

Germany was burdened with massive war reparations. Britain and France needed to rebuild.

US banks were more than willing to loan money. However, once US banks began failing ... the banks not only stopped making loans, they wanted their money back.

This put pressure on European economies, which had not fully recovered from WWI, contributing to the global economic downturn.

Impact of WWI

Summary:

The global economy was greatly affected by World War I leading countries to take drastic measures.

In a paragraph, identify characteristics of World War I that include total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates and explain how they affected countries involved in World War I.

Widespread discontent among all classes of Russian society

Agitation from revolutionaries

Weak leadership of Czar Nicholas II after taking control of the military and huge losses fighting Germany. Later Military Failure in the Great War.

Lenin’s arrival in Russia

Plan to redistribute land to the peasants and promises to end the war.

Scandal in the Royal Family- End of the Romanov Dynasty.

Bloody Sunday (1905) results in the deaths of nearly 1,000 unarmed workers and their families who march on the palace in St. Petersburg to protest better working conditions and are fired on by Russian soldiers

End of the Romanov Dynasty

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BT8xnDT-Uk