1 Health and Humor by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.
191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.
-
date post
20-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
Transcript of 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.
![Page 1: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
19 1
VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT
AND MODALITY
by Don L. F. Nilsenand Alleen Pace Nilsen
![Page 2: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
19 2
Active vs. Passive Headlines
• American Bomb Kills 10 Iraqi Civilians
• Ten Iraqi Civilians Killed by American Bomb
• Ten Iraqi Civilians Killed
• Ten Iraqi Citizens Are Casualties
(Smith & Wilhelm 19)
![Page 3: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
19 3
Active vs. Passive Headlines
• IN A NEW YORK PAPER:– Sox Win Another One!– Sox Trounce Yanks in Extra Innings
• IN A BOSTON PAPER:– Yankees Beaten Again– Bronx Bombers Let Another One Slip Away
• In discussing these headlines, explain “the curse of the Babe.”
(Smith & Wilhelm 20)
![Page 4: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
19 4
Subject-Verb Agreement
• Smith & Wilhelm suggest that if students want their subjects and verbs to agree, they should:
• “cross out all of the words that separate subjects from their predicates and then check that their verb choice was correct.”
• Remember that each, either, every, everyone, everybody, someone, and somebody are grammatically singular.
(Smith & Wilhelm 124-126)
![Page 5: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
19 5
Verbs are the boss
• In “The chair laughed,” the verb takes control.– This sentence personifies “chair.”– It does not depersonify “laughed.”
• Verbs (like the sun in the solar system) control the nouns and prepositional phrases that surround them (their case frames).
![Page 6: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
19 6
Transitivity• dance• Mary dances beautifully.
• slap• Mary slapped John.
• be• Obama is President/smart/here.
• give• Mary gave John a new car.
• elect• The country elected Obama President.
![Page 7: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
19 7
Irregular Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs
Be (suppletive)
Have
Do
Bring
Buy
Dive
Drive
Go (suppletive)
Cf. wend
Hang (2)
Hit
Lie/Lay
Rise/Raise
Sit/Set
Sell
Swim (Smith & Wilhelm 250-269)
![Page 8: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
19 8
Irregular-Verb Paradox
• Rare verbs tend to become regular.
• Therefore, in all languages, the most common verbs tend to be the most irregular.
![Page 9: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
19 9
Converses
Break:
John broke the window with a hammer
A hammer broke the window
The window broke.
Buy & Sell
Rent to & Rent From
Sense Verbs
Feel
Smell
Hear/Sound
Look at/Look
Taste
![Page 10: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
19 10
TENSE: Past: -edPresent: -sFuture: will or shall
ASPECT: Perfect (have + -en)Progressive (be + -ing)
VOICE:Passive (be + -en)
MODALITY:can couldwill wouldshall shouldmay mightmust
![Page 11: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
19 11
TENSE:
Past: -ed
Present: -s
Future: will or shall
ASPECT:
Perfect (have + -en)*
Progressive (be + -ing)*
VOICE:
Passive (be + -en)*
MODALITY:
can could
will would
shall should
may might
must
*NOTE:
Past Participles usually end in –ed or –en
Present Participles always end in
–ing
Gerunds always end in -ing
![Page 12: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
19 12
TIME: TRUTH: ASPECT: VOICE: | | / \ |TENSE (MODAL) (PERFECT) (PROGRESSIVE) (PASSIVE) VERB
past can could (have + -en) (be + -ing) (be + -en) drivepresent will wouldfuture shall should
may might must
![Page 13: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
19 13
can = be able to
will = be going to
shall = be going to
should = be supposed to
may = be expected to
might = be expected to
must = be obligated to
![Page 14: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
19 14
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING IN TERMS OF SOUNDS AND MEANINGS:
John supposed that the meeting had begun.John was supposed to do something.
I have two wives.I have to leave school early.
Alleen has two husbands.Mary has to prepare dinner for her husbands.
Mary used all of the medicine.Mary used to be ill.
![Page 15: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
19 15
The cake was eaten (passive)The cake got eaten (get passive)
John doesn’t have a book. (AmericanJohn hasn’t a book. (British)
Does John have a book? (American)Has John a book? (British)
John is eating the cake. (progressive)The cake is eaten. (passive)John is an idiot. (main verb: set membership)
John has eaten the cake. (perfect)John has a new car. (main verb: possessive)
John doesn’t know what to do. (do-support)John does the dishes once a week. (main verb)
![Page 16: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
19 16
TIME OF SPEAKING: ^TIME OF EATING: before )
TIME OF ARRIVING: !
1). I had eaten before you arrived (past perfect).
_____)!_________^____________
2). I have eaten. (present perfect)
_______________)^____________
3). I will have eaten when you arrive (future perfect).
________________^______)!_____
![Page 17: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
19 17
4). I was eating when you arrived. (past progressive)
------==!===---------^------------------
5). I am eating. (present progressive)
-----------------====^=====---------
6). I will be eating when you arrive (future progressive)
------------------------^------====!===
![Page 18: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
19 18
7). A prisoner ate the cake The cake was eaten by a prisoner. (past passive)
8). Rust corrodes iron. Iron is corroded by rust (present passive)
9). A prisoner will eat the cake. The cake will be eaten by a prisoner. (future passive)
![Page 19: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19 19
!EXPLAIN THE TENSE, VOICE AND ASPECT OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES!
1). Ryan is driving a taxi.
2). Sally has baked a cake.
3). Jeri had finished her homework before you left for work.
4). Mark will have finished the repairs tomorrow morning.
5). Brenda had been eating cherries all morning.
![Page 20: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
19 20
!!6). The new kid was being beaten by some gang members.
7). The presidency will be won by the hardest campaigner.
8). The article is being written by a real sports enthusiast.
9). Mikey has been eating this kind of cereal for years.
![Page 21: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
19 21
!!!AND NOW FOR THE MOST DIFFICULT SENTENCE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
10). The taxi might have been being driven by a nut.
![Page 22: 191 VERBS: TENSE, VOICE, ASPECT AND MODALITY by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d485503460f94a242bc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
19 22
References:
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language, Seventh Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson/Heinle, 2003.
Smith, Michael W., and Jeffrey D. Wilhelm. Getting It Right: Fresh Approaches to Teaching Grammar, Usage and Correctness. New York, NY: Scholastic, 2007