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Title: Great Voyages of Discovery, Circumnavigators and Scientists 1764-1843

Author(s): Jacques Brosse

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© Fort Ross Conservancy, 19005 Coast Highway One, Jenner, CA 95450, 707-847-3437

~ Jacques Brosse

' i ;

"

Circumnavigators and Scientists , 1764-1843

Translated by Stanley Hochman

Preface by Fernand Braude!

-rs·= · r · D - ~I & 0 - II 0 I - 'I - (71\J .

Facts On File Publications New York, New York • Oxford, England

The Russians in the Paci i~

1803-1829

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Fron1 l{amchatka to the Marquesas: Krusenstern's Voyage, 1803-1806

TllL' principa l preoccupation of Peter the Gn:at h.Jd hccn ro draw Hu ss ia fro m it s secu lar iso!Jtion .md mJk c It I!HO a mod ern powe r. Open to the o utside \\·o rl d . it would be endowed with an army .1nd L''> pn·u lh· a nan·. correspondin g to the role he \\ 'Jiltl"<j tu set' hi :, coun trY hencct(n th pia\·. As e:lr lv . 1, 1(,<)!>. h,· h.1d \\Tested Azo \· from the Turks. and It 'LT \'t'cl .ls .111 ll)'t' lllll g u n the L3l.1 ck Se.t. HJ\·ing d,·,· l.m: d \\' .If llll s,,·eckn in order to gJ in access to th e lLtltt c. he succeeded in es tab lishing him self at the nHluth of the Nn·a. where St. Petersbu rg was lt>tl nd l'll. In 171 h. the tsar di sp.Hchl'li frclm Okh­c>hk. <>n th e Sibni.m co.1st, a vesst·l th .ll ,,·,ts to as­'l tr l' th e tirst m .1ririme li J iSLln with th e Kam chatk a J' L' llllt sul.t. dht·u,·c rcd twetltY ye.trs ,·:triter. and to ex pl o re the Kuriks. In 1725. Petn I. ,,·ho was to

die that sa me year. decided to bunch a g rea t expe­dit io n ch:1rgcd with veri fy in g if Siberia and North America \\Ttl' or \Vcre no t separated by the sea, and if thcr,· \\ ' J'> J pass age nca r the pole linking the At­l.tnti c Jnd th e l'Jciti c. Comm anded h\· Vi rus Ber­in g. the nped lt1on did not leave until 172H; it fi xed the po sttl un u f th e stuit th .lt sc p.tr.lte' Asia fro1n America . On a seco nd voyage. in 1741 1- 174 1. dur­ing whi ch he was to d ie, Bering and his lieu tenan t, Akbn· linch C hirk o v. di scovned A!J ska and the !\ kuttJn lsl,mds . After 173Y, two Hu ss i.m ships l.mded .lt >c'\·,·ra l points on the J apanese littoral; in 1743. K hmitn·sko i reco nnoitered the coJst of Sib­enJ fro nt Okhobk to the Kamcha tka peninsula .

Aft erward . Ru ss ian mcrchanrs org:mized voy­.tgL·, dcs tgncd to brin g back from the A mniL-an nortll\\'l' ~ t fur' tlut they sold at suh>tJntia l profi ts to tlw Ch lm', e. wh o were parti cularlv pJrt ial to sea u ttn >kin s. Thi s com m erce, initiall y unregul atL·d, kd to th e loss of nuny ships and . n·ent uJll y, to a r.1 p1d dcprccLlti on o f the fau na: it w .ts tin.tlly regu­l.trt zed h,· the ri ch mcrchanr Che likoY. who. with so me d1 tticulty. managed to unite all those w ho pa rtt cif'd ted in thi o, commerce in a "H.ussian-Am er­tc-.tn C<'ntp.my" \\·hich es tabli shed tr Jclin g post> pro tected h,· ,mall fort> in .tlmost all the A ku tian blamk Nt·n-rthdess . thmgs remained ditticult. The nl mpktch· tsobted scnlcmcn ts co uld no t exist \\·tth o ut tt> tld .1nd equipment sent on-rl.tnd from Husst,t .md then >lnppcd from Ok lh>tsk to the Aku tt .tm bY sea. Two yea rs passed hcfur,· the col­lected furs ,,.l'tl' >old . J> they tirst had tll be shipped to Okhtlt>k: tt took western sa il o rs onlY a third o f

thi s tim e to o btain furs on the American coast and se ll the:n in Macao.

Adam I van Uohan n) von K rusenstcrn under­stood this problem. H aving served in the British navv. he had had the opportunity to sail aboard a mnchanr ship to Indi a .md C hin a. whcrL' he spent sn·cra l m omhs in C anton . During hi s voyages . K ruscnstcrn had beL·o nH· con ,·inccd th at Hussia had to be linked to hn American co lo nies by sailing across the Pa cific and ro undin g Ca pe Horn. and es­pecia ll y that the fur trade had to be carried out from the colon ies directly tu Ca nron. He wrote the H.u s­si.tn Mmi stn of Tr.tLk , Saimonov. a m emorandu m showing how the obstacles to such trade could be o\·crcomc. He recu\·ed no rep ly. But, in 1R01. Akx.mdcr I ascended the th rone. and he soon tumL·d his attenti on to these questions, which had been neglected b y his fathe r. The fo ll owi ng year, Kru­senstern sent the new Minister of the Nav y, M ord-

117

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vinov, ,1 second memorandum that was stron gly supported by the M ini ster of Tratk. C ount Ro­manzo t'. .1 great p.Jtron of the scien n:s. T he em­pero r named K rusenstcrn captain and as ked him to orry out hi s plans him sdf.

Kruscnsrnn had not toreSt't'n this possibility. In fa ct, recently m arr ied and ",twai t in~~ the j oy of being a father." he had even pbnned to lea ve the snvin · Jlld devo re hi msdf to his [nnil y . However, on August 7. 1802, he was "named the commander of two sh ips tkstin cd for the north west coast of AmeriCJ." These ships were still to be found. since the Ru ssian navy had no vessels c.1pabk o f under­ta kin g such a voyage. K ruscnste rn chose as his sec­ond in co mmand a Ca ptain Lisian sky. who had served with him in the British navy and been to America and the Indies, and sm t him first to Ham­burg in the co mpany of the shipbuilder Kasumov and then to London. where he bough t two vessels, one of -ISO tons and the o ther of 370 tons . T hey were chmtmed th e Nadezhda (Hope) and the Nev.1. In Londo n. Lisiansky had also obtained anti-scorbu­tics and a variety of medicines. During this time, K rusenstnn had turned to the Germ an universities in o rder to recruit sciemists fo r the expedition , fo r in thi s matter Russia was still-and would lon g re­main--dependent on Cermany. The m en selected wne th<· .tstroll<)lller J- K. Horner. ti-om Zu rich. and .1 Leipzig docto r. W. G. Tilesiu s V<)ll Tilenau, who was .dsn .1 n.Jturali sr and .1 ,Jra ft snu n. A Gti ttin gen JL!t ur.di st. l;_ 1-1. von L.mdsd.,rtf t. trdil y .tsked rn he Ll kl'n .dong .tnd ,·;lll g ht up w uh rh,· , hips .lt Co­[lL'nha gen. w here he W.JS .Jcccpted on board: he was f<) LJUit the expedi tion at Kamd utb . The German poet August vo n Ko tze bue. w ho lud ofti cial du ties 1n St. l'etnsburg. pt·rstuded Kruscnstc-rn to take J lnng two of his sons w ho were n.tv y cadets: Otto . tn d M<>rnz. th t· n tiftccn .md ti.nlrtt·cn years old. re­spective ly.

Whdc h,· w as pn:parmg tht• ex pediti on. Kru­St' nstnn wa s clu rgcd with J seco nd responsibility: llt- was to transport to J apan Jn JmbassadoriJ imis­sion directed by N. P. Resanov. the son-in-la w o f C hdikov .md a chambnlain of dlt' emperor's. As nnptTi.d plenipotentiary. l{ezaJJO\' w.1s to renew with the N ip ponese empire relations orig in.1lly estab­li shed by a tirst mission in 17\12, which had o b­ui ncd permi ssion to r an un armed Russian vessel to go to Na gasa ki . In .J ddition . ti vc Japanese who had been shipwrecked in the Aleutians in 1796 wert.: w be returned to the ir country. "It is difficult , " Kru­senstem wrote. ·'to imagine nastier men. They were dlrly, l.tzy . . d\\'a VS in 3 b :~d tL' IIIp t·r. and hi ghl y lll:l ­

li cious." Arriv1n g in Kron stJdt fr om Lo ndo n on June

5. 1803, the :\ladczhda and the .\'cl'.l set sail on Au­gust 7 and reached Copenha gen on the eig hteen th. but it w as a nwnt h bdo re the v were able to It-a ve . beca use so me o f the sa lted fo ods that had been loJJed had to be rcp!Jced. There was on ly a one­da y stopover at Falmouth on the English coast be­fo re the ,\l,ulc::hda and the ,\ '1'1'.1 set sail for Tener­ifc. where they anchored from October 18 to 27.

118

Krusenstern's Ships and Cre ws

The N.~/)};'/. H[)A : 450- ton Eng li sh vessel: let( tro n1 Kromt Jd t, K/7/ I HII.l: rcturm·d 10 Kronstad t. 8/IW I HIJ6; crew; 85 men. -Commander: Ad:11n l vJn Uohann) V'.Hl Kn1~cn :, t crn. (Jp-

tain-linncnan t (ca ptain).

Lieutenants: I st. C:hevJ iicr M>l-31'\' I LH nl .l! JO V: .:::! nd. Fe-dor de Hombcrg: 3rd, l'i t·rre GuiO\:.atdJev: 4th. I k rn aJnn von Locwenstern: 5th. 13J ron von lklhn gsb.tusen. ----- ------First d octor: Ur. C J rl Espenbe r~.

Surgeon: Jo lunn Sydham. -

Naturalists: Dr. Tilcsius von TilenJu . llJro n G. H . von

Langsdo rtf.

Astronomer: J. K. Horner.

Cadets: Otto von Ko tzebue. Moritz vo n Kotzebue.

Russian embassy to Japan: Hesano v. cham beriJin to the emperor. ambassador: Hermann de Fn dcrin . chief of st.! If: Coun t l'edor Tolsto i, licuteru nt of the guards; Or. Bnnkin, medical doctor and botmisr: EtJennt' Kurlamli zov. Aead-t' lll Y pJinter .

T he N LI 'A . .170- to n Eng li>h ve>Sd : let( trona Kronst.J<lt , H/7/ ! Hil.>: re lllm ed 10 Kro nStJdt , H/ 4/IHI II>; Crl'w : 5~ m en .

Commander: Yu ri Lisiansky. CJpt.lll'-

Lieutenants: I st. Pavel Arb u>o,- : ~n d. l'<>v.da chk m: 3rd . Fedor Ko \'L·dJev: 4th , Vasd1 Bng .

Doctor: I Jr. L.JhJucl.

T he sailors strolled thro ugh the streets of SJn ta C ruz, a cit y. Krusenstern wrote. " in whi ch nne L'n­counters more disgust ing objects rlu n Jnvwhcre else in the world: all that is to be seen an:: ragged and disgustin g ly di seased beggars o f· bo th sexe; and all ages, p ros titutes, d runken sai lo rs. and shameless thieves." The Russian o ffi cns wen:: hospitJbly re­ceived by the go vernor, the MJrquis de Ia Casa Ca higal . Kruscnstern proudly noted: "The strange ideas th at arc current about Ru ssia and Huss1ans in d isunt l.mtls con tributed m ore rh .m J li trk to the surp rise o f our hosts w hen th ey SJ\\ ' th.n these H y­pcrboreJ IIS lost no thin g w ht•n co mpared with the cleverest peoples o f so uthern E urope."

In a month , the ships reached the l3 r dZi liJn coas t. At sea, La ngsdorff made microsco pe stlldiL·s of the man nc an imalcules th at in some places nJJ de the sea phosphorescent. T iksius Jlso did research on the marine microfaun a; during the voyage. he be­ga n studying d iphycs--anim als nati ve to warm seas--which floa ted by means of two swimming

I

Polar C~rcle

Nadezhda Bay Ju ly 1805

Romar,zof

nt>.t\ sf!'/ j~

JAPAN

HUSSIAN TARTARY

hr lk The scil'lltiqs wh o worked on shipboard duri ns thL·se very lo ng voyages were fo rtunate in tin s n·g.1rd ; th ey h.td .1n ibble an Jh undant and lllllst.nnh· ruK wed suppl y o f m.lterial. and were d1u s .1bk to m J kL· considerable progress in a field thJt sc1t:nce had onl y JUSt begun to stud y.

In Braz il. K ru senstcrn chose as the site of his stopon-r ~.mta C.lta ri n.l Island. south of Rio, and tints WJ> Jble to JH>id the port "in which fo rei gn­ers, especia ll y if they arrive aboard m erchant vcs­:- cl s. arc subjected to all sorts o f humiliating fo r­m.dHJL's ... Since the .'\'n •,J was in need of repairs, he rL· mained at Santa Ca tarina tlve weeks. and an ob­" ·rv ato n · "''as se t up in Fort Santa C ruz . Delavs having accumulat ed smce the departure from Kromtadt. Kruscnstern was afraid that at this time of vear he would run into storms at Cape H o rn . " '1/.il- wne .JSsailt:d hy cold. fog, and contrJry winds.

Ex tremel y violent blasts of wind accompa­med bv hail and snow fo ll owed one another cease-

1\.IH !..., f-N"T FH N\ VOY AGF. I ~J\- I l'\11(,

ALEUT!.~ !\' ISLANDS

•

NORTH AMERICA

- voyage of Krusenstern: 1803- 1806

- voyage of Kotzebue: 18 15- 1818

- voyage of Lutke: 1826-1829

k ssly." The Ca pe was rounded on March 3. Luck­ily , there were no sick men aboard the two ships, which, on Mard1 24, were separated sooner than had been foreseen. According to plan, if this happcn.:d . they were to rendezvous at the Ma rguesas, w ward w h1ch the Nadezhada, having g iven up th e idea of visiting Easter ls!Jnd, immediately set sail.

Deserters and Marquesans

As they were about to an chor at Nuka Hiva on Ma y 7, 1804, the Russians were surprised to sec a European app roach in a canoe fl yi ng a white fla g. It was an Englishman named Roberts, who. like the natives, w as naked and wore o nly a bel t around h is waist. Roberts had been set down in the M arguesas by the crew of a mt:rchanr vessel for having n·fuscd to participate in a plot against the captain. For two years, he had lived on Santa Cristina Island and, for

11 9

0 600 1200 km

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rllr HU"IAN\ IN Til E PACIFIC. U<O.l- IH2'1

tilL' p.1 s1 ' L'\.L' ll .. n Nuk .1 I !i v.J. \\·hne ilL· lud nur­riL·d a rcbtive o f the isiJnd 's kin!;. 1-k m t(>rmed them th .lt thL-re w.1s Jlso on the is l.md .1 French deserte r. .1 lll o rul enemv n f hi s w hom he WJ rti L'd th e Ru >-S l.lll ~ .1g.lii1 SL

Un these J ist.uH is l.m Lk 11 was aln·ad y pus, i­hk ttl cnc<HIIltl'r iso l.ned Eu rt>pL'.lllS w ho were nwre <•r IL·ss vu lunurily li<· in ~ .llll \lll!; the nan n·s. T lw v lud .Jclupt L·d the loca l litl--styk .md WLTe m ust oftL·n " ·dl trL'.lt,·d . They WLTL' L'S<'.q'ed En~ li s h connns ur d L·sertns. or sometimL'S .ldve·nwrns of every na­tilllld iit y wh o had de libcratclv chosen to live in ex­de. In the decades tlut fo ll owed . th ere were more .md more of them. In I H42 . . 111 :\merican sail o r wJs ro desert .Jt Nub Hi va J nd lin· to r se veral m o mhs \\·nh .1 tribe o f CJnnibals. His name was H erma n M c:l vilk. and he g.1vc Jn account of his adventures in two books. Typcc and 0111<)('.

The Nub Hivans v.:ek o mcd the Russians, and the ba rte r began. "At th e sig ht o f a piece o f iron , they dem onstrated a childi ;, h j O \ . expressed in bursts of l.lllghtn. With an Jir of tnumph. the y show<·d this tr<'JSur L' to their less t(>rrunJte co mp.1nions . .. Women. eager to sedu ce the s.n lo rs , " s wam around thL· ship to r more tlun five ho urs . .. Krusenstern h.l\·ing forbidd en them to CO Ill <' aboard ... At ni ght­t~dl. these po or creat ures asked so piteously to be Liken on bo.1rd that I could no lon ger refu se "-but two da ys later the comnunder had to reins tate his interdiction . As he saw it, the wo men did not come of their own free w ill bu t in dd-;:rcnce to their fathers or their brutal and ty rannical husbJ nd s. To ob tain

120

"~" ' ... " ' - '

J few bits o f iron. the men would o tTer little girls of ten and twelve. One girl w ho w.1s no t ,·, ·e·n eight offered herself "without the lc:Jst shame ...

The most beau tiful tattoos i11 the world

The Russians were charmed b y these people . According to Krusenstcm. the M arquesans were the h andsomest m en he had seen. bur he rcpro.1ched them for thei r indift(: rl'llCl' and .!pJt h y. I k nuri,·ed w ith JS!Unishrnent tlu t in its n atura l st.ltL' the ir skin was white; onl y th e tJ ttoos and the o il w ir h which they coated them selves m.1d c it appear bi.ll·k ish . All see m ed in exce llent health. The w utne11 h.1d h.lr­m on io us fe.nures, but they w erL· ;, null . slh ,rt . . 1nd wa lked aw k w.ardl y.

On the very fir st dJy, the kin g of Nu~ .l Hi vJ. TJpcya Kettenovie. had come on board . He w .1s " tattooed everywhere. even o n Iu s hL'.Id . ;,everal are.1s o f w hi ch had been express ly ;, havcd t(>r tin ;. purpo se ." I k return ed the next lll orlli 11g .ICCO nl­panied b y his la mil y. The y we re J ;, tuu nded b v the mirro rs in the co mm ander's cabi n and "cx .unincd th L· h.H·ks of th em t( >r some L'xplau .Hinn o f thl' ll l.lr­ve luu s cfti:ct." Afterw.1rd. every rim<· T .q>e·v.l l'll­

tered K rti Senstern 's cabin. he wo uld ru ;, h to the St.llldin g m irro r .md rL·m ai n loo~111 g .11 him -.e lf. " nft<' ll t(>r lwur;, . ..

K ru;.e Jl , tLTil tuu~ .l Lh·.!l ll.l gL· li t. th~> " f' f'Url ll ­n ity to <'Xa mine the cxtraordin clry l'vl.Hq uc,.m tJt ­tDos. "When they r L·:~ chnl th e .1ge of m.m huod. the Nuk.1 Hi vJ ns t.Htoo then· en tin· bo d1 e· ;, <<·ith .1 pn­f(:ct iun .Kh ieved nowhne d ;L· . It i, .1 true p.lllltlll g n1 a,k u p of d ift(: rent ekm<'lltS urd uunh· thn· clll)u'e b i.J c·k. w hi ch g radually chJ il !;L . ., ll llll .1 d .1rk bluL' . .. H oweve r. on ly rhe kin g. hi s t:llh n . . 1nd thL· hi g h pncst w nL· t.lttuonl fro m he.1d t• ' t·, H1 l : th L· !own in till' soci.d su k .1n indi vidu.d \\·.1s. rhe t(·wn his t.Jttoos, :~ nd some had none Jt .!II. T hese pJim­ings were done b y true professio nal a rti sts. one o f whom established him self on bo.1rd J nd l.llt<lllL'd m os t o f the Ru ss ian s.1ilors.

On sho re. th L· Nuka Hi v.1 ns surro unded the· sea m en. but politely .1nd resp<-rtfulh·. Nn·nthe­k ss, the two Europeans livin g o n the is!J nd de­scribl·d them as bein g depraved. bJrbarou s. Jnd ca nni balistic. Krusenstcrn w rote that this co ntrast­in g judgment wa s explJincd b y the tan th at the is­landers be lieved the naviga tors were o;p irit ,. " For­eig n ships ta ll from the skie;, , and the·\' bclien·d rh .11 thunder cuu ld lw L'xp lai ncd by thL· ,·.1nnun.1Lk ., ex­chan ged by the ships in the rl<lmis. whne th<·,· sa iled with the g reJtest o f c;ISL' . Th at is w l1 \· these· J;.!Jnd­ers arc so .l!i-J id o f o ur c:~nn on . "

A serious in cident d is turbed the st.1 <· in thi s app.1rent parJdise . A rumo r havin!; spread th at the king w as being detained o n bo:~ rd the ,, ·,ldc::IIJa, the inhabi tants ran fo r their arm s. The misundcrsund­in!; WJ S clcar<·d u p , but it wa s evid ent th at th e ki ng him sl'i f had provok<·d it .It the in s ti!;.Jtion of the

• • ""'~ ~.... < •• • • • . '

Fre·n,·hm .m. jlJ>t·ph C:Jbn. \\·ho m the l ~ u ss i Jns were i.Hcr t<l m ,d,~· .lll .dl\' .tn cl t.tk ,· tn 1-:. Jmch.ttka . From d1ne· . ( ·.t bn rn.tn.1 ~ed to retu rn t<l Fr.tl lt'C: in Pari s ( lSI- I he c l hp i. l ~- e· cl hlllht' il - .h ,I .. ,.t, - .I~C .. in .I e·ii ­,-," Jl the• \JIIH-(;e·r m ain fJ ir.

l l1.1n k, !<' J{ ,>bnt,. i,;rt lsen , rcrn \\ ',t' .1hk ttl \'1, 1! .I lll ·>l .ll .. 1,-tt'" IU \\ ill e·h \\' .1, ll\ ll.dh· t(>r hid­de !l l<' l<'r c t~ n cr,_ 1-.lt-h t'.ltlllh· lud It ''"''"· Unlv the men .l ll t: ndcd funeral rite'!,'; a pi~ \\·o uld be be~ hcJJcd .1nd otTncd to the gods. then it, Aesh wou ld he e.1ten b,- those prt·,ent . ( l'i ~s were ~enera ll y e.Hen un h· unckr the· >e e·ircum stanres.) T he de.1d m.m 's hl, ,j,. '"''u ld then be ru bbed with cocon ut oil to

p re,~-r,·e· Il fro m putrd~lct i on , after w hi ch it wou ld be·cu me ,J, hJrd as .1 rock . At the end of twelve nhlllth> . dw co rpse \\·as cut to pi eces 111 a new cer­em nn\· .md the bones placed in th e m o rai.

( )n M .t \' II the .'\.<'1'<1 reached N uk J Hi,·a, Jnd th e r'"'' s h t p ~ SJ1kd at the end o f the month fo r th e \ .in,he·tch biJn Lk \\·here K ru sen st,·rn p!Jnned to

' ' '!'''" '' ' ' ' n rhe cx pe,lirro n . But th e ll.lwai.lll ' h.1d he·, <'n~t· L''.t~ cnt .md wou ld exch J n ~e p l ~> on ly for !'1'' ' ·,·, ,, ,- ci<Hh . Tlwu~ h the\' ' truc·k th e i{ussians as hclnL: '' '' h r,kr.lbh- less lund se> m e d u n the· M.!r­q tt<·,·.lll'. the·,- "'et.ne·d .. ,·en· supcriu r ·" to iiit cl h­~cn,·c .u~t l tndu , rn· . .. Un.1hk to ~e t the prov isions he \\ .lnt e,l. Krtl\enstcrn ek ciekd lO he.1d fo r K.Jnl­clu tk.r rm me,ha teh·. LisiJnsky cho -. c to re m ain in rh c '> .tn,!"· ich hl.md s fl>r some tim e befo re goin !:! w Knd tJk J, l.md IIe:tr th e AmericJn co.tst.

It tO Ll k th e ,1\i,u/c:::hda th trt y-ti \'e t!J ys , bu t. o n JulY l'i. she reached Pctropav lovs k in A\'acha Bay . C oum Rllmanzof had asked that they look to r a land th.tt dw Sp.tniards believed was rich in gold and sil­\'l' r .md which was to be found to the eas t ofjapan. Neit her the Dutchman De Vries in I (J43 nor La l'cr<)ll" ' m 17R7 hJd been able to tind it. K rusen­stern " ·as con \'inced th at thi s isl.md d id not exist . At Pem>padovsk. LangsdorfT left the expeditio n and \\Tnt o n:rl and to return to Europe by way of Sib­ena . The ent ire ca rgo havin g been turned over to the Russ tan colo nists, a co nsiderable suppl y of food " ·Js loaded onto the .1\'ade.:hda, which had been re­fined . In the wa ters o f Avacha Ba y, whi ch had no t a, n·t been prospected. Tilesius discovered man y m·" · speci,·s o f fish such as the Paciti c cod and tht· bkmt\·: polyparia . fo r whi ch he crea ted the genus /(wsm .. rmri,r; and ho lo thurians, o f whi ch he made .tn Jn.n om ical stud y.

K rmenstern ho ped to rea ch N agasaki on K \'trsht-, Island , the sou th ernmost islan d of the J ap­anese Jrch ipcla go, before the northeast monsoon ; but r.1111 Jlld fog kept him in Kam chatk a until Sep­tember 6. At sea, the weather was constantly bad , and J 'torm off the K uriles caused the ship to spring .1 kJk . NnT rthclcss. Kruscnstcrn ca refull y charted the _IJp.lllL''<' coJs ts, but he did not tind the to ur is­IJnJ , that ft g ured on La Pero use's itinerary . C lear­mg C.t pe· Van Diemt·n to the south o f K yushu, he nuted that 11 wa' mcorrectly m arked on earlier m aps. T he ~ t>od weather had returned. and fro m a dis­t.IIH'L.' une could ad mire the m o unt ainous land­' cJpe' topped by hig h peaks and also ge t indica-

tiom of th.: " industry of Ja pan. the richness of whose cult i, ·.n ions is tlll t'<.jl.Ialled . "

Japanese suspicion

In ( k tc1bn l i-ll 14. the f\',uit· .:: Jr d, r e11tered the v.tst b.t\ ' LJ I. N.lg.lsakt , the on ly po rt open to Eu rnpL·a n shi ps. Following w idesp read conversions made i11 the six teenth n·rttury by St. Francis Xavie r and his co mp.t nio ns-convers ions that had resulted in vio­lt:nt pl'rsccution- the N ipponese empire had closed in on itself The Dutch had been permitted to found a sm JI! permanent settlement , rdeg ated to the ar­titi cial islet of Deshim a in the Nagasaki roads: but th n · were ca refull y watched and subjected to in ­nu r;tcra bk ve xatio;ts . Their tra din g post, however. was the· only chan nel for relations between Japan and Eu ro pe.

The arrival o f a Russ ian ship brought about a Ill'\\. \\',JVL' of >e' \·nit y. "hom the tirs t to the IJ>t moment o f o ur stay we h:tve been prisoners .Jbo.t rd o ur ship . . We arc no t only forbidden to ~" e111 shn re. but even tu tak e a lo ngboa t any dis­t.mn· from the ship . . " If the Jap.tm'St' consen ted to rcp.tir the !':.rdc:::!Jd,r at their ex pense. it was be­cause thL')' hoped to sec her leave that much fastn. No sooner had the ship arrived tlu n some m agis­trates. o r l>mrios, had come o n board. They in­quirn l after the route takm by the ship, po inted o ut w here she was to anchor, and contlscated all pow­der and weapons, including the hunt ing rifles of the officers. Only the soldiers in the ambassador 's guard rem ained armed , at the express request of the la t­ter, who finall y obtained permission to live on shore; howe·vcr, by a typically Japanese paradox, the prince of Fisen in sisted o n sl'll din g his own boat for him . "She was enormo usly large and magnificent-her leng th being 120 feet-and the sides shone with th e m ost dazzlin g lacquer; m atting and precious ru gs covned all the planks .

The house placed at the ambassador 's dispo­sition was behind a great door with two locks--Dne on th L' outside and the other inside- the keys to wh ich were retained by two Japanese officers . Re-

121

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Art ~ti r i<li islet t~{ Dcshim,, i11 thr Naeu~ ,, ki rottd:l, Sil t' <t{ thr Dutclr mu.Jm.f! post- llu onl}• a utl~t~ri: t·d E1m1pran fSttJhl ishmr ll f iu ) uptm A. ,W II }' t1W II S watcrrolt~r . (Af1 oh dt• /,l M.~rmc, H.ms. f>lwliJ hy .H trhrl Ditftcr <t• fJIII Jteh.)

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THI Rli" IAN'> iN T HE PACIFI C. 180J-IM29

>Jnov w.1s no t permitted to go to Edo , the im perial rc:s idcnC<: . Attn J tiw-month wJit , on April 3, 1805, an o ff1cial brought J. respo nse to his request: The ,· mperor refu sed to receive him .md return ed ,dl hi s >.'; Ifts, t(Jr h,· h.1d nu int emion <lf scndi11 g .m y him­self Hencefo rth. Jll Ru ssian ships were forh iddm 111 Japanese ports. In th e end, as a result of thi s em­bassy, the l~ ussian;, los t even the "privilege they h.1d o f ,·nterin g N.lgJ sJ. ki. "

After hJv ing ob tain ed the ncn:ssdry pro\·i­>~ u ns . there \\'J.S nothin g fo r the comma nder to do but qu ,; th,· port. For the return w Kamchatka . K rusenstan chose the lon gest route so th.n he might exp lore the wes tLTn coast o f the Nipponese archi­pe!Jgo----the coast tacing C hina-from south to north right up to the la rge island , Saghalien (Sak halin), discove red by La Perou se . Along the way he gave Russian names to the newly discovned capes dnd bavs . Ha vin g passed Ts uga ru Strait, the Nadezhda reconnoitered the coasts of Yeso (Hokkaido), whose name in Japanese m ean s "land of the barbarians." Its sava ge .1 spect contras ted with that of intensely cultivated Japan proper.

The Aitws and the Tartars

Havmg dropped anchor at the northern part of the island in Soya Bay, which was g iven Ro­lllJnzofs name, the Ru ssians entert'd imo contact \\'i th the indigeno us non-Japanese population. "The ll1h.Jbitmts o f Yeso call them selves Ainus; they also li\-e in the sou thern part o f Sakhalin. They are dark-skinned , almost black, and have thick and bushy beards and black hair. Thcir women are uglv . The princi pal characteristic [of the Ainus]

122

1s kindness. They brought us fioh \\'lthout asking any thin g in return . " Though relations between the navigators and the peJcd'ul Amus w ere excl'i knt, the J .lpa nese who controlle-d th e ports ot Y eso dc m Jnded that tlw l~u ss i Jlls k.1 n · lllllllcd!­atdy. Once the La Pcrouse Strait had been crossed. thev anchored in Aniva Bay at the so uthern ,·nd o f S.JkhJlin; but the j;1pancse wne settled thne ton, and AmbassJd o r Resanov was in a hurry to re.1ch KamchJtb. After hav in g recon noiten ·d the g ulf. which he CJ II ed Patience and w hi ch is LJ Pe-ru usc ·s De L 1n gk Bay. Krusen stt' rn thercto re ,·ut ,·~" t to­

ward rhe Kmiks , wh ich he tra versed. O n lune 6. the .\l,Jdc.:: lul,l was bJck Ill l'etro­

pav lovsk.- T he unfruitful mission em ba rked several weeks later on the l'vfaria and returned to St. Pe­tersbu rg in O ctober. Krusenstern now had on ly to

attend to the affairs o f the Russian-AmericJn Com ­pany, and he made a detailed on-site investigation of its funct ioning. The status o f its sailors and em­ployees was ex tremel y preca rious. 1-!Jving come there in ho pes of mak in g their fo rtunes, they were stagnating under extremely primi tive conditions in this frozen land , and they w ere subj ectcd to cruel and tyrannical leaders . Exhausted by sicknes s, by insuffi cien t Jnd Ir regularly av.Jilabk fo od, .llld hv bad trea tm ent, tew o f them saw the ir ho mes .lg .Jin . Tht: tate o f the colonis ts established on th,· Ameri­can coast was no m ore enviable.

O n July <J, Krusenstcrn left w complete the exploration of S.1k halin . T his time he fo llowed its no rth ern coas t in search o f the channel which , ac­cordin g to La Perouse, separated thi s island from the Asia ti c continen t; he fail ed to find it. T he crops that could be seen on the is land "sugges ted a pop­ulation more ci vilized than the Ainus ." T he Rus-

'i Llm " LT<' ~ ree t eJ bv rh c T a rta rs with " swecpmg ~e,tur,·;, .md embr.!CL's . " but th eir g reed wa s in f'.l lllful cu ntr.Jq " ·irh the friendly di simcr,·st o f th e . "->~n u,. 11·hom th e y h.1d driven fro m thi s p.!rt uf the J,J.J nd . K rmenstc n 1 did ntJt continue his cxplo ra­tl<>l l 1<> tlw C<>." t' u f T.nt.1ry hn·.Ju ,,· he \\',JS fe.1rttd , ,r· l'\l llr ll nt.\tl<)JJ '' lt h the .l rlll L'<I , hlf'' the C h1ne'e Jll.Jl nt J lnal 111 the1r puns.

B.1 ck in Pet ropJ d o,·sk o n Au g ust ::!':!. he sent to \t. l'e tcr, bu rb J courie r ,·,1rry ing .1 rc's umc of his , .o,· abe. Js wl'll .1s maps. dra,,·in gs. and natura l his­tory co llecti o ns so that this material might no t be lm t in c.1 se of shipwrec k. On Septembn ') he set <Hli to r C:hin.1. ,,·hnc he was to JOin up with th e .\ ·n·a The .\.c~dc:::hda reached Macao on Novembe r 211 . th e' .\·n·,, o n December 3. The two sh ips had b,en sep.1ratcd for eigh teen m o nth s.

In the meantim e. Lisiansky had v isited the ( (>m p.ul\··s se ttlements o n Kodiak and Sitka Is lands tL> the >ou rh of the Alaskan penin sula. He had hrou~h r \\·i rh h im a large ca rgo that \\·as to be cx­ch.l li~ cd fo r Chines<: g~>ud s. !Jut at Cam o n th e s.1k l1t. the r·urs \\' JS hmdncd lw the hJd w ill of the .Iu­til<>ri tJ cs . . l!hl it took intcrmin .1bk ne~ot! a ti on s to bnn~ it l1 ff T he Ru ss ians were no r abk ro leave l .lllt<) ll until Fehru:1rv (, _ 1 8116-- t w~nt\'-four ho u rs hefun u rdcrs for the se izure of the t\\'O \·esscls ar­n,·ed t'n•m the Peking court . T he ships tran·rscd 'lll li<Ll '-.rLm in M J rch. an d Jttn a four-day st.I y at :-.t . I kkn a .md .mo ther swp at Copenh agen. were ha ck m K ro nsudt in August I i-\0(L

In three \Tars and twel ve d avs of naviga tio n in .dl but unk t.wwn seas . Krusenst~rn had n~t los t a sm g lc man and he had brou g ht his crew back in ~ood health . The Russian na vy IJJd demonstrated tlu t it \\ ' .l S ca pa ble o f competin g with its powerful Britt sh .md French partners. and d rew legitimate pride from this. True, it had still been necessar y to tu rn to Crea r l:lrirain t<> procure the ships capable of nukin g su long a vovagc, but the fo llowin g ex­ped iti o m left m Ru ssian-built ships.

A, fo r the immnii are goa l he lud set himself, Kru sm stnn had met it by crea tin g a maritime link bet\\TL'n Ru ss ia pro per , Kamchatka. and the Rus­>I:tll colo nies in N o rth Ame rica; :m d between the IJ!tn .llld the Chinese marke t. Upon his return , K rusenstcrn mad e a repo rt severely critical of the

Russ ian-American Compan y 's adm inistra ti on-a criticism ro which he rctumed in hi s jc)]lmcy AnJ11 11d the f1Tor/d publish ed in 1 il l 0 - 1 H 14; it led to the elimination o f some abu ses and considera bly im­proved t he situ ation of those depcnd c lll on rhe co mp any. A s for Lisiansky . he published an ac­coum of the journey of the Neva, which lud in g reat pJrt been d ifferent from th at o f t he Nadezhda.

The natu ra lists had brought back a ha rvest of precious info rmation abo ut the flo ra and fauna of the countries visited, and they m ade a new contri­bution to the stud y of life in the then largely un­kno wn seas . The results w e re contained in three works published by Tilesius and L3ngsdorff

After havin g completed the acco unt of his voy age, K ru sens tern left again in 1 R IS to explo re the Bering S trai t and seck o ut the N o rthwest Pas­sage. H e late r pub lished important h ydrog raphic studies, includin g the excellent Atlas 4 1hc Pacific O cean . Promoted in 1826 to rea r ad miral and din·c­tor of the N a val Academy , h e was a m ember of the scien tifi c committee of the Minist ry of the Navy and was thus able to help prepare the g rea t expeditions tlut follow ed . In 1829, he was made a vice admi­raL and, in 1841 , an admiral.

123

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ll.llhlt/.zl r , P.1n ~ p;,(l(,J \~ Brhl ll<l f. · Jl/i<! lt'b I

The poet Chamisso goes around the world: Kotzebue's voyages 1815-1826

The Russians had to w ait until the end of the Napoleonic Wars before being able to organize an­other voyage around the wo rld. Though a private individual took the initiative for this voyage, he was a man wh o was as rich as he was powerful. Nicho­las Petrovitch Romanzof. who had been Minister of Trade when Krusenstt:rn leti: , had, in 1807. be­come Minister of Foreign Atfairs and then Grand Chancello r. Strongly interested in the arts and sci­ences, he willingly played the role of M aecm as. In I H 15. Ho m:mzof gave K rusenstern the responsibil­ity to r preparing a new .:xpedition tha t would be d lJrged w ith reconno itering sever:d Pacific is lands .1nd wi th once more .:xploring the no rth wes t coas t of A m.:ri c 1 south of th e Berin g Strait to sec if a p.t ss .l ~L' t el ll .tftin ll:t y could tin .tlly he t(Htnd.

K ru scnstern had .1 o; nt .tl l l>r i~ built , christened it the 1?11rik, Jnd turned Its command over to the man who at tifteen had bee n his ck rk aboard the .Y,Id<"::lzd,I- Otto von Ko tze bue . \vho for this pur­pose was made licutL·nant com mander. A yo un g Es tom.m docto r, J. F. Eschscholtz. and the botani st C. F. von Ledebo ur were designated as naturali sts. but Ledebour h.1d to resign f.;r reasons of health. The pm:t C: hJ misso--who h.Hl. J war e.trlier. been n1.1dL· f.1nwu s by the publica tion t)i· one o f the nl:ls­tapien:s of Gaman RomJ ti c litaature. The .\l,n­uelolls History o( Peter Schinllih/- offcrcJ to replace him.

Uorn in 178 1 at the C h:i tea u de Boncourt in C h.1m pagnc, Louis Charles Adel Jide de C hamisso . w ho afterwa rd chose the Germ an name /\delbert von C h.1misso . had whik still young immigra ted to Pruss i.1 with his family. In 1K1.2, he registered Jt the Uni ve rsitv o f Berlin , w here he studied botan y, anato m y . . md zoology. ' 'In my childhood , " he w as to w ritL', "Conk had raised the cur t.1in hiding a \\·orld th.lt was still as sedu cti \'L' as J f1ir y tak . ·· As .m .1dult . C hamisso lud J c·c idn i to li nd that world.

ComL' from Abo (Turku). Fin land , w here >he had been equipped , the R11rik kti Kron stad t on Jul y 30. 1815. O n August Y. she WJS in Copenl1.1gcn , \\·here Clu misso ca me on bo.1rd in th e co mpan y of Linnendllt Morten Wor mskjiild. w ho, 0 11 his re­turn from a \'OVJge to Greenl and and Kam c.:h .nka, had asked permiss ion to ass ist him as a voluntcn na turalist.

Fro m the beginning. the poet was struck by the lim ited space to w hi ch he would have to ac-

124

comm odate himsel f for th e next thn:e ycdrs. "ThL· cabin is about twelve feet square . ... On ei ther side were two bunks, two wall cupboa rds insta lled fo r sleepin g purposes .... M y bunk and the three drawers underneath are the only space on this ship that belongs to me. . . In the cab in. to ur mm sleep. six men live. and seven men cat. . Be­tween meals, the painter and his drawing board take up two sides of the table, and the third side belongs to the o ffi cers. . . If an ybody wan ts to write or in any way make usc of the table. he has to wait to

take it over fo r a tCw fl eeting moments that arc parsimon iously counted and ava ri ciously em­ployed; as tor me, I cannot work this way ." To this contincmcnt wa s soon added seas ick ness . "Jgainst whi ch I ceaselessly strugg le. but in v.tin " - .dl ot which nude " this phase of the voy:1gc .1 tilll e o f difticult .1pprmt iccship" to r the· unfortu nate poL't. So\ln C ham isso was at odds w ith the cap tain. who constantl y "co mplained about the natural history m llcctions piling up" on the deck or be twL'L'n-Jecks; w ith the second lieutenant, who was "sick lv and irr itable"; and even with the sai lors, who expressed eno rmous contempt to r hi s research :md unhc, it.Jt­in gly th rew his harvests ove rboa rd . Though Es­chscholtz beca me his fri end. hi s relati ons wit h th e pa inter C horis and parti cula rl y wi th Wo rm skj('dd

_....----I

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Kotzt:'bue's Ship and Crew

I The kl 'kif-: . \ 'LT\' >nJJ II 2- nlasted bn~. lXII tons ond 8 s m JJI \ . . lll Jl ~ lll

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Con1n1ander: t ) Ul) nm J\. ot n ·hu c. hcu tcnJ il t co m­ntJIJJcr .

I

Lieut .. nants: I st. Clcb Simonov irch C hich marc·,· : 2nd. Inn .IJco\·k,· Jkh "'Jkhann. left sick in Pc tro pa d ovs k. Juh' !Kih .

Doctor and natura list : Dr. Joha nn Fnednch F. schscho ltz.

I Natura list: AJc lbcrt ,·on C han usso. _____ _

I Assistant naturali st: LH:Llt l' llJilt JY1on~.._·n \'S:/orm~ k_ j t) ld. left

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--------

\\'eTc' b.Jc!i\· str.li JJc·d. Wonw,kjii ld ~ll t .1lon~ with no <'Il l' .IIlli \'lT \ . Slhlll 111.1de kno\\·n his intc·ntion to ,!Jscmh.Jr k. f k \\'Js tll L]lllt the I?Jnik .It l'et ro p.l\·­lc)\·s k 111 Jun e I K I(,

r hc first SLl~eS were the S;Jm e ;J > Jud been fr>llll\\ 'C'i l)\ K ru >c JJ.q crn twelve yc1rs e.nhn. A t'tn sto ppmg at Pl ymouth from Sc·ptembcr 7 to 25, the Rurik .mchorcJ at Santa C ruz de Tenerife and rea ched Santa Catarina Island on the Brazilian coast on lkcc mbcr 10. 1 ~ 15. O n board. when not on duty the m en amused the mselves as best they cou ld. Every Sunday there was a co ncert. "A chorus formed by the sail ors had band instruments avaii­Jbk. and o ur lknsali cook played the violin . .. C: ham isso .md Eschscholtz devoted themselves to obsnv.1tions of marine anima ls that were fished for from th e· deck \v ith the help of a cloth net attached to a po le . The two naturalis ts made an impo rtant d iscmTrv abou t mollusks known as salps: "The >a rne species has tw o very different basic fo rms ac­cordtn g to the ,J !ternation o f generations. " They also stud ted jclly ti sh and fou nd several new species . the a calephac~about which Eschscholtz was later to

publi sh a bJsi c stud y- being of particular interest. C hamtsso was less and less sorry abou t hav­

mg j omed the expedition, and the sight of the nat­ural sp lendo rs o f Brazil completely restored his en­thu sias m . Here "the animal world is in harm o ny w ith the vegetable world. The creeper form of tht' vegeta tion corresponds to the climbing g rip of the birds and the corkscrew tail of the mammals, found even in beJsts o f prey .... In the insect world. richness and splendor reign. and the butterfly ri vals the humming bird .... When night fall s on this green world, the animal world shines around its fires. The a1r. the thicket, and the earth arc filled wi th fl ashes and illuminate the sea." Here, "all is new for science." Indeed, Chamisso discovt'red many new plants, among them an extremely beau-

' 1 j l . . · - ---- · f'· ~ ~ .. ( -

tiful palm tree with t'l:athcry fo lia ge wh ich he b.Ip­ti zed C,><'<>S r<>IIJ<IIl ::,,ffi.ma.

The Rurik left San t.J Cata rin a carrying young cluttering to ucam and a cap uchm monk cy. She t( )llowed a very diffcrellt ro ut e from the one taken by Krusens tcm; Cape H orn w as rounded antid sto rms, and, ascending the coast of Chile, the ship reached Talcahuano in Concepcion Bay on Febru­ary 13, 181 6. On the way, the naturalists o bserved whales and dolphins. and colkrrcd the giga ntic austral algae that were cha racteristic of the region. The arrival of the Rurik ini tially provoked bo th surprise and fear, for its fl ag was unknow n, but thL· Russians were nevert heless well recei ved by the Spaniards, who gave balls and banquets in thL·ir honor.

On March 8, the Rurik left Concepcion Bay . On that date , Chamisso noted: "The voyage of discovery ... begins here. " Until his arrival in A vacha Bay on June 19, Kotzebue sailed thro ugh vast ocean spaces that had scarcely been entered since the heroic times of Le Maire and Schouten. On March 28, at Easter Island, the poet finally tou ched on the unknown. Thus was realized "the first great pro mi se of this voyage."

"A large number of p<'ople awaited us pcace·­fully, noisily , and impatiently on the shore, dem­onstrating their childlike joy by agitated move­m en ts on the beach. " However, an atmosphere of suspicio n and menace seemed to reign over the is­land, and it was not to be explained until much later. In 1805, the American schooner Na11cy had come to the island in search of laborers; despite energetic re­sistanct' by the Easter Islanders, the Americans seized twelve men and ten women and kept them cha ined fo r three days, freeing them onl y when land was out of sight. The men immediately jumped over­board and perished, and the women had to be forc­ibly restrained from foll owing suit. Since then, the

12~

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TH F HU ~~ I,O.NS IN THE P,O.CIFIC. UlO.l-IH:><J

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islanders had been on the defensive. The RussiJns spent only a few hours on Easter

ls!Jnd bdon: lcJvin g in search of new lands. The tir, t to be found may hJve been Schouten's Isk of Dogs and was therefore ca lled Doubtful Island, but the to llovnng one was certainlv unknown. Kotze­bue decided to disembark there. "Despite the strong surf we mJnJ ged to land by mc·ans of a raft. One bv one . the sa ilo rs got on th e rJtt and kt them­selves be towed .dong .1 rope. profiting from a high wave to cross the reef .md reach the shore·." Though thnc wnc· tr.Kes of lllllll.ln hJb iuuo tl, dw y met no lllle: it seemed the· nati ves from neighboring isla nd s \\·otdd co me to tish there. Ch.lllll SS O quickly com­plet ed his n.ltural history in ventorv .1s there was lit­tk flora ;utd on ly J fnv.land .md ~ea birds. a >mJll

126

lizard, and some butterflies. The first discowry was dedicated to Romanzof, the sponso r of the expedi­tion. and saluted with cannon and a double ration for the crew, it being the Russian Easter. Kruscn­stem 's name and that of the l?urik wen: givm to two small coral groups sighted ncar the Palli ser Jsl.mds discovered by Cook .

On April 30, the l'enrhyns- othcr low-l ying islands linked by reefs and enclosing a lagoon----came into view. The natives, "vigorous, wdl bu dt. but somewh.1t tr1ghtenin~ as they were covered not with t.ltloos bu t with chest and back s urit~tction s . the most recent of which were blood y," soon became so numerous that they were madt· to keep their pi­rogues on one side o f the ship. S I!KC the crew was unable to defend itself aga in st three hundred s.tv­ago:s hungrv fur nails and pieces o t iron . Sn ·cr Jl cl.tys later. the Rurik was cast of the Marshall and Gilbert lslJnds. Thcro: Kotzebue discovered two nc' \\. is­lands, dub bed K utusov and Suvarov.

On .June I Y. the R11rik o:ntned the vast :\ \· ,tcha Bay. It was the first time that Cha misso--who had never been to Russia and was only beginning to learn the language-"put toot on Russian soi l. .. He wa s Jll the more surprised to tind himself in th e home of an American, who had somehow ended up in this sn1Jll town of Petropavlovsk . before a " cun nm gly painted portrait on glass of Madame Reomin. the amiab le friend of Madame de Stai'l. in whose home I had long enjoyed her friendly commerce."

The month-long stopover in the capita l o f Kamchatka was devo ted to various excursions and above .dl to almost daily parries, somctimc·s on shore and otfcred to the navigators by their compat riots. so metimes shtpboard returns of hospitality. Licu­tenam Chichmarcv's birthday was celebrated there "with an unbridled joy, especiall y .un ong th o: s.til­ors, as he· w.1s loved by all. " Second Lieutenant Sakharin, who was sick, had to lea ve the cxpeJi­tion , and Wormskjold finally disembarked, after having often threatened to do so.

It was only then th at Kotzebue unveiled his naviga tion pian, though only in part . During the

,l lll l llll'f ,,( 1::1 16. they h .1d to cutltcnt thcnbeln·> \'·:nh rcL· n nn o ltL'rlll~ .1 :-,.,d l: .u H: h u r.1~ c Pll th e A nt t T­

H...t11 L.l ,, h t .tn d prl'p.lrtllt!, fLH .1 :-, ~.,_' ,.: l)Jld ~ ttlnnlcr crui~c.

1\ h it !J 1\'UUJd be· dc'Hltcd tO ,l ckt.Jilcd l'X plorati o n 1\'Jth th ,· help .. t' e mpl o n·cs o f the l~u s; i :m-Amen­

' ·"' ( ··., llJ'.IIl \ .ll hl th ,· .I"ts t.Jn te u( Akub in th,·ir hhl.1r'. ·I, , ri ll'"' l'<'"f'k :' th,· <>J ll'-Sl'.lt l'i cl.tr is \\·lut Jl 1c ht> r" · 1> r, , .1 C u".I,·k . Th iS , kit't' I> .1 long .mJ n.Jr rt>\\. '"'llll biJJdtT nLtde u f se.IIskin and endin g 11 1 .1 l.lpnt tlcc pu 111t. [ ,Try thm g is srrc·t ched O\'c'r .1 hg ht 1\'0DLk n fr.Illll'\Hl rk . In the middle there Is .1 ,·trcu l.n t>pen tn g: the Jt Jan sit s in it w tth uut­'tretclll'd legs. In> trunk st! t· kmg up fmm the· o pen­JJig HIS hg ht p.1dd k in lund. lm 1\·eapom bc­,·, >re lllln . IILI Jil t.IJn in g hi s b.1 lance likt· a horse man. he ' f' ''e,b o n·r tht· nw bik su rt'.I ce lik e .lJJ arrow "

ikt\\·,·cn t\\·o cru is,·s. in the wintn of lXI (>-1 :-; 17. the R11 ril: dcsccnded ro the tropi cal islands for st'\·cr.tl TII OJ!th s . Un Ju h · 17. she kft Pct ropa,·­j,,, ' ~ fhre'l' d,!\ 's l.i tl'r . . ) hi gh. flll·k y .. lihl SIIU \\·­,,,\ , 'Il'c J i. ITJd tll.lt "}<>ll~l'lj [l'rJ'Jhl\- S.ld" <',lllll' JJlt O

\'Jl' \\·: J[ 1\',h lkr11 Jg lsi.IJhl. ,,·hnc the unt(, rtun .ltt' e, p},,rcr hJd dt ,·,l .I nd been b un cd . On th e t\\Tilt\·­'L'' cllth . tit ,. ,. rL·.Id lc'cl St. L,J\\TeTICl' lsl.nlll ,Jt th e l'Jltr.I JIL'e til rh,· lk rmg ~tr.lit. lnHi .tlly te.Irful. the "I.I nckr' \\·ere " 'Oil lo ud!\' askin g the sailors tor to­

h.lt'Cu . "Ha,·ing kJ rneJ t h,n l WJS their leader." Korzdoue wro te. "the\' c1mc in turn to embrace llll' b' ru hhuicc rh,·Jr JH l."'' :1g.1 inq mmc' Jnd endi ng th,· tr c'L' mphmcnb b,· spimng into thc1r hJnds. which thn · then p.Iss,·d on:r m ,. fare." The ship next emcred the chJnnel in which on his third vopge Cook had ,·xpl <> red three islJilds: Ko tzebue discovered severa l u th crs.

To the north of Herin g Strait, the Russians f,,u nd J g reat arm of the sea on th e American coast; th,.,. thought th ey h ad tinall\' discovered the

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Nnrth\\·est 1'.1SS.1gc . but th ey sLH)n saw that it was .11 1 illusitlJ L Th e gu lf to which it kd was C nok \ (;uudlwpe B.1y. Th e sou nd 1\' ,JS ~, I\Tn Kot zl'lllle \ n .1me. In thi s vast .;ulf, the l<11ril: an ch ored in the :-.hl'i tl'l' uf C h:nnis>n, !s ian,! in little [,ch;,cho ltz B.1y. ·1 h ,· o fti cns kti tu ,· :-; pl llre th,· i ~d.1nd . "We h.td dJt nh,·,l th ,· :-. c· >lnpes . ·• Ku t1cbue rno rds undn rhe d.Hc Aug us t X. l tilf>. ""·nhuut not icmg that we \\'ere w.dk nw on 3 \TritJblc ircbng. Dr. E,ch scholtz fo und 7 p.1rt of .1 ulus th.n h .1:1 m elt ed Jnd to hi'> grc.H surpri se noticed thJt th e intnior ':f the llHltlllt.lill was made o f pure icc." In one ot thcsl' gas h ,·s . the n atu r Jli st found tht: tee th and usb o f a llLllllnloth . The· iniJJbit.mts . w ho secml'd 11l'\'LT to

h.l \'l' sc·cn J European. '.Va tched the ship in as tl>n­islnnem from th e coast. On ce cs t.lb lishcd in th e ir on-shore c:~mp , the Russians v.>c rc convin ced they WL'fL' surromH.led b,· "America ns." In the middle of th e night. K o t zebu~· decided ro hrc:~ k c.1 mp . Of this ,kusi;lll, he \\TOt e· : "I ;-,1\\' no .>thcr w:l \' to t·sc. Ipe d t'.Jt h ... f lo\\T\'l:r . . I> C hamis, l> lltH e,, these lll l' JJ ""·ere not lwsti k bu r sim p ly curi o us . "

The Nuril: nex t t'ol lowcd the Asiat ic coast " in nrdn to get to kno\\· the pcopk w ho inhabit it allll to cnmp.1re the m \\ 'ith the An1crica ns." They were th e C huk chi. an independent E skimo tribe. "Thev recog nize Ru ssian sm-ercignty only to the extent that th ey pay tribute where they trade with the Rus­si .m s to mmu.t! ath·,lnt3gc. They we lcomed us on shore as o fftcia l hos ts-.uniably. but w ith ;1 so­lemnity tlut deprived us of all spontaneity ."

The goal of the fir st cruise having been achieved, the R11rik set sail rowa rd the south . stop­ping once more in St. Lawren ce B ay . On leaving (August 29), she was struck by a v iolent storm and did not reach Unalaska Island in the Aleutians until September 7 . Kotzebue was received thnc b y the

127

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r H E HU'"IAN' IN THE PA CIFIC. l ili >J- I!L"l

J~ent of the Russi.m-Arnerican Com pan y Jnd told hin1 <)f his needs fo r the second summer cruise. Le.1vin g rhc purt o f Unal.lskJ on September I~ . the , hip w ent to the Calitomia missions. where the crew w~rs to have a few weeks o f rest before heading for rhe South Seas.

"On October 2, at four in the aft t'rnoon, w e nude our c'lltry inro the port o f San Francisco." The Russi.11r s \H'fe recein·J there bv Jn officer of the l'n'sidi,, , the Sp.mish m ili t.H\' autho rit y tl1at was rc·­; pons ibk fo r se veral mi ss ions. e:tch miss ion bei ng directed b\· two Franciscans who had contracted to spend ten yea rs there. The Feast of St. Francis, w hich too k place th e next dav. ga ve the Russians "the opportunitv to observe the activities of th e mrss ronJnes. The pious Franci scans who nuin tamed the New Ca lit(l rnra missions .11-e not edu cated in Jn y <)f thL· arts and crafts that thev practice here , that they arc su pposed to tc.Jch; thev speak no ne of the la ng uages spo ken by the peopk to w ho m they ha vc been sen t." The resul ts they .1chi eved we n: LLmn m g . " The dea th rate of the In­dians in th e miss ions rises terri fyin gly. Their race is 111 the p rocess of hecomin~ e:-;tinct." Kotzebue .md C h .t mi sso womk rcd why the Spa nish bothered to occ·up v C.1lito rn ia at g reat expense and then let the e<J untrv ~o to ruin and beco mL· depopu lated. The un ly reason that the governo r of the pn)\'ince could ~ive thL·m was "the p ious rmemron of propagatin g the faith o f C hnst. .. C hamisso noted: "Well then . here's .mother good wo rk beg un back ward and badl y carried out." Great Britain and the United States cDnsuntly encroac hed upun the Spanish set­tlem ents. and the Hu ssia ns were doing the sa me .

128

During thei r stay in C.t! if() rnia. th e n.!tu ral ists had co lkncd and descnbed the sea lion. u r Cdi for­nia-e'-lred sea l, ,Jild a grc.tt 111.1n y birLk 1ncludi1Jg a "humming b ird wi th dazzling p lumJ~e." Es­chschol tz identified as nun y as three speciL·s of sai­amander. Though th e se.1son w.ts hard ly favorable, C hami sso made several interesting d iscon'fic'S, in­cluding the Eschsdiolu: i,l cahfonncc~, be.llltiful P"P·' ­vcrareae w ith brig ht yellow tlowers, and ( _- ,.<illMhlls rhyrsifhmls, .1 fine shru b with pale blue tlo wcrs. Fresh provisions having been loadc'd on and the crew being in good health, the Rurik left the roads of S.1n Fran­cisco on November I to head for the Sandwich Is­lands .

She reached the Sand w ich Isles o n Nove mber 28 . Guided by John Elliot de C:~s tro. J ha lf-En­glish, half-Po rtuguese surgeon who h.1d beco n iL' the king 's personal doctor, the Hussians \\ nc· pre­sented to Kamehamcha I, who had united the ar­chipelago into a single kingdom. "An armed crowd stood o n the shore . We landed before the house of the o ld king. who was seated on a magniticent ter­race. surro unded by his w iVL'S and wearin g his pco­pk's n.Jti o nal cos tume, the red ''''~~'" I which ~ocs .!ro und the lo in s ! and the b!J, k f<IJI<l I an ampk ribcr mantle w ith mag nificent fo lds !."

Kamcha nll'ha and hts s u ~j erts wne so mewhat a!Jrmed bv this unexpected landin g. T \\ll yea rs earlier, the crew of a Hu ssia n-Amcrican CompJny ship had profaned a m o rai and ui scd the Ru ssian fla g: " W ith the help of some Europeans. bloodshed wa s avo ided and the arrogant foreigners murmur­in g threats o f wa r we re torccd to rc-embark ." Had the Rurik come to carry o ut rcprisal s° Ko tzebue

dispelled thc'<e t~' J r> . and th e ' n:kom<: was very ,·ord ial. Ch:tmissn rL'COrch.: " We were introd uced ro the queen s. tJ II. qrnn~ wo men \\·ho were still :d­ilh"l IK.Illllfu l In .1 st rJ \\. hu t. the\' were .dl strL· tchc·d uut ro~ct hcr on a tlou r so frl\' covered w ith ,kh c.H<' nut.> . \'\'v h.1d w u ke <>ur pbres .1 n1 ong then!. The lnnb d irected at m <· by the II L'i gh b<Hing LJUL'c'll mJ Lk llll' . . 1 110\·ice . Jimo>t uneas\·. On tOI­lowing [ ,clbcholtz. w ho had aln:ad v slipped out of the hmbe. I ka m cd from him th .H h i> qu een had ex prc·,<ed herself n ·en more di rectl y. "

Cha n11 sso . "eager ro .lttcnd th e m ys teries o f HJ \\ 'Jiun rl'ligious ntes." appealed ro an island friend he lud nlJdc :md \\'JS invited bv the bttcr "with no hesHat iun Com pared to the JOY with w hich I the sac red g<'S tu res I arc m ade, th ,· pleas ures of one of our lllJ>knl balb have all the· allure of a bu rial. The rdi~ I om cn emonies rak e up only .J few honrs. The Inten·.d, .1re iilkd w ah th e most JCn-ous con ­' crsJtiOih ,llld guc>ds me:t ls J rc· h.1d. . " C h.I m­"'" \\'.IS dis .Ippoin ted . bu t if he h.1d h<'en so readil y .Jd mllted to the C<TL'lllllll ics. \\·as n ' t it JUSt bcc.J use thn· no k>ngn h.1d the ir L'.1rlicr initi .Ho r\' chara Ltcr; l )n the llther h.1nd . he WJ > enra pturc·d b y th e huLl . th e H.Jw,ln.m tcs ti,·al cb ncc. " In th e well-babn ced rll\·thm of the d.1nc<·. the human ti g urc is sho \\·n to

ll!.lgmti ,·,·,n .llh ·Jntagc. and as th e m ove m,·nt be­e< Hne> hg htn ,md freer. it o ti~' rs the sp<'Ctack of the bc.IUtit'ul ,l,l!l<'l's tu be fu tll hl in n.ltllrl'. We sn· m t<> be \\ ',ltd lin g th e· nlL' tJmorphoses of antique st.ltu­Jry; onh· the t'L-e t carry the da ncer. He cnte res q ui­eth·. H is bud y unto lds, his arm s, all his muscl es, stir . . md his fJcc beco mes anim ated . These ti:s tiv.1ls nu ke the H awa ii ans d runk w ith j oy ."

O n Decem bn 14, the Rllrik left the San dw ich h l.1nds .md once mo rt' turned in the direction of the l\1.m.h.dls. visited th e yea r bdore. There the Hus­>ians discm·ered several new islands: N ew Year ls­Lmd (Miad i). the Ro mamof Archipela go (Wotjc). the br~e island of O tdia, the Kasen G roup (M al­odap). Jnd the T ernci G rou p (Aur). These island s for med two more o r less parallel lines . and the chain vi>ited b\' the Russia ns w as the RatJ k; the o ther. wh1ch "cons ists of nine g roups,·· was th e Ra lik. " The weakness o f the Ratak inhabitants eliminated any susp icion about them; their gentleness and gencr<>sit y 111 .1 de them tru st the forei gners wh o domin ated the m w ith all their power; w e beca m e fncnds w itho ut reserva tions."

Kadu

At R.1t ak. C hamisso met Kadu, "one o f the most beautifi.Il natures that I have met in all my life. one of the men I have loved most. " Volunteering to snn· as an intermediary with the islanders. Kadu wa' soon so atta ched to the Russians that he cou ld not k n T them . A fnend was also m ade o f an Ot­dla mhallltant . " w ho d istinguished himself fro m the o thn s by hi > w it and in tdligen n :. . Lagcdi ack under>tood that we in tmded to introduce useful but still unkno wn plan t species to these islands fo r the

' , ... ,

. '·

~·--__._ ___ :;;~ ~~~-~;- ·: ._~ go ()d o f hi s pcnpk ... Th anks to him. 1he l~ u ss i : 1n s

were ab le to set up an island garden in whi ch they sowed peas. co rn, and other edible plants. C ham­isso fi nall y gave way ro rapture. "Nowhere else is the sky more beauti ful. the temperature mo re equa ble, t!1Jn on these low islands. The sea and the w ind balan ce o ne ano ther, and the brief passin g shown s ma intJin the fores t in its lu xurian t g reen splendo r." Until March 18. when they return ed to th e Kutu sov (Utir ik) and Suva rov (Tak a) g roups di scovered the previous yea r, the Rurik sa ikd from is!Jnd to island befo re reg retfull y k avin g th ese en­chanting places behind and returning toward the Be rin g Strait . which had to be reached in time. " April 13 was a terrible day on which my best hopes we re des troyed , " Ko tzebue w rote . The Rurik w as hit by an extremel y vio lent storm during w hich several men- includin g the comm ander- w ere in­jured.

On April. 24, the Russ ians arrived sa fe and sound at Unalaska. Kadu was stupefied by the snow­covered m ountains, whose existence he had never even suspected . T he eq uipm m t asked for by Kotz­ebue was almost ready, and it w as assembled in haste. O n June 29, the R urik departed wi th fifteen Aleuts and so me bidars aboa rd. The naturalists had had time to assemble a detailed in ventory of the li t­tle- known flo ra and fauna of the Aleutians. T hey had made a considerable collec tion that included northern sea birds and raptors, some $mall carni­vores and rodents, and the crani um of a whale that had been cut apart by the Aleuts. All these things were carefull y wrapped and pl aced in large nailed and tar-scaled cases, which were under Kotzebue's personal p rotection.

129

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The· Rurik WlS about to enter the Bering Strait wheu suddenly the commaudcr decided to go no farther. On Jul y 12, he wrote: "At twelve mid­nig ht, just Js we were prepariu g to an chor at the nort hern promontory, to our g reat ho rror we no­tiec·d an ice tloe th at stretched to the northeast as far as th e eye could sec. . The cold air hit my wok ches t so stro ngly that I could not brea the and suffered an angiu.J attack iu whi ch I kept faiming Jnd spittiu g up bloo d. I rea lized th at my coudition was more dangerous than I had previo u sly admit­ted. . . I sent word to command headquarters that my health fo rced m e to re turn to Unalaska . ., This lapse o n K o tzebue 's part was se verdy criticized by his m en, w ho greeted his d ecisio n with "silent and downcast faces ." Chamisso strong ly regretted that the commander had not at least discussed the ques­tion w ith th e s taff. Nevertheless, on th e ship's re­turn, C ount Ro man zof simply accepted Kotzebue's report .

OnJuly 12, IHI7, therefo re. the expedition was virtuallv o ver. But there was still the return to be con sidned. in orhn words to '' un w ind back ward wh at had been accomplished until no w ," as C ham­isso pur it with wry irritario u . On Jul y 22, the Ru­n/..· kft Un.tbsk.l, anchored at Oahu in the Saud­w ich lsbnds fr o m October 1 to 1-l. an d hea ded fo r the MJrslnlls. where several lll'W island s were dis­covered.

At Otdi.l. the navigators were· rece ived with ckm o rJ str.ltions pf g reat JO Y. K.l chr . cnri chnl bv the n;pn icn ce· s <> f th e· last t(:w month s. "provecl him­self indct:aiga bk and brimming wit h .rcti v ity . He w.ts s till tirml v resol ved w rc m .1in w ith us." La ter. " his very ~.1 y hum o r ga\'L' wJy to :1 peacct! rl g r.l\'it y " .tnd he .ln nou nced th.lt he \HHrld ' 'renJJin .It Otdi.l to loo k .!Iter tlw .minJJi s .md pla m s, \\·hi ch

130

would not otherwise be ca red for. lktorc the assembled inhabitants of O tdia. KJdu wJs prn­clairned our representative. H av 1ng Jlrl·ad y come to R.ttak three timc.:s , we.: sokm nlv pro nnsed that we would return after a whrle to vtsit hm1 Jlld ask f(Jr Jn acco unting . "

Kotzebue was indeed to return to Otdia . but not until seven years EHer. The is landers ga \T him an cnthusi.lstic welcome. "Scvnal w aded ou t up to

thei r wai,ts to be the fir st to g ree t us . . . l-o ur o f my old friends lifted me from the.: launch and car­ried me to the shore, where Lagediack awaited me w ith o pen arms and j oy full y pressed m e w hi s heart." But ''of all tha t we had brou g ht tcJ H.u.1k, Monsieur von Kotzebue saw only a ca t, wh ich had gone feraL and a yam roo t." Kadu was gone: he w as at Aur with King Lamari, and " th anks to his care the animals and plants tha t the kin g had tr Jn s­plantcd there had, it would appea r, multiplied con­side rabl y . ,. " LJ gcdia ck secretly urged Kotzc·bue· to seize power at Ratak and otTercd to hel p him do so. As the ship was about to set sa il , he broug ht his friend a b st g iti : young co conut trc.:es that he w .mted to be planted in Hussia, since he lud hcJrd there were none there."

Leav ing the Marshalls on N ovnubn :; , IHI7, Kotzebue d ecid ed to sto p at GuJm in the M Jri.111 as . "Thi s g reen an d seemed is l.1nd Sl'l' ln ed a gJrden of de li g hts." wrote C h am isso; hnwevcr, "it w ;1s only a deserr. The mi ss io na ries from Hlllnc h.1d r.1i scd th e· ir noss there: 44 ,001) lwnun bL' lll l:S h:1d hee· 1r s.lnl li c·ed tcl it, .111d the ir sun·Jv<> r'. llli'\L·~ I with the TagJi s who had hlTn brou g ht from Luw n. hJd beco m e a small s ilent nation , sJd .md , u b_Ju­g.l[ed .

At CuJm. C ha mi sso karned .!bout trq ' Jng­sm o ke·d lwl o thurian s th .tt arc th ,· b.JSls <lf .1 luc r.J­ti vc tr.t dc \\·i th C hina , w here the ,· .Ire· con<l cin,·d .1 dcli ca r y. The n;ltur;dist m ad,· J co ll n ·ti un <> t- the"· e·chin odcrnh for the zoo log ic d 11 1useu m 111 lkrl m . O n Janu .n y 17. ! HI H. th e Uu ri/.: Jnchu rnl .It C .l\'lt e' in MJnila B.1y. C hamisso had tim e· to n1.1kc· .1 one­week excursion. dim bin g the slopes o f the T .1J I .1 nd co ll ec tin g nu merous in sects. inc-luding th e ph.h m.l . wh 1ch loo ks like .1 livin g k a t'.

The R11ri/.: lcti Ca\·itc on j.mu;1ry 2'J .rt the· <,rm e time .IS the L~l,llltinc ou t of Borde.Ju x . .1 rnncha nt ship lln boJn.l w hich w:ts I >ussum icr, o ne· o r- till' bes t an nn al co llecto rs of till' Mus,·um of N .Jt urJI H i,­tu ry in P.m s. T he Ru ss ians h.1 d .Jbu:1rd 'L'HT.d

rn o n kc ys , of w hich at least o m· he· lu nged tll .111 un­known >pe·c ies: howevn. alm us t .dl died . e':\"'1' 1 t~ > r :1 p.1ir uf .1 spe·rie·s cu rllllHllr 111 I ti/O il . ·1 h,· , .. . lll l­lll .He·d ll Ur ri ggi ng .I S the·y lud thei r ll.ltl\·c· t'u re·, t . .. a rri v in g s .1t~· ly 111 St. Petersb urg . On J\ \.:r,·h 31 . 1H1H. the N11ri/.: enre·red T a ble- B.ty .. It th,· C.tpe. w here it l lll'l up \\ ith Freycine·t 's [ ·r,mi,-. h c> rn _hrne I 6 ro 30. the· na\'ig .l[or-. stopped .rt PurtsnH Juth. Jnd thi s gave C h.nnisso tim e to go to Lu nd on . \\·hnL' he met severJI f.1muus scicut ists: the n ·nn.rbk Sir Josep h 13Jnks. then sc venty- tl vc : CJptJ in j Jmes llumey. w ho l1.1d also been a compamon u t· C nok \: Sir l ~ohe rt Bro wn, who had t ravl'lcd w it h Flnllk r':

,md tinJ!!y llJron C u vicr , who was passing through. O n Aug ust J. 11\1/l . th e R11rik dropped an chor

111 front o f the· ho me of Count Hom :lll zof in St. Pe­ter;, burg. The , ·ovagc had la sted three yea rs. an d there ~ud not be·cn a sin g le dc:lth.

Ko tzebue's seco11d ''oyage, 1823-1826

Alter hi > rct um to lkrlin. C hamisso rem ai ned th ne an d was named f1 rst the conservato r of the Bntan iu l Gardens and then the Ho ya l Horticultur­.dist. (He also married. and fa thered seven chil­dren .) His re· puution .I S a poet continu ed to g row, e·, pecialh whe·q. in 1H2<J. he publi shed the poem S<1l<~.' )' Came::: . written on boa rd the Rttrik, and. the t~ Jllow in g vea r. Wnmmt's La11c .md Lit;·, which was ;,e t to music by Ro bert Schum ann. It was this fame th ,lt kd him to return to and publi sh- but not until IK.'\"r-h" I··')'·'. ~' ./<>llm,d. Prn·ioush·. ,,·ith his nut e·s t' lllllkd " l ~ e lll.lrh. s .111cl Ide."." he h.1d coll.lhcl r.lt ed '"' K<lt Leb ue·, H1 csc 1111: die II 'd r (j ourn ey Around the \\ 'orld ). pub lisi1L'd in Wei nlJr in PQl.

Promote·,!, tln hi s return, to captain- lieuten :mt u r· the· M.1nne Cuards. Otto von Kotzebue Wds to u rcumnJ\· lgJ tt· the g lnbe o nce more (1H2.1- 1H2h). th is tll !le <ln the l'rcdpny.Hiy c (Entnpri se). His vnv­. 1ge rh.1t took him to T uamot us. Ta hiti. the N av i­g.H <l rs bl.mcb (Samoa). th e M .1rsh.d ls-whcre he sta yed in lbuk fro m Apri l to May of 11\24---and tinall v to KJm chatk a and the northwes t coast of America. Initially conceived as a scientific ex pedi­tion. this voyage took on a politi ca l slant when Kotzebue's extremely unfav orable report on the Protestant missions in the Pacific islands caused a scns:n io n.

A mnctel·n-year-old docto r, H . F. E. Len z, who was later to become fa m o us, joined the expe­dition . Dr. Eschscho ltz once again acco mpan ied Ko tzebue. He discovered a certain number of spe­cil·s new to science: seve ral birds, includin g the

limi colac, the Patagoni an seed snipe. and so m e rep­tiles, such as the pustular hyd rosa urus native to the S(,uth Seas . Of particular interest was his discovery nf man y m arine in vertebrates: jcllytish and Alaskan m ollusks. On his return from his second voyage . Eschscho ltz began to publish his discoveries m a Zonlogical At/<1.< , the la st volum es of which ap­peared posthumously . He died of exhaustion at the age of thirty-eight in 1831.

The painter C horis did not live even that long. In 181 9, he went to Paris, where he rem ained fo r eight years and learned lithography so as to be able to reproduce his drawings himself. They were published from 1823 to 1826 in his Voyage pirror­esque auraur dum onde, 1815-1818 (Picturesque Jour­ney Around the World 1815-1818). In 1827, he went to Mexico, where he was killed in an ambush the fo llowing year; he was thirty- three.

131

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The first exploration of the Antarctic:

Bellingshausen, 1819-1821

ln the in terval bet wcm Kotzebue's voyages, there lud been several other Russi.m expeditions. In !RI7 , even before the R11rik had returned, Captain VJsih· MikhJilo vich Golovnin- who, in IR 13 , had b,·en capt ured :H the Kuriks o n the Di,m<~ by the JapJm·sc and becn their prisoner to r two years-had ... nkd on the />;<IIIJ ( /z ,akcJ w ,-is H th e north west coast <lt' Amnic 1. He was ass1stcd by two yo ung ofti­ccrs: f yodur Petrov ich Liitke ,md Ba ro n Ferd inand Pet rm ·ich nm W r.mgcL W hen he re turned in 1 R I 4, ( ;u lu vnin had cletcrmined the position of several is­Lm<b in the Bering Sc.1.

l )f considnahly more ~ l'l' ~ r.Iphica l impor­t.l nce was the tirst ofti ci.d Jttempt to explore the Anuretic by F.Ibi.lll Lkllin gs luusen.

He cnm mandcd the I ·,' -' '•''-' (E.Jst). which. on Jul,- _l, IXI<J, left Kron st.Jdt .1cco mp.mied by the .\ l imy (l'eJccttd), co mn1J11<kd b,· MikhJil l'etro­, ·ich LlZJ re·v. lnJanuJry 18~11 , the IJJ\·igJtors crossed the· Amarcu c C ircle; two \\Tck s IJter. at 67° S lJ ti­tudc. the v saw land throu g h the tog. It w as as­suredl y tl;e Anuretic Comi.m·nt. whi~h the y were thcrdi.l rc the tirst to sec In th e spring. Lkllin gs­hJusen hcJ ded north. cxplo re•d thL· Tuammus. an­dwred .lt T Jhiti, sailed throug h the Fip IsLmds. then \\'l'IH to l'o rt Jackson and TJslllJ iliJ before moving so uth in November to take Jd\'aiJtage of the austr.d Sll!lllller.

During hi s stopovcrs .md while on the seas . Lklltn gs h,1usen worked as J n.lturalist. H e was the tirst to o bse rve the so uthern mi gration of whales at the beg inning of the ausn .1 l summer. In Van Die­men's Land, he not iced that, like the Tasmania ns them selves. the is land faunJ were in th e process of beco ming extinct. T he M an1uari e Islan ds near the Anureti c Circle had been ravaged by Sl'a l hunters.

!~ca ching the wa tn s tlt:.l r Antarc:tica in De­CL' tnbn 1:-QO, Bell ings hall SL'n di sCLl\il'rni at n1)

0 s LHitude and 9 ! 0 W lo ngiwde the island he ca lled l'eter l, and then a body of l.md to wh1ch he g.1vc th e name of the reign ing tsa r. Akx .mdn I. It was in fact a large isbnd. but .1n impenetrable icc floc pre\'Cnte·d the ships fro m going iarther. On De­cember 15, I R20. Bel li ngshausen c.1ptured the firs t emperor pengu in, a giant b ird m eJsuring I . IS me­ters high and weigh ing 30 kilos. The navigators then explored the South Shetland Islands, Sou th Geor­gJ.l, and Sandwich Land. discovered by Cook. At

132

the Shetlands, the Russians witnessed the Iince battles f(Jught among the scakrs. Three n f the eigh teen ships prcseJH were sunk. and nobody seemed con cerned abou t the number uf de.1d . O ne of the captains ekclared that he l1Jd ki lkd sixty thousand sea ls in a single season. Sickened b\· th ese lll .lS>acre>. Ucllingshausetl w as sure th .H .dl the an­imals In this region w ere doomed to mnninent L'X­tinction .

On h1 , return in I H21, Bdlings h.lu ' l'll brought bJck scientific data of all kind s. Thou g h he: lud found Lllliy two islands in the Anuret ic, he· lu d completed Cook' s long ro m by , kirting th e Suuth !'o le in the opposite direction; hL· had Jl so discov­ered some twen ty is!Jnd s in the Tu .l!ll <lt il S .lnd .1s man y in the Fijis. In .1dd itio n , he lud aSSL'lnblcd :1 ri ch co llection o f birds. M.my died in thL· (LJ ]d, but .1s soon as the weather perm itted , th e.: ;,un·ivor' wn e placed on .1 su nn y deck and be~an lll -; in'-': so me were even s till alivc '"" hen the ship rea ched Huss tJ. A m.1gnifi cent cockatoo died of iml ige·s ti<Hl .1fter having devoured a >luffed kno!...1burr.l (,I g tJnt Ausrr.di .ln kin ~ti shn) . and .1 p.1rrnt pro tit m'-' fr o m its refo und libert y flew to the top of th e I ·,,;tok's main mast. When a s<.~ dor w.1s " 'nt up to rc'II'IL'\'L' it. the frightened bi rcl flew to the bow, w hne luck­ily it accepted a perch tha t was ex tended ro it.

Bellingshausen, his biographer concluded . was one of the last of the mJritimc explo rers m the grand style established by Coo k. Thanks to hi s Jcco unt of the voyage. we have a last g limpse u f the Ant­arcti c Oc~:an bdl1rc it was thorou gh ly In va ded. Jnd of the tropical islands befo re they beca me .1 world of adventurers. con v icts, and persecuted natives dccimatt.:d by alcohol and v<.:nereal di seasc.:s bro ught by the white m an- befo re their beJchc, becJme tin ged wit h b lood . bdilre· all the di s.1s tns foreseen by C oo k.

Wink l<otzeb ue· was fini shin g his SL' LOnd ex­pedition , ll.1ro n Wr.mg lc lud sail:d o n the r.:roiky (Easy Go ing) fo r a two- year cruise (1825-l R27) which Clu blcd him to demonstrate th e mlm·x is­tence of Pacific is!dnds so me European nav iga to rs had claimed to discover. In 1827, the KrMky kft again, this time under the command of Captain Haghem eister. and sailed the ocean bctwel'!l Aus­tralia and K:nncha rka . m aking a spt.:cia l stop in the Tuamotus.

The naturalists of the Senyavin, 1826-1829

·r he f ' , ,·di' " .; r!I I' of Kotzebue ·, second \'O\'J f!:e return ed to K ro nsudt on July HJ. 1):126 . O n Sep­t,·mbn 1. J tll' w h · buil t , h ip . the Sm y<I l'in, " \\'hi ch held the SL'.I excclknt h but did no t luve speed ,,. lc:ft the sam e po rt . It \\'as com manded by Llitk e, aide­,k -u mf' w T sar N icho L s L who h :1 d moun ted thL' d tr<> IlL' the· \ c' ,t r bc·t'ln e· .tnd tlll\\' pnl lll <l ted Liitk e to .·.:puuJ-hcure·rutH f, ,,- the expedit ion. O n board \ \ ' J'

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1\\n te'Jh . \ \ ·lw h.1 d .Jll"l turn e·d thlrt \·. \\',!> the· " ' " o f the LtnHHJ '> botJJllSt Francis K.1rl Mertens. He· l1.1 cl tw in been t ll l' .tr i' lll stud\' .It the M u-,eum u f N .rtur.d H i, tor \ and had established re l.1tions w ith Ju ss rc·u. l.J nJarck , an d Humboldt; he had also vis­lled Str J osep h Bank s and Robert Brown in Lon­don. anci 111 German y h:1d met w ith J ohan n Hcin­hold Fo r;, tn These connecti ons had given h im a ta,te for distant vovages. and he had wanted to sign on as bouni-, t for th e Bellingshausen expedition; but his f.Jt hn had in sisted that he first finish his studies. In Huss ia. Mertens worked as a docto r and watched fo r the first chance to sail otT. It was o ffered him by Kruscns tnn, w ho had thc- Academ y of Scien ces name him the SctiY,Jl' i tl na turalist.

•;." ·;;.._ . ---=~~-":"~::::-·b..:-: ...

The ship let[ in the com pan y of the lvfii/ler­comm,mdcd by a C:apu in Staniukovich- which ac­com p:m tcd her as fi r as Valparaiso and then left fo r T ahiti , sailed to Ka m ch atka , and, in August 1827, visited the Aleutians. Afterward, the l\1ollcr stopped for several mon th s in Honolulu in the Sandwi ch Is­la nd s. In April 182):1 , Staniukovich was back in Kam chatk a. fr o m where he left to ex plore the nor thern coast of the Alaskan peninsula.

T he two shi ps made their tirst stop at Tener­rfe in November l iQ6 . They were in Hio in Janu­ary 1827, an d then, go ing around C ape Horn, reached Concepcion in C hile on March 16 and Val­paraiso on the twenty-sixth. To give the Senya11i11 crt'w a res t aft er a seven-month voya ge, Liitkc re­m ained ashore until April 15. Since the effective libera tion o i C hile b y General San Martin in 1817 and the open in g of the country's ports to ships of all nat ions, Valparaiso--which had previously been a si mpk. aim ost wretched vill age- had become the mos t importa nt commercial center of the South Paci fi c. Its population had increased enormously.

"The st reets were fill ed with people rushing here and there on foot and on ho rseback; the m ulti tu­dinous sho ps arc cram med wi th J!l so rts o f goods fr om Europe." It was Lent and the upper classes lived in strictest seclusion, but the crow d continu­ously amused itself. " T he cates are always full and there is music, singing , and dancing everyw here. "

M ertens began a collecti on o f pla nts an d most es peciall y of algae, specimens o f which were drawn by Postels as soon as they w ere gathered . He him­self sa\V to the mineralogical samples, w hile K ittlitz established an inventory o f C hi lean birds. He d is­covered several little-known species, the m os t re­markable of which w as the tapaculo-" covcr your bo ttom " - with its constan tl y mo ving tail and rec­ognizable "shrill and th robbing notes that fo llow one another and become lo wer and lower."

From Valparaiso , the Russ ians went up the western coast of America unt il Sitka Island, no t far from the Alaskan peninsula. The shoreli ne looked savage: "Two steep mountains covered with virgin forest fro m the foot to the summit. . . All w as quiet and wild . . A navigato r sailing o ff the coasts could sec the Russian fl ag floating over the fo rtress."

New Archangel

They had reached Novo-Arkangelsk, a fort

133

1\. .t ltl~ hn i11 rhn r lw r. Sm,,kdfi.lil <U f

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1 HE RU~)IAN' IN fHE PA CIFIC , lllOJ- IK2'l

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establ ished in the bay of Sitka by the Russian­American Company. The local population of Kal­oches had burned it down in I H04 when the Neva, commanded by Lisiansky, was at Sitka, but with Lisiansky 's aid, Governor Baranov had vanquished rhe Kalochcs .md reconstructed the fort. Novo­Ark angelsk then had eight hundred inhabitants­three hundred Russians, four hundred Aleuts , and some haltbrccds fathered by the Russians on Aleut women . The colony was link ed to the mother co untry by ships that sa iled from Okho tsk in Si­beria only ,Jnce a vca r.

Tlunks to Krusenstern 's report, the status of the co mpany's employees lud improved signifi­can tl y: they received regular salaries and had the nght to free· lodging. The governors wne now navy ofticcr s. Novo-Arkangclsk was of ext reme impor­tance , sin ce all the Russian settlements in America and even in the Kuriles on the Asian coast de­pended on it. Nevertheless, the ti:m had almost been ,dJand o ncd because of the pnsistcnt hostility o f the natives.

The Aleu ts of Unalaska, where the Swyavin remained from August 21 to 30, were, on the con­trary, alread y "Christians and showed a great dis­position to become civilized. Good, sturdy , and skillful. they made the sea their true clcmmt." Next goin g north to the Bering Sea . Llitke made brief sropon·rs .Jt the isl:mds o f St. l;enrge an d St.. l' ;llll. both of w hich were rovncd with moss and en­tire! y deforested.

Farther to the north, the SC11yavi11 visited the island Cook had spotted in 177H and named Go re Island, una ware' that it had previously been discov­ered by the Hussian navigator Sindt and named St . Matthew. Llitke was the first to make a detailed re­connaissance of it. N ex t he sa iled along the Asiatic coast , and ha vin g on the w ay vi sited Bering Is­land- then inhabited by II() people o f Russ ian,

Liitke's Ship and C rew

The S I:'NY A VIN: bark with an 8&-t'llOt keel, ,·arrvmg I(, carronades, lik~ the Moller, constructed in the Okhu ship-yards especiall y fo r the expedition, launched May 1825: left from Kronstadt, September 1, 1826, with the corvette .\liilla, Captain Staniuk ovitch: the 2 ships sepJ rat cd at Valpar.t iso in March 1827 and joined up again at Kam chatka Ill Ju ne 1828: returned with th~ Moller to Kronstadt, 'J/6/ 182'J: crew: 11 o tf1 ccrs and 51 men: deaths: 1, ill an accidcllt.

Commander: Captain-lieutenant Fedor Petrovit ch Lutke .

Lieutenants: Zavalichinc, Abolechev.

Ensigns: Ratrnanov, Mayer , Butakov, Glazcllapp.

Midshipman: Pavel von Krusenstern (soil of the Jdnmal).

Surgeon and naturalist: Dr. Karl Heinnch Merten, .

Mineralogist and draftsman: Alexander l'ostcl s.

Ornithologist: Baron von Kittlitz.

Aleut, and mixed descent- he arrived at l'etropav­lovsk on September 25 . There preparations were made for the winter cruise, whi ch wa s to be in the tropics . At Kamchatka, the naturalists assembled collections of rocks, algal:, birds, and nurin c an i­mals.

"Not ha ving had unti l now a tro pi ca l stJtion for experiments with the inv ariabk pe·ndulum, I resolved to stop at Ualan Island I Kausaie 'J r Strong 's Island j." In 1824, this island had been visi ted by Duperrcy , and it was in the sa me harbo r th Jt the Smyaui11 dropped anchor on December -l. I H~H . Until April 1829, the Ru ssian expedition was to re­main in the C arolines, which it sailed throu gh in every direction, discovering numero us i; !Jnds. whi ch w ere exp lored and named.

U alan, the first stop, was mountainous and cove red with an all-but-impenetrable forest. Some eight hu ndred inhabitants lived along the shore. They were of medium height, well bui lt, md ex­traordinarily agile; their brown skin. covered wit h coconut o il, was tattooed , but w ithout g reat sk ill. They went nude, wea rin g onl y a belt woven of ba­tuna-tree bark . C ontent with breadfruit. ban .ttl.l '> , and fi sh, they led an idle life , especiall y rhcir chtcfs, the most powerful of whom owned all the land and lived apart. " A chief spends his life ca ring . sleep­in g. and sitting around in circles and talking ... The people o f Ualan l1.1d neither w ea pons no r musica l instruments. They knew nothing of w ar, :l!ld their only distr.1ction was dancing, in wh ich the \\·omen were no t allowed to join . Gentle and peace ful. they received th e navigators hospitabl y. The· natu ra lists were always acco mpanied on their expeditions by

I I

na tl v<:'> . who wou ld clunb the trees for thc:m and be helpfu l 111 nt.ttt\' w.tvs . M t' rt<'li' fo und ;, tr.111 ge " ''e·,·r, Jll Li L·olkctecl nt.lll )' fern'; Kntlit z dt Sl'll\'­n ed '>L'\'LT J i unkn o \Ul birds .. mtong the·m the Car­olllle r.t il . snJJII .1nd black. of which he captured t\\'0 rh .ll .tre· 11<'\\ ' 11 1 the Le·n in g r c~ d Mu se um .111d nm­

" 'k re·d ,·en· preu n us. fo r no more hJ\'e' e·, ·cr been t( >u nd. Nutl te·ro u, ti,h \\'LTC .dst' tJken t·ro m the re<·f;, . mcluding J magnificent surgeon fi sh with o r­.lllg<· _1.1\\'S-.1 Llra\\·ing of w hi ch w.ts nl adc by l'os­rel s befo re tt was preserved in alcohoi-crusu­ce.tm . .md mollusks, which were: painted bv Mert ens.

On _IJ!luan· 3. li\2:-l, th e SCII}'llt'ill !cit 10 make .1 tour ui the Jrchipc: l.t go. To th e no rth west of U.t!Jn . the n.l\·i gators found a prcv io ush · un ch;nted IJrge· htgh body of land sur rounded by sm all groups of iskts and bordered by reefs. Its inhabitant> called tt l' o nape. "·hich the Russ ians tran scri bed as Puy­mpe·t. "'>clLlll boJ t> \nth SJils began to appe.H. Fro m .1 dht.llll<' . the· l'uvntpet > began to sing .H th e top o f. the·1 r \·oic"e·s. tel d.mn:. and to ges ticui.Hc \\'ith thei r he.J Lh Jnd lund > ... but o nce o n board, thev >l!Outed .tn d Jll lllf'ed Jb<nlt. br.md ishin g th eir spc.1rs m en­.ICtll t: h ·. "tltv tr b<> ld 11e" .md itnportunit\· i n cre. 1 s in~

fr<>ll t ""'"'""! I ll ll !Oille't tt." Senng th.it he << ntld 11ot l.~ttd '' Jtltutlt rhk .. lt .tn h.t v in ~ ntuscd .dlcH II lc> r .1 \\' ee·k l ii tkc k ti this ~ roup of isl.111ds, wh tch he c.tlkd thL· Sell\ .t\'111 bl.md,. In Jlltll.lf\' . he Jb<> di"·o,·ered Ng<1t1k (Palau), prn·iously rum ed Los Valiemes bv the· Sp.murd Lazeano. w ho had discovered the ar­ch tpeb go in I (>36; and th en the M ortlocks, recon­noi te red in 17% by the Englishnun Wilson . Like the U.d:mdcrs, the inhabitallts of these islan ds were " hospit .tbk, good , rescrved , and pleasant man­nncd. We lca m ed that the g roup of islands was ,·alkd Lukunor. " To the n o rtheast w ere the Truk Islands. named Hogolcu Islands b y Duperrey , w ho had vistte·cl th em in 1 R24, and the N am on ui ro g roup.

Leaving the Carolines, Liitkc sailed toward the M.1r iJrLJS .md was well recei ved b y the go\-ernor of GuJm, Don J os<' M edinilla, who a year earlier had bel'll so hel p ful with th e sick men on Dumont <i'U n ·ilk's .-'1 .\lrolahc; Liitke rem ained o n this is land fro m Febmclry 26 to M drch I Y. An observatory was set up on shore, the ship was put back into shape, :md the crew w.ts able to res t. " It w as still no t time for us ro go north ," w ro te Liitke. "Thcrcfore, o n leaving G u am we returned to the C aro lines to con­tinue it ~ explo rJtion." The Sntya11i11 then visited NJnH>rik, El.Jtu, and Nam o li aour, ;md finally, thank s to indications from the inhabitan ts of these is lands. Olimario and the Faraul cps.

O n 1\pri l Y. the Russians left the tropics to head north .. trnving on M ay 1 at the Bonin Islands off the J apa nese island of K yu sht-t, where they stayed

Ill! , _'\ll lH.A. ii <.., f ...,<) f- 1111·. \I-NYA VIN . IH2t.- IX.?1J

to rem ain wh ere they were . "A house of ship 's I'L1nk ing and ,til ,·ntr.lltcew.ty ,·overed w ith clot h

. was the r<·s iden cc of our hosts . A table , two hammocks, a trunk. som e muskets, a Bib le , sev­era l fi shin g im plemen ts, and two L·ngr.Jvings forr un l the furni shin gs of this so litary hum an habiution in the Bo nin I s land ~ .. Wtth ~omc di , appointment, Liitke thm kJ rrll'd that Grea t Britain' s Capt ,t lll Frederick Willi,lm 13cechev had visited and recon­nnitcred these isLmd; a vc; r e<~rlicr . H e hJd ofTen·d to take Wittricn and Petersen wi th him , but, tlttnl-c ­ing that another sh ip would come for them. they lud re fused. H owe \T r, weary o f w aiting and no longer able to bear the solitude, thn· asked Liitk e to repa tria te them. and h t agreed. Kittlitz had cap­tured two unkll()\\·n birds-the bush wa rbler and the Bonin haw fi nch. a ra re species tha t was to dis­apptar afte r 11)57.

The Chukchi

HJv ing returned tO Petropav)o,·sk on June 'J. th e Scll)'•ll'ill left ag.1i n on th e tw enty-si x th to vi,it tl H· As i:m ,· u.t ~ t north o f K.tm ch :ttl-ca . First f(l ll<'W-in !: .d o ng thi ~ p<·nimul:t. Lii tke. h avi n ~ routi<kd C.1 pe K ronobki. s,l\\ ' K l yu cl tl'V, b va Sopka, .1 g t­g.mt ic volca no; then he reached K:uagin ski v b Lmd. Only the l<.u sst:tll ll cl\·iga tor Si ndt h.1d seen this p.trt of the coas t. T he land, o n ce inhahirc:d by the K o­r yaks, about w ho m Liitke had been ordered to ob-tain information , w as n o w deserted.

M oving f:trther no rth, he nex t w ent alo ng the coas t and the islands exp.lorcd by the Bering expe­ditio n in 1740- 1741, and he discovered the channel that separatts the con tin ent fro m A raka m chechen Island ; it was nam<:d Sen yav in Strait. After visitin g what Berin g had called Holy Cross Island, a small g roup was sent along the Arudry River. They were then in the land of the Chuk ch i, w ho inhabited the northern c:nd of the i\s iatic cominent ncar the 13er-

u11t il the tiftcent h . The Smya11i11 dropped ancho r at ;;; -"-'._ .,,~,..

!'orr LIO\·d o n Peel Isla nd , where there wne o ul v two mh Jblt.mts . survivors o f the Briti~h w h .1 kr ll'i /l t<i ll l.' , w ht ch had been shipwrecked there th ree yea rs e.trlicr. An o ther ship , the Timor , had come to look for >urvi vo rs, but the two men-the Prussian Wi ttrien and the N o rweg ian Petersen- had decided

131

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T HE IW~SIAN' IN THE PACIFIC. l llU3-IH!9

in ~ Str.Jit. Thev proved L':•;tremch· hospitable, L' S­~'cci.l ll v .1fter rec<:i,·ing .1 ~ ift o( tobacco . of whid1 thcv "ere passionately fo nd. ;\,·co rding to Llitke. th e Chukchi were divided imo t\\'O groups. one of which wJs the NJmollo. scnkd .dung the river b.m ks. In the winter. :hev lived 111 hws o i wood and, 111 the suu1mc.:r, in huts 111 .1de uf sc.:a l skin; their pnncipal tonds were walrus Jnd se.1 l. The RussiJns st.Jyed with them and on lv met members of the other grou p, the "reindeer C hukd11 ... when the latter , ·isited the Namollo. ThL· reinckL· r r.1iscrs were no­mads w ho li ved iu tents .1 !1 ye.1r ro und; th ey would trade tanned reindeer skm s for iron uten sils o tTcred bv l~u ssi.m trappns.

Rctu rnin~ ro Pctrop.Jv]o,·,k 0 11 October 5, ~~~t-1 . the Smy,zuitl stayed there tor tivc weeks and then returned toward the Ca rol ines before start in g b.1ck to Europe. Until December. Ltitkc worked on com pletin g his exploration by ,·isi ting the wes tern isl.mds of this vast .1rchipelago. At M,m il a Oanu.J ry

136

13-30. 18::!9), the Smytwill was put into s11Jpe and reprovisinned. On February 13, she dropped an­chor o n the coast of Sumat ra at the entrance to

Sunda Strait. On April 14, she was at the C.1pe and, on April JO. at St. Helena. After a brief stopover on the English coast, the ship reached K ronstadt on September 16, 182Y. having been on the seas tor three yea rs. "The Se~~yavin had the joy of being visited by His Majesty the Emperor and dlJt sa me day she entered the port of Kronstadt and struck her colors."

The geographic and h ydrographiC result ;, of the voyage were rema rk able. but even lll<He >ll, per­haps, were those of the naturalists. Though they brought back only a small number of m,Jm mals. including some rare species of bats and a sea L Kitt­litz alone had co llected, prepared , and painted three hundred species or bi rd s. of wh ich there \\'crt: 75() sampks. Mertens had done the sa me fo r 15tl spe­cies of crw.taceans and sc vt·n hundn·d spec·IL'S of in­sects, whereas Postcls painted ~-15 uf the thrL·,· hundred types of ti sh c.1ught Jlld tWL'JH y-three of the one hundred .!mphibians colkrtnl. The ti , h were ,lllcrw.l!'d identitied by C uvicr dunng a Vl\ lt Kitt­litz and l'nstds mJde to i'Jris. Postds, whu hJd hem respOibJhlc ti.Jr mineralogical research, bro ught h.1ck JJO speL·imens. In additiun , Mertens l1.1d Cllikcted more tlun fnur thousand plant s. includin g twenty­tive hundred ph:merogJms. and his co llection o f .d­g.Je wa s the largest ever lllJde. l )urin ~ rh c ,.lly.JgL·. thJrteL' n hundred drawmgs were made. ;,en·n hundrL·d by Postels, .'\5t l b y Mertens . .111d ~51l bY Kittlitz. No o ther expediticlll had enT brougiH b.1ck so genero us .1nd so L'xpcrt ly executed .1 pl n<> ri.d re­cord .

lkca uo;e of this success. Ltitkc• ,,.J, ll.l llll'd .1 correspondent of the Ac1 de m y llf SciL'II Cl'' 111 l'.tr· l\

and J niL'lllher o f the one in St. Petersburg. ,,(which he WJS to bec<l nle a prL·sidem in !~ (, -! . lkti.•re his depanure. Liitke had publish L·d Ft>ur I ·,,y.z,•t.< i11 rll<· p,,f ,zr Sl' .z .<li·,> nl 181 1 I<> 18l.J; sonn .1t'tn hi' return. he left Jg ai n on the Sl'lly.zuitl for J m·w crui se Ll t' the coasts o f Iceland and on ly afterward publi shed his Vc>)'d,l.'<' .4n>wu/ rlzc World by liz<' Corl't'lll' So1y.u·i t1 , al o ng with .m .Jti.Js reproducing some u f thL· dr.iw­mgs bv Postds and Kittlitz.

~ 6n his second voyage, Llitke h.1d taken Mer­tens w ith him, though the latter had been in bad health during the tirst expedition. He neverthdess beha ved tl:.1rlcssly and refused to listen to prudent counsel. A "ne rvous fever" hJving broken o ut on board, Mertens devotedlv tended the sic k. O n hi s return to St. Petnsburg. he jOyously ~ri'L'tc· Li the woman he had married the year bcti:Jre. but l11 s will: and hi s brother thought he looked so ill th.Jt th cv persuaded him to take to his bed th at w rv day. Thirteen da vs Lner, on September 17. I RJO. he died at the age of thirty-four.

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... _t, . -0. ~:1 . 1 <2st s,•r: t1l L. A 1i c bu u .JO!l1 ·.- ~ .. ~ • ~~j~ s: :..1 --: t.:nt -:n thP Ecc-it Polytt>en :11 : .. t l&tk~ 1804 rnt.--!sh ipmJ.n on t:l t'

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BOUGAINYJLLE Louis Antoine de . Born m PCJcts. J l i i-"1729. Son of a notary at Ch.::h2-1ei. &~.._•mes law\'e r. 1751. student 01 .j A.embe:1 s. l7S3 ~ssJs!am mechcal "'fn c·e: io r the PJcar<::! regm1tm t. 1754 - 1756 ~.Jb!:s:-~es u T : cllie du caicul m:eyral. 17J8. 1:.; M .._1:1tcL1lrr: s mde-de-ca:np he J£

\.,. ::u ;-; l <::'l..l ,-i :__;, nng lhe attack on Fort Car d­!..)!": ! "'59 ....::s colone l he negottates the s;;:renjer u! Q uebec. 1760 sen t back 10

F'r .J. nct::' tc defend French mterest.s m Amen ca. 1763 . sw ttches to the nuvy w1th tlh' rc:n i: o: cap tam. 1763- 1766. estab­::shes c: Fre;,ch settlemen t m the Falk­lo c:c:c :766- 1759. vo yage on the Bou­~.: e:..se .:.:me lfle Erode . 177 L publishes h1s VoyJ~~ a ...: !.J .J~ du m onde 1772. proposes .Jr. t"X;_~Jt lo~ tc the north pole and IS

td rnec a .:.)\\T: 1779 partJClpates m 111e A:-r~ e!l..:-~r. Revviuuo n a s a squad ro n con. · :nander !78! m Brest. he marn es Fk>re de- L>nCJchamv Montendre. 1782. ts a,,. l ~t<..."'..J ;) H('X~ at Marttmquc and JS courl ­

martJal t:"'\.i . 1r. d lSIJ race, he Wi thdraw s to

Ill< lC , J! AI'I I ii: A I I •I<."T!ONAHY Or :,,W!t .AHW >. '>C IF!'Jl l\"1 '> . AND ART !\ T\

Senori . Buth ol h1s !st son. Hyacmthe (he was lo h-.1ve 3. bvrn tn ; 785. 1788. and ; 796). i 789. member o i th,, Acaaemy of s\,, ]1,."\ r h - t..--::5 17:~0 (,'(1!!1!TII. l!1dS tl1C Bre~c;t

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, ... , i ~ tc: n.:es tr ~."~ : !i 7 ·4 to 9 4 1796. M e m ber o f :!:t il ~:: !i!.Jt~.. • 1!Jd t!h ' ( ".• :l\ 1 l ! A ~~ tJ ,l!h' riH C\."11 ''t:. · ..... 1 7'Jb n .vmb •r u l !hv curr:nllSSJOn

i rt";:Y; :!n ~~ t !~t.· F: . r~··r, ac.m · :r np.Jl(_H l 1799, .~·.;'11t:: 0:. 180~ . -l !i,"'t>r ~~~ ' he Lt.:yh..n! or tL r1 , r. !808. ,-.._"~t <n! o f th•.:' [mpl rt .. ·. D1cs m P-1: t:~ . 8 3i 10! i. ~..ut.. i 1~ ~ nv\ •n o ~;tGtt"• lu­n · ·:di .1! lh·· ~ lll litlt·~m l~ 3 lBl J)

BROWN Robert. But n 111 M,mtrose !Scot· l .... :nd ~ L_~ :::1 · 1773 1794 w :;stsla nt sut gcou !L ::: ::..;.:.'")!tJsl! r.....' d!T11t.'ll ! I 'qs 1s presen ted ll\· t!1e b...Jtcn 1s! :~orrL"c uu St1 ra 1.:1 J. Banks. \"..- iK· recommends hm1 t...· Flmde rs. 1801 -JOC:) n~:. tu ro h st 1.J n th t.• l nve·stJaaror flm ­

( It> r ::-. t0l.AIJ8~":11 I u n. AI JtJ.!~;t 1803 rv nllll! IS L>t...Jhmu a: For• lud:.s,; n 'NJt! J r. Ba1H3r a nJ s1uvs m T,JsnJ OJuu I1 Jf I 0 m unths Oct...Jbc-r l8C.J. re l '.l rn :: tc- £nq Jan .. ~ 1810. hDra nan an.i ..:-:.:. ~a!ur o~ !h ... .- Sankr colle~..·uon s pL:b· .J~ ;:J ~.?!C P:. :J!, :n:: :: _r·; I .J · 1\ .:::.v "J t.· h',•lic r.

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BURNEY James . Bl~I J. 1:. Llfh.J. ~.. n l7~U !7fi(l ('.J.blr J D t))' 1:1 tilL' NCI\)-' 1770. Vl))'Oge

k. Bom~;.ay as a st"Uman 1772- l '/7~. 2nd hP .IIen a n! O!! th ...:- J'~dventuiL·, CtXJk's 2nd voyage: on re tu rn . pre5t-nlf; Oma1 tc• Lon ­don SCX"Iety and to h1s S!Ste : F army. a wnter who was latt'r to becom.::- famous. 1776-! 780. lst heulcnlln t en the D1scover y (\_x;k s 3rd voyage. 1782 ~~Gptmn . 1784. nc..• longer goes to sL>o. 1804 1816. puohshes a o- hronolog!cal l>tsiory of South eas dts­:::c ·/ e n es which IS qrc"'8k:J as "a master ­piece of lundarne;,tal e rudtl ton. ·· 1806, member of the Royal Soctety. 1816. wn tes a h1s tory of buccuneers u, A menca. 1819 pubhshes ::J h ts tory of d tscoveri es m the N.:J rtheast and of th~ fi rst Bussian expedJ­tJons to the Eas1 1821, rear Gdnural. D1es tr. London, 1821 .

BUSSEUIL fran~ois Louis. Born m Nantes. lli2.' 1791. Becomes a doctor. 1824- 1826. surgeon on the The (!s . e xpedi tion by H. de Bvugamvdle. Ne xt. voyages on the Terps1chme to Braztl. the Sou th Seas. and Madagascar . a nd on the flore to Sene­gal Dtes m Goree . 6.'1 4•1835. One of the pioneers m mmme fauna of the South At­lan llc .

BYRON John. Born II 18:1723 at Ne ws tead Abbey. 2nd son of the 4th Boron Byron and grand fa ther of !he poet Lord Byron . 1740. m1d shtpma n on the Wager. Anson e xpe­d llton. !74!. shtpw recked on the coast of Pataaontc . ! 745 returns to Great Bntarn and pub!tshes !us a ccount of the loss of lhe Wage: 17)8. dtotl!l(j lllshes htmself m Da ttles ogamsl France ana JS appomted comrnudore. 1764-- 1766. voyage on the Dolphin ana !he Tamar. ! 767, p ubhshes An Acco unt or a Voyage ro und th e World 111 !he Years I 764, I 765. and 1766. 1769. g overnor of Ne wfoundland 1775. rear ad mtral. 1778. vtce a dnmal. 1779 , con-

vo-:lmg an a rmy uf reinforcements to A :nen cu, he encoun te rs the worst re­c..:. ~ .:w- 1 storms m tne A tic1n!K· and 1s give r~ t~ : v :11 .:· kname- 'Tuu l Wt~uther Jack." b.,• .:: .: _se 2ach tnnP hP g~.Jt ·s tu sen he meets

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CARTERET Philip. 1764 17ob. lst IIC-II t,·t. .::: !: · tw. l~c•o rd the Tum>-~ I. By ro 11 t;Xpt?~ ~ . L ... "~ : 'i. !'l6b--ll69 , "(l JTlDlGnds the Swu l~~..w.­

·,'·." ~::l 1s ·2XUPO.Jt !•.Jr 1 I /94 'JH:P l1Jrmr l l l I.JJc_ :r. ~cuth};umpton (i ia rnpshll o) 7'2]l J796.

CHAMISSO DE BONCO URT Louis Charles Adelaide called Adelbert von. Exorn at the Chateau ue Boncour1 (Cham· JXlgnel. 178i. 1792. 1mmigrutes w tth h1s rmn:ly to Hvllan . then to Wu11zbu rg . 1796 p.J:ge of the q uee11 o f Pruss1a :n Berhn i 79S ens1gn. !hen m 180 I heutenant of vun G:.itze's mfantry rt-g1rnent. 1802, his fam ­dv retu rns to France bu t he rernams Jr.

P;-cssta. 1804. with Varnhagen founds an A.imanac oi the Muse$. 1808. leaves the army cmd goes to France. w here h E:: met~b lvlme de Stael. whom he fo llo ws to Cop­pe! . where he te rnatns 18 11 -- 1812. 181 2. at tne Untvers!ly of the Berlm baiamc-ai gardens: :nar nes and even tually ho~ se·,en chtldren. 1821. publtshes '"Ideas an,i Remarks" m Kotzebue's Re1se um d1e \Ve l!. 1827 Observations on Bolony and !he Vegetable KmgJom. 1829. Salas y Gomec. 183Q. FraueniJeoo und Leben . 1832. d r­recta r of the Royal Herbanurn 111 Berhn. 1833. member of Prussia 's Academy oi Scte nces. 1835. pubhshes Vo yage Jo ur­nal. 1836-1 837. wo rks on a Ha wai ian grammar. Dtes in Be rlin. 8/21 11836.

CHESNARD DE LA GIRAUDAIS fran· <;ois. Born m St. Malo m 1727. Goes to sea wtth hu; fat he r a t the age of 5. 1759. com­mands the Macha ul m a convoy for Can­ada m wh1ch Bougain ville sails on the Cheztne . 176 1. fngate lieu lenant. 1763. corr.rna nds !he Sphmx in the Bouga in v11le exped1hon to the Falkla nds. 1767- 1769 commands !he £rotle m !he Bougauwtlle voyage around the w orid.

CHORIS Louis. Born m leka te rmoslav . 3:2l/1795. mto a Germa n fmml y estab­hshed m Russta . 1813. patn le r of the set enhhc exped1hon of Marshall von Biber·

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CLERKE Charles . Bv rn m 'Neather'Ietd f::>sex l. 17-1 3. , 755. c:n te rs th e Nuvy . ]".'6·1 : "66 o n b( t.1rd 'h'--' Or."' lphJIJ Byh'n 0 X! ·~~ J t: ll i l. ]"t-: f' _·,;- rv,.,s tn iht..> An tdl c::_;, ' ':'0-­

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COM~ERSOt; Joseph Philibert. B~' " .:. ~ - :: ... ~>Jr-.: _..:- r: .~· ~:;~ .r\n ._, : i :2. "1:.. ~

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.:. :. ~; h.n: i· r :he ~Ju een 'J! S·A·._,,.::_ e : ... ..... s:· ... ll.:!'y' Me-JHerrrJ nean flsh. i 7J5. at F ernt- ~ ;r,eets Vo ltcn c. who ·.vents tc keeo Corr:­::-:e r s~-...n ·,\•: th hun .:..:s hrs secreto ry ;nrl :h·2 .: ..;ro, " ll!L: r ·l l U·.l n ums!rctur .JI ! 11~ 8StGlt:>S· : : ~ ~ ~o::- : ·..1~es. : 7EQ mnr : 1es. I 762, h:s "N lh? ches !' .;; r;:na ~:rth tu c.: son . !_764, takes it-?n:-:e ~:-.::r .c::: t ;ntc ~ !!3 ser·nce; -:::JJ!t>.J to ?.::::s cy 3 :: o:::- !·Jssh .. .-u 1 ~66. kmg s na1u rolist ..:1 1...1 · ·r. ..1:-".Jst. 1766- i 768. nD turaitst o n the EtoJ.':...:. 3.::. Jgamvi!Ieexpediiicn. 12!2/1 768. !ar. :is ::-:-.the Ile ::ie France. where he works ·.·11 : :1

P P-:.1vrc . !770- i77 1, thek.:ngosksh~m · ~ :-: . .:::k8 o :.;tudy o! Madc:gcscar. ·:.-:- ; e;-~ · : ... mmc rs :m stays 6 mt.mt hs. 'Norks .::. r: t~ -: ~-· : :-:· ~8 fl\ Ir1CP 1.\' llh !he (...'Cllnte r J._-.,;_;:-·

:-:-~- 1 L- ~ rv · t ~ !eun.;y, 3 iJ 1773.

COOK James. Bo rn tr. Morto n -In-C:evv· :..:~a (Yc"-rks}ure'. i0 .. 27, l728. As 2nc 0 1 3 ~ :-:1idi•?L . f :1 ·r peasant, !Jvef" :n •:. :~ _- ; , ;~i ---.~thJ .. _;;::._ . 7 4 l. !e-.Jves sd: .:..::l ::~ !~ ~;s : ::!:-t s~t. : ~ 4~ . cpprer:.t:cec ·..:.· ~~ :~ .:t=>r ;n .:'"' t...::,:h~s. ~ 742. cuDm b~'" .:r. it--.:..:.­

_-;: · : ~-ak·ve ..:I t W~··utt·l. 1755 2nd ~n .:-:)I r: ­

:-:-:.Jrd 0:1 ~1 col!:tr n'e jClr.S the Ro?a! !'-JlJ'r; _ r. !hp En.:::le. i 757. deep -sea pt l~ t on th~ .- ·-· .-:Jt- rc:K-=- . 1758. commissioned by A ::::rm­~ :: : Sat.:nC~,rs to set.: nO !he St. Lav.-re:K · ~ :: .::. r:J (ltte r·t.~ to :he sea . 1760. re LHns t.:-

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Englund . 1762 . rnarri< ' s E!Izul>eth Bu tts. ! 763 , leaves for Newlound lon<i ..JS hy· drog ruphe r v11th Palhser. 1768. e1 n the: a J . vtce o f Pa lliser S1r Edwm d Ha wke. Firs t Lo1d o l th t':l .Ad m!ra1ty , recurnml.•nJ ~; h!m ft.) f the COinlll\.tnd o l the Q!.i l rOilOIT ll<.:U J 0 X

peUII1o n o l the Royal Soctety. 1768 - 1771. 1st voyage on ihe Endeavour. 1771. named commander. 1772- ! TlS. 2nd voyage o n the Resolurwn and th t- AJvcn t w~.• . ! 7'75. sh1 p 's cuptmn ; 4t h captam oJ the G 1oen· WICh Hos p1 tal . member o f the Ruyo l Soci­e ty. I 7"76- 1779. 3rd voyage o n the Reso lutron a nd the 0Js;·ove ry Dies o n O whyhee (H.::wau). 2/1 4/ 1779.

CROZIER francis Rawdon Moira. Born In Ireland m 1796. !810. )oms the navy . 182 1. heuten . 111t . --tcc--omrx"lmes P~HTY \)t \ h ts :: nd ex t.red!l l t.,n . !824 - 1825, r-ar!Jt :po tes In

Porry's 3rd e xped JIJo n m the Arct1c. 183 1 -183:. :;cr..:es C;n the CO..Js ts of P,JrtU<jCJL 1835. makes c1 cru:se to Bothn Bey. 1839- 1843 coptam, commands the Tern.H. m ). C. Ro::::: •}X):' 'eJJ tJon 1845 commu nd :.:; thv l'er ror m th2 FrcnkLn e:q: .. r•cilhc n s<.;"r:t tc ~l.~ rch for a Nortnw~st Passage. iS ·-17 .) !\ tho d~It!--: o! Frcr:klm tnkes commnnc 1;{ th· · e xpt... .. ~ch t:on. Sr-:-rmg 1848, ci tes o l ::>tGrvaiic n WJ th Gil h 1s me r: .

DANA James Dwight. Born tn Utica tNew Yci k). 2 12 !8 !3. 1838 1841. geoiO.J ISI and mml;!"ralvgJs t on the Peacock, \.Viikes ex­ped lt!on : respons1ble later for munno zo­vlogy. !842-1856. a t gove rnme:1 t ex· pense, publishe~:; h1s dt!:;covenes on qe{,Jo .. 1y. ...:rustaceans . zooph ytes , o nd ,:,_mJll:>k .. m~!s . 1873 .... J co rre!-i}.>Vnd.ant ol tho Pans Aca c r:w 0 1 ScJencts. D rcs Ill Ne w Hcwen iC.o n;o.e.~:Jc.ll) 4!1 4; 1895

DARONDEAU Benoit Henri. cn lled Be­noni. 3.rr. .:: ?a n~ 1805 18~~5. yr- !duc tes !rr•rn 1: 1~ =: .. : .:: . ~ P -':t"t~">t--:hmque. 18::::6 !B~9 takes !.:a n :r: J p:-ojt--ct :o sound ihe har­bo:-s ~:r;d ;:-..:. :-~5 -:..:: 1 F ranee's w estern ..... oust. th~ :1 :r: :s; •- . .33~. hydru raphs the !l ~) rthcn:.: :'CS ' . :236- 1837 , hydroyr :pher on :h~- 2 :. :: : : ~-- V-::::l! _:mt e xpecJtlwn P:.1b~

L::- hes .sc · :~ :-.::: :::-;-_;.::.c r!ant 'NVrk::> on hy­d :c·..;r::;J!:·:· :::-.~ -?c::t!l Ln t.".J ~r.t-:-t tsm. Dtes m P.J rts :n iOC -?

DARWIN Charles. Born m Shrewsbury (Shropsh.rel 2! !2.!809. Son of Dr. Robe rt Dn :-·.v;n ..::na .:; randso n of Dr . Erasmus Dm·N:n. 181 7 ~10ther d1es. 1825 .. J8:~7 . bet.; Ins :::..-; :-:-.-?Cit::::i stud res ..-:::.1 the :Jmver ­stty vi Ecitr.LL.:-•,;; h. bu t soon -;Jives tht.:m up to aevo te h e::.seii :c geclog·_; ·:rna !1!'1/t.: ra l h1stor-~· 1528 -~ 83 1 theolocuca1 stua tes a t C hnsi s CdlE\,;c Cl1mbr;dge: b~:-~on,es !ne r1dly WJ th :he botamst Hensluw a nd the geolo:;Jst SeegvJicic 1831-1836. naturalis t on :he Be:og:e FitzRo y e xredtl!o n. 1838 secre te:;.: 0f :he Geog raphical Srx.·tety . 1839. marr:e:; h1s ... ~ousJ!I Emma We.-J.g 'Nood ~-. : bl tsnes the 3rJ vo l<1me of F't tz­RIY/ s ·: .. , ·_;::; -~: e i 8::9-1843, za<.:doqy ~...., t the 8C'a;;.r:;. . :: ·L~ st- t: les W! th hts tu mlly a t Down Hc .. :se Ke r:.~ J. Publts he s On the (Jr­IgJn Gl Spec:~s l:.:y t'vfeans of Natural Se­lectJon ( 1829)· The VcniOtron of An1rna!s and Picnrs u .od~' :;cr::esucatJon (18681· The Ues:en1 .: : .~!.:;~ 1 end SelectiOn :n Helauon to Sex .:s- · :::.:es at Down Huuse. 4 !9 1822: .s :Ou,e-:1 ;n Westminster Ao bey.

DUCLOS-GUYOT Pierre Nicolas. Bo rn in St. Malo. 12 ' 4. ! 7Z2. 1734. appren tice 1r1

Merchor.t Sc; ~: Ice on the Duchesse. 1742-1743, cr:.S1Jn .. :m . ..: ·hen lleuten~1 nt o n :he

Samt M1chel of the Bnhoh !:Gsl !nd!C! Comp:my. !759. w1th OOlHJUinviik• vn the Chezme, which g oes to .)ud)c-,.; 1763. ileu te nn n t o n th l! Azq/e, r (J ikk.n tds cnnse. 1764 , ilre-sh1p 1~·np t cun . i / 6~. ''L •mmonds tho Lzon. re turm nq !Jo lt\ LHnn. h<.."- wd1s~

cove rs the Island discovered by Let Roche and named Sou1h Georgia In 1775 by Cook. 1766- 1769. Flougomvdle's 2nd 111

com m ond on the Bouril •Ust •. 1777 ... ~Llpto m

of the pot1 of the lie Je F'ran<:c'. 1784. i>>aVes thG service for healt h reasons. J79: re­c-o iled to ac!Jve d u ty , mudo :·aptcm. Dies a t mt-Servan , 3110/1794.

DUMONT D'URVILLE Ju les 5ebas tie n Cesar. Bvrn m c.)nd &·~u r Notrt?tl:J (Col vados ), 5.23!1790. mto a noble' ~o:.J t p<.)() r family ! ' 97 . h:s tnthe1 J,.., : 81~- \ - 180'1. excellent stude nt at the lye&) u! <:ovn: btt:.;

with a fnend that c t 50 he w1 il be J rear adrmml. 1807. appwnnce mhish:pnan. Brest. 181 0. mtdsh1pman lsi d uss. Tou­lo n . 181 2. e ns tgrl. 18 l5. morne:.. !8 1:' rk..,o~ not m.:.Inar,;; e t ~) e mL..c:rk .. m l ·rcy•'!: ;t:t .; (lr allle. l819 - 1821 ens:gn en (">tr,i,.: lt! \.;u .J­tl-uer 's ChevrE--tte . he hyd r~-"') r • li- r:s the MaJ J!tJrrc nean tsk1n-J ~;. tl1t:> Da rJ,::nel!e~

and the Black Sea. announces the :.f!SCOV·

e ry of thH Venus Jt-.. Mdo. J.9~l. L.u~l l C•!l o! Hono1 l:e ute nant cornm.J J H]~ r . ...:untmun­liv n oi h1s OOtamca l studtes u t the M u­st:Ju m ot Na tura! H1sto ry !jj2Z. ;J ULlt:~ht~:.i

at hts o wn e xp•:..-?'flSe fn umerur10 plun ­tarum q uas Jn /nsuiJs A rclliJ." •"i ..:\:l 1822- 1825 . Duperre y's second !1 : .::e m · mnnd on the Coq wlle . 182·\ tnv ~:e cap­to m. 1826 - 1829. command:; the A.;:rdab<J exped it ion . :829 captClm. pr(~son t:; h1 s cundtdllcy tc the Academy .J l Sc!t:n :e::: but IS no t e !ectec . l 830. mod~.: :-esi)l.: r:s: t:ie f,JT ..:-onvevm r:.J Charles X JnJ h1 ;:; lt. :r:: .: _; !n to

exile or. the .:Grgo boat the :;e:ne Pub­lishes . 111 i83C-18JS. the Voyage de: As­trolabe; m l 334- 1835 Voyage pmc :esq ue au tour du ."71cnde, a genera: surr.mar',l o f voyages o f .:itscovery s1nce Magellan. 1837 - 1840. commands the e xpedJI!or. of the Asrrolabe c: nd the Zeiee. 184 !. r·?U r cd­rwra1, beq t:ls wr:llng Voyage aL , ·1e Sud ~·81!842 . he dtes alcny ·N,th h1s

DUPERHEY Louis Isadore. :, · ' " !! .

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ENTHECASTEAUX Antoine Raymond Jo· seph de Br..mi. Chevalier d '. B·orn ;:o the :~.i: ~::: . :. ::=:-,trt:-.:" ...J31eaux 1\.'..::rl. 1737 H:::: iut;.-· ~ ;: · : ~sJ.!t"(i c.r the p .:;:ie ."':1en : o! Fr~-­·;e : h·:;:. -:_., ~ :-:-.u:-mE· g ua r:::. unde; i!1e ccrr.:-:-: ..::-.:J;. : the bc.1Jllff of Suilrc-n. a reh.:­tive .... -- : :--.. s. : 7 56, aJstmQ u:si-.es bmse!i a: !nE· ; ...::··.::- ::: : Mmorca l77C. lleute nan: ::::n::-.:::.:ie: ; 779 ass Jstc:-: : d1rec t,:; r 0 1

h.J:- ~ :: -: :-:::;. .:..rse nals. Follov-:::1g c m .1rc1er : 0 n.:·: ... : ~ :Jy ,:: nephew. •.ve nts to :ec\·c­l~ lE.· .,;e:--:: :e 1s na m ed con-. :n..Jnder v ! tht.-:. n,n·c: .::..:t:.J:l v: the Indies. 1787-- :789 gv ce:: ._: _,; th,:, lie de fmn.:c-. 1789. Ol\'t ·

sto r. .::--.. -:1 t 791- : 794. comrr.ands the ex­pt<:i::.2:·. of :ne Recherche a:1d the Esper· Jf!('f- .~9 : rea :- adm1ra~ . 1792 v tce a.:1r.: .:::~ bul he u1es o f scu r.ry whtle still at s.:--..:: - : ; 17931 belo re he rece t\·es '.vord

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ESCHSCHOL TZ Johcmn Friedrich. &' m :n n,or,·:· ·!._,,·,,mJ ) 11 11211793 Doct. ' r o f m~._-:: : .·.' m [\.:>1)Xll. 1815- 1818. cl..xtoc and ct-.! ttoc,: .. s: on the R"nk . Kotzebue e xpedt· tJon . ~ 3::3- 1826. ci-.x: tor and natura!Jst on the ?:e-:'.::myat!ye. 2nd Kotezebue e xpe· -it:tc :. ":Jbhshed [ntomographtes (18231. Sys:e :-:: i e; Acaiephen {18291. Zook•· g>Sc.cf'~ Ahs ( 1829-1833). Dtes 51 19: l 83 I.

EYDOUX Fortune. Born tn 1802. Medtcai a .:x.·: . : ~ -1u kes a sc!enhhc voyage to Tan ­'-ll£:~ _ ~3[- ;g3:_ suru eon and natural1s~ em !C.€ .' .::vo::re. 1st t..Ji:,lace voyage. !834-183: : :-·...: 1s~ on the tngate V1ctone to the A!r:.'c::. c00sts . !836- 1837 surgeon and zoob,::s· :on the Bom te . Vmllant e xpedt·

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h1s ..::ubu: . 18.31 !81t !~t.:ute nu!ll , ther: : .J.ptatr •. c.:mmc n.l!:: l~t' Ee-Jgh"' e xpedJ­uc n . i839 . ;>ubitshes the V<•yage o i the _t._,j\'en ture and the Bt--::: -;::ie cr:d then var­IOUS w orf_c: :m ·::Is: : .. :m .: :-:,y and meteorol ­ogy 184; - : 843 :-:-.<;;•f:"" • .Y?:· oi f-'a rl!amen: . 1843, ;]ove;r:.c·: :.:- : !·ie •:: :c·.::. ::m::. Heads t.'1e h1e tec roi,:>g;.· i_.!? p .J ;·•:-t.c r. · o: :!-1e Boarc:. v : Trade. 185:.. h:s w: rt" c nc h;s ulaes: daughter C.Je i6. :::i1E. ;ss .... rear adrmral 186 ! pubitshes c tre-..J: .se ..... !1 mett.?orobqy

FORSTER Joha nn Rein hold. Born '" D:c· ::hc::u 'Polish Pruss . --: .. 1 J :2 J72J. F ::3i ;

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3 :J11mgen m La tm publ:shes DescnfJIWn e> f S pec1e s of Plonrs Collected Dunng t!,e Voyage 111 the S outh Seas· tn 1778, tn Lor,. :i.:m . h1s O bservot1 .::ns M'"1de Du r:!JG a "v"oyage Round the IA/o rici. ; 780 Fred""nck U has hnr1 come tc r-i "J!le as 0 r..:rclesscr ,,; natured h 1stv ry ana JJrecL : o t !he b.:-tc:n!­.o,JJ ga r::ie ns. I 787. pub!tshes a h1story ,of .J.Jscoveries a nd vovaae~ made m the NDrth . The latter pc;n -of hts Ide ts s:Jo·

;:::· .:)!11 mlls s.l iCl.:ito 1!"": N :- :-·.·:.:ld (Sd rrF_( .ienerl by the dt?llt L ,__.; h:s s.:.~ns. Dt•::>-:~ m

4 :<J i8c: :-ccu~ . 12 9 1798

FLEURIOT DE LANGLE Paul Antoine FREYCINET Louis Claude de Saulces de. M arie. ~'- :- r. !:--: :~.t- :: . .: ·e· : . ... : Kt.:.~ rbue! .:::: : 3xn m Mon!elimc.: : 6 ; 7 l-79. 1794. m L ! -

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'l.mtilc (Samoa). 12 1:: 1767.

FLINDERS Matthew. ;).~ rn tn Donmnq tc•n (Lmcolnsht re). 3'1 6 1774. 1789 enters 1he nav'' anJ serves o r. the' !3c-!!erc ohon 179 i -l '792. ac:ornpam~2s Capiam Bhgh on h1s 2nd exoedttwn o n the Providence. l 79S, midshiPman leciVes for New South Wal8s v:1th Gover :1o r Hunter .::nd George A . E:Jss. 1796- 1797 . v1 s :!s vnth Bass the S.:" :..tthea st C"0CIS\ or A :lsl:--:llla 1798, w1:t-:

B-.J.ss. lm1.shes tht · expi.~ r.::zhon ol Bass StrOJ ~ and satls at ounc Tcsmama. 1801 - 1803. lngate ccpta1n com rn..J nds the expedJtJo rt on the lnvestJgato;. ir, Ue..:embe r 1803. he ts tmpr!soned on the !Je de France. l81 C. returns exhausted 10 England; prepares the Dublicauon o! h;s vovuae Dies m L:Jn -cion·. 7 l9i i81 4. · -

FORSTER Johann Georg Adam. Born in Nassenhuben . near Danz1g \Gdansk}, i l '27 • 1754 . Son al !. R Forster. 1765, a c­cumparues hts lath.er tc Russta. I 772-- 1775 , w1th hJs iathe r. naturalist on the Re solu­tton , Cook"s 2nd voyage. !777--1778. pub­ltshes in London Voyage Round the World and Obse rvations . by !. R. Forster. 1778. goes to Pan s. w here he would ltkP lo re matn but he does not stay . J7?9 returns tu Gerrnany. i780, professor ai natural h ts tory m Kassel and . m 1784 . a1 Wdna . ,,.;here he a e ts h1s doctor's de­c ree ll1 mecilcme rlss hbran an of the Eiector of M,Jyence. 1790-1791 . voyage wtth A. von Humboldt to Belg1um. Hoi· land Eng land . and France. 1792. ts cte !"ullzed by the peopl" of Mayence to ask the Na twnal Convenuon to attach th ts ct ty

.~ .: 1:::-lmu n wtth Ius !.•r lther L.:: n~ Hcnn 011 ·:1c-. Uepreux 1 800-~804 en~1gn c r. 1hc .\' J:urahsre. BauJn. e xpec!JtK' fl . lB·J . .:eu tenant cc)mm..-:m n~r: ISO:> 1803 ,-~, r .-.·

: ;1.:J.n d ~; the Cusul :u:-;a. 1804· 1805. c,"'l n j·

:: ::md.s the bn9 Vc .' :tgDw b i.Jt , s t:L e x­i".au.slt>u. . 1s a ssJg ne-..... 1 tc the Ma~l Dt'pc:. . Cll-1 816. IS chargt?.:: vntil con tmuHK l h:s ::-te nd Peron 's VoyJ.J >? au.'; rt-·rrt?s _l!JS­

:: aieo. 18 13. correSf>-'nJent of the lnsll· tu te. 1817-1820, tfi ;]Gl e captClm. corr.­mands the Lhanu:.·· exoedttton . 1820, c-aptam 182l. one o f the-founders oi the &.""Ctete de Geog raphte. 1824. pubilshee< an augmented edilton of Boudtn"s Voyage. 1824- 1842 pubilshes Voyage autour du monde sur t Urante. 1826. member ot the Academy oi Sctences. la3C:. re· p ia ces Rossel os d1recto r of maps a:1.d c'Ja rts. 1832. retues tS saved from chol­e ra by Gatmard: dea th of rus wtfe. Rose Ptnon. Dies at freyctnet . near Lon ol tDromel. 8118/1842.

FREYCINET Louis Henri de Saulces. Baron de. Born a t Mo:1te hmar. 17Tl. O lder brolher of Lou ts Claude. 1794. nndsh!p· man o n the Heoreux takes oart m M 8di­!e rranean bolll~s. 1800- 1804, "enstgn on the Geographe. Boudtn expedttton : 1801. heutenant commander. !804- 1805. under th E=- comm a nd o f LoUJs Claude o n the Vol­!Jgeur. 1806. commands the Phaeton; !uses hts right arm. !8 11 , frtga!e ca ptatn com· mands the [!Jsa ond stands up to an e n · ttre English dtvision near Marlimque · has a leg shut tered. 1816, captatn . 182 1-1 826. governor of Bourbon Island . 1826. rear admtral. 1827. g overnor of r rench Guy· ana . 1828. ba ron . 1829. governor of G uacielot<pe. !830, major general at Tou­lon . 183( maritime p re fecl of Rochefo rt. where he dies tn 1840.

FURNEAUX Tobias. Born Ill Sloke Dam­e re! (Devon). 1735. 1755-1766. smls on va:nous sh1ps: Antil les . A incan coasts. the Engltsh Channel. 1766- 1768 2nd lteutPn · ant on Dolphin. of Wal11s . hts c:oustn. 1 77~­i 775. commander of the Adventure. Ccx1i:·s 2nd voyage . 1775. captatn . Dtes tn Swtiey. 9 1811781.

21 1

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GAIMARD Joseph Paui. Born m Samt-Za­,-h«r:•.' iV•lt l !796. 18 17- 1820, <.Jss rstcmt ~m n;_.:-~n u rh.! : cx:>logtst v n the UranJt..=> Frt.•ycmet t:-:·rped.!llo n. Makes severaltnps :u Hoiland 8.2!gJum . anci G rea t Bntam to s tudy :he scientific establ tshments of the navy. !826-! 829, su rgeu n and naturalist on the Astrolabe. Dumont d'Urvrlle e xpe­drllon. 183 1- 1832 goes to study a c holera cptdemtc m Po la nd . Prussta. A ustna . a nd RusstLl lor the Academy ol Se~enL'CS . 183S -1836, sur ,;;eon on the Reche rche !n Greenland: 1836. pres1dent of the ScJen ­llllC Commlsslon o t Icela nd. 1837. voyage to Swede n . Norway . and Denmark. 1838 -18.39 mokc s 2 .. ::Tutses to Icela nd ... m the Recherche. 1839. d1rects the sc1e nllhc commJSSlCn lo r e xpeditions to the Polar Sees but no longer goes to sea. !844 p:1bhshes Voyage en Island <:? er au Groenland: 1847. Voyage en S ued e. en Sea!ldmavle et au Spi tzberg . !848. re ­nres. D1es ·~·ery poor m Pans, 1858. nnd 1s bun e-.::i a t thf' expense of the governmen t.

GAUDICHAUD-BEAUPRE Charle s . Bo rn "' .-\ ngou!eme . 10/4 1789. S tud1es :any ~~ th.e MCJ o'e e~m of Na tural Httito rv wtth L. C!. rtlChaJd ;nd Deslontames. 18.11 - 181 4. phormacJst of the naval forces m Ant ­werp. i8!7 - i820 . pharmactst on the Ur­amec Freyc:ne t expedttlon . !825. pl! b­I!Slces Fiore des iles Malou mes. 1826. bo1a:r ; of the Urame. 1828. correspondent of the Academy of SCiences. 1830-1832. ph..::: rrnac!s t u nd botc mst o n the Herm m Je> : ·: tsJts Bra::! C hllc Jnd Pe ru , !he n stays m R;o, e xplort?s !he Mato G rosso a nd the prc vmce . .J l Sao Pa uio , a nd b nngs back 3 000 plants. 1836- 1837. pharrnactst and lx" tC: :1JSI (,r; :hP Bowte Vcu!lnn t ~: xo~ J ·tv :"!. !837 :T.e :nber .: t ~he Acac.ie r:-~ ·: ..: t

Sc1e :-:ces. Fr..: rr: hlS ·;c ycges he bn r:gs b.JcK ~~ c- :e :hen ~ 0.000 p!onts . J ! whtch :.:Of] t -.~

~ CO :Ht · :~e -.\· . D1es ;n Anc; ...:• 1i ~· :nt:) ; 6 !254.

GORE John. 3c rn 1n Amenca , obo~: '"'30. : ~ : ~ iO !r'.~ ::-. t..~ :10Yy . !764- 1766 . ..:'! ::iSISlC:ll

7~~~ :~~ 76:~ . ~~~i;~~~;~~nB-~~or:h:x~~~~~~~~ -',1,'-:_:,, exf-""~; :;cm. l768- ! 771. 2nd conci •he1 :s ' ::e'J. Ie r . ..::::t :.r. ·h to E.:Je a vour Cock s i ::.> l ·; ·ya .-:: t· . . ...... 2. ·u kes 8.-::mks to !cela:1c . :~-:: ~ :~80 . s: lJeu tenant v n th~ Resch :JCn Cook s Jra voyage; al ter the death of C!erke . takes command of the expedition and bnn.;Js It to l.l conclusion. Caplc ir; he :e kes .::.ve r ·he x st left vacan t bv CvcK c r c ~~!l\"JIC : l Hc~pltal. Dtes in Gr~en·.v:c r: . :i i ~ i 790.

HAMELIN Jacques Felix Emmanuel. Born m Hcntleu r !Oii3/1768. 1786-1788. a smlor. ::::espue fa mil'( Jbiec!Ions embarks on th0 .-\s1e :o r the ~oast of Angola. 1792. a sslst­.Jnt t-:e im sman on the [ntreorenan~. i 793 . en s:;:n e n :!-:e Proser ome .. 1795. lieL:te i!­c nr ..:-- :-: th·; .'1!::-: PTVF: .s~nously wo und ed :n ti·. t:: len :iu r:r:..: 1he -c:pture Jf the B r-' W lc A.·.

J/Ut In ~ ;...-~:~_· ·a pt.:::u: - n :h e H..:> v ,;:.··; ... r! tLen conm 1>..:mds thtO> Fra rern Jte. 1800 1304 c-::..::1on-::l !: :: .e- Na ::.:.:- .::!:stt. Baudm e :<;,::t.· · d t:u n. IBOS . .:aptam . commands pc:-i C' l

the Sou!o;; r.e fleet corr.mJSSJo nN at Lt.? H-.J •.: rc. 18Cr .. J n the Vt"'!HJS, bn. .... uk:..~ :b.' l ~ .... ...:kude :::' Le Ha· .. ·re unJ Cht>rbU\..; ! . .: . l6C:8. crcs~;'="s the !nd1an Ocean. 18! 0. :n the :Oa ttle of G randpori (lie de Fra nce! :ekes Cl r des1roys fou r Bnnsh fngo tes. Baron of the Emptre and rear adm1ral. com · mends an ":scaut (Sche!de) dJv tslon . then Q Brest sq Laciron . 1818. maJor generai c: Tct.: :c n . thFn commander o f the ~eaaer -

ra nean naval forces. 1832, d 1rectc r gen­era l of the Map Depot. Dws m p_,,.,s . ll :!~1 1839.

HODGES William. Born m Lvndon . 1744 . Student of Richa rd Wilson . pamts thea ter decors and landscapes. 1772- 1775. pam:er on the Re solu tJon. Cook's 2nd voyage. 1775, goes to lnd Ja, where he makes b1s fortune. 1777 . begms tv tihow a t the Royal Acade my. Dtes tn Bnxham ([Jevc n). 316!1 797.

HOOKER Sir Jose ph Da lton . Born m Halcsworth (Su fl o lkl. 6/301!8 17. 1839. doc ­to r of rncciJcme m Glusgow, becames fn endly wJth Darwm. 1839- 1843, assist­an! su rgeon on the £rebus , J. C. Ross ex ­peditJon. 1844 - 1847. pubilshes Flora ::nl ­arc!Jca. 1846- 1847, botamst of :he Geologlcal Su rvey o l Great Bntam. 1847. member of the Royal SocJety. 1847-1351. travels m the Htmalavas for Ke w G::J t ­de ns . i853 - 1855. publ;shes fl ora Novae Ze!'andlaP. 1855, ClSS!stan t d1 rector d Kev.r Gcrder.s !855 - 1859, pub!tshes Fiore ~.JS· mcnwe 1860. botamcal voyage to Paies­Unc> . 1865. d1recto r d Kew Ga rdens. 1873-1578, president of the Roya i Soc1e ty 1874. explore s the Moroccan Atlas Moun tmns: !877, the Rocky Mounta:ns . 1885. leaves Ke w Garde ns . Dtes m Sunnmgdale IBerk­shtre), 12110119 11.

HUON DE KERMADEC Jean Michel. Born m Brest . 1748. trlto a famdy o f Brote n saJ!­o rs. Takes p:lrt m the battles led by O rvd ­~ers and Lamotte-Picquet. 1786- 1787. VICe .=htef o l naval stafi wnh d 'En trecastt"'C ux ::) r. the Resolution at the tune o f voyage to ?.hma. 1791 - 1794. captam. commands :he !:... s;:>t.'f ctn r-e d Er.tr·:?Ca£tec:~x e :<pe _i ! tK !1.

~::2s d unng a stop m Ea iade 1New C .. :ue­:Jc :1Ja ). 5 6 1-93

JACQUINOT Charles Hector. B,crn .. . Ne'.'f? rs, 3 4' I 796. 1822-1 82~ ens:gn 0 :1 ib.e ~Jt:!w!le. Duperrey expe..-:: t t;~ n. 1826- : 3~9. .!e'.ltenant ccmmunder. 2na m corr: r:Y:::--•. ::: :c 8umc nt J Urvi!le en the A.srrola be. :23"'""1-: B40. co r.-'=': tie ccptau; ::or..mc nds :he =e· .'e.:: Dum..:;n t d'U rn tle ·s 2nc ·.:0yac;:e ! 3..; J -:-:::;:t::1m . 184 2, c --rnmuna.s ihe Ge;;e ; .:o :] . ~d4~ bec,;~:1s publish1ng ;)u:r.ont a ·u rv:ile s ·; ::::.yage. i 352. rear acimirc l .:orr:mc :1c3 :::t~ Le·;ant divtston . 1855. commands :he Pl­raeus e xpechtion. is named v1ce admlrc l. ::lJes l!1 To~ le n 1879.

JURIEN DE I.A GRA VIERE Pierre Roch. 3 l·; rn m 13 c nnat 1A iher ), :! 5t l 77': .. 1786. ..::.pprenllce !n Mer....:hant Serv 1.: e 0 n ;ne :orvette Fc:vome. then on :he !:Jng He ros . : 79 1- 1794. volontm re on the [spe rance. -fEntrecasteau x expechlion: 1s m ade en­Slgc .. 1798. fng .::te captam. !803. 2.::p1.:11n . !809 m the ba tt le ot Sables d 'Oion!'le •:~:th :hree fna,:ues :orces 1he i.\'ithd :-a ·,: r: i : : 6 Br:t1sh v:;s:::els. l8l 4. takes posse sSl C!'l. J I

5 .: .1rbon !s lcnd . 1817. recr . .Kimuol .::: nd. ·.: ::: .: .... ,unl. : s.~Cl. ·: 1 .~(~ d l1n::r .d 1n(1 : ·(:·~ : , !

~-r:Jnco. IO<i8. re tll •::::>. :..':?S m ?...:r .. >

~ 5 1849. S.Ju v~mrs .::·un :::."Yl:rc l \l cbJ' ._._. .:::s Jsse:nbie _j from his 'Nrlt Jr.-;;s by hts s::: :1 Rea r A<im tr::l J. B. E. Ju r:e 11 l f' L:: -;,:,: . ·:~ t r c- .

KING James. Born m C i11hcrve iLunc :1-

sr. Jre), 17)C. 1765- 1770. serves unaer Pal ­l!ser m New bundlond. then m the ~ ... 1edJ­terranean . 1774- 1776. stuaJes m Pans. then at Oxiord . 1776-- 1780. 2nd he utenar.t ::m the R2sol:Jrwn . Coc-k's 3rd v Jyage : 17'79, ::ite r ·r.e .Jec!h :>t C lerke . cc rnmands ·he iJ1s-

cove ry. 1780, captam. 1782. me mber of the Royal Scx:Jety. 1783. 'Jet$ tuJ:x,,- ,"iosis. qoes to Ntce, w here he J 1es m ~._,'\· t .JL-er i 784.

KOTZEBUE. Otto von . Born m Revel (pre­sent-day Tallinn . Estoma ). 1213011787. 2nd son of the German wnte r A. F. F. '/Ofl

Ko tzebu e . 1803, student at the S t. Peters­burg school fo r cadets whe n Krusenste rn tokes him ,,n h1s e xpoJ< l itlOtl. 18 15- 1818. lie utenant. comrnund :::i the R:1nk. Cap­tam-heute nant of the gardes-manne. 1821. publishes his Reise urn d"' Welt . 1823-1826, commands the 2nd exre:irtJc n on the Predpriya ti ye. l830. Neu .. : lie1sc urn d( ! We lt m 18?3 1824 1825. un.:i 1&26.

KRUSENSTERN Adam Ivan Uohann) Rit· te~ von. , Born m Hagg ud ([stoma). 111!9/1770. 1787- 1789. se rve s ;n the navy dunng the Russo-Swedish War. 1793. serves on a British ship. 1797 - 1799. trav ­els to the Indies a nd tc C antc. n .... n \J Br ttJsh me rchant shlp. 1803- 1806. c-.J rnmands the ~xpech!Jon ub...""'<l rd the NLru'~!lh:!·:r "Jnd tht1 Neva . 18!0- 1814. pubiisnes '/ c ya-;;e Arou nd the World . 1803- l liL'6. ~11a m i8 14 Con tnbut10 11 to th e Hyd roqruphy o: ~he Great Ocean . 18 J ~. expedlt !•>n 'o the A.rc­f!c m search of the Northwest Passage. 1824- 1827, Atlas of the P:JCtf:c Ocean . 1826, rear ad mtral and d1rector 0 1 the l'la­val academy. member •Jl ·he scJenllftc committee o f the Mtmstrl ot the Navv o f the S t. Pe te rsburg Acad~my of SC!en.ce s , co rrespondmg member c;l the Pnns .:md Stockholm Academtes of Science . . 829, VJCe admiral. 1841, adm1ra l. Dres Dn hts esta te o f Asz, nE~a r Revel (Estoma ). 8/2411846.

I.A BILLARDIERE Jacque s Jul ien Houtou d e . Born m Alen<;on . 10 23 1755. 1772. stud1es med1cme und bo tar-:_1 .::! \1or.tt=:t~l ­~~er. 1780. v: orks ~n the k": n.!::; ! '...! Rot ·.·nth Desfonta m es and Lernonn:€· ! ·Nh.) se nd h1 m to Kew GGrd,::ons. 'N i : o:::~ r- 0 ~l(· m -.:~~ t s

Bcn.ks. 1786 ! 788 botan:c; ! C'f"9"' :, :bo Lt:>·.tant. ! 790. pL:.bltshl~s fr::c: !; ·::os pl..::nr:: ~ :.;rr.

Syrwe ranorum . 1791 - 1794 c-... ) !::msi r: :-:!hE­.rtec.l;erche. d 'Ent reca$:EG:! : . .,:.:q:e-•j:·:;)n ; i 794, prtsoner at Sema;-::n·.J : ... 96, ~e· · .:- :1s w Fr :mce . 1799 r:·u bh::mt·~ .>:.: .·- . ~ ::·_ ;; .. iu yoyal}e : !Ti t:m be r .) f th €.· )., _·ader.::· o l .Sc1er.ces. Repu bi11..::..Jn JnC Jn': -3 .:- ncpa i · liSt, l1ves m retm:rr1ent. spencimg the sum· mers tn a cottage nE'Clr Pans. D:es m Pe ns, lt8, 1834.

LAMANON Robert de Paul. Chevalier de. Born 111 Salon -de-Provence, 1752. imaally a sermnary student. i 774 bt...:O..J:ns 'NIJjkmg tou rs thro ugh Provence, Sw 1tzerland . rhe Alps, and the Pyrenees. i 779 , m a cellar on Rue Dauphme tn Pe1ns he discovers rhe skeleto n of a !c,ssd wha t.: . :780--: 782. publish es studies on the foss!is gt?oi.::>gy, .:1nd mmeralogy o i !he M1o1. . 785. pnys1· ctst mHlerak:giSI . Lind mctc-.~ r .J:.:qtst c r. the Bo~ssole . L~1 P&r') tt~:~ . ~ x~~~:.~.,t : n . ls ~::il~-•d •.J t 1 u tu du (. :•Utrl t•n), l .J I l ~-

LANGSDORFF Carl Heinrich. Baron von . Bo1n m Wollstem (Rhenish Hesse ). 4 !8 ! 774. 1797. dO<' tor ;,t ·he P!! nc" " f \Vuldt..><.:·k. whurn h£· · 1 • ; -~l.' II t -: : tJ • '~; i :-~ 1

tug·::I l 180'3. natura.Jst u 1 : ~· . ~ - .V...:c'e-;: .:.JrJ Kr ~Jsenstern exj:edltiOn. wi-.1 -.:h he ie-::ve:3 :n Julv 1804 to cross S1bena . Jd 61 !80S. ar­nves -In S t. Pe te rsburg. 181 2. pubhshes Bermerkungen auf einer Reise urn die Welt m d e n }ahre n 1803 bJs 1807. 1813. Russ1an :ons ui general tn Braztl. 'N '-t .,re he : o l­lec:s plants With Freyre !S3. 132 1- 1830. di -

:··1.:: ~· : :~·- :" :-, .. ; ~; ;.:; , .,_;.;t.Jc'o.J lih JJ :~J !ht.• ~n · x;. 1 :-o:·.:: · ,,~ .:.._;r:~:- . : ::-.~-" Ar ~J ::z. ;. N:-: r1

: ·.: :· · ! ! ,. .

LJ!. PEROUSE Jean Fran~ois de Galaup. Comte de . S - ~ :: 1r. : !-. ~ .:-h<i h.•· :.: oe G ~ JI":

.. > . ..; ::.~ . :: .t:' r,t.- f 1:-: . .: J ;J .:: : -::o ~

.•. · :·-..~.:::1:.3 \X;;.r l7)9 1.3 ·,·; ..... u:-lc:e-..J. .:: .. : ·.:.: 1: .::. ;::::·.::: ..J :lo? :- ~- Y::: 5nusr. s·:;:JJdrc n ..

__ :~· - " :c : .L. ::1e:.c~ 1764 r.:::, .,· an· ,·, .. . :-~- c, :nm.::~,~s tne Aciow. 1773-

t .:K· ' ~ ;.._·.:::-· 11. !he- ::-am ~JGJ~ :.s o l Bcn­P • lr . .J • ..: c:o:! Cmr.::: . i775 on the lie de f:- -: :1 •. :·:- !: : : ~ .n lo·.re v:n!-1 c v0ung Creole. := ~ .... r. :- 5; __ .J. .::.. ~ a:-:..:: w ..Jnts tc m arry

.. ·_: ~ .::. • t<:·:~ 1770 1J-2u tencr.~ ~: .. :-:-;. • .:: :, ::o?~ . 77

'-:: as C:Jmmancier o f :he

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_.,- - ·,,_,n .·,· - · ~ -

A.m ,J'z ..,ne he takes part HJ the a ttack on S(:v.Jnna.:: ..:opt'<-lnng c Bniish rmder and :; :n:-;::::c :""80 cap:::m. 1781 . as com­m,:nJe:- '- : ;he .4.s tree w1th La Touch e­·~ :· ·\·tlk i ,-~- ::Jpt;:res: Bnt1sh sfnp::- ut Car>e Dr-~t ._,) :-1 : ~ :.: _·omman.Jer 0 1 the Scept: t:: , '' ,' rdc>r"'' too atrcd: the Eng!tsh s ts m h :1asor: &...;.· · desuoys the fort..~ of York and :- :- ~ net" .:: ; V..'a!es. 1783. marnes Eleono re Brv ud .. x ..: .. ! 78S-! 788 commands exped!­:Jv iJ en the Boussule and the Astrolabe .

LAPLACE Cyrille Pierre Theodore. Born a· sec i I 7 1793. 1809 e!eve m the tm· ;~~no) nc·~'!' · 1812. e nsign . 1819. heute n ­unt .:-r. mm~'1rder. 1828. corve tte captam . ! s~':j + 183: commands the exoed.Jhon of the ! evant!.-' . l83G lngcte capta;n. 1833- 1839, pubhcutJ .:m 0 1 h1s Voyage au rour du monde 1834 , captam. !834- 1836, commander o f the Art€rrnse 111 the Marh· ntq ue observation squadron. 1837- 1840, comma nds expedition on the Artemise. 1841. rear admiral. 1841- 1854. publishes Campagne de cncumnavJgatlon de : Ane rmse 1844 -1 847 commands the na· ':.J , dtvist e>n o r the Anlllles. 1853. VIce ad­mnal 18~4 member of the Adm1ralty ::.:. Jn .... ·L pilbhshes OcservatJor.s sur 1 e· r:1Jn.:::p.:J~:or: :ies Nons. D1es m Brest m J8...,:

LAUVI:RGNE Rarthe lemy. Born m Tou · ion 714 180o. 1826- 1829, secre tary to the commander on the Astrolabe. 1st Dumont

·.

_; U.t'\'dk• t!xperitlll r1 JSJU 1832. secretary t...: the ccmmanJer and d ra ftsman on the f .._"J\' ;.., !1 1€- :st i......:: pi c: ,~E- E'XpE:·dJ IIOl1 . 18J6 -;a~1 - t---.u:I i. lt::' ! L'JI . tn t- B. ·:J:te Vodlant e x­

peult<or,. 163& - 104-j , sno·Ns h1s pamtmgs :Ji the .S ·J~m: .. D1es m Carces (Var1 : l .6 i87 l

LESSEPS Jean-Baptiste Ba rthe le my. Baron de. ::0 ~ :--.• r. Se!e : ~7 1 '7(; :::- S .): 1 ;::; : tne c .... t.· st..: . ·;::e: l'?rai v: F:-ance i!"I St.. Pt:tersturg . 1783 vice c:msui m f.: ronstadt. I 785- ~ 787 R.Jss1::r: mterprt-te :· c ' rc the Astrolabe . La Perouse exoed.J tlon · d1sembarks 10,7 1787 at Pe:rc~vlovsl: . arnves at Ver­smlles 101711788 1789, consul m Kron· stad t 1790 pubhshes the account of his voyage rrom SllJen a 10 fro nee. 1793 con­sJ: genera; Ir, S:. Fete:sburg . I 798 , charge d 'affmres m Constanun:>ple IS throv .. rn mtc pnscn cr the l ! !Tle of !he Egyptian Expedl ­ttor... lB0:-181L. ge!1eral commisston8r of ::ommerc1ai relatwns vnth Russ1a. 1814 consul genera: :::nci charge d'alfmres m L1sbor. . !83 1 pu:Ohsnes a new edJtJ or. o! :.::: ?er~:.:.s-2 s ·: .:.- y::JgE · :::-_· ;:;cmmn a!i r:-1:::: r,c!3 bPe:--. .::Js.:-: ·.re:-er: s ; :1. 'P t:I8 s~n;:wrc~K

.. :-'JH."'~ ::1 ~ .: ~~"\:' ~ ! ~ 6 :334.

LESSON Rene Primeve re . B.)rn m R,x-~ e ­! 1 f t 3 20 ~-~g~ i 8!€ :J h."JJC~ll ol!i CL~ r Ll :J .:: ·h.•n ~ L :::: nJ ,~;~ : !:1 ~~ h.:.l:- 'J C oJ thP R-......~hc·­: •r ! !::>.. : , ;;~: , ·1. ; , : :· tt•:. lSi? h1~~ fJr~ t \\·Jl ... --.

. l :t ·:· lt~ . :._ ; s~~: . ~ : ~· : _; J :;hJ!lt .;w ~0,lli anJ phcrm.:K ts: o:. 1!1E Coyu;lll~ Dupen e y e x­peamon. 182~ p:1bl1she:: Voyage m Pd;-::z ." Cl.JII.) L'!' ::Ju .·11 o na'e j 83[ r1Jb!J shes }o urn :::.J ci ur. VC'YJJ~ _l>1~t:1 : '2S..jll t:' . P r o i essc.' ~ CJ!

rx)tc.ny o · lilt..., ncvai $..:·h)'-)! m Rocht?!.:)f: ·.,•.:here he 1s to remam tnP rest of h1s l!le. wr :tm g numerous works o r: natural h1s· tor;-·. 183~ ..--:h1ef pharrnr:c Jst m the navy H1s 2nd wlle d1es a nd n ; 1838. h1s ! 5 -yocr­old doughier. Dies ;n Rochefort, 41281!849.

LESUEUR Charles Alexandre. Born m Le Havre . I I 1778. 1800- !804, a ssistantaun­ner on the Geographe. Boudin exPecJI­uon: d1stingutshes hnnself a s a draftsman and IS rei:eveci of his regu lar dulle s to be­come Peron's a ss1sta nt: makes m ore than 1. 500 drc'.'.'mgs and parrtt!I1£JS. 1807-18 15, w o rks on the Voy,"Jge LJux terre s austiales wrth Peror.. then Frevcmet. 181 tl . sails fo r the Umteci States an~ set tles m Philadel­phia , from where he sends many thmgs to the Pans Muse um of Nat ural History: voyage o n the MisSISSippi . meets Aud u· bon. prepares a work on North Ame ncan fish . 1836. returns to France, directs the Museum of Natural History at Le Havre. Dres m Le Havre a t end o i 1857.

LUTKE Fedor Petrovich, Count. Born m St. Petersburg , 9117!1797. Studies at the school lor naval cadets. 1817-1819, on the Kamchatka, Golovnm voyage. 1821-1824. on the Apollo m the Arc tic seas. 1825, mde· de-camp oi Nicolas l. 1826- 1829, captam­heute na n t, commands the Senyavm ex· peditwn. 1835. pubhshes Voyage Around the World . .; rear admrral. 1843, VIce admiral. 1850 maritime governor of Re­veL then m 1853 of Kronstadt. 185~. ad · mira l a nd member of the Council of State. 186!. correspondmg member of the Pans Academy oi Sciences. 1866, president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences D1es m St. Petersburg , 81811882.

MERTENS Karl Heinrich. Born m Bre­men , I 796. Son of the botamst F. K. Mer· tens. 1820. doctor of medicine. 1826- 1829, surgeon and na tu raliSt on the Senyavin.

Lenke e xpe dition . 1829 - 1830, satls agom cr. the Senyavm lo r the coast of Ice land. ~Jes on h1s retu rn to St. Petersbu r.:I . ~ . - 1830.

MILIUS Pierre Bernard. Born m Bor· -:: c-c'-lx January I 7'1:3 Son of a sh :p · :: .i.:.:J,>r I 787 - 179J "pprentt ;::c, In :I.~, :: .:=; .:han! serv1ce mukes several .... )\" +

...:: ;:es to the Antilles .. . 793. serves en t!-. E: t:-t.;; :::l!e Pr&Jeuse; hiS herOISm WinS ru m raool: oi ensign. 1796. promoted to heuten · a r. t. 1800. heutena nt on the Natural!ste . Bo:.>dm expedition. 1801. frigate captam: o iler the death o f Baudm (]803). tol:es command of the Geographe. which he i:mngs back to France. I 805. commands the 0Idon . IS taken to Great Bntam c~ a pr.soner. 1806, freeci on givmg his worci tho: he will not re turn to a ctive servrce. JS : ~ captam, commands the port of Ver:­Ice 18 14 ch ief of the naval misst::m charged with reta lung possession of Mm· tmique and Guadeloupe. 1818-1821 g ov­emo: of Bourbon Island. 1821. baron. 18:~ :- _:-:;mancier anc admm1st ra tor of Cc·: + e :c:;e, French Gu rano . 1827. rear a::!,.,.;:­r...::. D1es o f po rcdys1s a t Bourbonne·.t-..-5" .:os. 811 11829

NASSAU -SIEGEN Chari<>~ Henri Nicho· las Othon, Prince d'Orange et de. 5c• rll "' Pans, l /6 1 174 ~. 1761. 2nd heutenant , ..::8-ptam of dragoons, ob tams authon:::J ­tJor. to ac-cornpnny B,)ugamville. 17Gb : 7S9 o n :he Bo udc use. 1778 ta kes f.)a :-t Ir:

th ':;- Amencan Revolul!on , ra tsmg a It ·· ~Hen m lus name. 1783, ente rs the Russ1nn na..,-..-. I 788. defeats a Turbsh flee t m the Black Sea . 1789. admual. commands Ilk

Russran fl eet In the l3a11Ic , defeats Ihe Swedish sq ua d ron commanded by Gus­tavus Ill. I 792. sent by Cathenne Ilto the banks of the Rhme In o rder to o rgamze L~e war against revolutJonary France. Dtes In the Ukrame. 1808.

NELSON David. Gardener-botamst of Kew Gardens, a protege of Banks . 1773-- 1 77 4, takes part m a n expedi tiOn to thE- Arcttc coasts of Amenca. 1776- I 780 , midship­man on the Discovery , Cook s 3rd vc y· age. I 787 , botanist on the Bounty. Bltg h expediuon. 1789. IS d isernbarkeci wtth B~gh a t the lime of the mutiny. Dies of fever m Kupang (Timor). 6/20/1789

213

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