1863-1896. With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives...
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Transcript of 1863-1896. With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives...
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1863-1896
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With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.
-- Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural addressMarch 4, 1865
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/richmond.htm
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Some 800,000 returning Union soldiers needed jobs
The North lost more soldiers than the South had
Since only a few battles had taken place on Northern soil, farms and cities were hardly touched.
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Cities and farms lay in ruins 2/3 of railroad tracks had been torn up Columbia, Richmond, and Atlanta had
been leveled Confederate money was worthless 4 million freedmen had “joined” the
population
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Livestock killed – 40% Farm machinery destroyed – 50% Drop in total property wealth – 66% Total national wealth held by
South,1860 – 30% Total national wealth held by
South,1870 – 12%
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What questions might there be post Civil War?
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Richmond, Virginia
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Atlanta
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Virginia farm
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Confederate money - The reverse side of the $1 bill was blank. Notice the lack of color ink on the second bill. This was because as the Civil War continued, the South had less money to make money
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Congress & Lincoln agreed on one proposal, creating an agency to help former slaves.
Food, clothing, jobs, schools, and medical care for former slaves and poor whites.
Provided care for more than 1 million people.
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Black schoolhouse during reconstruction.
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Sharecropper’s cabin in South Carolina, 1866
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How do you get states functioning again after war?
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Lincoln’s 10% Plan A southern state could
return if 10% voters swore loyalty,
Had to abolish slavery, Amnesty for those who
swore loyalty to the Union (except Conf. leaders)
Wade-Davis Bill Majority of southern
white men had to swear loyalty
Anyone who had volunteered in the Confed. army couldn’t vote or hold office
Lincoln wouldn’t sign it because he felt it was too harsh
Pocket-veto
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Lincoln never got the chance to persuade Congress to accept his Reconstruction plan.
He was shot by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender.
Booth was later caught and killed in a barn outside the city.
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Determined to keep the Union intact whatever the cost, Lincoln had
presided over the nation through her darkest hour, serving in a way that few in history have ever been called upon to do. His leadership made him one of
the most revered of all American heroes, and poll after poll has named
him the favorite president of most American citizens. There is never a
close runner-up.
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“Now he belongs to the ages.” Edwin Stanton, U.S. Secretary of War
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His plan was much milder than expected
Majority of voters had to pledge loyalty to the United States.
State had to ratify the 13th Amendment (banning slavery nationwide)
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The southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions
and were admitted backinto the Union
Southern statesdidn’t allow
blacks to vote
Congress was upset that formerConfederate leaders were allowed
to be reps so they refusedto let reps take their seats
SHOWDOWN!SHOWDOWN!
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convict labor, vagrancy, must have home and means of support
in Mississippi, blacks forbidden to rent or own land outside towns
in South Carolina, black children could be apprenticed to whites if parents did not educate
the point? to keep blacks in slavery - insure labor supply
enforced by southern "county militia"
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Black codes angered Congress Congress thought President Johnson’s
mild approach encouraged the black codes
Radical Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction
They joined with the moderate Republicans to reduce the power of the southern Democrats
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Civil Rights Act – gave citizenship to African Americans.
Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode veto
14th Amendment – defined citizens and guaranteed protection against discrimination for all citizens
Reconstruction Act – threw out state governments that refused to ratify 14th Am.,established martial law in South, forced any returning states to ratify 14th Amendment
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Didn’t succeed, one vote shy
Moderate Republicans said you can’t impeach the President just because you disagree with him.
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With 500,000 blacks voting, Grant easily won the election.
The next year, the 15th Amendment was passed, forbade any state to deny the right to vote based on race.
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White Southern Republicans (scalawags)
Northerners: some hope to get rich off the South, Some just fell in love with the South (carpetbaggers)
African Americans
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Secret society formed to help southern Democrats gain power
Threatened Southern republicans and African Americans
Used destruction, torture, and murder.
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Testimony of a former slave to Congress about the KKK
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Marked by widespread corruption ($1,000 for a horse bet, coffins, perfume, and hams)
Grant had appointed many friends to government, stole large sums of money
Amnesty Act in 1872 – nearly all white southerners could vote again
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Democrat Tilden v. Republican Hayes Election too close to call House decided to elect Rutherford B.
Hayes For the next 100 years, the South
would be Democrat
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Laws specifically discriminating against blacks
States could impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race.
The most common types of laws forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners to keep their black and white clientele separated. (segregation)
examples
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Literacy tests Poll tax Grandfather clause
http://www.crmvet.org/info/lithome.htm
Example of literacy tests and voter application
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Supreme court case Ruled segregation was ok “Separate but equal”