1850 to 19001850 to 1900IndustrializationIndustrialization

Chapter 13 Section 1Chapter 13 Section 1Technological RevolutionTechnological Revolution

In the years following the Civil War, the In the years following the Civil War, the United States would see a large increase United States would see a large increase in industryin industry

This would be due to the increasing number This would be due to the increasing number of inventions and technological improvementsof inventions and technological improvements

Changes in Daily LifeChanges in Daily Life

Lack of electricity Lack of electricity or sufficient lightingor sufficient lighting

Rustic methods of Rustic methods of refrigerationrefrigeration

Poor Poor communications communications (standard post)(standard post)

InvestmentsInvestments

Tremendous increase in patentsTremendous increase in patents Patent and Trademark office issues 500,000 patents Patent and Trademark office issues 500,000 patents

from 1860 to 1890from 1860 to 1890

New inventions seen as an opportunity to make New inventions seen as an opportunity to make a profit based on the increase in productivitya profit based on the increase in productivity

Investors bought stock or funded the production Investors bought stock or funded the production of new inventions of new inventions

New Forms of EnergyNew Forms of Energy

Electricity and oil change the American lifestyleElectricity and oil change the American lifestyle 1858, Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company sends 1858, Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company sends

Edwin Drake to drill for oil in Titusville, Edwin Drake to drill for oil in Titusville, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Finally struck oil in 1859Finally struck oil in 1859 Oil becomes a major industryOil becomes a major industry

Gasoline was a byproduct of oil and until automobiles Gasoline was a byproduct of oil and until automobiles were invented, was seen as useless and was discarded.were invented, was seen as useless and was discarded.

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison ““The Wizard of Menlo Park”The Wizard of Menlo Park” A young genius, never had any formal trainingA young genius, never had any formal training Biggest invention is the light bulb, which Biggest invention is the light bulb, which

allowed all Americans to stay up later and to allowed all Americans to stay up later and to function better as a society after darkfunction better as a society after dark

Later worked toward developing plants that Later worked toward developing plants that could provide the electricity for this lightingcould provide the electricity for this lighting

Improvement of PowerImprovement of Power

George Westinghouse: develops an George Westinghouse: develops an “alternative current” that allows electricity “alternative current” that allows electricity to travel fartherto travel farther Also worked with transformers to control the Also worked with transformers to control the

level of electricitylevel of electricity

General Electric and Westinghouse General Electric and Westinghouse Electric are the two companies that control Electric are the two companies that control the electric businessthe electric business

Electricity and BusinessElectricity and Business

Boosts productivityBoosts productivity Greatly decreased the cost of producing an Greatly decreased the cost of producing an

itemitem Increased production also created many jobs Increased production also created many jobs

throughout the countrythroughout the country Becomes a household necessity and Becomes a household necessity and

completely changes the way of life in the completely changes the way of life in the United StatesUnited States

CommunicationsCommunications

The Telegraph: perfected by Samuel The Telegraph: perfected by Samuel Morse, who was the first to devise a code Morse, who was the first to devise a code for electrical impulses sent through sound for electrical impulses sent through sound waveswaves Western Union Telegraph CompanyWestern Union Telegraph Company

The TelephoneThe Telephone 1871 Alexander Graham Bell: patented the 1871 Alexander Graham Bell: patented the

“talking telegraph” and created the American “talking telegraph” and created the American Telephone and Telegraph CompanyTelephone and Telegraph Company

Booming RailroadsBooming Railroads

Pre-Civil War conditions for railroads were Pre-Civil War conditions for railroads were awful (Standard Tracks, companies, times, awful (Standard Tracks, companies, times, signals)signals)

Transcontinental Railroad - when Transcontinental Railroad - when completed in 1869, it stretched from completed in 1869, it stretched from Omaha to SacramentoOmaha to Sacramento Built by two companiesBuilt by two companies

Central Pacific RailroadCentral Pacific Railroad

Union Pacific RailroadUnion Pacific Railroad

Further Railroad ImprovementsFurther Railroad Improvements Shift from iron to steel railsShift from iron to steel rails Standardized signalingStandardized signaling Stronger breaksStronger breaks Telegraphs to prevent collisionTelegraphs to prevent collision

Time ZonesTime Zones Created standard times for the entire country, Created standard times for the entire country,

and increased the effectiveness of schedulingand increased the effectiveness of scheduling Also aided organization in businessAlso aided organization in business

Railroads and IndustryRailroads and Industry

1. Faster and more 1. Faster and more practicalpractical

2. Lower costs of 2. Lower costs of productionproduction

3. Create National 3. Create National marketsmarkets

4. Model for Big Business4. Model for Big Business

5. Stimulation of other 5. Stimulation of other industriesindustries

The Bessemer ProcessThe Bessemer Process

Developed by Henry BessemerDeveloped by Henry Bessemer Creates a cheap and simple way to remove Creates a cheap and simple way to remove

impurities during steel productionimpurities during steel production Made it possible to mass produce steel Made it possible to mass produce steel

productsproductsAn example is the Brooklyn Bridge, which An example is the Brooklyn Bridge, which connects Manhattan to Brooklyn. connects Manhattan to Brooklyn.

The bridge was engineered by John Roebling and The bridge was engineered by John Roebling and was completed in 1883was completed in 1883

Chapter 17 Section 2Chapter 17 Section 2Growth of Big BusinessGrowth of Big Business

Robber BarronsRobber Barrons Indicates that business leaders stole money Indicates that business leaders stole money

from the publicfrom the public

Captains of IndustryCaptains of Industry Indicates that business leaders served the Indicates that business leaders served the

nation in a positive waynation in a positive way

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller Developed the standard oil company in 1870Developed the standard oil company in 1870 Gave over $500 million to charitiesGave over $500 million to charities Rockefeller Foundation – provided aid for Rockefeller Foundation – provided aid for

public health, the arts, social research, and public health, the arts, social research, and other ideasother ideas

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Boomed in the steel businessBoomed in the steel business

Gospel of Wealth: Carnegie preached that people Gospel of Wealth: Carnegie preached that people should be free to make as much money as should be free to make as much money as possible, but that they should also be responsible possible, but that they should also be responsible for donating it back to societyfor donating it back to society

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Also suggested by CarnegieAlso suggested by Carnegie Wealthy are the most valuable to societyWealthy are the most valuable to society

This idea expands Darwin’s ideas of This idea expands Darwin’s ideas of “survival of the fittest” into society“survival of the fittest” into society Under this idea, power comes from success Under this idea, power comes from success

and moneyand money

Large Scale BusinessLarge Scale Business

Larger need for capitalLarger need for capital

Wider geographic spanWider geographic span

Performance of multiple operationsPerformance of multiple operations

Less connection between owner and Less connection between owner and businessbusiness

Higher level restrictions in the workplaceHigher level restrictions in the workplace

Competition in BusinessCompetition in BusinessIndustries used a variety of methods to Industries used a variety of methods to maximize their profitsmaximize their profits Oligopoly – a market controlled by only a few Oligopoly – a market controlled by only a few

large firmslarge firms Monopoly – the market is controlled by only Monopoly – the market is controlled by only

one businessone business Cartel – a loose association of businesses Cartel – a loose association of businesses

that make the same productthat make the same product Consolidation – controlling all of the Consolidation – controlling all of the

businesses that make up a products businesses that make up a products developmentdevelopment

Economies of Scale – production rising Economies of Scale – production rising means a drop in the cost per itemmeans a drop in the cost per item

The Standard Oil TrustThe Standard Oil TrustRockefeller begins by building an oil Rockefeller begins by building an oil refinery in Cleveland, Ohiorefinery in Cleveland, Ohio He later joins with several associates to He later joins with several associates to

create the Standard Oil Company of Ohiocreate the Standard Oil Company of Ohio

He was able to outsell competition He was able to outsell competition because the size of the company cut because the size of the company cut production costsproduction costs

Practiced horizontal consolidation Practiced horizontal consolidation (bringing together firms in the same (bringing together firms in the same business)business)

Eventually able to buy out his competitorsEventually able to buy out his competitors A Trust: a group of companies that are A Trust: a group of companies that are

managed as one single unit.managed as one single unit.

1890, Sherman Antitrust Act1890, Sherman Antitrust Act Outlawed any combination of companies that Outlawed any combination of companies that

restrained interstate trade or commercerestrained interstate trade or commerce

Courts rarely upheld the act because it was Courts rarely upheld the act because it was worded vaguely and had no specific worded vaguely and had no specific restrictionsrestrictions

Chapter 17 Section 3Chapter 17 Section 3Workers During IndustrializationWorkers During Industrialization

Growth in the workforceGrowth in the workforce 14 million immigrate into the US between 14 million immigrate into the US between

1860 and 19001860 and 1900Labor Act – 1964, allowed contracts to be made Labor Act – 1964, allowed contracts to be made between employers and immigrantsbetween employers and immigrants

8-9 million Americans moved into cities in the 8-9 million Americans moved into cities in the late 1800’slate 1800’s

Work in FactoriesWork in Factories

Harsh working conditionsHarsh working conditions Piecework – workers were paid by how much Piecework – workers were paid by how much

they produced rather than how long they they produced rather than how long they workedworked

Sweatshop – shops were employees worked Sweatshop – shops were employees worked long hard hours under extremely poor long hard hours under extremely poor conditionsconditions

Frederick Winslow Taylor – worked and Frederick Winslow Taylor – worked and studied to increase productivity through studied to increase productivity through scientific managementscientific management

Division of Labor: This divided workers Division of Labor: This divided workers into smaller more specific jobs, which into smaller more specific jobs, which would collectively result in a final product.would collectively result in a final product. Workers become separated from each other Workers become separated from each other

and from business managementand from business management

The Work EnvironmentThe Work Environment Workplace run by the clockWorkplace run by the clock Extremely dangerous conditionsExtremely dangerous conditions Many growing children in the workforceMany growing children in the workforce

Chapter 13 Section 4Chapter 13 Section 4The Great StrikesThe Great Strikes

Large gaps develop between the rich and Large gaps develop between the rich and poorpoor

9% of Americans hold 75% of the wealth in 9% of Americans hold 75% of the wealth in 18901890

Some poor families tried to follow socialismSome poor families tried to follow socialism

They also played with the idea of CommunismThey also played with the idea of Communism

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsThe very first union was the The very first union was the National Trades Union, open to all, National Trades Union, open to all, but it was destroyed during the but it was destroyed during the Great DepressionGreat Depression

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor Formed in 1869 in PhiladelphiaFormed in 1869 in Philadelphia Lead by Terence PowderlyLead by Terence Powderly

They pursued equal pay, 8 hr workday, They pursued equal pay, 8 hr workday, and the end of child laborand the end of child labor

Had some success with strikes, but Had some success with strikes, but disappeared by the 1890’sdisappeared by the 1890’s

American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor

1866 – lead by Samuel Gompers1866 – lead by Samuel Gompers Craft union: attempted to organize on skilled Craft union: attempted to organize on skilled

workers in a network of smaller unionsworkers in a network of smaller unions

Focused on wagesFocused on wages

Collective bargaining: when workers are Collective bargaining: when workers are allowed to negotiate their circumstances allowed to negotiate their circumstances with the employerwith the employer

Wobblies – a group composed of AFL Wobblies – a group composed of AFL opposers. (Industrial Workers of the opposers. (Industrial Workers of the World)World)

Employer reactions : disliked and feared Employer reactions : disliked and feared unionsunions Forbid union meetingsForbid union meetings Fired union organizersFired union organizers Yellow dog contractsYellow dog contracts Refusing to bargain collectivelyRefusing to bargain collectively Refusing to recognize unionsRefusing to recognize unions

Railroad WorkersRailroad Workers

Great Railroad Strike of 1877Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Workers strike because of a 10% pay Workers strike because of a 10% pay

decrease and a riot ensued in Pittsburgdecrease and a riot ensued in Pittsburg 20,000 angry men set fire to railroad property 20,000 angry men set fire to railroad property

and federal troops were required to resolve and federal troops were required to resolve the issuethe issue

Eugene Debs: spoke out against the 1877 Eugene Debs: spoke out against the 1877 strike – advised an industrial union for strike – advised an industrial union for workers of all tasksworkers of all tasks

StrikesStrikes

HaymarketHaymarket 8hrs work, 8hrs rest, 8 hrs whatever we want8hrs work, 8hrs rest, 8 hrs whatever we want Clash between strikers and scabsClash between strikers and scabs

Even anarchists joined the scabsEven anarchists joined the scabs At the demonstration, a bomb killed one At the demonstration, a bomb killed one

police officerpolice officer The Knights of Labor were blamed for the The Knights of Labor were blamed for the

Haymarket Riot and unions were given a Haymarket Riot and unions were given a violent reputationviolent reputation

Homestead - 1892Homestead - 1892Strike occurs while Andrew Carnegie is awayStrike occurs while Andrew Carnegie is away

however, many Americans sympathized with however, many Americans sympathized with the striking workersthe striking workers

Pullman 1894 – Pullman 1894 –

Pullman CarsPullman Cars

Pullman StrikePullman Strike