1850-1900

The Rise of Realism

The Civil War set the tone for Realism.

Everyone thought the war would be very short -- spectators took picnics to the first

battle.The war dragged on, deaths mounted, and

people began to see the ugliness of war.

The poet, Walt Whitman, helped to nurse the soldiers.

For this reason, he had an optimistic viewpoint that was brought on by the American character of the soldier.

The author, Herman Melville, had a pessimistic viewpoint.

His poems show “human nature being stripped bare, revealing not the heroism and strength that Whitman found, but, rather, humanity’s basic evil.”

Different Views

Works of historical interest were common (soldiers’ letters and diaries)

Works of literary significance were very rare.Q: Why did an event of such magnitude result in

such a scant literary output?A: Few major American writers saw the war

firsthand.A: Traditional literary forms of the time were

inadequate to express the horrifying details of the war. (The realistic novel had not been fully developed in the U.S.)

Literature during the Civil War

Writers who aimed at a very minute fidelity to the common course of ordinary life. Their subjects were drawn from the slums of the rapidly growing cities, from the factories that were replacing farmlands, and from the lives of far from idealized characters.

Sought to explain why ordinary people behave the way they do – relied on the sciences of biology, psychology, and sociology.

Realists emerged after the Civil War

Literature that emphasizes a specific geographic setting and that makes use of the speech and manners of the people who live in that region.

Realistic in depiction of speech patterns and manners

Unrealistic in depiction of character and social environment

Flourished again in 1920s and 1930s and is still important.

Regionalism

Sarah Orne Jewett, Kate Chopin, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Bret Harte, Charles W. Chesnutt

Mark Twain – best example of a regional writer whose Realism far surpassed local bounds.

Famous Regionalists

The most active proponent of Realism in American fiction.

Insisted that Realism should:Deal with the lives of ordinary peopleBe faithful to the development of character,

even at the expense of actionDiscuss the social questions perplexing

AmericaFamous for “smiling Realism” – portrayed an

America where people may act foolishly, but where their good qualities eventually win out.

William Dean Howells

Viewed life as a much rougher clash of contrary forces than Howells did

Saw Howells’s fiction as too strait-laced and narrow

Used the novel to examine social institutions with the aim of reforming them.

Naturalist.

Frank Norris

Relied heavily on the growing scientific disciplines of psychology and sociology

Human behavior is determined by forces beyond the individual’s power, especially by biology and environment.

Looked at human life as a grim losing battle.Characters often had only limited choices and

motivations.Humans subject to natural laws of the universe

– like animals, they lived crudely, by instinct, unable to control their own destinies.

Naturalism

America’s greatest writer of the psychological novel

Concentrated on distinctions in character motivation.

Did not believe humans driven by the Naturalist view of animal-like instincts

Novels take place in Europe – more complex and sinister than American society

Henry James

Also known for his psychological novelsConcentrated on human character at

moments of stressIronist – juxtaposed human pretensions with

the indifference of the universe.

Stephen Crane

“A man said to the universe:‘Sir, I exist!’‘However,’ replied the universe,‘The fact has not created in meA sense of obligation.’”

Stephen Crane