18.1 1.
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18.11.Compare the effect on the host cell of a lytic (virulent) phage and a lysogenic (temperate) phage.
Lytic•Can only carry out lysis of host cell
Lysogenic•Can integrate into host chromosome•Later, can exit chromosome and initiate lytic cycle
18.21.There are three ways:1.Mutation2.Jumping to a new host species3.Spreading beyond a previously isolated population
18.23.Why does the long incubation period of prions increase their danger as a cause of human disease?
18.31.Distinguish between the three mechanisms of transferring DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
18.31.•Transformation: bacteria uptake naked, foreign DNA•Transduction: phage viruses carry bacterial genes from one to another•Conjugation: bacteria “mate” and exchange DNA across a pilus
similarities•Both are episomes (can exists as part of chromosome or independently)
differences•Virus can leave the cell in a protein coat•Viruses are harmful while plasmids are beneficial
18.33.Explain why the process of conjugation can lead to genetic recombination of chromosomal DNA in an Hrf x F- mating, but not in an F+ x F- mating.
Hrf x F-
•Bacterial genes are transferred, because the F-factor is integrated into the chromosome•Transferred genes can then recombind with recipent’s genes
F+ x F-
•Only plasmid genes are transferred
18.41.A certain mutation in E. coli changes the lac operator so that the active repressor cannot bind. How would this affect the cell’s production of β-galactosidase?
18.41.•The cell would continuously produce β-galactosidase (and the two other enzymes for lactose utilization) even without any lactose around•Wastes cell resources
18.42.How does the binding of the trp corepressor and the lac inducer to their respective repressor proteins alter repressor function and transcription in each case?